METRO REGIONAL DISTRICT CLIMATE ACTION COMMITTEE

REGULAR MEETING

Wednesday, September 19, 2018 1:00 p.m. 28th Floor Committee Room, 4730 Kingsway, Burnaby,

A G E N D A1

1. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA

1.1 September 19, 2018 Regular Meeting Agenda That the Climate Action Committee adopt the agenda for its regular meeting scheduled for September 19, 2018 as circulated.

2. ADOPTION OF THE MINUTES

2.1 July 4, 2018 Regular Meeting Minutes That the Climate Action Committee adopt the minutes of its regular meeting held July 4, 2018 as circulated.

3. DELEGATIONS

4. INVITED PRESENTATIONS

5. REPORTS FROM COMMITTEE OR STAFF

5.1 Climate 2050 Stakeholder Education and Engagement Strategy Results Designated Speakers: Larina Lopez, Division Manager, Corporate Communications Lucy Duso, Policy Coordinator External Relations Department That the MVRD Board receive for information the report dated August 27, 2018, titled “Climate 2050 Stakeholder Education and Engagement Strategy Results”.

1 Note: Recommendation is shown under each item, where applicable.

September 13, 2018

Climate Action Committee Climate Action Committee Regular Agenda September 19, 2018 Agenda Page 2 of 4

5.2 Metro Vancouver’s Climate 2050 Strategic Framework Designated Speakers: Jason Emmert, Air Quality Planner Conor Reynolds, Division Manager, Air Quality and Climate Change Policy Parks, Planning and Environment Department That the MVRD Board: a) adopt the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework as attached to the report dated August 28, 2018, titled “Metro Vancouver’s Climate 2050 Strategic Framework”; and b) direct staff to initiate the development process of the Climate 2050 Roadmaps based on the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework.

5.3 Metro Vancouver Comments on the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers Designated Speakers: Josh Power, Policy Analyst Ali Ergudenler, Lead Senior Engineer Parks, Planning and Environment Department That the MVRD Board write to the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Strategy conveying its position on the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy intentions papers, as outlined in the report titled “Metro Vancouver Comments on the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers” dated August 24, 2018, as previously communicated by staff.

5.4 Ecological Health Framework - Summary of Consultation Process and Draft Outline Designated Speakers: Laurie Bates-Frymel, Senior Regional Planner Marcin Pachcinski, Division Manager, Electoral Area and Environment Parks, Planning and Environment Department That the Climate Action Committee direct staff to: a) finalize the Ecological Health Framework, as attached to the report dated August 28, 2018, titled “Ecological Health Framework – Summary of Consultation Process and Draft Outline”, incorporating feedback from the Committee; and b) report back to the Climate Action Committee with a revised Ecological Health Framework for consideration by the MVRD Board.

5.5 Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable – Request for Sponsorship Designated Speakers: Laurie Bates-Frymel, Senior Regional Planner, Parks, Planning and Environment Department, Heidi Walsh, Director, Watersheds and Environmental Management, Water Services Department That the MVRD Board approve one-time funding in the amount of $3,950 towards a results-based project report summarizing findings from the Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable’s Watershed Outreach Campaign – Striving to Change Behaviour to Achieve Watershed Health.

Climate Action Committee Climate Action Committee Regular Agenda September 19, 2018 Agenda Page 3 of 4

5.6 Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry, Scotch Broom and European Chafer Designated Speaker: Laurie Bates-Frymel, Senior Regional Planner Parks, Planning and Environment Department That the MVRD Board receive for information the report dated August 24, 2018, titled “Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry, Scotch Broom and European Chafer Beetle”.

5.7 Air Quality Advisories During the Summer of 2018 Designated Speaker: Francis Ries, Senior Project Engineer Parks, Planning and Environment Department That the MVRD Board receive for information the report dated September 11, 2018, titled “Air Quality Advisories During the Summer of 2018”.

5.8 Manager’s Report Designated Speaker: Roger Quan, Director, Air Quality and Climate Change Parks, Planning and Environment Department That the Climate Action Committee receive for information the report dated September 4, 2018, titled “Manager’s Report”.

6. INFORMATION ITEMS

6.1 Correspondence dated May 17, 2018 from Mayor Lois E. Jackson, City of Delta, to Greg Moore, Chair, Metro Vancouver Board to re: Green for Life - Enviro-Smart Organics 6.2 Correspondence dated August 14, 2018 from Greg Moore, Chair, Metro Vancouver Board to Mayor Lois E. Jackson, City of Delta re: Green for Life - Enviro-Smart Organics 6.3 Correspondence dated August 28, 2018 from Greg Moore, Chair, Metro Vancouver Board re: Commercial Cannabis Production on Agricultural Land (correspondence sent to multiple recipients; example shown is addressed to The Right Honourable Justin P.J. Trudeau, Prime Minister).

7. BUSINESS ARISING FROM DELEGATIONS

8. RESOLUTION TO CLOSE MEETING Note: The Committee must state by resolution the basis under section 90 of the Community Charter on which the meeting is being closed. If a member wishes to add an item, the basis must be included below.

Climate Action Committee Climate Action Committee Regular Agenda September 19, 2018 Agenda Page 4 of 4 That the Climate Action Committee close its regular meeting scheduled for September 19, 2018 pursuant to the Community Charter provisions, Section 90 (1) as follows:

90 (1) A part of the meeting may be closed to the public if the subject matter being considered relates to or is one or more of the following: (i) the receipt of advice that is subject to solicitor-client privilege, including communications necessary for that purpose;

9. ADJOURNMENT/CONCLUSION That the Climate Action Committee adjourn/conclude its regular meeting of September 19, 2018.

Membership: Corrigan, Derek (C) – Burnaby Gill, Tom – Surrey Steves, Harold – Richmond Reimer, Andrea (VC) – Vancouver Harris, Maria – Electoral Area A Storteboom, Rudy – Langley City Buhr, Karl – Lions Bay Jackson, Lois – Delta Villeneuve, Judy – Surrey Dupont, Laura – Port Coquitlam Masse, Robert – Maple Ridge Williams, Bryce – Tsawwassen

Climate Action Committee 2.1

METRO VANCOUVER REGIONAL DISTRICT CLIMATE ACTION COMMITTEE

Minutes of the Regular Meeting of the Metro Vancouver Regional District (MVRD) Climate Action Committee held at 1:07 p.m. on Wednesday, July 4, 2018 in the 28th Floor Committee Room, 4730 Kingsway, Burnaby, British Columbia.

MEMBERS PRESENT: Chair, Mayor Derek Corrigan, Burnaby Vice Chair, Councillor Andrea Reimer, Vancouver Mayor Karl Buhr, Lions Bay Director Maria Harris, Electoral Area A Mayor Lois Jackson, Delta (arrived at 1:08 p.m.) Councillor Harold Steves, Richmond Councillor Rudy Storteboom, Langley City Councillor Judy Villeneuve, Surrey (arrived at 1:15 p.m.) Chief Bryce Williams, Tsawwassen

MEMBERS ABSENT: Councillor Laura Dupont, Port Coquitlam Councillor Tom Gill, Surrey Councillor Robert Masse, Maple Ridge

STAFF PRESENT: Roger Quan, Air Quality and Climate Change Director, Parks, Planning and Environment Genevieve Lanz, Legislative Services Coordinator, Board and Information Services

1. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA

1.1 July 4, 2018 Regular Meeting Agenda

It was MOVED and SECONDED That the Climate Action Committee adopt the agenda for its regular meeting scheduled for July 4, 2018 as circulated. CARRIED

Minutes of the Regular Meeting of the MVRD Climate Action Committee held on Wednesday, July 4, 2018 Page 1 of 5

Climate Action Committee 2. ADOPTION OF THE MINUTES

2.1 June 6, 2018 Regular Meeting Minutes

It was MOVED and SECONDED That the Climate Action Committee adopt the minutes of its regular meeting held June 6, 2018 as circulated. CARRIED

3. DELEGATIONS No items presented.

4. INVITED PRESENTATIONS No items presented.

1:08 p.m. Mayor Jackson arrived at the meeting.

5. REPORTS FROM COMMITTEE OR STAFF

5.1 Results of Consultation on Regulating Indoor Residential Wood Burning Emissions Report dated June 8, 2018 from Julie Saxton, Air Quality Planner, Parks, Planning and Environment, communicating the results of the regional residential wood burning regulation public consultation process, and seeking direction to draft a bylaw to regulate indoor residential wood burning emissions.

1:15 p.m. Councillor Villeneuve arrived at the meeting.

Members were provided with a presentation on the results of regional wood smoke regulation public consultation, highlighting consultation activities, feedback and polling results, and additional issues requiring consideration.

Discussion ensued on the enforcement of a wood burning device regulation bylaw, consideration of rural and urban device registration, and fuel source being burned.

Members expressed concerns regarding the health impacts of residential wood smoke.

Presentation material titled “Results of Consultation: Regulating Indoor Residential Wood Burning Emissions” is retained with the July 4, 2018 Climate Action Committee agenda.

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Climate Action Committee It was MOVED and SECONDED That the MVRD Board: a) receive for information the report titled “Results of Consultation on Regulating Indoor Residential Wood Burning Emissions”, dated June 8, 2018; and b) direct staff to draft a bylaw to regulate emissions of wood smoke from indoor residential wood burning. CARRIED

5.2 Consultation Update on an Expanded Regulatory Approach to Managing Odour in Metro Vancouver Report dated June 26, 2018 from Mia Edbrooke, Senior Policy Analyst, and Esther Bérubé, Program Manager, Air Quality Bylaw and Regulation Development, Parks, Planning and Environment, summarizing the preliminary consultation on the Odour Management Framework and direction to develop proposals to enhance the management of emissions of odorous air contaminants.

Members were provided with a presentation on consultation results for odour management approaches in the Metro Vancouver region, highlighting consultation activities, feedback from stakeholder groups, proposed odour policy development plan, and next steps.

Discussion ensued on the methods for measuring odour, and the impact of odour on the individual household versus the region.

Presentation material titled “Initial Consultation on Approaches for Regulating Emissions of Odorous Air Contaminants” is retained with the July 4, 2018 Climate Action Committee agenda.

It was MOVED and SECONDED That the MVRD Board: a) receive for information the report titled “Consultation Update on an Expanded Regulatory Approach to Managing Odour in Metro Vancouver” dated June 26, 2018; b) endorse the Odour Management Policy Development Plan attached to the report; and c) direct staff to develop proposals to enhance the management of emissions of odorous air contaminants as outlined in the development plan. CARRIED

5.3 Metro Vancouver’s Climate Actions and Carbon Neutral Progress in 2017 Report dated June 8, 2018 from Amy Thai, Environmental Technician II, Air Quality Planning and Assessment and Conor Reynolds, Program Manager, Air Quality and Climate Change Policy, Parks, Planning and Environment, informing the Board of the Metro Vancouver Climate Actions 2017 report submitted to the Province under the Climate Action Revenue Incentive Program.

Minutes of the Regular Meeting of the MVRD Climate Action Committee held on Wednesday, July 4, 2018 Page 3 of 5

Climate Action Committee It was MOVED and SECONDED That the MVRD Board receive for information the report dated June 8, 2018, titled “Metro Vancouver’s Climate Actions and Carbon Neutral Progress in 2017”. CARRIED

5.4 Fleet Planning and Acquisition Policy: 2018 Update Report dated June 13, 2018 from Dave Tolnai, Senior Project Engineer, Financial Services and Joshua Power, Policy Analyst, Parks, Planning and Environment, updating the Board on the implementation of the Fleet Planning and Acquisition Policy.

It was MOVED and SECONDED That the MVRD Board receive for information the report dated June 13, 2018, titled “Fleet Planning and Acquisition Policy: 2018 Update”. CARRIED

5.5 Manager’s Report Report dated June 22, 2018 from Roger Quan, Director, Air Quality and Climate Change, Parks, Planning and Environment, updating the Climate Action Committee on the 2018 Committee Work plan, Climate 2050 engagement activities, BC Lung Association 2018 State of the Air report, AirAware citizen science project, and 2018 wildfire season.

It was MOVED and SECONDED That the Climate Action Committee receive for information the report dated June 12, 2018, titled “Manager’s Report”. CARRIED

6. INFORMATION ITEMS No items presented.

7. OTHER BUSINESS No items presented.

8. BUSINESS ARISING FROM DELEGATIONS No items presented.

9. RESOLUTION TO CLOSE MEETING No items presented.

Minutes of the Regular Meeting of the MVRD Climate Action Committee held on Wednesday, July 4, 2018 Page 4 of 5

Climate Action Committee 10. ADJOURNMENT/CONCLUSION

It was MOVED and SECONDED That the Climate Action Committee conclude its regular meeting of July 4, 2018. CARRIED (Time: 2:28 p.m.)

______Genevieve Lanz, Derek Corrigan, Chair Legislative Services Coordinator

25907022 FINAL

Minutes of the Regular Meeting of the MVRD Climate Action Committee held on Wednesday, July 4, 2018 Page 5 of 5

Climate Action Committee 5.1

To: Climate Action Committee

From: Larina Lopez, Division Manager, Corporate Communications Lucy Duso, Policy Coordinator External Relations Department

Date: August 27, 2018 Meeting Date: September 19, 2018

Subject: Climate 2050 Stakeholder Education and Engagement Strategy Results

RECOMMENDATION That the MVRD Board receive for information the report dated August 27, 2018, titled “Climate 2050 Stakeholder Education and Engagement Strategy Results”.

PURPOSE To present the results of the stakeholder engagement process associated with the Climate 2050 Discussion Paper, as it relates to the development of the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework.

BACKGROUND At the Climate Action Committee meeting on April 4, 2018, staff brought forward a proposed Climate 2050 Stakeholder Education and Engagement Strategy. The strategy, was supported by the Committee and subsequently endorsed by the Metro Vancouver Board at its April 27th, 2018 meeting.

The objective of the Climate 2050 Education and Engagement Strategy was to create awareness of the Climate 2050 Discussion Paper, gather feedback from the public and stakeholders on the various components of the proposed Climate 2050 Strategic Framework, which is the subject of Report 5.2 in the September 2018 Climate Action Committee agenda package, and lay the foundation for long- term engagement and collaboration on climate action.

The guiding principles of the Climate 2050 Stakeholder Education and Engagement Strategy include following a transparent and inclusive decision‐making process consistent with Metro Vancouver’s public engagement policy.

This report presents the results of the Stakeholder Education and Engagement Strategy and the feedback received both by issue area and by audience.

EDUCATION AND ENGAGEMENT PROCESS Tactics to share information ranged from traditional media to the use of promoted social media posts to drive attention to the Climate 2050 project web site, feedback form and public events. Content was also shared via Metro Vancouver’s newsletters and home page, and shared with member jurisdictions for promotion to their own social networks. Examples and reach are provided in Attachment 3.

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The activities used to engage each audience are outlined in the table below.

