DOCSLIB.ORG

New Addictive Drugs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Hemmat Ali Mohammed 9th April 2020, Done on 2nd April at 8:30 AM (Voodoo & Strox Assignment) New addictive drugs Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are a new class of psychoactive substances, it is potent agonists of cannabinoid receptors, which mimic the psychoactive effects of the principal psychoactive component of cannabis. It is a drug with properties and effects similar to a known hallucinogen or narcotic but having a slightly altered chemical structure. SC are the widest and most diffused class of Novel Psychoactive Substances. History: 2005: Synthetic cannabinoids first emerged in Europe. 2009: Appeared in the United States, where it was marketed initially as “K2” and “Spice” and inhaled via a pipe or rolled into a cigarette. 2014: Two new drugs known as Strox and Voodoo have hit the Egyptian market. Street and commercial names for SC products: K2, Spice, Barely Legal, Black Mamba, Galaxy, Mojo, and Yucatan Fire. Voodoo: Voodoo is a mixture of herbs and spices that are sprayed with a synthetic compound that mimics the effects of (Tetrahydrocannabinol) THC. Voodoo spice is marketed as an herbal incense. It is a synthetic cannabinoid that is up to 100 times as powerful as natural marijuana. The most common brand is "Mister Nice Guy", which is sold in a small bag decorated with a smiley emoticon. The bag has a warning that reads “relaxing incense, not edible”. 1 Strox: Strox is popular synthetic cannabis in Egypt that consists of smokable herbal products laced with synthetic cannabinoids (THC) analogues. Strox is the Egyptian version of the Spice in which Atropa Belladonna, Datura or Hyposymus is used as plant matrix to be enhanced with unidentified synthetic cannabinoids. These substances can have psychotropic effects when taken in large doses. Social tolerance and acceptability to natural cannabis in Egypt encourage abuse of its synthetic potent analogues. Moreover, Strox is easily to be synthesis that led to its availability with low prices in comparison with cannabis. The standard toxicology screens could not identify Strox users whereas natural cannabis would be traced, and synthetic cannabinoids are extensively metabolized, which makes it difficult to identify them in biological samples. Magnitude of the both in Egypt: No statistics in Egypt documenting the number of victims killed by Voodoo and Strox, however strox seems to be the more deadly of the two. There are regular reports in the Egyptian media of people who have died of a Strox overdose. Male more than females. The median age of reported exposure was 20 years. Gccg 2017 2020 2 Mechanism of action: Synthetic cannabinoid act as a potent Cannabinoid 1 and Cannabinoid 2 (CB1/CB2) receptors, the active principle of cannabis that bind to the same cannabinoid receptors in the brain to exert their psychoactive effects. CB1 receptors are found throughout the body but are densely concentrated in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system affecting pain. This receptor is responsible for most of the psychoactive effects of cannabinoids such as elevating a person’s mood, analgesia, memory impairment and altering one’s sense of time. CB2 receptors are found primarily in tissues of the immune system and have a role in pain as well, so it can decrease pain caused by inflammation without the psychoactive effects of CB1 receptors. Synthetic cannabinoids are used in a variety of ways: Sprayed onto plant material and smoked. Mixed into a liquid and vapid in electronic nicotine delivery devices Added to herbal tea or to food and swallowed. Usually, these two drugs are mixed with tobacco and then smoked. Effect on brain function: Psychosis, delusions, visual and auditory hallucinations and paranoia, which can lead to aggressive behavior. Irritability, confusion and concentration problems, suicidal thoughts, and violent behavior, seizures, sleepiness, dizziness and speech impairments. Etiology & Risk Factors: Genetic, physiological, environmental, conduct disorder in childhood or adolescence and antisocial personality disorder, externalizing or internalizing disorders. 