Event Audience Timing and Location Feedback Process

Public Dialogues General public May 30-June 14; North Direct and feedback forms Vancouver, Surrey, Port Moody, Richmond, Vancouver Webinar General public June 28, online Comments and Q&A

By-invitation Forums Stakeholders (business, May 29 and June 12; Direct and feedback forms academic, public sector, Burnaby and Surrey professional associations) Youth Forum Youth June 2, Vancouver Direct and feedback forms

Municipal/Metro Municipal staff See Attachment 2 Direct through standing Vancouver Committees committees and subcommittees

MV Member Staff Forum MV Member staff June 26, Burnaby Direct and feedback forms

BC Government For participating departments May 14, Victoria Interdepartmental see Attachment 2 discussion

Federal webinar For participating departments May 30, online Interdepartmental see Attachment 2 discussion

First Nations Meetings Regional First Nations Information sharing and in- Direct and online feedback person meetings through July Neighbouring and close Regional District staff In-person meetings at Direct, written and proximity regional District offices through July feedback forms districts One-to-one interviews Key influencers and In-person meetings through Direct and written organizations with July/ August responsibilities for climate response (e.g. TransLink, Fortis BC etc.)

Throughout the engagement process stakeholders were generally supportive of Metro Vancouver’s Climate 2050 initiative. All agreed the strategy was necessary and that Metro Vancouver should demonstrate leadership on this issue – consistent with the vision statement for Climate 2050. Feedback fell into two categories – general suggestions for the content, and specific suggestions by Issue Area. Highlights are captured below, with more detail and some demonstrative examples in Attachment 2.

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General Suggestions These suggestions are not specific to any Issue Area but are cross-cutting, or provide general advice and recommendations largely to how Metro Vancouver and others continue to engage a broad audience on climate action.

Throughout the engagement, Metro Vancouver heard repeatedly the importance of ongoing education and engagement, and to prioritize listening to youth. The costs of inaction were raised, as was a strong voice for considering social equity (e.g. access, health, affordability). Metro Vancouver was encouraged to show leadership and convene and encourage integration among stakeholders. A common technical recommendation was to inventory and quantify available carbon sinks as a baseline.

General feedback on the Issue Areas included; aligning better with the Issue Area equivalents in the Provincial Climate Strategy and with other recent Provincial strategies for floods, fuel, and drought, as well as Federal initiatives. There were repeated suggestions to separate Health from Emergency Management, to elevate the visibility of Water as a cross-cutting consideration, to merge Transportation and Land Use, and to consider a Marine or Inter-Tidal Issue Area. There was repeated feedback that all Issue Areas include both emissions reduction opportunities and adaptation needs. First Nations identified a desire to be involved in any governance mechanisms related to their land and the environment they depend on.

Suggestions by Issue Area Ten Issue Areas were brought forward in the Discussion Paper and highlights from the feedback by Issue Area are presented below. Where some ideas were identified as actions for Metro Vancouver, others were suggested as priorities for which the responsibility needs to be determined.

Nature & Ecosystems - It was repeatedly suggested that the role of ecosystem services (e.g. flood control, carbon sequestration, cooling, food sources, etc.) should be included in all asset evaluations and decisions. Roles for Metro Vancouver include research and information sharing on ecological health, mapping, species at risk, sea level rise, urban forest health, green asset management, and ecosystem services. Another highlight is the need to reconnect fragmented landscapes and research and facilitate additional best practices to conserve habitat for species and ecosystems at risk from climate change. There were many suggestions to increase tree canopy cover and urban forest resilience to climate change and to reduce the spread and impacts of invasive species. For marine, foreshore and intertidal ecosystems, there was a call for a regional management approach and to take into account economic, land use and First Nation’s food security and cultural considerations.

Buildings - Participants suggested developing incentives, tools and initiatives designed to help existing buildings achieve net zero energy demand. And the same list was proposed for new buildings, which might include for example a coordinated regional approach to adopting the Step Code. There was a recommendation to increase availability of data on building energy and GHG emissions, and to look at options to regulate GHG emissions and energy demand from buildings, for example through building energy operation and maintenance bylaws. For adaptation, the focus is on resources and tools for adapting buildings to projected climate changes.

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Health, Safety and Emergency Management - Participants defined two distinct scenarios - prolonged projected conditions (preparing for hotter drier summers), and then individual events (a specific flood or heat event response), and suggested the two be considered separately. Discussions identified the need to share research, plans and strategies to manage flood risk across the region and build capacity among stakeholders, for example through the Lower Mainland Flood Management Strategy or sewerage area vulnerability assessments. Many also suggested preparing for chronic hotter, drier summers for example, through wildfire prevention, and collaborating with Health Authorities to work on better understanding population health vulnerability and targets. For extreme events, participants suggested clarifying the roles and approaches to extreme heat events for example from Metro Vancouver, Local Governments, BC Government and Health Authorities, and incorporating climate change scenarios into EMBC exercises.

Infrastructure - This Issue Area largely concerns infrastructure related to drinking water and liquid waste, though participants also used the term infrastructure more generally (e.g. “transportation infrastructure”). There were questions about how the regional water system considers climate change risks and adaptation, and suggestions for mandatory water metering and more water conservation behaviour campaigns. Liquid waste is less familiar to the public, but involved stakeholders suggested a regional approach to liquid waste infrastructure planning and upgrades that considers climate change risks and adaptation (e.g. complete further vulnerability assessments and accelerate sewer separation). There was repeated interest in green infrastructure including better managing urban forests and setting regional landscaping standards for developers, such as absorbent landscapes and rain gardens, topsoil depth, and tree cover. The suggestion to develop a regional approach to reduce GHG emissions from the liquid waste and drinking water systems was repeated.

Transportation - Transportation discussion groups attracted considerable participation. Many identified the ongoing need to coordinate land use and transportation, hence the suggestion to combine these Issue Areas. There were suggestions to encourage transit, multiple-occupancy vehicles, cycling and walking, for example using mobility pricing. Many participants identified the need to provide transit services to the entire region. Support was continuously high to encourage adoption of electric vehicles, with one example using electric vehicle charging bylaws, and to encourage fleet planning and acquisition policies and coordinate inter-municipal EV charging. A few conversations flagged ensuring new mobility options (e.g. autonomous vehicles and ride sharing) aligning with GHG emissions reduction goals, and avoiding unintended consequences.

Waste - Much of the discussion around waste aligned with feedback heard through other waste- related public discussions. For examples, participants identified a need to increase local recycling, including processing for organics, while minimizing unintended impacts. For example, the preference is to discourage single-use items full stop rather than developing single-use item recycling options. Many comments indicated support for shifting toward a circular economy. Others focused on reducing methane and other emissions from landfills. There were repeated comments to account for embodied energy and GHG emissions in material and waste streams, potentially through a consumption-based GHG emissions inventory.

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Land Use and Growth Management - Much of the feedback aligned with the Regional Growth Strategy goals, for example, to intensify urban development within the urban containment boundary and to encourage complete, compact communities that support cycling, walking and transit use. One notable suggestion was to communicate cost savings in reduced infrastructure such as roads. Participants were looking to coordinate land use and transportation to encourage transit, multiple- occupancy vehicles, cycling and walking, and to align growth with TransLink’s long-range plan. For adaptation the suggestions were to consider climate change impacts, such as sea level rise, in regional growth management planning and policy, and municipal OCPs.

Industry - The conversation here was largely to find support for private sector actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from business, industry, agriculture, or other emissions sources. Some suggested strengthening ties between universities, research institutes and industry and encouraging a regional hub for sustainable businesses. Participants suggested developing regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from industry, agriculture and business sectors. It was important to many to strive for jurisdictional alignment with other levels of government, for example the Provincial GHG Industrial Reporting and Control Act. Industry representatives clarified that government might set emissions targets, and allow flexible, cost-effective compliance mechanisms. There was the concern to ensure a level playing field, and use tax and cost structure to directly benefit green businesses.

Energy - Like transportation, Energy attracted many participants at discussion tables. Ideas included facilitating the generation and use of renewable, low carbon energy by the private sector and other levels of government. This included for example creating a regional, streamlined, permit system for renewable energy options, and coordinating with FortisBC and BC Hydro at a regional (rather than municipal) level. There were recommendations for Metro Vancouver and where applicable members, to increase production of renewable, low carbon energy at publicly-owned facilities.

Agriculture - A clear message from many sources was to better protect agricultural land, followed by the recommendation to increase local food production. This was from both rural and urban agriculture. Food security is an ongoing concern. Participants noted that climate change primarily will generate a water problem for agriculture and more focus should be on water management and irrigation infrastructure to address summer droughts and salinity issues. There is interest in supporting farming practices that protect and enhance ecosystem services. This might include as an example compensating farmers for protecting ecosystem services. In terms of mitigation, other discussions included encouraging renewable natural gas projects from agricultural waste.

Feedback by Audience The Discussion Paper was brought to the following audiences, and feedback highlights by audience are captured below.

Businesses and business organizations recognized the need to address climate change and were supportive of Climate 2050. Their recommendations included focusing on energy efficiency, ensuring a level playing field, considering effects on competitiveness, striving for jurisdictional harmony, and flexible compliance mechanisms that allow cost effective pathways to achieve targets. Industry specific concerns included substituting municipal waste for fossil fuels in cement manufacture.

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All nine in-region First Nations were provided copies of Climate 2050 with requests for comments. Three indicated their support for the Discussion Paper content, but raised additional concerns around the risks to food security and the erosion of a culture that is based on the traditional harvest of salmon and other marine resources. A fourth suggested coordinating work with Metro Vancouver on sea level rise.

Both Vancouver Coastal Health and Fraser Health were strongly supportive of Climate 2050, recognizing the importance of Metro Vancouver leadership across complex, interconnected issues and with a wide range of stakeholders. Both also emphasized concerns that public health will be compromised, that those with fewer resources would be most vulnerable, but that mitigation efforts would generate health and well being co-benefits that should be emphasized in communications.

Government of British Columbia representatives emphasized the need for collaboration. They suggested setting an interim target, such as 2030, and considering aligning more closely with Provincial terminology such as using more personal, compelling language emphasizing the co- benefits of actions. An example is describing increased community well-being and amenities such as “walkable” rather than “compact” communities, and also to highlight dollars saved by avoiding building infrastructure such as roads.

Member jurisdictions supported Metro Vancouver’s convening and coordinating role identified in Climate 2050. Recommendations included ensuring alignment with the plans of other orders of government, collaborating locally and internationally, developing an analysis of year-by-year actions and setting corresponding five-year targets, and engaging audiences through co-benefits, (easier to understand than emission reductions). Metro Vancouver was seen as more risk-tolerant than municipalities, and able to undertake research, develop pilot projects and share scalable results.

Regional Districts had a variety of climate strategies and actions, and suggested providing a coordinated voice to the Province on issues related to climate change and local government action. Notably both the Fraser Valley and Squamish-Lillooet Regional Districts identified climate impacts in corridors shared with the Metro Vancouver region. All were open to a continuing dialogue with Metro Vancouver as Climate 2050 proceeds.

Federal government representatives expressed support for Metro Vancouver pursuing a regional approach on climate action and supported hearing an aligned voice from members and regional governments from the west. Suggest aligning with Provincial and Federal programs, terminology, targets and initiatives where possible.

Key interviews with public agencies indicated support and interest in participating in the roadmap development process. For example, FortisBC suggested natural gas (LNG and RNG), while a fossil fuel, be considered an alternative to diesel and marine fuels, not only to reduce emissions but to also provide an effective alternative in some situations.

Where possible, this feedback will be integrated into the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework. If the MVRD Board adopts the Strategy, an additional and separate engagement process is proposed for 2019‐2020, which will focus on input for the Issue Area Roadmaps.

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ALTERNATIVES This is an information report. No alternatives are presented.

FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS The 2018 Climate 2050 engagement budget is $60,000, supported under the Air Quality Communications Program of the 2018 Planning, Policy & Environment budget, and managed by the External Relations Budget.

SUMMARY / CONCLUSION Metro Vancouver has concluded an intense, ten-week, education and engagement process with a broad array of audiences, including youth, First Nations, member local governments, other levels of government, business groups and other stakeholders, as well as the general public. All feedback has been supportive of Climate 2050, with many suggestions for strengthening the initiative. The feedback is being integrated into the development of the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework and is attached (Attachment 1) for information.

Attachments: 1. Climate 2050 Summaries of Public Feedback by Issue Area 2. List of Organizations Contacted 3. Social Media Examples - Climate 2050

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Climate Action Committee 5.1 ATTACHMENT 1

Climate 2050 Summaries of Public Feedback by Issue Area

The content in this attachment is selected from numerous feedback sources including meeting notes from forums and dialogues, emails, feedback forms, and in-person meetings. It does not include all suggestions, but highlights those heard repeatedly or in some cases suggestions that are new and open for discussion in the roadmap development process. Highlights from this attachment are in the body of the report titled Climate 2050 Stakeholder Education and Engagement Process Results, September 2018.

General Feedback Effective public engagement is crucial • Compelling communication on the scope of the challenge is needed so the public can appreciate the need for difficult choices, especially in challenging areas such as land use and transportation. • Frame actions across all Issue Areas through co-benefits, and in particular health, which connect with the public more easily than GHG reductions. • Metro Vancouver take leadership on communications, working with stakeholders to develop compelling messages and imagery, so that they can be consistent across the Region. o Prioritize youth engagement in all work o Consider these lenses for all actions or policy recommendations • Social equity • Affordability • Health and well-being benefits • Costs of inaction

Ongoing Metro Vancouver leadership as convener, with integration among members, connections with other levels of government and all stakeholders • Collaborate internationally, research and share best practices. • Strive for jurisdictional alignment with other levels of government. • Prioritize and proceed with pilot projects that can be scaled.

General Suggestions for Issue Areas • Integrate across Issue Areas • Align better with Provincial Issue Areas • Suggest coordinating with three new strategies coming from BC: Flood Strategy, Fuel Strategy, and Drought Strategy. • Consider o separating Health from Emergency Management, or reposition Issue Area to Human Health and Welfare. o Water as an Issue Area o merging Transportation and Land Use o Marine or Coastal Zone as an issue area, or explicitly refer to it in Nature and Ecosystems • Consider interim targets [by Issue Area] • In each issue area, provide context for public leadership and alignment with BC and Canada • Develop governance mechanisms to involve First Nations.

Climate Action Committee “In terms of communication, reporting should be done in easy to understand language and should provide local partners with information that they can piggy back on and carry forward. We need consistency in messaging. The narrative around climate change is sporadic and at times inconsistent. We need a more consistent message that is graphically supported to resonate a lot more across the region.” - Municipal Staff forum, June 26 2018

Nature and Ecosystems Include ecosystem services that provide climate adaptation and mitigation benefits into asset management and land use decisions across the region. Examples: • All levels of government must consider ecosystem services (including carbon) in decisions • Calculate the regional loss of carbon storage due to forest loss and consider carbon sequestration tracking

Reconnect fragmented landscapes through regional analysis and land-use planning to enhance ecosystem connectivity and improve the ability for species to adapt to changing conditions. Examples: • Develop a Regional Green Infrastructure Network • City of Surrey’s Green Infrastructure Network • City of Richmond’s Ecological Network

Research and facilitate best practices and knowledge exchange to conserve habitat for species and ecosystems at risk from climate change and to reduce the spread of invasive species caused by climate change. Examples: • Research partnerships with Provincial and Federal Agencies • Best Management Practice Guides for Invasive Species • Invasive species management and species at risk habitat restoration on parkland

Increase tree canopy cover and urban forest resilience to climate change. Examples: • Urban Forest Climate Adaptation Framework • Burns Bog Restoration and Carbon Credits Project • City of New Westminster’s Urban Forest Management Strategy • City of Delta’s Urban Reforestation Project

Consider a regional approach to marine, foreshore and intertidal ecosystem management and protection. Take into account economic, land use and First Nation’s food security and cultural considerations. Examples: • Metro Vancouver coordinate a shoreline management plan related to sea level rise, with an ecological and conservation perspective as well as economic and land use considerations. • Take a regional approach to marine ecosystem management and protection. • Adaptation plans should take into account the role of marine ecosystems in providing food security and cultural cohesion for First Nations.