3 Intoxication: Usually presented by visual and auditory hallucinations accompanied with fear and intense aggression, seizure and acute psychosis. Such manifestations due to the presence of THC analogues, anticolinergic substances,. Moreover, pupillary dilatation, tachycardia, dry flushed skin and other elements of anticholinergic toxidrome could occur following Strox smoking. In severe cases, acute myocardial infarction, fatal cardiovascular collapse and/or deep coma was reported. Also breathing problem, chest pain, gastrointestinal problems, heart attack, high blood pressure, stroke, kidney failure, hypokalemia and muscle damage. These health problems depend on the specific synthetic cannabinoid, the dose and the duration of use. Withdrawal: Headache, nausea and vomiting, severe anxiety, sweating, trouble sleeping, irritability, anger, or aggression, nervousness or anxiety, sleep difficulty (e.g., insomnia, disturbing dreams), decreased appetite or weight loss, restlessness, depressed mood, significant discomfort (abdominal pain, shakiness/tremors, sweating, fever, chills, or headache). Impact of the problem: Individual: Dependence, cognitive impairment, mental disorders (Psychosis, depression) and physical effects. Family: Marital, relationship problems and financial burden. Social: Affect work performance, significant burden on health service facilities. 4 Prevention: Primary prevention: Universal: Awareness through media about side effect & of vodo & strox, community wide programs like public awareness campaigns. Selective: School based programs, improving physical well-being: (encouraging a healthy lifestyle, physical, social, and other activities, such as sleep hygiene, regular exercise, promote self-care and fulfilling hobbies), improving mental and emotional well-being (thinking processes and expressing thoughts and feelings), improving social well-being: (make a strength on family, partner and friends relations). Indicative: Targeting those who not full filling the whole criteria. Psycho education Secondary prevention: (Pharmacological & non pharmacological) Pharmacological: Symptomatic treatment for specific symptoms (restlessness, tachycardia, panic attacks Non pharmacological: Supportive treatment, Counseling for: (behavioral modification, developing healthier coping skills &CBT). Tertiary prevention: Treatment of complications, treatment of withdrawal symptoms, treatment of toxicity symptoms and social rehabilitation. 5 References EGYPT / DRUGS - 07/23/2018, https://observers.france24.com/en/20180723-voodoo-strox-drugs-cairo- egypt. Voodoo and Strox: the synthetic drugs wreaking havoc in Cairo. Egypt Under the influence, Egypt Today. Available from: http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/15/21048/Under-the-influence. Abo Regela Addiction Recovery Center, Cairo, Egypt. Available from: https://www.aboregela.com/strox-drug/. Kong, T.Y., Kim, J., Kim, D.K. et al. Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates and inhibitors of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes. Arch. Pharm. Res. 41, 691–710 (2018). Hasnaa Khalifa Sobh and Zahraa Khalifa Sobh. Strox (Novel Synthetic Cannabinoids) in Egypt: Medical and Legal Challenges. Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt. Nicholasa P, Barbarac L, Maddalenab M. Synthetic cannabinoids: the hidden side of Spice drugs. Behav Pharmacol 2017; 28(6): 409-19. Giovanni Martinotti, Rita Santacroce, Duccio Papanti, Yasmine Elgharably, Mariya Prilutskaya* and Ornella Corazza, “Synthetic Cannabinoids: Psychopharmacology, Clinical Aspects, Psychotic Onset”, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets (2017) 16: 567. Content source: National Center for Environmental Health, Page last reviewed: August 21, 2017. Nermin M. Shaker, Eman Gaber, Mahmoud El-Habiby, Daliaو Menan Rabie Ismail, Maha El-Gaafary,Amina Lotfy, Noha Sabry, Wael Khafagyand Richard Muscat. Prevalence updates of substance use among Egyptian adolescents. Middle East Current Psychiatry (2020) 27:4. Ramy etal, Results of the first Mediterranean School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (MedSPAD) in Egypt. 2017. 6 .
Recommended publications
  • Initial Considerations for the Creation of an Inter-Regional Industrial Hemp Value Chain Between Malawi and South Africa