Lead and coordinate research and information sharing on ecological health, mapping, species at risk, sea level rise, urban forest health, green asset management, ecosystem services.

Climate Action Committee Buildings Develop incentives, tools and initiatives designed to help existing buildings achieve net zero energy demand. Examples: • Develop roadmap specific to reducing GHGs in existing buildings through retrofits • Regional climate action fund • Host centralized resource guide to help people access grants and incentives • Develop neighbourhood-level retrofits

Develop incentives, tools and initiatives designed to help new buildings achieve net zero energy demand. Examples: • Develop regional approach for Step Code implementation. • Develop a regional climate action fund

Provide better information and data on building energy and GHG emissions to homeowners, homebuyers, building owners, and member jurisdictions. Examples: • Regional building sector policy analysis of GHG reductions, e.g., GHG impact of Step Code adoption

Lead/ support regional regulations of GHG emissions and energy demand from buildings. Examples: • Mandatory building energy benchmarking regulation • Building energy operation and maintenance bylaws

Support the development of information resources and tools for adapting buildings to projected climate changes in the region. Examples: • Analysis of impact of future climate conditions on buildings • Guidelines for climate resilient building design • MBAR Project • CSA standard • National Building Code

“If MV regulated GHG emissions from some sectors (e.g. the building sector), it would give local governments freedom to create incentives and training to meet low carbon requirements. It would encourage us to explore ways to design regulatory frameworks. It would also encourage local governments to invest more into infrastructure to support the transition to EVs.” – Municipal Staff forum, June 26 2018

Health, Safety and Emergency Management Develop research, plans and strategies to manage increasing flood risk across the region and build capacity among stakeholders through information sharing. Examples: • Lower Mainland Flood Management Strategy • Develop approaches to respond to hotter, drier summers. Examples: • Wildfire prevention activities • Water conservation campaigns • Collaborate with Health stakeholders to develop population physical health targets related to climate action for key ailments; asthma, COPD, obesity, hypertension and mental health

Climate Action Committee Develop approaches to respond to extreme heat events due to climate change. Examples: • Confirm the roles for Metro Vancouver, Local Governments, BC Government and Health Authorities • Extreme heat response planning • Manage urban heat island effects • Plan to manage poor air quality, such as from wildfires • Incorporate climate change scenarios into EMBC exercises

Pursue cross-cutting approaches that consider and address a range of extreme weather events and climate impacts. Examples: • Disaster Debris Management Plan • Vulnerability mapping • Connect to Province of BCs new Flood, Fuel & Drought Strategies.

“Thoughtful actions in response to climate change can bring direct and indirect health benefits beyond those identified in the “Health, Safety & Emergency Management” Adaptation Issue Area. The 2018 Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change states that “Climate change threatens to undermine the past 50 years of gains in public health, and conversely, that a comprehensive response to climate change could be “the greatest global health opportunity of the 21st century.” All of the Issue Areas can therefore be strengthened by articulating the potential health (and other human wellbeing) co-benefits associated with the identified actions.” - James Lu, MD, Medical Health Officer for Environmental Health, Vancouver Coastal Health

Infrastructure Ensure the regional water system is resilient to and adequate for future climate conditions. Examples: • Ensure multi-hazard resilience • Mandatory water metering • Develop drought response plan

Coordinate a regional approach to infrastructure planning and upgrades that considers climate change risks and adaptation. Examples: • Sewerage Area Vulnerability Assessments • Lower Mainland Flood Management Strategy • Prioritize co-benefits with major infrastructure initiatives • Design new wastewater treatment plants for sea level rise • Accelerate sewer separation work

Encourage best practices in green infrastructure including stormwater management to reduce localized flood risk and impacts to watershed health due to climate change. Examples: • Integrated Stormwater Management Planning • Design runoff mitigation for predicted changes in rainfall intensity. • Follow recommendations of the Urban Forest Climate Adaptation Framework • Set regional landscaping standards for developers, such as absorbent landscapes and rain gardens, topsoil depth, tree cover. • Mitigate upstream drainage systems to reduce food impacts on agriculture and park lands

Climate Action Committee Develop a region approach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the management of liquid waste and supply and delivery of drinking water. Examples: • Effluent heat and biogas recovery at wastewater treatment plants • Shadow Carbon Price Policy • Favour a distributed system over big builds with locked-in fixed service models.

“How will you address the issue of carbon that is produced outside of Metro Vancouver? Construction materials such as concrete, steel and plastic are produced outside of the Metro Vancouver area and concrete has a huge carbon footprint. In California they imposed an emission standard on cars even though they are not produced in the state. I would like to see Metro Vancouver work on a standard on emissions and environmental impacts, to address the emissions and environmental impacts for products produced outside of the area.” – Participant, Public Dialogue, Vancouver BCIT location, May 30

Transportation Coordinate land use and transportation to encourage transit, multiple-occupancy vehicles, cycling and walking. Examples: • Develop a quantification methodology to apply GHG costs to development. • Ensure that transit services are provided to the entire region (fill gaps) • Encourage mobility pricing • Create a regional bike network and integrate bike safety education with licensing.

Support electric vehicles as a viable alternative to fossil fuel vehicles. Examples: • Electric vehicle charging bylaws • Electric vehicle supply mandate • Provide cost comparisons/Km of gas vs electric vehicles • Coordinate inter-municipal EV charging to address disparity of emphasis on EV charging in municipalities and facilitate easier travel between municipalities.

Make owning and operating a low carbon vehicle less expensive than a highly polluting vehicle. Examples: • Provincial Electric Vehicle Incentives • Light-Duty vehicle emissions regulation

Ensure new mobility options in the region contribute to GHG emissions reductions, e.g., autonomous vehicles, ride hailing, car sharing. Examples: • Municipal carshare parking incentives • TransLink “Seamless mobility” innovation call • Policy governing autonomous vehicles (and ride sharing) • Regulate, incentivize, programming for commercial fleets • Metro Vancouver lead, coordinate and provide input on new mobility to ensure positive outcomes for GHGs, social, health etc.

“We support Metro Vancouver’s efforts to reduce GHG emissions, and to adapt to climate change impacts and risks.”. And, “The federal government and Metro Vancouver have a real opportunity to achieve greater national cohesion. Within transportation, the CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) vehicle efficiency regulations along with carbon pricing mechanisms are the most cost effective measures to reduce GHGs….” – Canadian Fuels Associations

Climate Action Committee “I live on the north side of the . There is the Westcoast Express on the south side but nothing on the north side. There used to be a train running through there. We have the tracks and should use the railway.”—Participant, public dialogue, May 30

Waste Increase local recycling, including processing for organics, while minimizing unintended impacts. Examples: • Metro Vancouver to further support/encourage organics processing capacity • Implement disincentives on producers/resellers for single-use products and those with packaging that is not recyclable/reusable • Strengthen efforts to rescue food. • Develop guide on what food can be donated and where. • Better coordination with enforcement groups around odour management

Increase efforts to shift toward a circular economy, with the reuse of materials as resources to reduce upstream GHG emissions associated with the manufacture and transport of materials Examples: • Continue solid waste communications campaigns • Strengthen extended producer responsibility

Reduce methane generation and emissions from landfills. Examples: • Diversion of organics and wood waste • Use of biosolids as biocover/biofilter

Ensure embodied energy and GHG emissions are accounted for in material and waste streams Examples: • Consumption-based GHG Emissions Inventory

Land Use and Growth Management Intensify urban development within the Urban Containment Boundary to encourage complete, compact communities that support cycling, walking and transit use. Examples: • Ensure alignment in Regional Context Statements • Decentralize employment areas – reduce long-distance commuting • Schools should be redeveloped to be multi-use, with residential and commercial. • As areas densify, ensure pocket parks provide green areas to protect from heat stress. • Protect ALR but don’t penalize cities that have ALR when evaluating rapid transit investments • Communicate cost savings in reduced infrastructure, such as roads.

Coordinate land use and transportation to encourage transit, multiple-occupancy vehicles, cycling and walking. Examples: • Ensure alignment in Regional Context Statements • Develop outreach campaign to explain and promote walkability • Refer to TransLink’s long-range plan.

Consider the full GHG impacts of major investments in transportation infrastructure.

Consider future climate change impacts in regional growth management planning and policy. Example: • Lower Mainland Flood Management Strategy

Climate Action Committee “Lobby for more education in schools and communities on the history of land use and growth development and identify mistakes and key learnings.” – Participant, Youth Forum, June 2

Industry Support private sector action that reduce greenhouse gas emissions from business, industry, agriculture, and other emissions sources. Examples: • Small business energy assessments • Low-carbon cement • Facilitate this big shift for industry with information, training, professional outreach • Become a hub for sustainable industries • Facilitate ties between universities, research institutes and industry • Address current bylaws which prevent use of refuse-derived fuel in cement manufacture.

Develop regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from industry, agriculture and business sectors. Examples: • Provincial GHG Industrial Reporting and Control Act • Cap and Trade (Ontario, Quebec, California) • Strive for jurisdictional alignment with other levels of government.

Set targets and allow flexible compliance mechanisms. Examples: • Use tax and cost structure to reward green businesses. • Ensure a level playing field. • Assess and mitigate effects on competitiveness. • Allow cost-effective pathways to achieve targets. • Cap and Trade (Ontario, Quebec, California) • Promote use of shadow carbon price. • Consider how to address pushing industry out of the region only to have the GHG’s emitted in another jurisdiction (carbon leakage from region), e.g., importing cement rather than supporting a lower carbon local industry

“There is an opportunity for industry to displace fossil fuels with waste-based fuels. This is happening in other countries in the world and in North America. Industry is working to transition to the use of alternative and waste-based fuels but I do not see that [reflected] in the plan.” – Participant, Forum, Surrey BC, June 12

Energy Facilitate the generation and use of renewable, low carbon energy by the private sector and other levels of government. Examples: • Create regional, streamlined, permit system for solar panels. • Map waste heat sources. • Engage with Fortis and BC Hydro on a regional level with respect to energy infrastructure and coordination of policy to transition to low/ zero emissions energy

Metro Vancouver increase production of renewable, low carbon energy at its facilities for use in the region. Examples: • Effluent Heat Recovery at new North Shore Wastewater Treatment Plant • Metro Vancouver role in aggregating waste for biofuel facilities.

Climate Action Committee Advocate at Provincial level for large new renewable energy, e.g., wave, tidal, geothermal. • Create a renewable energy strategy with broader scope than gas or electricity

“When we talk about policies, like the Step Code, we need to talk about benefits for residents; buildings that are energy efficient are also comfortable and have good air quality due to good heat exchange; it’s about framing the policy lens towards individuals.” - Municipal Staff forum, June 26 2018

Agriculture Help farmers adapt to the impacts of climate change. Examples: • Map areas most likely to be affected by climate change. • Climate change is primarily a water problem for agriculture due to water shortages and drainage issues that require significant investment in infrastructure for irrigation and addressing salinity from sea level rise. • Research on crops adapted to climate change.

Support the expansion of local food production. Examples: • Protect agricultural land for farming and increase the production and consumption of local food. This can help shift the demand for all types of crops – not just blueberries. • Promote local labour on farms through incentive programs for students, e.g., loan reduction, subsidies/ grants, university credits for farm work • Transition farmland to areas more resilient to climate change • Track where local food goes, and keep local food local to reduce imports and exports

Support farming practices that protect and enhance ecosystem services. Examples: • Advocate for congruent provincial legislation that protects, e.g., riparian areas • Encourage organic and other practices/pesticide bans • Compensate farmers for ecosystem services protected. • Provide an overview of regional biodiversity (e.g. migrating birds using salt marsh) and impacts on soil based farms • Educate the public about how soil-based farms support regional biodiversity such as migratory birds. • Consider the importance of a healthy microbial community as it is a non-renewable resource

Support actions that help farmers reduce GHG emissions. Examples: • Encourage renewable natural gas projects from agricultural waste • Mitigation is less a priority than adaptation for agriculture because GHG emission sources are small.

“I do not feel that individual home backyards are crucial for growing food…community gardens can improve relationships and food development. The real issue is the Agriculture Land Reserve and what is being done in Richmond and other parts of the Fraser Delta where prime agricultural land is bring turned into green estates where no food is grown.” – Participant, public dialogue May 30

Climate Action Committee 5.1 ATTACHMENT 2 List of Organizations Contacted

This is a list of the stakeholders contacted for the engagement strategy. Feedback was welcomed via email, telephone, and in person, at standing meetings, forum or agency-to-agency meetings.

Metro Vancouver members: Village of Anmore Township of Langley City of Port Moody Village of Belcarra Village of Lions Bay City of Richmond Bowen Island Municipality City of Maple Ridge City of Surrey City of Burnaby City of New Westminster Tsawwassen First Nation City of Coquitlam City of North Vancouver City of Vancouver City of Delta District of North Vancouver District of Electoral Area A City of Pitt Meadows City of White Rock City of Langley City of Port Coquitlam

In-region First Nations: Katzie First Nation Semiahmoo First Nation Kwantlen First Nation Squamish Nation Kwikwetlem First Nation Tsawwassen First Nation Matsqui First Nation Tsleil-Waututh Nation Musqueam Indian Band

Regional Districts: Sunshine Coast Regional District Squamish- Lillooet regional District Nanaimo Regional District Fraser Valley Regional District Capital Regional District

Provincial Ministries: Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Strategy Resources Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Ministry of Agriculture Resource Operations

Federal Departments: Environment and Climate Change Canada Infrastructure Canada Natural Resources Canada FCM invited to join Federal webinar discussion

List of standing meetings where Climate 2050 was on the agenda and feedback received: Regional Administrators Advisory Committee Regional Engineers Advisory Committee Regional Engineers Advisory Committee – Climate Protection Subcommittee Regional Planning Advisory Committee

Climate Action Committee Regional Planning Advisory Committee – Environment Subcommittee Stormwater Interagency Liaison Committee Lower Fraser Valley Air Quality Coordinating Committee Georgia Basin Puget Sound International Airshed Strategy Coordinating Committee Agricultural Advisory Committee

Forum invitees: This list includes organizations that were informed electronically of the climate 2050 initiative, given the draft Discussion Paper, and an invitation to join a Forum discussion, or provide feedback by email or feedback form.

3greentree Activate Planning Better Environmentally Sound Transportation Adaptation to Climate Change Team (SFU) (BEST) Agricultural Land Commission Board of Change Asset Management BC Brinkman & Associates Reforestation Ltd. BC Agricultural Climate Action Initiative British Columbia Cycling Coalition BC and Yukon Territory Building and British Columbia Landscape & Nursery Construction Trades Council Association BC Association of Emergency Managers Building Owners and Managers Association BC Association of Farmers’ Markets (BOMA) BC Bio Energy Network Burnaby Board of Trade BC Bioenergy Network Bus Riders Union BC Business Council Canada Green Building Council BC Chapter BC Chamber of Commerce Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers BC Clean Tech Canadian Biogas Association BC CleanTech CEOAlliance Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives BC Construction Association Canadian Electricity Association BC Co-op Association Canadian Fuels Association BC Environmental Industry Association Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society BC Federation of Labour Canadian Standards Association BC Food Systems Network Canadian Wildlife Service BC Government Carsharing Association BC Healthy Communities Society Cement Association of Canada BC Housing Centra Construction Group BC Hydro Chamber of Shipping BC Charge Point BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands City Green BC Nature Clean Energy BC BC Non-Profit Housing Association Clean Energy Canada BC Recreation and Parks Association Clean Energy Research Centre BC Society of Landscape Architects Clean Fuels research, UBC Climate Investment BC Sustainable Energy Association Climate Smart BC Tech Association Collaborative for Advanced Landscape Planning BC Transit (UBC) BC Trucking Association Community Energy Association BC Water and Waste Association Compost Council of Canada BC Wildlife Federation Condominium Homeowners’ Association BCIT School of Construction and the (CHOA) Environment Cool North Shore Society Bentall Kennedy Co-op Housing Federation of BC

Climate Action Committee Corix Master Municipal Construction Documents Council of Forest Industries CPA Association Creative Energy Canada Car Co-op Modus David Suzuki Foundation Municipal Natural Assets Initiative Delta Farmers’ Institute National Industrial Symbiosis Program, NISP Dephi Group Environmental Strategies Business National Zero Waste Council Natural Resources Solutions Canada Nature Conservancy of Canada Ducks Unlimited Canada Nature Trust of BC Eco Options Energy Cooperative Navius Research EcoDistricts New Car Dealers Association Ecotrust One Earth Emerging Markets Property Group Outdoor Recreation Council of BC Envision (Institute for Sustainable Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (UVIC) Infrastructure) Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions Pacific Ernst & Young Evergreen Streamkeepers Federation Forest Products Association of Canada Parkland Refining (B.C.) Ltd. Fortis BC Parklands Foundation Fraser Basin Council Partnership for Water Sustainability in BC Fraser Health Passive House Canada Pinna Sustainability FRESCO Planning Institute of BC Port of Vancouver FVB Energy Inc. Public Health Association of BC Georgia Strait Alliance Railway Association of Canada GHG Accounting Real Estate Appraising and Consulting Board of Trade Real Estate Foundation BC Greater Vancouver Homebuilders Association Recycle BC HandyDART Riders’ Alliance Recycling Council of BC Harcourt Enterprises Inc. Renew Solar HASTE BC Reshape Strategies HUB Cycling Responsible Investment Association ICBC Rivershed Society of BC ICF Marbek Sauder School of Business ICLEI Canada University of British Columbia Institute for Catastrophic Loss Prevention SES Consulting SFU Institute of Sustainable Horticulture, Kwantlen SFU – EV Research Polytechnic University SFU Renewable Cities Program Integrated Partnership for Regional Emergency Smart Communities and Clean Technology Management in Metro VancouverInvasive Smart Growth Task Force (Real Estate Species Council of Metro Vancouver Foundation of BC) Kaizen Institute Society Promoting Environmental Conservation Kendor Textiles South Coast Conservation Program Kerr Wood Leidal Lafarge Canada Inc. Ecology Society Langley Environmental Partnership Society Strandberg Consulting (LEPS) Supply Chain Management Association of BC Lehigh Cement, a division of Lehigh Hanson Sustainability Solutions Group Materials Limited The Energy Roundtable Lighthouse Sustainable Building Centre The Pembina Institute Lonsdale Energy Corporation Tides Canada Translink

Climate Action Committee University of British Columbia Upland Consulting Urban Development Institute Urban Sustainability Directors’ Network Urban Systems Vancouver Airport Vancouver Regional Construction Association Victoria Transport Policy Institute Waste Management Association of BC Watershed Watch

Climate Action Committee 5.1 ATTACHMENT 3 Social Media Examples - Climate 2050

Website Web content is found at www.metrovancouver.org/climate2050.

From April 30 – July 11, 2018, there were a total of 1,623 sessions from 1,001 unique users. Visitors spent an average of 2 minutes on the site.

Social Media Staff used Metro Vancouver’s Facebook and Twitter channels to promote the Climate 2050 website, discussion paper, videos, dialogues and feedback opportunities.

Facebook - Facebook posts were boosted to increase reach within the region. Information was posted at a frequency of 1 to 2 posts/week during the engagement period.

In total, Facebook posts reached over 110,000 Metro Vancouver residents, resulting in engagement through likes, clicks through to the website, shares and comments. The videos, one each to promote the dialogues and to encourage online feedback, were viewed about 25,000 times.

The Facebook posts provided a forum for further discussion on Climate 2050 and climate change issues. The posts generated over 400 comments.

Twitter - Metro Vancouver was active on Twitter using #Climate2050. Tweets from Metro Vancouver resulted in 11,425 impressions, and many of forum and dialogue attendees, or other participants on Twitter helped continue the conversation.

Samples of both Facebook and Twitter comments are shared below.

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To: Climate Action Committee

From: Jason Emmert, Air Quality Planner Sheryl Cumming, Air Quality Planner Conor Reynolds, Division Manager, Air Quality and Climate Change Policy Parks, Planning and Environment Department

Date: August 28, 2018 Meeting Date: September 19, 2018

Subject: Metro Vancouver’s Climate 2050 Strategic Framework

RECOMMENDATION That the MVRD Board: a) adopt the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework as attached to the report dated August 28, 2018, titled “Metro Vancouver’s Climate 2050 Strategic Framework”; and b) direct staff to initiate the development process of the Climate 2050 Roadmaps based on the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework.

PURPOSE To present the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework for adoption by the MVRD Board and seek direction to initiate the Climate 2050 Roadmap development process based on the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework.

BACKGROUND At the Climate Action Committee Meeting on April 4, 2018, staff brought forward the Climate 2050 Discussion Paper and associated Stakeholder Education and Engagement Process (Reference). Subsequently, between May and August 2018, staff undertook the education and engagement process with the public and stakeholders on the Climate 2050 Discussion Paper, and received feedback that has informed the development of the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework (attached).

Staff have summarized the feedback received during public and stakeholder engagement in a separate staff report (5.1) dated August 27, 2018 titled “Climate 2050 Stakeholder Education and Engagement Strategy Results”. The objective of the Climate 2050 Education and Engagement Strategy was to create awareness of the Climate 2050 Discussion Paper, gather feedback from the public and stakeholders on the various components of the Climate 2050 strategy, and lay the foundation for long-term engagement and collaboration on climate action.

This report describes the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework, the integration of feedback received from the education and engagement process, and defines the next steps in the Climate 2050 process.

CLIMATE 2050 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK The purpose of the Climate 2050 strategy is to guide climate change policy and action for Metro Vancouver for the next 30 years. The Climate 2050 strategy is made up of three components: the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework, the Climate 2050 Roadmaps, and an Online Reporting and Communication Tool. The main outcome of Climate 2050 is the Climate Action Projects that will be

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver’s Climate 2050 Strategic Framework Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 2 of 4

undertaken by Metro Vancouver and its partners as part of ongoing annual work planning and budgeting processes.

As part of Climate 2050, the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework sets the vision and framework for Metro Vancouver’s climate policies and actions, lays out the guiding principles, and describes a dynamic and adaptive approach for ongoing climate action and maintaining progress towards targets. It is proposed as an overarching approach to adapt to climate impacts in our region, and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

The Strategic Framework includes background information and context on climate-related challenges and opportunities, as well as the benefits that climate action will yield to improve the quality of life for residents in the region. It describes Metro Vancouver’s various roles and responsibilities in planning for and taking action in the region’s response to climate change, as well as the roles and responsibilities of others. It provides a strategic framework for how Metro Vancouver can integrate climate change considerations into all decisions and policies, and across each of the ten key issue areas that will become the Climate 2050 Roadmaps (see below).

Integration of Engagement Feedback Input received through various education and engagement activities conducted between May and August 2018 included a range of opinions and ideas. The majority of the feedback received confirmed support for the direction of Climate 2050, while some feedback identified gaps and potential opportunities. Other feedback provided additional ideas to strengthen the strategic framework approach. Results of the education and engagement process also revealed a general interest from the public and stakeholders to dive deeper into the goals, strategies, and actions, which will translate to ongoing engagement during the process of developing the Climate 2050 Roadmaps.

Staff have considered all the feedback from the education and engagement process during the development of the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework. Some of the feedback that was received has influenced the content and structure of the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework. Where suggestions and recommendations were beyond the scope of the Strategic Framework, they have been documented, and will be considered as part of the Climate 2050 Roadmaps development process.

Some critical feedback that resulted in revisions to the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework were as follows:

• include greenhouse gas reduction and adaptation considerations in all Issue Areas; • strengthen the linkage between climate change action and social equity; • make “Health and Wellbeing” a distinct Issue Area, separate from Emergency Management; • emphasize the value of ecosystem services in climate resilience; • recognize the need to consider embodied greenhouse gas emissions and improve carbon accounting by considering consumption-based and land-based inventories; • refine the descriptions of roles and responsibilities of others; • ensure First Nations involvement in the development and implementation of Climate 2050 Roadmaps; and • continue a robust Climate 2050 education and engagement process, prioritizing youth participation.

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver’s Climate 2050 Strategic Framework Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 3 of 4

Working Draft of Climate 2050 Strategic Framework A working draft of the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework is attached to the staff report. This draft contains the text and figures which are intended to be in the Framework document, but has not yet been formatted by Metro Vancouver’s graphics team. It includes annotation that identifies content that was in the Climate 2050 Discussion Paper previously approved by the Board, and describes new or revised content informed by the education and engagement process.

Staff are seeking feedback and guidance from the Committee on the draft. The intent is to incorporate feedback from the Committee and finalize the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework for consideration by the MVRD Board later in the month.

NEXT STEPS: ROADMAPS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Within the Climate 2050 strategy, the development of the Climate 2050 Roadmaps will follow the adoption of the Strategic Framework. The Climate 2050 Roadmaps will outline regional and corporate goals, strategies, actions, and performance metrics in alignment with the Strategic Framework. They are intended to provide a comprehensive view of climate action across Metro Vancouver’s roles and functions and will evolve dynamically in response to new technologies and innovation, policies of senior governments, or other emerging factors.

The Roadmaps will compile strategies and actions included in Metro Vancouver’s existing management plans, many of which are already in progress. Gaps, opportunities, and new directions (i.e. new goals, strategies or actions) will be identified and analyzed through the Roadmaps development process. Any new directions that are proposed will be evaluated to ensure alignment with the Climate 2050 Guiding Principles. Finally, new directions could be adopted as part of new management plans and policies.

The Roadmaps development process will consist of three types of activities, as described below.

• Research and analysis that will include gathering existing information and conducting analyses to support the development of evidence to understand the impacts of proposed actions. • Goal and performance metric setting that will be informed by goals and strategies adopted in existing management plans, but adapted to specifically describe the end state for each Issue Area, and how that will contribute to the overall Climate 2050 vision. This will include quantifiable measures to track progress toward the goals and an evaluation process to ensure alignment with Climate 2050 Guiding Principles. • Action Planning that will include a process to gather actions drawn from Metro Vancouver’s existing management plans and identify (through the Climate 2050 Roadmaps engagement process) new directions that can be implemented directly or adopted as part of future management plans.

Additional stakeholder engagement and public consultation processes will support the activities described above at key stages of the Roadmaps development process, ensuring alignment with Metro Vancouver’s Public Engagement Policy and Guide. Some engagement and consultation activities will be targeted to individuals and organizations with interest and expertise in the specific issue areas, and potentially impacted stakeholders. Other education and outreach activities will target broader segments of the public.

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver’s Climate 2050 Strategic Framework Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 4 of 4

In 2019, staff will report to the Climate Action Committee and the Board with a detailed process and schedule for Roadmaps development, building on current work. The process and schedule will provide more detail on each of the components described above, including the engagement activities to support them.

ALTERNATIVES 1. That the MVRD Board: a) adopt the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework as attached to the report dated August 28, 2018, titled “Metro Vancouver’s Climate 2050 Strategic Framework”; and b) direct staff to initiate the development process of the Climate 2050 Roadmaps based on the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework.

2. That the Climate Action Committee receive for information the report dated August 28, 2018, titled “Metro Vancouver’s Climate 2050 Strategic Framework”, and provide alternate direction to staff.

FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS Staff will complete the development of Climate 2050 Strategic Framework within the 2018 budget allocation. The development process of the Climate 2050 Roadmaps is planned for 2019-2020 and resource implications will be brought back to the Committee as part of the 2019 and 2020 budget approval processes. Implementation of proposed climate actions will be incorporated into annual work plans and long term financial planning within each of Metro Vancouver’s legal entities, as appropriate.

SUMMARY / CONCLUSION The Climate 2050 Strategic Framework is proposed as an overarching climate action strategy for Metro Vancouver. It describes Metro Vancouver's vision and goals to both reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate impacts. It also describes Metro Vancouver's role in taking action on climate change, and provides strategic direction on how Metro Vancouver can integrate climate change considerations into all decisions and policies. The Climate 2050 Strategic Framework establishes a process to develop and implement dynamic Climate 2050 Roadmaps for climate action by Metro Vancouver in ten issue areas, and aims to facilitate learning and sharing of best practices with member jurisdictions and others.

Staff recommend Alternative 1, that the MVRD Board adopt the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework and direct staff to initiate the development process of the Climate 2050 Roadmaps based on the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework.

Attachment: Working Draft of Metro Vancouver’s Climate 2050 Strategic Framework (Doc #26733767)

Reference: Climate Action Committee Report, “Metro Vancouver's Climate Action Strategy: Climate 2050 Discussion Paper and Stakeholder Education and Engagement Process”, dated April 4, 2018.

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Climate Action Committee 5.2 ATTACHMENT Contents WORKING DRAFT OF CLIMATE 2050 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK

[Section 1] Introduction ...... 3 Climate Change: The Challenge and Opportunity ...... 3 Accelerating Early Success ...... 3 Climate Action Yields Many Benefits ...... 4 Fairness, Equity and Affordability ...... 5 Leadership, Collaboration, and Local Expertise ...... 6 [Section 2] Vision and Guiding Principles...... 8 Vision Statement ...... 8 Guiding Principles ...... 9 [Section 3] Conceptual Framework ...... 10 Components of Climate 2050 Strategy ...... 10 Relationships to Other Plans and Policies ...... 12 [Section 4] Roles and Responsibilities ...... 12 Metro Vancouver’s role in climate change ...... 12 Roles and Responsibilities of Others ...... 13 [Section 5] Regional Climate Impacts and Greenhouse Gases ...... 16 Climate Change Projections for Our Region ...... 16 Anticipated Impacts on Regional Systems and Services ...... 17 Regional Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...... 19 Getting to 80% by 2050 ...... 21 [Section 6] Towards 2050: Next steps ...... 23 Dynamic Approach: a living, breathing strategy ...... 23 Roadmap Structure ...... 23 Roadmap Development Process ...... 24 Appendix 1: Issue Areas ...... 26 Nature and Ecosystems ...... 27 Infrastructure ...... 28 Human Health and Well-Being...... 29 Buildings ...... 30 Transportation ...... 31

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Waste ...... 32 Industry ...... 33 Energy ...... 34 Land-Use and Growth Management ...... 35 Agriculture...... 36 Appendix 2: Global Climate Change Data and Trends ...... 37 Global Average Temperature ...... 37 Changing Global Climate System ...... 39

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[SECTION 1] INTRODUCTION Annotation: This section is an edited version of Climate Change: The Challenge and the “Introduction” on Page 4 of the Discussion Paper. Opportunity Climate Change is both a global and a local challenge, and it is already affecting our planet and our region in profound ways, making our summers hotter and drier, our winters warmer and wetter, and increasing the occurrence of extreme weather events. Furthermore, when climate change is viewed in the context of other challenges like affordability, equity, shifting jobs, economic insecurity, and the degradation of natural systems, it becomes clear that our response needs to be closely linked with other regional goals and initiatives.