    Initial Considerations for the Creation of an Inter-Regional Industrial Hemp Value Chain Between Malawi and South Africa

    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Lowitt, Sandy Working Paper Initial considerations for the creation of an inter- regional industrial hemp value chain between Malawi and South Africa WIDER Working Paper, No. 2020/23 Provided in Cooperation with: United Nations University (UNU), World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) Suggested Citation: Lowitt, Sandy (2020) : Initial considerations for the creation of an inter- regional industrial hemp value chain between Malawi and South Africa, WIDER Working Paper, No. 2020/23, ISBN 978-92-9256-780-4, The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER), Helsinki, http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2020/780-4 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/229247 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.
  • US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, A335.06,09/21/2020

    US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, A335.06,09/21/2020

    [Note to reviewer: [Text] in brackets denotes optional or explanatory language [Note to reviewer: {Text} in braces denotes where in the final label text will appear {BOOKLET FRONT PANEL LANGUAGE} S-METOLACHLOR GROUP 15 HERBICIDE METRIBUZIN GROUP 5 HERBICIDE FOMESAFEN GROUP 14 HERBICIDE A335.06[™] [Alternate Brand Name: Statler] [Herbicide for preemergent control of certain grasses and broadleaf weeds in Soybeans] ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: (% by weight) S-Metolachlor*………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………..…………………… 36.29% Metribuzin**………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………..………………………. 8.05% Fomesafen***………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………..……………………... 7.16% OTHER INGREDIENTS: ……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………….. 48.5% TOTAL …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………. 100.0% *contains 3.39 Ib of S-metolachlor per gallon **contains 0.75 Ib of metribuzin per gallon ***contains 0.67 Ib of fomesafen acid per gallon KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN CAUTION Si usted no entiende la etiqueta, busque a alguien para que se la explique a usted en detalle. (If you do not understand the label, find someone to explain it to you in detail.) See [below] [inside label booklet] for [additional] [First Aid,] [Precautionary Statements] and [Directions for Use]. EPA Reg. No.: 91234-201 EPA Est. No.: Net Weight: Manufactured for: Atticus, LLC 5000 CentreGreen Way, Suite 100 Cary, NC 27513 1 {LANGUAGE INSIDE BOOKLET} FIRST AID If on skin or Take off contaminated clothing. clothing: Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15-20 minutes. Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice. If swallowed: Call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice. Have person sip a glass of water if able to swallow. Do not induce vomiting unless told to do so by the poison control center or doctor.
  • Acetylcholinesterase — New Roles for Gate a Relatively Long Distance to Reach the Active Site, Ache Is One of the Fastest an Old Actor Enzymes14

    Acetylcholinesterase — New Roles for Gate a Relatively Long Distance to Reach the Active Site, Ache Is One of the Fastest an Old Actor Enzymes14

    PERSPECTIVES be answered regarding AChE catalysis; for OPINION example, the mechanism behind the extremely fast turnover rate of the enzyme. Despite the fact that the substrate has to navi- Acetylcholinesterase — new roles for gate a relatively long distance to reach the active site, AChE is one of the fastest an old actor enzymes14. One theory to explain this phe- nomenon has to do with the unusually strong electric field of AChE. It has been argued that Hermona Soreq and Shlomo Seidman this field assists catalysis by attracting the cationic substrate and expelling the anionic The discovery of the first neurotransmitter — understanding of AChE functions beyond the acetate product15. Site-directed mutagenesis, acetylcholine — was soon followed by the classical view and suggest the molecular basis however, has indicated that reducing the elec- discovery of its hydrolysing enzyme, for its functional heterogeneity. tric field has no effect on catalysis16.However, acetylcholinesterase. The role of the same approach has indicated an effect on acetylcholinesterase in terminating From early to recent discoveries the rate of association of fasciculin, a peptide acetylcholine-mediated neurotransmission The unique biochemical properties and phys- that can inhibit AChE17. made it the focus of intense research for iological significance of AChE make it an much of the past century. But the complexity interesting target for detailed structure–func- of acetylcholinesterase gene regulation and tion analysis. AChE-coding sequences have recent evidence for some of the long- been cloned so far from a range of evolution- a Peripheral Choline binding site suspected ‘non-classical’ actions of this arily diverse vertebrate and invertebrate binding enzyme have more recently driven a species that include insects, nematodes, fish, site profound revolution in acetylcholinesterase reptiles, birds and several mammals, among Active site research.
  • Green Mamba Peptide Targets Type-2 Vasopressin Receptor Against Polycystic Kidney Disease

    Green Mamba Peptide Targets Type-2 Vasopressin Receptor Against Polycystic Kidney Disease

    Green mamba peptide targets type-2 vasopressin receptor against polycystic kidney disease Justyna Cioleka,1, Helen Reinfrankb,1,2, Lo¨ıc Quintonc, Say Viengchareund, Enrico A. Sturaa, Laura Veraa,3, Sabrina Sigismeaua, Bernard Mouillace,Hel´ ene` Orcele, Steve Peigneurf, Jan Tytgatf, Laura Droctove´ a, Fabrice Beaua, Jerome Nevouxd, Marc Lombes` d, Gilles Mouriera, Edwin De Pauwc, Denis Serventa, Christiane Mendree,4, Ralph Witzgallb,4, and Nicolas Gillesa,4 aService d’Ingenierie´ Moleculaire´ des Proteines,´ Institut des Sciences du Vivant Fred´ eric´ Joliot, Commissariat a` l’Energie Atomique, Universite´ Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France; bInstitute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; cLaboratoire de Spectrometrie´ de Masse, Unite´ de Recherche Molecular Systems, Universite´ de Liege,` Liege` 4000, Belgium; dINSERM U1185, Universite´ Paris Sud, Universite´ Paris-Saclay, F-94276, Le Kremlin-Bicetre,ˆ France; eInstitut de Genomique´ Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Universite´ Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier, France; and fLaboratory of Toxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium Edited by David W. Russell, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, and approved April 13, 2017 (received for review December 17, 2016) Polycystic kidney diseases (PKDs) are genetic disorders that can therapeutic approach, the use of V2R antagonists has certain cause renal failure and death in children and adults. Lowering advantages (7, 8). Most renal ADPKD cysts develop within the cAMP in cystic tissues through the inhibition of the type-2 vaso- vasopressin-sensitive tubular parts of the nephron, where vaso- pressin receptor (V2R) constitutes a validated strategy to reduce pressin is also the main hormonal regulator of adenylyl cyclase disease progression.
  • Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com

    Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com

    Hallucinogens And Dissociative Drug Use And Addiction Introduction Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that cause alterations in perception, thought, or mood. This heterogeneous group has compounds with different chemical structures, different mechanisms of action, and different adverse effects. Despite their description, most hallucinogens do not consistently cause hallucinations. The drugs are more likely to cause changes in mood or in thought than actual hallucinations. Hallucinogenic substances that form naturally have been used worldwide for millennia to induce altered states for religious or spiritual purposes. While these practices still exist, the more common use of hallucinogens today involves the recreational use of synthetic hallucinogens. Hallucinogen And Dissociative Drug Toxicity Hallucinogens comprise a collection of compounds that are used to induce hallucinations or alterations of consciousness. Hallucinogens are drugs that cause alteration of visual, auditory, or tactile perceptions; they are also referred to as a class of drugs that cause alteration of thought and emotion. Hallucinogens disrupt a person’s ability to think and communicate effectively. Hallucinations are defined as false sensations that have no basis in reality: The sensory experience is not actually there. The term “hallucinogen” is slightly misleading because hallucinogens do not consistently cause hallucinations. 1 ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com How hallucinogens cause alterations in a person’s sensory experience is not entirely understood. Hallucinogens work, at least in part, by disrupting communication between neurotransmitter systems throughout the body including those that regulate sleep, hunger, sexual behavior and muscle control. Patients under the influence of hallucinogens may show a wide range of unusual and often sudden, volatile behaviors with the potential to rapidly fluctuate from a relaxed, euphoric state to one of extreme agitation and aggression.
  • Approaching Rule of Law in Post-Revolution Egypt: Where We Were, Where We Are, and Where We Should Be*