Without strong action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions both locally and globally, these trends will accelerate over the coming decades and it will become increasingly difficult and expensive to maintain the high quality of life we experience in our region. At the same time, we need to ensure our ecosystems, infrastructure, and communities are resilient to the climate changes that have already been locked in due to past and current greenhouse gas emissions.

Every challenge presents an opportunity and a robust, thoughtful response to climate change will create a more livable and sustainable region. Actions to adapt our communities and reduce greenhouse gas emissions can save money, create new businesses, improve air quality, protect nature, and provide many other benefits. Addressing this challenge effectively and taking advantage of these opportunities requires bold leadership and broad collaboration.

Accelerating Early Success Annotation: This section is an edited version of “Current Climate Actions” on Metro Vancouver and its 23 member jurisdictions have page 10 of the Discussion Paper been enacting climate policy and taking climate action for over 20 years. For example, 18 years ago Metro Vancouver upgraded the energy system at Annacis Island Wastewater Treatment Plant to utilize more biogas to generate heat and electricity for the treatment processes. These upgrades significantly reduced the amount of natural gas used by the plant and its greenhouse gas emissions.

In 2008 the Metro Vancouver Regional District Board adopted a regional target of 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions below 2007 levels by 2050 and climate policies and actions are embedded in Metro Vancouver’s management plans. For example, Metro Vancouver 2040: Shaping Our Future (Metro 2040), the regional growth strategy, sets the framework for compact, complete communities that support a sustainable urban form and low carbon modes of transportation like walking, cycling and transit.

Within the water, liquid waste, and solid waste utilities, Metro Vancouver is reducing greenhouse gas emissions from its operations and recovering resources and energy from its waste streams, as well as planning improvements to the climate resilience of regional infrastructure. Actions in the Integrated Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Management Plan enable policies and programs to support Metro Vancouver’s member jurisdictions, businesses, and residents in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Despite this progress, we need to do more if our region and planet are to continue supporting a high quality of life for future generations. In 2015 the Metro Vancouver Board of Directors directed 3

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staff to incorporate strategies and actions into all Metro Vancouver functions to mitigate and adapt to climate change, and to develop and implement a regional climate action strategy, now called Climate 2050.

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Climate Action Yields Many Benefits Annotation: This section comprises new content Climate actions yield a range of benefits and based on feedback received, specifically that we opportunities that improve our quality of life. The should add more focus on the opportunities adoption of electric vehicles reduces both and positive benefits of climate action. greenhouse gas emissions and other types of air pollution. Energy efficient homes and buildings are more comfortable and healthier. Protecting and enhancing natural areas and robust ecosystems increases our resiliency to climate change through flood control and heat reduction, while also providing increased support for biodiversity and human health and well-being. A region better prepared for climate risks like sea level rise, flooding and heat events is also better prepared for other major risks such as earthquakes.

The shift to a circular economy underpinned by renewable, low carbon energy is already generating thousands of new local jobs and businesses. New entrepreneurs and well-established businesses are creating new goods and services that turn waste into resources. Entrants into the market are offering new low carbon transportation options as well as products that support the building of energy efficient homes.

Continued local government leadership and investment in a resilient, low carbon future will contribute to additional economic opportunities in clean transportation, renewable energy, energy efficient buildings, recycling, local food, clean tech, and many other sectors.

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Climate Action Committee Annotation: This section is new content based Fairness, Equity and Affordability on feedback that we should place an emphasis on equity, affordability, and fairness when Climate change will not affect everyone in the region designing climate actions. to the same degree. Lower income and socially marginalized populations will have more difficulty coping with the impacts of climate change. Those with less financial resources will have fewer options to protect themselves when a major weather event occurs, and may have more difficulty recovering from impacts. They are more likely to have more difficulty adapting their homes to protect them from extreme weather events, less access to green spaces or air conditioning, and may have underlying health issues that can be exacerbated by extreme heat and air pollution.

Policies and programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the changing climate must not exacerbate existing economic, social, or geographic disparities. The design of policies and programs should consider how low carbon options for transportation and buildings can be accessible to all Metro Vancouver residents. They should also strengthen relationships with First Nations including contributing to Reconciliation with First Nations peoples in the region.

Fairness, equity, and affordability will be central considerations in the development of goals, strategies and actions for the Climate 2050 Strategy.

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Leadership, Collaboration, and Local Annotation: This section is new, based on Expertise feedback that Metro Vancouver should engage the public and stakeholders Metro Vancouver and other orders of governments throughout the C2050 process, rely on local play a role in establishing policies, delivering expertise and knowledge when designing programs, and setting regulations, but effective solutions, and elevate the importance of climate action will require the efforts of all orders of collaboration and combined efforts in order government, combined with the energy, expertise to achieve climate goals. Particular attention and innovation of residents, businesses, academia should be paid to engaging our local First and non-profit organizations. As a regional Nations. federation, Metro Vancouver has an important leadership role to innovate and demonstrate best practices, convene member jurisdictions to collaborate on joint initiatives, and liaise with other orders of governments.

Our region has become a hub for innovators, businesses, and professionals working on sustainability and climate change problems. Climate 2050 will draw upon local and traditional knowledge from experts in the region, as well as global best practices. Such expertise will help develop solutions to local challenges and ideas that can contribute to climate action in other parts of the world.

The traditional knowledge of the region’s First Nations has accumulated over thousands of years, and can also be incorporated into planning processes that identify climate action priorities. Combining traditional knowledge and wisdom with new information, evidence and technologies can help Metro Vancouver develop more holistic strategies and actions that address the short term challenges while still considering the long term sustainability of our communities.

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Climate Action Committee Inset Box: Local Governments Leading on Climate Actions Annotation: This is a revised version of the text on page 12 of Even as international and national governments struggle to build and maintain a consensus on climate action, local the Discussion Paper, highlighting governments are working together to respond to climate change. a few more of the local Provincial, national and international organizations are linking government climate networks. It is local governments together to share climate change information also responding to feedback from and best practices, reaffirm commitments, and advocate to other the survey and the Phase I orders of government. Some of the leading organizations are engagement feedback that the public want local governments to described here. continue to play a climate C40 Cities Climate Leadership – A network of the world’s leadership role. megacities that are committed to addressing global climate change, C40 supports cities to collaborate effectively, share knowledge and drive meaningful, measurable and sustainable action on climate change. C40 currently has 17 networks that cover the mitigation, adaptation and sustainability topics that are of highest priority to C40 cities and that have the potential for the greatest climate impact. https://www.c40.org/

BC Municipal Climate Leadership Council (BCMCLC) – A group of Mayors and Councilors from large and small communities across BC who have volunteered to help other locally elected officials advance climate action through leadership that goes beyond politics as usual. The Council provides non-partisan education, support and mentoring for peers on the value of taking climate action in their communities. http://bcmclc.ca/

Federation of Canadian Municipalities - Partners for Climate Protection Program (PCP) – PCP is a network of 350 Canadian municipal governments that have committed to reducing greenhouse gases and acting on climate change. A five-milestone process guides members through the process of creating greenhouse gas inventories, setting reduction targets, developing local action plans, implementing actions, and monitoring and reporting on results. www.pcphub.fcm.ca

Climate Mayors – Climate Mayors (aka the Mayors National Climate Action Agenda) is a Mayor-to- Mayor network of US Mayors collaborating on climate. Cities are pursuing actions to achieve their emissions reduction objectives through undertaking community greenhouse gas inventories, setting targets to reduce emissions, and developing climate action plans. http://climatemayors.org/

Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy – An international alliance of cities and local governments with a shared long-term vision of promoting and supporting voluntary action to combat climate change and move to a low emission, resilient society. This alliance serves cities and local governments by mobilizing and supporting ambitious, measurable, and planned climate and energy action in their communities. It emphasizes the importance of both climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as increased access to clean and affordable energy. https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/

Building Adaptive & Resilient Communities (BARC) Network – A network of Canadian communities, hosted by ICLEI Canada, which shares experience in responding to the impacts of climate change and strategies to protect the people, property, and prosperity of your community. 7

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http://www.icleicanada.org/programs/adaptation

[SECTION 2] VISION AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES

Vision Statement Annotation: The Vision Statement below is the This vision statement will guide same as was presented in the Discussion Metro Vancouver’s response to climate change in each Paper. of its roles: delivering core services, planning for the The introductory text is an edited version of future, and acting as a regional forum. It establishes the text on page 13 of the Discussion Paper. It Metro Vancouver’s intention to develop specific goals, removes repetition from previous sections, strategies, and actions for its own assets and makes a stronger link to Metro Vancouver’s operations, as well as recognizing the need to support foundational roles, and removes references to its member jurisdictions, residents, and businesses to the Board Strategic Plan that could become take their own climate action. dated once the next term of Board starts.

Metro Vancouver demonstrates bold leadership in responding to climate change

• Ensuring our infrastructure, ecosystems, and communities are resilient to the impacts of climate change • Pursuing a regional target of 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from 2007 levels by 2050.

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Guiding Principles Annotation: This section is the same as the To guide the Climate 2050 Discussion Paper. strategy, the following principles have been identified to

reflect Metro Vancouver’s mandate and role and the specific climate challenges of our region. These principles are based on the United Nations-Habitat principles for local-level climate action, which were established to encourage consistent and comparable approaches to developing effective climate action planning by local and regional governments around the world.1

The Climate 2050 strategy is:

• Ambitious – Demonstrate global and local leadership by ambitiously tackling our local climate challenges.

• Dynamic – Evolve our approach to respond to new information, support innovation, and take advantage of opportunities.

• Evidence-based – Inform decision-making with the most current scientific information, traditional knowledge, and local understanding to assess vulnerability and emissions.

• Relevant – Design actions to respond to Metro Vancouver’s unique challenges and opportunities and deliver local benefits.

• Comprehensive – Undertake climate actions across Metro Vancouver’s functions and support actions across sectors and communities.

• Integrated – Ensure actions are integrated with other municipal and regional policy priorities and are coordinated with Provincial and Federal initiatives.

• Fair – Seek solutions that equitably address the risks of climate change, fairly share the costs and benefits of action, and support a livable and affordable region, including responsibility to future generations.

• Actionable – Propose actions that can realistically be implemented given Metro Vancouver’s mandate, finances and capacities; if necessary evaluate changes to mandate.

• Inclusive & Collaborative – Involve Metro Vancouver’s members, strategic partners and communities in the planning and implementation of the Climate 2050 strategy.

• Transparent & Verifiable – Follow an open decision-making process, and set goals that can be measured, reported, verified, and evaluated.

1 The United Nations-Habitat principles were generated through a robust, global, multi-stakeholder process including climate action NGOs, academics, engineering and planning associations, and public agencies, and have been endorsed by multiple global organizations including ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability, UCLG (United Cities and Local Governments), and FCM (Federation of Canadian Municipalities), among many others. See: http://e-lib.iclei.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Guiding-Principles-for-City-Climate-Action-Planning.pdf 9

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[SECTION 3] CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Components of Climate 2050 Strategy Annotation: This section has been slightly The purpose of the Climate 2050 strategy is to edited from page 16 in the Discussion guide climate change policy and action for Metro Paper. The main change is that it shows Vancouver for the next 30 years. The Climate 2050 the Climate 2050 Strategy as being made strategy is made up of three main components: Climate up of three rather than four components. 2050 Strategic Framework, Climate 2050 Roadmaps, and The component that was removed was Online Reporting and Communication Tool. “climate projects”, which was redefined as an outcome of Climate 2050 rather than one of the distinct deliverables. Climate 2050 Strategic Framework: The Strategic Framework sets the 30-year vision for Metro Vancouver’s climate policies and actions, lays out guiding principles, and describes a dynamic and adaptive approach. The Framework includes summaries for each of the key Issue Areas that will become the Climate 2050 Roadmaps (see below).

Climate 2050 Roadmaps: The Roadmaps will describe the trajectory toward a resilient, low carbon region for each Issue Area. They will outline regional and corporate goals, strategies, actions, and performance metrics. The Roadmap development process is designed to engage other organizations and stakeholders, and set priorities that may require strategic partnerships. The Roadmaps will evolve dynamically in response to new technologies and innovation, policies of senior governments, measurement of performance, or other emerging factors.

Climate 2050 Reporting and Communication Tool: The Climate 2050 Strategy will be supported by an online reporting and communication tool. This hub will feature examples of current actions from both Metro Vancouver and its members, showcase best practices, engage the public and stakeholders, contain background and reference materials, and report on targets and measures.

The Roadmaps will guide the implementation of climate action projects under specific Issue Areas. Projects will be identified and approved through regular annual departmental work plans, budgets, and 5-year financial plans rather than a separate Climate 2050 planning process. Staff will report to the Metro Vancouver standing committees and Boards to seek guidance and approval for any major climate projects.

Throughout the document, several cross cutting themes are identified in the blue call out boxes. Cross cutting themes are important topics that will be addressed by actions across Issue Areas.

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Inset Box: Issue Areas Annotation: This is a summary of the content on page 15 of the Discussion Climate 2050 is organized around ten Issue Areas, intended to provide logical Paper. grouping of climate goals, strategies, and actions. They reflect the functions and responsibilities under Metro Vancouver’s mandate and the range of climate-related challenges and initiatives affecting the region. Each Issue Area may consider climate adaptation and greenhouse gas reductions and it is intended that climate strategies and actions may meet goals in more than one Issue Area. More information on Issue Areas can be found in Appendix 1.

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Relationships to Other Plans and Policies Annotation: This section was Climate 2050 will be closely linked to Metro slightly edited from the section Vancouver’s other plans and policies. The Climate 2050 on page 17 of the Discussion Roadmaps will build on climate actions that have already Paper. been adopted in the existing Metro Vancouver management plans while also proposing new directions that can be considered in future management plans. The Roadmaps may suggest revisions or the development of new Board and Corporate policies that guide organizational decision-making regarding climate issues.

[SECTION 4] ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Annotation: This section (including Metro Vancouver’s role in climate change the call-out box below) is an edited and compressed version of the Metro Vancouver has three broad roles in the region: deliver section with the same title on page core services, plan for the future, and act as a regional forum. 10, and the Authority and Mandate Through each of these roles, Metro Vancouver has sections in each of the Issue Area responsibilities related to climate change. descriptions (p.22-49) of the

Discussion Paper. Changes in weather patterns and rising sea level will require investments to prepare and adapt core regional services and infrastructure, including drinking water supply, liquid waste management, air quality management, and regional parks. Through its core services, Metro Vancouver also has opportunities to generate and use renewable energy from its facilities.