    Approaching Rule of Law in Post-Revolution Egypt: Where We Were, Where We Are, and Where We Should Be*

    !"#$%&'(%)(*(+&(,-#"./%#0%1'$(,%2*,3.3. !""#$%&'()*+,-./+$0+1%2+()+3$456,/7$.-5($)+8*9"5 !! !!" $ !% "! ! $ #! &$ 314758-TEXT.NATIVE.1350535652.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 10/17/2012 9:48 PM ! U.C. DAVIS JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW & POLICY VOLUME 18 SPRING 2012 NUMBER 2 ARTICLE APPROACHING RULE OF LAW IN POST-REVOLUTION EGYPT: WHERE WE WERE, WHERE WE ARE, AND WHERE WE SHOULD BE* Ahmed Eldakak** ABSTRACT Partial absence of rule of law was a central reason for the Egyptian Revolution in 2011, and the Revolution provides a golden opportunity to establish full rule of law in Egypt. Using a substantive approach to interpreting the rule of law doctrine, this Article analyzes the aspects of absence of rule of law before the Revolution. The former regime disregarded the rule of law by amending the constitution to promote the rule of the president, issuing laws that served the interests of the president’s entourage, not enforcing judicial decisions, restricting freedom of speech, and concentrating the power in the hands of the president through the disreputable emergency law. The period following the Revolution witnessed an increasing trend toward respecting the rule of law, through changes such as enforcement of judicial decisions, trying the former president and his entourage before courts of law, and increased promotion of freedom of expression. However, several serious obstacles to promoting rule of law remain after the Revolution: the current constitutional mess, the state of emergency, and the military trials for civilians. Ultimately, this Article seeks to provide a roadmap to establishing full rule of law in Egypt, recommending the 314758-TEXT.NATIVE.1350535652.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 10/17/2012 9:48 PM 262 University of California, Davis [Vol.
  • Snap-On Industrial April 23, 1014 Page 1 Item Number Description

    Snap-On Industrial April 23, 1014 Page 1 Item Number Description

    Snap-on Industrial April 23, 1014 Unit of Item Number Description Net Price Measure 00000072E00 TURNTABLE VTA 1 SET 2 PC 550.27 Each 00000096000 DEPRESSOR ASSY-PEDAL 35.37 Each 00000129000 ALIGNMENT WHEEL STANDS 1309.19 Each 00001260000 TURNTABLE TRUCK 1 SET OF 2 1210.66 Each 00006310000 CONE-ADAPT. SET CAN USE 110612 300.54 Each 00043102Q00 ECONO 4-POST 172 7904.23 Each 00044218Q00 4 POST CLOSED CENTER 18K LIFT 22045.54 Each 00055502000 CLAMP ASSY-WHEEL,STEER 62.31 Each 00058839000 TOOL-PDQ WEIGHT PASS CAR 34.5 Each 00060466000 DUAL WHEEL SPACER 160.5 Each 00060779000 CONE-MEDIUM 9 1/2 DEG 82.1 Each 00060873000 CONE-TRUCK GRIND 241.29 Each 00060874000 SPACER-WHEEL TRUCK 173.82 Each 00064222000 REAR SLIPPLATES 483.82 Each 00066006000 LUBE BOTTLE 24.18 Each 00090488000 TRI TIPS/SETS SCREWS- 10 44.06 Each 00110560000 CONE-CENTERING 75-110MM HAWE 79.55 Each 00110612000 TRUCK CONE KIT 261.4 Each 00110614000 ADAPTER-UNILUG SEE REMARKS 538.16 Each 00112094000 OPTIONAL HVY DTY KIT 3.5 1456.61 Each 00112109000 DAYTON WHEEL ADAPTER 24 1033 Each 00112111000 4 ARM STAR QK ADPTR 702958178 889.5 Each 00112112000 5 ARM STAR QK ADPTR 702958179 942 Each 00112113000 4 TO 5 STAR UPDATE KT70295818 412.5 Each 00112292000 220.1MM HWKA 70BE958-008 321.54 Each 00112320000 DISC-220.8MM 70BE 958 007 448.33 Each 10002MRMHCDI TORQUE WRENCH 150-1000INLB 110.36 Each 10-01085A LOCK-N-ROLL LATCH 67 IN. 3.09 Each 10-01185A LOCK N ROLL LATCH FOR KRL1099 1.83 Each 1001XL36PV SLDG TRAY 21.45 Each 10-03783A TR DR SLVR EPLS 27.99 KRSC30 2.02 Each 10059 BEARING NEEDLE THRUST
  • Cannabis in Africa