Metro Vancouver is considering climate change when it plans for the future of our region. Included in this planning role is the management and regulation of air contaminants, including greenhouse gas emissions. With its members, Metro Vancouver helps to plan for compact, complete

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communities that are foundational to enabling low carbon solutions. Metro Vancouver is also evaluating how climate change will affect future development and growth in the region.

Metro Vancouver has approval authority over key funding sources in the Federal Gas Tax and the Sustainability Innovation Funds, which can enable greenhouse gas and climate adaptation projects in corporate operations and the region.

In its role as a regional forum, Metro Vancouver builds and facilitates collaborative processes which engage the public and build partnerships to address significant regional issues like climate change. Metro Vancouver will continue to engage its members and other partners to develop the Climate 2050 Roadmaps and implement joint climate action projects.

Inset Box: Authority and Mandate

Metro Vancouver’s authority and mandate to address climate change flows from several areas of Provincial legislation and policy. The Green Communities Act (Bill 27) requires regional growth strategies to include targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and proposed policies and actions for achieving those targets. Under the Environmental Management Act, Metro Vancouver has the delegated authority to provide the service of air pollution control and air quality management and may, by bylaw, prohibit, regulate and otherwise control and prevent the discharge of air contaminants, including greenhouse gas emissions. Also under the Environmental Management Act, Waste Management Plans are regulatory instruments that can address strategic and operational requirements that are specific to a local government’s solid waste and liquid waste services such as responding to climate impacts and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

In 2007, Metro Vancouver signed the BC Climate Action Charter, making the voluntary commitment to take actions to become carbon neutral in its corporate operations and reduce community-wide emissions by creating more complete, compact and energy efficient rural and urban communities.

Roles and Responsibilities of Others Annotation: This section was The Federal Government has jurisdiction over policies to set edited from the text on page 18 standards and regulate the design and manufacture of many of the Discussion Paper to reflect products that directly or indirectly contribute greenhouse gas feedback from stakeholders and emissions (e.g., vehicles, appliances, buildings, industrial and new information on the commercial equipment). It is responsible for regulating Provincial climate plan. emissions for Federal undertakings, including ports, airports and rail corridors, and shipping lanes.

In 2016, the Federal Government adopted the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change as the national climate change plan. The Framework set a national carbon price to help drive down greenhouse gas emissions, and established several funding mechanisms, including the Clean Energy Fund, the Green Infrastructure Fund, the Clean Growth Program, and the Low Carbon Economy Fund.

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First Nations in the Metro Vancouver region provide services to their communities that will be impacted by climate change. Some First Nations in the region have adopted sustainability and/or land use plans that include a response to climate change such as protection and restoration of marine, coastal, and terrestrial ecosystems.

The Provincial Government has a significant influence on greenhouse gas emissions through policy and regulation in the areas of energy, transportation, buildings, forestry and industry. Funding for large infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, transit, and dikes are critical for preparing for climate impacts, and project design can reduce emissions.

Since 2008, the Province has enacted climate change legislation including a carbon tax. It has established a Climate Solutions and Clean Growth Advisory Council to provide strategic advice to government on climate action and clean economic growth. In August 2018 the Province released intentions papers on: Clean Transportation; Clean, Efficient Buildings; and A Clean Growth Program for Industry as the first step towards developing a new long-term clean growth strategy for B.C.

Member Jurisdictions are responsible for land-use policy and for investments in transportation, sewer, water, and other infrastructure. They are also responsible for enforcing the BC Building Code and can adopt the B.C. Energy Step Code to encourage lower carbon buildings. Members also have a key role in preparing for the impacts of climate change, including investments in stormwater infrastructure and dikes, and responding to emergencies such as flooding in their communities. Many members have adopted climate action plans and they are taking many actions to ensure their communities are adapting to climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. They are using their land-use planning authority to encourage the growth of compact communities and investments in walking and cycling infrastructure consistent with the provisions of Metro 2040. All of the municipalities in Metro Vancouver have shown leadership by signing the BC Climate Action Charter for local governments.

TransLink is responsible for long-term investments in regional transit as well as road and bridge infrastructure that enable low carbon transportation options. It is also responsible for regional transportation demand management programs that encourage residents to choose low carbon forms of transportation. Through its management of, and investment in, the transit fleet it can also reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transit vehicles. In 2018, TransLink started the development of a new long range (30 year) Regional Transportation Strategy.

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Energy utilities in the region (e.g. BC Hydro and Fortis BC) are responsible for energy supply and distribution. They are responsible for programs and infrastructure investments that will increase the supply of low carbon energy to the region. They administer energy conservation incentives to encourage residents and businesses to reduce their energy demand and indirectly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Energy utilities ensure that the energy infrastructure both inside and outside the region is resilient to the impacts of climate change.

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[SECTION 5] Annotation: The “Regional Climate REGIONAL CLIMATE IMPACTS AND GREENHOUSE Impacts” section is similar to the content in the Discussion Paper, GASES but has been moved to later in this document. Climate Change Projections for Our Region

Climate change impacts are already evident in our Annotation: This sub-section is region, and will become more marked in the near future. Even if the same as the content on global greenhouse gas emissions were cut drastically tomorrow, our page 5 of the Discussion Paper. region – and the rest of the globe – will inherit the impacts of the previous 150 years of human generated greenhouse gas emissions, and the climate will continue to change.

Metro Vancouver’s Climate Projections Report2 provides details of the projected impacts of climate change in this region. There is confidence in the projections through to the 2050s. However, projections to 2080 and beyond are more uncertain, because the impacts in the latter part of this century are highly dependent on how successful the global community is at reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the next couple of decades. This underscores the importance of taking action now.

Climate change is projected to drive changes to weather patterns. The “new normal” for the region may be very unlike the past. Climate projections for the 2050 timeframe are described below.

• Warmer temperatures: with increasing daytime and nighttime temperatures, there will be more hot summer days and fewer winter days with frost or ice. • Longer summer dry spells: summer rainfall will decline by nearly 20%, with increased likelihood of extended drought periods. • Wetter fall and winters: although on average the total annual rainfall is expected to increase by just 5%, there will be a large increase in rainfall during fall and winter. • More extreme precipitation events: more rain will fall during the wettest days of the year and the frequency of extreme rainfall events will increase. • Decreased snowpack: the deep spring snowpack in the mountainous watersheds is expected to decrease by over 50% compared to present day. • Sea level rise: in addition to these weather-related changes predicted in our region, warming global temperature is projected to bring at least 1 metre of sea level rise by 2100, which will impact coastal communities in our region.

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2 Climate Projections for Metro Vancouver, 2016. Available at: http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/air- quality/climate-action/regional-program/Pages/default.aspx 16

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Anticipated Impacts on Regional Systems and Services Annotation: This section was Across our region, changing weather patterns and sea level rise slightly edited from the content are expected to impact many regional services and lead to new on page 5-6 of the Discussion concerns. Adaptation responses, including significant investment by the Paper, to reference additional public and private sectors, will be required to upgrade our risks associated with climate infrastructure, protect our ecosystems, and prepare for the impacts of change. climate change.

The following list highlights critical areas of concern. • Drinking water supply and demand: Reduced snowpack and hotter, drier summers could strain the existing water supply during times of the year when temperatures are high and water is in greatest demand. The risk of landslides affecting water quality in supply reservoirs may increase due to more frequent extreme precipitation events and higher risk of wildfires in the watersheds. • Sewerage and drainage: Wastewater treatment facilities will be impacted by higher influent volumes and sea level rise, both of which increase the energy required for pumping. Increasing rainfall intensity means drainage systems will be more likely to experience flooding. Sewers near the Fraser River and the ocean will be impacted by sea level rise. Infrastructure will need to be upgraded to maintain current expectations of drainage and flood protection. • Ecosystems and agriculture: As the climate shifts, it will disrupt the complex natural systems that have evolved over time. The plants, trees, and within the ecosystems that have historically thrived in our region will be impacted or could be displaced entirely. Sea level rise may flood some coastal parks and natural areas. Shifts in weather patterns will also impact agricultural crops and the region’s food security. • Air quality and human health: Increases in the number, extent and duration of wildfires in B.C. will impact air quality in Metro Vancouver. Higher temperatures also have the potential to increase the formation of air contaminants like ground-level ozone. Increased frequency of extreme heat events can cause heat stress in vulnerable populations, especially in a region that has historically moderate temperatures. • Buildings and energy systems: Increasing summer heat will increase cooling requirements for occupied buildings, leading to higher electricity demand. This in turn will impact the provincial energy infrastructure, which is designed for peak winter demand. Energy efficiency and passive cooling will become increasingly important in buildings, and the business case to build and retrofit to high efficiency standards will improve. • Transportation, recreation and tourism: Warmer winters and less frost may improve road safety and present more opportunities to walk or cycle year round. However, warmer temperatures will mean less snow in the local mountains, which is a concern for the winter sport recreation and tourism industries. • Communities and infrastructure – flood risk: sea level rise, storm surge, more extreme rainfall and changes in river hydrology all combine to increase the risk of flooding in Metro Vancouver communities. Most dikes were built in the 1970s and 1980s, and they were not designed to withstand the level of floods now projected. A major flood in this region could have direct and indirect losses estimated at $20-30 billion, four to five times the losses from the Alberta floods of 2013. Flooding presents a risk to people, homes, businesses and infrastructure.

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Annotation: This section was Inset box: Measuring Resilience to Climate Change added based on feedback from stakeholders that we need to Local governments are developing methods and better measure and value approaches to measure progress towards more climate-resilient actions that we take to have a infrastructure, and a more resilient region. Vulnerability more resilient region. assessments provide baseline data on ecosystems, infrastructure, and communities, but other indicators are needed to understand our region’s resilience to climate changes. Metro Vancouver has already assessed the vulnerability of some of its infrastructure and services to specific risks such as flooding and drought events. Additional vulnerability assessments could help in prioritizing actions that aim to protect ecosystems, infrastructure, and communities from other climate risks such as extreme heat and wildfires. Through the Climate 2050 Roadmap process, Metro Vancouver will work with partners to develop appropriate indicators and measures of regional climate resilience.

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Regional Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Annotation: This section was revised from the content on page 7 of the Discussion Paper to reflect updated Metro Vancouver has influence on the activities of residents and numbers from Metro Vancouver’s businesses that produce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly regional emissions inventory and through its planning and policy functions, and through its role as backcast. We have added an a regional forum for its member jurisdictions. Less than 1% of emissions trend graph since we regional emissions is directly associated with the corporate received a number of questions activities of Metro Vancouver and its member jurisdictions. about historic and future emissions trends. Metro Vancouver compiles periodic emissions inventories to quantify greenhouse gas emissions from the various sources across the region. Between 2007 (the baseline year for Metro Vancouver’s greenhouse gas reduction target) and 2015, regional greenhouse gas emissions dropped by almost 12%. The reduction in emissions is due to a number of factors including improvements in buildings and vehicle energy efficiency, switches to lower carbon energy sources such as electricity and renewable fuels, and shifts in types and volumes of industrial activity in the region.

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Below is a summary of how different sources contributed to the regional “carbon footprint” (approximately 14.7 million tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2015). Transportation and buildings continue to contribute the greatest share of greenhouse gas emissions in Metro Vancouver’s emission inventory.

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Getting to 80% by 2050 Annotation: This section has Reaching the 80% reduction target been slightly edited from the by 2050 (from 2007 levels) will require unprecedented content on page 9 of the greenhouse gas emission reductions across most sectors, with Discussion Paper. some sectors becoming essentially “zero emissions”. The graphic below illustrates one possible scenario, demonstrating how the region could reach the greenhouse gas reduction target by 2050.

As part of the development of the Climate 2050 Roadmaps, further analysis will be completed for each of the emissions sources to understand the pathways to deep emissions reductions including costs and benefits. Collaboration with other orders of government, partner organizations and key stakeholders will be critical to identify effective actions to reduce emissions in each sector.

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Inset Box: Consumption-Based Emissions Inventory Annotation: This is new content based on feedback that we Metro Vancouver has been preparing sector-based emissions need to better understand inventories (as described above) since 1985. But sector-based embodied greenhouse gas inventories only account for emissions that are released directly emissions. in the region, mostly related to fossil fuel use for transportation and building heat. They don’t account for the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions associated with the goods and services consumed in the region, because they are not emitted directly in the region. A consumption-based inventory attributes the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the full lifecycle of goods and services including emissions from the production, transport, wholesale and retail, use, and disposal.

Since greenhouse gases have the same impact on the global climate regardless of where they are emitted into the atmosphere, Metro Vancouver will explore conducting a consumption based inventory to measure the full emissions impact of choices made in the region. Evaluated together, these different inventory approaches can provide a more complete picture of the region’s greenhouse gas emissions and offer insights into the most effective actions to reduce global emissions.

Annotation: This is new content Inset Box: Land-Based Carbon Inventory based on feedback that we As the region urbanizes, areas that were once forests, bogs, or need to better understand the agricultural land are changing to residential, commercial, or greenhouse gas impacts of land industrial uses. Often when these changes occur, greenhouse use change in the region. gases are released into the atmosphere through soil disturbance and decomposition or burning of wood and other plant material. In this process, local carbon sinks (e.g., trees, soil, bogs, and estuaries) are disturbed or lost entirely. Our current emissions inventory approach does not capture the potentially significant changes in emissions associated with land development in region.

A land-based carbon inventory would provide a better understanding of the impact that land-use changes are having on the region’s ability to sequester carbon and inform Climate 2050 actions to protect local carbon sinks.

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[SECTION 6] TOWARDS 2050: NEXT STEPS

Dynamic Approach: a living, breathing strategy Annotation: This section is edited content from page Recognizing the magnitude of the climate challenge, the 17 of the Discussion urgency for action, and the evolving science and data, policy responses need to be adaptive. A dynamic approach is needed for the Paper. Climate 2050 strategy.

Climate 2050 Roadmaps will be developed for each issue area. Together they describe how Metro Vancouver – in collaboration with others – will achieve a low carbon, resilient region. They are intended to be flexible and will be revised if significant opportunities arise that can accelerate progress towards the goals. Their five year planning horizon synchronizes with Metro Vancouver’s annual budget and work plan cycles and five year financial plans. Roadmap Structure Annotation: These next two Each Roadmap will provide a summary sections are new content, analysis of the current conditions and potential challenges for each which outline in more detail Issue Area. The Roadmaps will include regional and corporate goals the Roadmap development for each Issue Area that help visualize the changes necessary for a process and structure. particular issue area to achieve a low carbon, resilient region. The goals will align or be incorporated into the goals of management plans for each of Metro Vancouver’s functions.

The Roadmaps will describe the strategies and actions necessary to achieve the goals for each Issue Area. The Roadmaps are intended to align with the relevant management plans and will reflect existing priorities. Through gap analyses and engagement with the public and stakeholders, new directions will likely be identified as part of the Roadmap process. As a result, the final list of strategies and actions in the Roadmaps will be a combination of strategies and actions already in existing plans and new directions that can be implemented directly, or adopted as part of the new management plans and other policies.

Finally, performance metrics will track progress towards the overall Climate 2050 vision, breaking the tasks in each Roadmap into measurable and manageable sections. These performance metrics will be designed to provide a picture of progress by issue area and more broadly towards the Climate 2050 vision.

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Roadmap Development Process Metro Vancouver will work with its members and other stakeholders to develop Climate 2050 Roadmaps for each of the Issue Areas described below. The first Roadmaps will be developed over 2019 and 2020. The Roadmap development process coincides with the planned review of several existing management plans.

Roadmap development process will consist of three types of activities, as described below:

• Research and analysis that will include gathering existing information and conducting analyses to support the development of evidence to understand the impacts of proposed actions. • Goal and performance metric setting that will be informed by goals and strategies adopted in existing management plants, but adapted to specifically describe the desired outcomes for each Issue Area and how they will contribute to the overall Climate 2050 vision. They will include quantifiable measures to track progress toward the goals. • Action Planning that will include a process to develop actions drawn from Metro Vancouver’s existing management plans and through an engagement process, identify new directions that can be implemented directly or adopted as part of future management plans. Actions will be evaluated to ensure alignment with Climate 2050 Guiding Principles.

Over the next two years, Metro Vancouver will engage the public and stakeholders to support the above activities at key stages of the Roadmap development process, in alignment with Metro Vancouver’s Public Engagement Policy and Guide. The intention is to draw on the interest and expertise of the region’s residents and businesses.

Once completed, the Climate 2050 strategy will provide a comprehensive view of the path towards a low carbon, resilient region, Metro Vancouver’s contribution, and how Metro Vancouver is tracking our progress over time. Metro Vancouver aims to demonstrate bold leadership in responding to climate change, while working closely with its member jurisdictions, the public, stakeholders and partners. We will ensure that our infrastructure, ecosystems, and communities are resilient to the impacts of climate change, while pursuing a regional target of 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from 2007 levels by 2050.

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APPENDIX 1: ISSUE AREAS The Climate 2050 Roadmaps will Annotation: The Issue area be organized around ten Issue Areas, intended to provide introduction was edited from page 15 logical groupings of climate actions, while recognizing the of the Discussion paper to reflect range of climate change-related initiatives and specific feedback that all the Issue Areas circumstances in Metro Vancouver’s populous and diverse should include adaptation and region. The Climate 2050 Roadmaps for each issue area greenhouse gas reduction. The Issue may include goals, strategies, actions and performance Area descriptions have been edited metrics for both adaptation and reducing greenhouse and condensed from the content in the Discussion Paper to provide a gases. concise introduction and context for The ten Issue Areas are: each Issue Area. Detailed descriptions of role and authority, current climate - Nature and Ecosystems actions, analysis, goals, strategies, and - Infrastructure actions for each of Issue Areas will be - Human Health and Well-Being developed as part of the Roadmap - Buildings development process. - Transportation - Waste - Industry - Energy - Land-Use and Growth Management - Agriculture

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Nature and Ecosystems Metro Vancouver is a region with a rich and diverse natural environment that provides important ecosystem services including clean air and water, pollination, flood control, and cooling of urban areas. Furthermore, many aspects of the region’s ecosystems hold cultural significance to First Nations, and healthy ecosystems provide the basis for local food security and prosperity for us all. Soil, forests, wetlands and other ecosystems also contribute to the regulation of the global climate by removing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

However, the health of our region’s ecosystems is deteriorating and vulnerable to further degradation, especially with a changing climate. Many species and ecosystems in the region are at risk of being impacted or displaced entirely due to climate change because they cannot adapt fast enough. This is a complex issue and our understanding is incomplete, but protecting and enhancing natural areas and their connectivity will be essential in helping species and ecosystems adapt to climate change.

Natural areas and greenspaces will play a key role in assisting the region’s communities to adapt to climate change. Soils and vegetation capture rainwater, protect the foreshore, and moderate the impacts of extreme weather events, reducing the need for built infrastructure. Trees provide shading in urban areas, which reduces the energy needed to cool buildings and gives relief to residents during extreme heat events. Maintaining tree canopy and managing urban forests so they are resilient to the impacts of climate change will mean they are able to continue to provide these adaptation benefits. Incorporating green infrastructure such as rain gardens, bioswales and green roofs into development projects will increase resilience and help to mitigate environmental impacts, particularly in more urban areas.

Annotation: This is a new section Inset Box: Marine and Intertidal Ecosystems based on feedback to include mention of marine ecosystems; needs some Our rich marine and coastal areas provide additional content. important habitat for fish and wildlife including endangered killer whales, salmon, and hundreds of species of resident and migratory shorebirds. The ocean has spiritual, cultural and ceremonial value for local First Nations, and it provides traditional foods. Salt marshes and seagrasses can store carbon and mitigate flooding in coastal communities. However, these complex intertidal and marine ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to climate change. With rising seas and storm surge, intertidal wetlands will be lost as they are unable to move higher due to sea walls and other man- made structures. In marine environments, warmer temperatures, increased run-off from more extreme rainfall events, and changes in ocean chemistry will alter ecological processes. Federal, provincial, and local governments, First Nations, researchers and conservation groups will need to work together to improve understanding and better protect marine and coastal environments from a changing climate.

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Infrastructure Local government infrastructure is foundational to the region’s economy and its residents’ quality of life. The reservoirs, pipes, pumps, treatment plants, roads, power lines, dikes, and other built infrastructure provide essential services such as drinking water, sewage treatment, stormwater drainage, solid waste disposal, transportation, and energy to residents and businesses. The region’s water, wastewater and drainage infrastructure is vulnerable to anticipated climate change impacts such as more frequent extreme precipitation events that will increase localized flooding and may overwhelm sewer systems, and heat and drought that will challenge the drinking water system.

Incorporating climate change into local government infrastructure planning, design and operation can help maintain these essential services in the face of climate impacts. By considering climate change, local governments can invest in actions that improve infrastructure and contribute to the overall resilience of the region. By jointly considering climate risks and other physical risks such as seismic events, local governments are able to find cost efficiencies and more effective approaches to infrastructure upgrades, and sustain long-term levels of service.

The construction, maintenance and operation of infrastructure all contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in the region. Innovation in infrastructure design, upgrades, and operations can significantly reduce associated greenhouse gas emissions.

Inset Box: Water Annotation: This is a new section based on feedback to acknowledge Climate change will change the quantity the cross cutting importance of water. and quality of water in the region, which has implications for many of the Issue Areas. It will increase the likelihood that there is too much or too little water (see section on Climate Impacts). Water-related actions will be central to our climate change response and be included under a number of Issue Areas. Managing water demand, protecting and restoring streams, lakes, bogs, and coastal estuaries, and protecting communities against sea level rise and flooding will be important components of creating a region resilient to the impacts of climate change.

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Human Health and Well-Being Annotation: This section Climate change will affect the health of people was renamed and living and working in this region. Direct health impacts will come from edited to focus on air and water deterioration, wildfires, flooding, extreme heat, as well human health and as from increased pathogens and disease incidence associated with wellbeing. Emergency climate change. Some of the most significant climate change impacts management was made may be indirect, such as compromised food security, chronic stress, into a separate inset displacement due to flood or fire risk, loss of livelihood, and adverse box. mental health effects. The health burden of climate change will not be felt equally. For example, the very young, the elderly, or people with underlying health issues can be more vulnerable to heat or smoke exposure, and lower income and homeless people will likely have fewer options to protect themselves from extreme weather events and fewer resources to recover from their impacts. Lower income neighbourhoods tend to have fewer green spaces or air conditioned community spaces which provide relief in extreme heat events.

All orders of government will need to enact policies and implement projects to reduce the long term exposure to these health risks, as well as to increase capacity to respond to more frequent emergency situations (see inset box). Working closely with the local health authorities and the Provincial government, local governments can take actions that will reduce health risks due to climate change. Examples include: improving our system of air quality advisories and education about wildfires, planning for building cooling systems, supporting access to local food for low income residents, greening neighbourhoods that house vulnerable people, and ensuring neighbourhoods are prepared for flooding events.

There are health co-benefits from some of the climate actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For example, walkable communities with increased green spaces promote physical activity and social connections. Reducing vehicle emissions improves air quality and noise pollution. More energy efficient, well ventilated buildings can improve indoor air quality and create more comfortable homes.

Inset Box: Emergency Management Annotation: This is content edited from page 27 of the Climate change will increase the need for local governments, Discussion Paper. residents, and businesses to be better prepared for and respond to emergencies like wildfires, flooding, storms and droughts. Local governments can help mitigate risks to health and safety and build resilience through increased emergency management planning and response services.

In some cases, better planning may alleviate some of the damage, and in others, a coordinated response will improve outcomes and recovery. Communities resilient to climate change-related emergencies will be more resilient to other emergencies.

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Buildings Annotation: This section has been Buildings generate edited and condensed for clarity and greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels, based on Engagement feedback (primarily natural gas), for space and water heating. The region’s greenhouse gas emissions from buildings are second only to transportation, accounting for approximately one quarter of all regional greenhouse gas emissions.

Improving energy efficiency and switching to low carbon energy systems (e.g., district energy, electric heat pumps, solar, renewable natural gas) can reduce greenhouse gases from buildings. Trees can be used to reduce the energy required to heat and cool buildings. Local governments can influence building energy efficiency and the use of low carbon energy systems by adopting the BC Energy Step Code. They can also deliver programs that encourage building and home owners to improve energy efficiency and switch to low carbon energy sources. Buildings are long-lived assets (50 years or more) so energy efficiency requirements and programs to reduce emissions from buildings will have a long-term impact on greenhouse gas emissions.

Climate change will increase the incidence of extreme heat events, average summer temperatures and the need to cool buildings. Governments, utilities, and building owners need to consider how this will impact building design and energy use, and in response, modify policy and planning for energy demand, and building management. Increased risk of flooding due to climate change needs to be considered in the design and siting of new buildings and the retrofit of existing buildings. Also see the Land-Use and Growth Management Issue Area for further discussion of land-use planning for climate impacts.

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Transportation Annotation: This section Transportation emissions come from the has been edited and movement of goods, materials and people, whether by land, air, or condensed for clarity and sea. In this region, transportation is the single largest source of based on Engagement greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for approximately 45% of the feedback regional total.

The dominant emission contributors in the transportation sector are cars and light trucks. Today, there are 1.4 million cars and trucks operating across the Metro Vancouver region, which emitted more than 4.7 million tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2015. In addition, heavy duty vehicles, trains, ships, and airplanes accounted for about 1.8 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions.

Today, about 70% of personal trips in the region are made by vehicles, compared to 13% by walking and cycling, and 14% by transit. Significant effort is needed to shift trips to non-vehicular modes and transit, both of which have lower emissions. This transition will require infrastructure investments and changes to land-use policy, so that walking, biking and transit becomes the most convenient way of getting around for most personal trips. It will also mean transitioning almost all remaining personal vehicle trips to zero emission vehicles. Reducing emissions from the heavy duty vehicles, air, marine and rail sectors will require transition to low carbon fuels such as renewable diesel, renewable natural gas, and electricity.

Some transportation infrastructure will be impacted by climate impacts such as sea level rise and more frequent flooding. Special attention will need to be given to adapting this infrastructure to ensure that people, goods and services can continue to get around without disruption.

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Waste Annotation: This section has Fossil fuels been edited and condensed are used to manufacture, transport, and ultimately dispose of all for clarity and based on the goods we consume, and when waste is disposed in a landfill it Engagement feedback produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas. The actions we take in this region have a significant influence on the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions related to the goods consumed in the region.

Much of our waste can be reduced, reused, or recycled, so we need to ensure that waste is always considered a potential resource. Transitioning to a circular economy helps to further reduce waste (and associated emissions), because the circular economy concept aims to retain the value of products, materials, and resources in the economy through non-linear business models, maximized product lifespans, and closed production and consumption loops. For example, preventing methane emissions through source reduction, composting, or capturing methane at digestion facilities and landfills are effective greenhouse gas reduction strategies. The captured gas can be upgraded to renewable natural gas, and used to replace fossil-based natural gas (see also Energy Issue Area). Policies incentivizing or requiring the reuse, recycling, and recovery of energy from waste materials can generate new business and create new economic opportunities.

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Industry Annotation: This section has The region’s been edited and condensed relatively small but diverse manufacturing sector (e.g., cement production, for clarity and based on food processing, metal fabrication, chemical manufacturing, forest Engagement feedback products, and petroleum refining), in addition to the construction industry, combine to contribute approximately 23% of the region’s total greenhouse gas emissions.

In the Metro Vancouver region, industrial facilities generate greenhouse gas emissions from burning natural gas, propane and fuel oil to produce heat for industrial processes, using diesel fuel in non- road engines, and other smaller sources. Industrial chemical processes such as cement production also produce a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing emissions from the various industrial sectors will require targeted approaches that are appropriate to those sectors, such as encouraging or requiring a switch to low carbon fuels like renewable natural gas.

Inset Box: Research and Innovation

Many proven technologies exist in the market today to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help build more resilient ecosystems, infrastructure, and communities. However, climate change still poses difficult technical and economic challenges to achieving an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and protecting against climate change impacts like sea level rise and extreme weather events. These problems will require the development of new technologies and approaches. Actions to support research and innovation will be an important part of the Climate 2050 Roadmaps.

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Energy Annotation: This section has Residents been edited and condensed and businesses use energy to heat buildings and water, fuel vehicles, and for clarity and based on power industrial processes. Using fossil fuel energy such as gasoline, Engagement feedback diesel, propane, and natural gas results in greenhouse gas emissions. In this region, there are many opportunities to generate renewable and low carbon energy, and switch away from fossil fuels.

Grid electricity in British Columbia has very low greenhouse gas emissions because it is primarily generated by hydroelectric dams. Switching from fossil fuel-based energy sources to electricity and lower carbon fuels provides a significant opportunity to decarbonize our region’s energy system. Investing in local low carbon energy systems such as renewable natural gas, waste heat recovery, solar, and heat pumps can support business development, job creation and energy self-sufficiency while reducing greenhouse emissions. Eliminating sources of energy waste (e.g., heated/cooled air leakage from buildings) and improving energy efficiency (e.g., through equipment upgrades and process improvements) should be an integral part of reducing energy-related emissions.

Recovering energy from waste streams produces a renewable and clean energy that can replace fossil fuel use or electricity. Metro Vancouver currently produces renewable natural gas at several of its wastewater treatment plants, which displaces the use of fossil fuels for operation of these facilities. There is potential to produce additional renewable natural gas or other biofuels at Metro Vancouver facilities. There are also opportunities to capture more waste heat from its utility processes, solid waste management facilities, and liquid waste collection system. Recovered heat can be used to generate electricity, or in district energy systems that provide energy to buildings for space heating and water heating. Through its policies and programs, Metro Vancouver can also support other projects in the region that generate renewable, low carbon energy.

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Land-Use and Growth Management Annotation: This section has The Metro Vancouver region is growing rapidly. Our been edited and condensed population is increasing by 30,000 residents each year and it is for clarity and based on anticipated that the regional population could reach 3.6 million people Engagement feedback by the year 2050. The location of new homes, businesses and institutions strongly influences both greenhouse gas emissions and exposure to risks associated with climate change.