    Cannabis in Africa

    CANNABIS IN AFRICA An Overview November 2007 Cannabis in Africa The overview of the cannabis situation in Africa presented in this document was prepared by Denis Destrebecq in the context of "Data For Africa", the segment of UNODC's Trends Monitoring and Analysis Programme dedicated to Africa and funded by France and Sweden. UNODC reiterates its appreciation to the African Member States who responded to the UN Annual Report Questionnaire on drugs. This questionnaire, together with the data base on individual drug seizures, constitutes the core source of information on drugs for UNODC. The boundaries, names and designations used in all maps in this book do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. This publication has not been formally edited 1 Cannabis in Africa EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Cannabis in Africa This paper summarizes the latest information available on cannabis in Africa. Information comes from the 2006 and the 2007 editions of the United Nation’s Office on Drugs and Crime’s (UNODC) World Drug Report. The World Drug Report 2006 contains an extended section on the global cannabis situation. The 2006 Report is still available at www.unodc.org or by request at [email protected] . The 2007 World Drug Report, which contains the most recent trends on cannabis in Africa, is available at the same address. The highest levels of cannabis production in the world take place on the African continent. Ten thousand five hundred metric tons or roughly 25 per cent of global production of cannabis herb is estimated to have taken place in Africa in 2005.
  • Ion Channels

    Ion Channels

    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: Ion channels. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1442g5hg Journal British journal of pharmacology, 176 Suppl 1(S1) ISSN 0007-1188 Authors Alexander, Stephen PH Mathie, Alistair Peters, John A et al. Publication Date 2019-12-01 DOI 10.1111/bph.14749 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: Ion channels. British Journal of Pharmacology (2019) 176, S142–S228 THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: Ion channels Stephen PH Alexander1 , Alistair Mathie2 ,JohnAPeters3 , Emma L Veale2 , Jörg Striessnig4 , Eamonn Kelly5, Jane F Armstrong6 , Elena Faccenda6 ,SimonDHarding6 ,AdamJPawson6 , Joanna L Sharman6 , Christopher Southan6 , Jamie A Davies6 and CGTP Collaborators 1School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK 2Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK 3Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK 4Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria 5School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK 6Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20 is the fourth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews of the key properties of nearly 1800 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties.
  • 1 the American University in Cairo

    1 the American University in Cairo

    THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN SECURITY AND NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE STATE CASE STUDY: EGYPT AND SAUDI ARABIA AIDA MOHAMED YEHIA SALAH EL DIN A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE MONTH/YEAR MAY/2011 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am heartily thankful to my beloved parents for all of their endless love, care and motivation. It’s also a pleasure to thank my supervisor; Professor Bahgat Korany for all of his guidance, support and patience with me to bring this thesis out in this form. Professor Korany has been an inspiration to all of his students and I am one of them. A special thanks goes to Professor Jerry W. Leach for his concern, time and editorial help in reviewing and commenting on this thesis. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I- INTRODUCTION: A- Research Topic-------------------------------------------------------------------1 B- Reasons for choosing this Topic------------------------------------------------2 C- Contribution of this Study -------------------------------------------------------3 D- Conceptual Framework-----------------------------------------------------------3 E- Hypothesis--------------------------------------------------------------------------3 F- Principal Research Question-----------------------------------------------------4 G- Road Map--------------------------------------------------------------------------5 H- Reasons for focusing on certain Indicators------------------------------------5
  • Landscape Infrastructure and Liveable Communities a C a S E S T U D Y O F N Ew- C a I R O , E G Y P T

    Landscape Infrastructure and Liveable Communities a C a S E S T U D Y O F N Ew- C a I R O , E G Y P T

    Landscape Infrastructure and Liveable Communities A C a s e S t u d y o f N ew- C a i r o , E g y p t A Thesis Submitted to Newcastle University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Tamer Mohamed Abd El-Fattah Ahmed Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Newcastle University March 2011 To Sama and Adam with love... Dad Abstract Landscape Infrastructure and Liveable Communities A Case Study of New-Cairo, Egypt Abstract To control urbanisation and to improve urban quality, Egypt has adopted the concept of master-planned estates (MPEs). This form of urbanisation is the latest manifestation of utopian place-making derived from the Garden City movement. With the emphasis on ‘landscape’ rather than ‘architecture’ and on building ‘communities’ rather than ‘neighbourhoods’, the development of these MPEs is underpinned by expectations that landscape characteristics have the potential to produce liveable communities. Located in the desert, the MPEs have often been criticised because of their weak connections with history, geography and culture. This study challenges this criticism and argues that some of these landscape practices when analytically related to residential mobility and satisfaction, are crucial to the enhancement of liveability. However, these relationship need to be carefully examined and subsequently reconstructed in a holistic conception rooted in the challenging physical and cultural settings. To achieve this, the study draws on an extensive literature from several disciplines to develop a conceptual framework which provides a platform for meaningful analysis of practices, attitudes and aspirations. Drawing on an empirical study of six MPEs in New-Cairo, the massive master planned extension to the east of Cairo, the research examines the strategies employed to attract residents and the factors required to satisfy residential needs.
  • M4 Muscarinic Receptors Are Involved in Modulation of Neurotransmission at Synapses of Schaffer Collaterals on CA1 Hippocampal Neurons in Rats

    M4 Muscarinic Receptors Are Involved in Modulation of Neurotransmission at Synapses of Schaffer Collaterals on CA1 Hippocampal Neurons in Rats

    Journal of Neuroscience Research 87:691–700 (2009) M4 Muscarinic Receptors Are Involved in Modulation of Neurotransmission at Synapses of Schaffer Collaterals on CA1 Hippocampal Neurons in Rats Gonzalo Sa´nchez,1 Lucas de Oliveira Alvares,2,3 Marı´a Victoria Oberholzer,1 Bruna Genro,2 Jorge Quillfeldt,2 Jaderson Costa da Costa,3 Carlos Cerven˜ansky,4 Diana Jerusalinsky,1 and Edgar Kornisiuk1* 1Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurotoxinas, Instituto de Biologı´a Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina 2Laborato´rio de Psicobiologia e Neurocomputac¸a˜o, Dep. de Biofisica, Instituto de Biocieˆncias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil 3Laborato´rio de Neurocieˆncias, Instituto de Pesquisas Biome´dicas, Pontificia Universidade Cato´lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil 4Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo e IIBCE, Montevideo, Uruguay All five subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors Key words: muscarinic acetylcholine receptor; CA1 (mAChR; M1–M5) are expressed in the hippocampus, synapses; long-term potentiation; rat hippocampus; where they are involved both in cognitive functions and muscarinic toxin 3 in synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation (LTP). Muscarinic toxins (MTs) are small proteins from All five subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine recep- mamba snake venoms that display exquisite discrimi- tors (mAChR; M1–M5; Bonner et al., 1987) are nation between mAChRs. MT1 acts as an agonist at expressed in the hippocampus