Land use decisions determine where residents live, work and play. Metro Vancouver and its member jurisdictions are working to reduce greenhouse gases by focusing growth in a network of transit-oriented urban centres, and building compact, complete communities that offer amenities close to home. This focused growth reduces emissions by supporting low carbon transportation such as walking, cycling and public transit. Actions in this Issue Area will be complementary to those contained in the Transportation Issue Area.

Where and how the region accommodates growth also determines how much residents, businesses and infrastructure are exposed to physical risks associated with climate change, such as flood risk from rising seas and rivers. Land use planning is an important tool for directing growth away from higher risk areas and natural areas that can alleviate negative impacts, thereby increasing community resilience to flooding. For buildings and other infrastructure that remain in flood-prone areas, protection such as dikes may need to be built or upgraded to mitigate increasing climate risk (see Infrastructure Issue Area), and additional resources may need to be allocated to emergency response planning (see Emergency Management inset box).

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Climate Action Committee Agriculture Annotation: This The combination of mild climate, fertile soils section has been edited and demand for locally produced food has enabled a thriving and condensed for agricultural industry that contributes to the region’s food security. clarity and based on Uncertainty around the supply of food is emerging in many parts of the Engagement feedback world due to a changing climate and limited fresh water resources. Protecting agricultural land and enhancing local food production are a priority for resilience in the region. Climate models predict there will be both positive and negative consequences for agriculture. Rising average temperatures shifts the types of crops that can be grown and decreases heating costs for greenhouses. At the same time, rising temperature will introduce and exacerbate pest and disease problems, and increase irrigation demand. Changes in seasonal precipitation patterns could limit water supply during the growing season, putting increased stress on crops and livestock. Heat waves can damage crops and increase the need for cooling of livestock barns and expanded use of refrigerated crop storage, which leads to higher costs and energy use. Rising sea levels can limit access to irrigation water from the Fraser River, and storm surges may require dike upgrades and other coastal flood protection measures to prevent agricultural land from flooding during the growing season. Agricultural activities are also a source of greenhouse gas emissions. Around 3% of the regional greenhouse gas emissions come from agriculture, primarily methane from livestock and manure, nitrous oxide from the application of fertilizer and soil management, and carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels to heat greenhouses and operate farm equipment. The good news is that agricultural soils can play a substantial role in carbon sequestration, which has the added benefit of maintaining soil productivity over the long term. Securing local food production means that some of the food consumed by residents is available year round and during emergency situations. Equally important is the role agricultural land plays in providing ecosystem services. Nutrient and organic matter recycling on farmland supports regional efforts to recycle organic waste. Agricultural land also provides important habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife. Both agricultural land and natural areas can help communities manage river water levels and extreme precipitation events through groundwater infiltration and flood management.

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APPENDIX 2: GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE DATA AND TRENDS Annotation: This section has Increasing levels of greenhouse gas emissions are warming our planet and driving been edited for climate change. How do scientists know this? This appendix provides a snapshot of clarity. some of the key data points and observed trends related to global climate change. References and links are provided to sources of information that provide more in- depth data, trends, and scientific analysis. Global Average Temperature The planet’s average surface temperature has risen about 1.1°C since 1880, based on measurements made on land and at sea.3 Most of that warming has occurred in the past 35 years, with polar regions experiencing greater warming than the more temperate regions.4 Sixteen of the seventeen warmest years on record have occurred since 2001. Scientific research has shown this change is driven primarily by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Although the global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have varied over the millennia, since the industrial revolution in the mid-1700s it has increased to unprecedented levels.5

Global surface temperature change (land and ocean, compared to 1951-1980 average)

3 NASA Global Climate Change – Global Land Ocean Temperature Index 4 IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis 5 NASA Global Climate Change – Evidence

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Global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide over the past 400,000 years

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Changing Global Climate System Scientists have projected that increasing global temperatures would cause a number of significant changes to the global climate system. Some of these changes, such as declining global snow and ice cover and rising sea levels, are happening gradually as temperatures rise. Other changes are a consequence of amplified climate instability, for example the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heat waves, heavy precipitation, and storms. Below is a description of three of the expected changes to earth systems caused by rising global temperatures: sea level rise, decreased snow and ice cover, and extreme weather events.

Sea-Level Rise

As the climate warms, sea levels are rising worldwide.6 Higher global temperatures contribute to sea-level rise in two ways. First, as ocean temperatures increase, seawater expands and the overall volume of oceans increases. Second, higher temperatures accelerate the melting of glaciers and ice caps, also increasing the volume of the oceans.

Globally, sea levels have risen at an average rate of 1.8 mm per year from 1961 to 2003 and approximately 20 cm since 1880. Sea levels are expected to rise by an additional 30 to 120 cm by the year 2100.

Coastal regions face several risks from rising seas. Higher sea levels will flood unprotected low lying areas such as islands and coastal river deltas. Wave action combined with higher sea levels will make more land vulnerable to coastal erosion. Moreover, in the next several decades, storm surges and high tides combined with sea level rise will further increase flooding risk. In some coastal areas, groundwater and/or surface water will be contaminated with sea water as sea levels rise. This could impact the water available for irrigation and drinking water.

Sea Level Rise from 1993 to Present

6 NASA Global Climate Change – Vital Signs 39

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Decreased Snowpack / Snow Cover

Snow and ice cover helps regulate the climate by reflecting incoming solar energy back into space. Over the next century, water contained in glaciers, ice caps and annual snowpack are expected to continue to decline. With less snow cover and a decrease in the amount of reflected sunlight, the ground absorbs four to six times as much heat.

Monitored snowpack levels in western North America are decreasing, with record lows observed throughout the United States.7 Since 1955, average snowpack has declined on average by 14 percent including areas in California, Oregon, and Washington, with some sites recently experiencing snow-free periods for the first time ever. Glaciers have been retreating at least since the 1960s and mountain snow cover has declined on average in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres.8

The decline of glaciers and annual snowpack will reduce freshwater availability in regions supplied by meltwater, where more than one sixth of the world population currently lives. Rapidly melting snowpack can also lead to springtime flooding and lower river and reservoir levels in the late summer. Changes in melting patterns and reduced stream flow will also affect hydro-electric power generation that is reliant on the water that is supplied through melting snowpack.

North American snow cover compared to 1981-2010 average

7 Rutgers University Global Snow Lab – North American Snow Cover Anomalies 8 National Snow & Ice Data Center – State of the Cryosphere 41

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Extreme Weather Events

Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Climate- change-related risks from extreme weather events are already considered moderate to high with 1°C of warming and those risks are expected to increase as temperatures continue to rise. International agencies that are tracking extreme events are already observing an increase.9 Scientists are increasingly able to evaluate the contribution of climate change to specific extreme events.

Although there has been a slight increase in the frequency or duration of droughts over the last 50 years, scientists expect climate change to increase the intensity and duration of droughts to increase after 2050, especially if global GHG emissions do not decline. Less snow and a lack of moisture in the ground increases the likelihood and prevalence of wildfires and dry spells. Longer dry spells and drought in the summer months also increase wildfire risk.

Scientists are studying how the frequency and severity for floods will change due to climate change. Globally, the amount of damage caused by extreme weather events, including flooding, is increasing dramatically – both from the number of events and the increasing value of the built environment. In BC, flood risk is exacerbated by sea level rise, particularly during events such as king tides and storm surges.

Climate-related weather extremes and shifting temperature patterns can put stress on ecosystems, disrupt food production and water supply, damage infrastructure and urban settlements, lead to loss of life, and have consequences for population health. These interrelated challenges pose a particular threat to cities with aging infrastructure such as water and sewage systems, roads, bridges, and energy grids. Governments, including municipalities, are spending more on climate change adaptation to protect essential services, with costs rising from $4 billion globally in 2010 to $25 billion in 2014.10

9 EMDAT (2017): OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database 10 US Global Change Research Program – National Climate Assessment 42

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Reported Extreme Weather-related natural disaster events 1980-2017

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Climate Action Committee 5.3

To: Climate Action Committee

From: Joshua Power, Policy Analyst Ali Ergudenler, Lead Senior Engineer Parks, Planning and Environment Department

Date: August 24, 2018 Meeting Date: September 19, 2018

Subject: Metro Vancouver Comments on the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers

RECOMMENDATION That the MVRD Board write to the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Strategy conveying its position on the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy intentions papers, as outlined in the report titled “Metro Vancouver Comments on the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers” dated August 24, 2018, as previously communicated by staff.

PURPOSE To outline the content of the Metro Vancouver staff submission to the Province of B.C. on the Clean Growth Strategy intentions papers, and seek MVRD Board support for the submission via a letter to the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Strategy.

BACKGROUND The Province of B.C. is in the process of developing a long-term Clean Growth Strategy that is expected to be released in the fall of 2018. As an initial step, the Province has released its first three intentions papers on three major sectors of the economy: Clean Transportation; Clean, Efficient Buildings; and A Clean Growth Program for Industry. The intentions papers were available for comments from July 20 to August 24, 2018.

Due to the constraints of the comment period and the Committee/Board meeting schedules, Metro Vancouver staff submitted technical comments in accordance with the deadlines imposed by the Province, and identified them as not having being endorsed by the Board. This report provides information for the Climate Action Committee and the MVRD Board about the staff review of the intentions papers, and seeks support for the comments that staff submitted to the Province on August 24, 2018.

B.C.’s CLEAN GROWTH STRATEGY INTENTIONS PAPERS B.C.’s Clean Growth Strategy is intended to bring together actions on climate change, clean energy, and sustainability to drive economic growth and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the Province. The Clean Growth Strategy is expected to integrate with the Province’s Economic Development Strategy and set out a pathway to meet B.C.’s greenhouse gas targets. The Clean Growth Strategy is intended to be a living document that will be continually updated and expanded as new opportunities arise. The initial actions will focus on Transportation, Buildings, and Industry, as outlined in the first set of intentions papers. Highlights of the proposed actions on these three Clean Growth Strategy

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver Comments on the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 2 of 4 intentions papers are summarized in Attachment 1. The Province intends to release further intentions papers and seek input on other topics such as Communities, Global Energy Opportunities, Low Carbon Energy, and Adapting to a Changing Climate, beginning in 2019.

Previous Staff Submission on Provincial Climate Leadership Plan In 2015 and 2016, the Climate Action Committee and the MVRD Board received reports on the Climate Leadership Plan Phase I and Phase II consultations, related to the climate action plan being developed by the Province of B.C. at that time. Metro Vancouver staff worked closely with its member jurisdictions and identified five foundational policy areas, as well as a list of detailed policy recommendations, related to climate change. These policy areas and related recommendations were endorsed by the MVRD Board and submitted to the Province as part of the previous consultation on the Climate Leadership Plan (Reference).

Alignment with Climate 2050 Metro Vancouver staff have had ongoing discussions with Provincial staff on each other’s climate actions, and the respective climate strategies and plans. As noted in Report 5.1 in the September 2018 Climate Action Committee agenda, Metro Vancouver staff conducted an engagement session with staff from multiple Provincial ministries to gather input on Climate 2050, Metro Vancouver’s new regional climate action strategy.

The recent Clean Growth Strategy intentions papers were reviewed by Metro Vancouver staff for their alignment with Climate 2050, which is currently being developed, as well as the alignment with the following five foundational policy areas previously communicated in Metro Vancouver’s earlier submissions on the provincial Climate Leadership Plan:

1. widespread adoption of low/zero carbon vehicles; 2. transition to net-zero-carbon new buildings and near net-zero-carbon existing buildings; 3. support for local government actions to reduce and shorten vehicular trips and increase trips by walking, cycling, and transit; 4. carbon pricing to create a market signal to stimulate adoption of low carbon technologies and practices; and 5. tools and resources that can assist local governments to adapt to current and future climate change.

These foundational policies are aligned with the overarching approach laid out in the Climate 2050 Strategic Framework. Metro Vancouver staff’s review of the three intentions papers indicates that the policy directions and proposed actions are closely aligned with the intent of the first four foundational policy areas, listed above. The province intends to seek input on the fifth policy area – adapting to climate change – in the summer of 2019 as part of a consultation on additional topics. The policies proposed in the intentions papers are also closely aligned with the vision, guiding principles, and issue areas outlined in the Climate 2050 Discussion Paper. The final policies adopted in the Clean Growth Strategy will be important considerations as Metro Vancouver develops the Climate 2050 Roadmaps in 2019-2020.

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver Comments on the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 3 of 4

Staff Comments on B.C. Intentions Papers Detailed comments on the Province’s three intentions papers, linkages to Climate 2050, and further commentary to strengthen the proposed policies are provided in the staff letter that was submitted to the Province on August 24, 2018 (Attachment 2). Metro Vancouver staff will continue to be engaged in B.C.’s Clean Growth Strategy development process, keeping the Climate Action Committee and the MVRD Board informed about the process and seeking input/direction as necessary.

ALTERNATIVES 1. That the MVRD Board write to the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Strategy conveying its position on the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy intentions papers, as outlined in the report titled “Metro Vancouver Comments on the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers” dated August 24, 2018, as previously communicated by staff.

2. That the MVRD Board receive for information the report titled “Metro Vancouver Comments on the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers” dated August 24, 2018, and provide alternate direction to staff.

FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS Metro Vancouver is in the process of developing a new regional climate action strategy, Climate 2050, which is well aligned with the Province’s Clean Growth Strategy for major sectors of the economy. The adoption of the Clean Growth Strategy, with the implementation of the proposed actions in the intentions papers, would support the delivery of Metro Vancouver’s climate actions and may reduce resources needed for the implementation of regional climate programs and projects.

SUMMARY / CONCLUSION Metro Vancouver staff reviewed the policies proposed by the Province in the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy intentions papers pertaining to Clean Transportation; Clean, Efficient Buildings; and A Clean Growth Program for Industry; and submitted comments to the Province before the August 24 submission deadline. The proposed policies in the intentions papers are well aligned with the foundational policy areas previously identified by Metro Vancouver to achieve Provincial greenhouse gas reduction targets, as well as with Climate 2050, Metro Vancouver’s new regional climate action strategy. Implementation of the policies outlined in the intentions papers would help the Province and the Metro Vancouver region meet their greenhouse gas targets. Particularly high-impact actions include the zero-emission vehicle mandate, transit investments, mobility pricing, changes to the BC Building Code, and implementation of a Clean Growth Program for Industry.

Staff recommend Alternative 1, that the MVRD Board write to the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Strategy conveying its position on the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy intentions papers, as previously communicated in a staff submission.

Attachments: (Doc #26823093) 1. Highlights of the Proposed Actions in Clean Transportation, Clean Efficient Buildings, and A Clean Growth Program for Industry Intentions Papers.

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver Comments on the B.C. Clean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 4 of 4

2. Metro Vancouver Staff Comments on the BC Clean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers, Letter from Neal Carley, General Manager of Parks, Planning and Environment to Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, dated August 24, 2018.

Reference: Metro Vancouver Staff Submission to the B.C. Climate Leadership Plan, Phase II Engagement, MVRD Board Meeting, April 29, 2016

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Climate Action Committee 5.3 ATTACHMENT 1 Highlights of Proposed Intentions Papers Actions and Alignment with Metro Vancouver Recommendations

The three B.C. Clean Growth Strategy intentions papers that were released on July 20, 2018 for public input outline proposals for the province’s Transportation, Buildings and Industry sectors. Many of the actions for these sectors are well aligned with the recommendations that were communicated to the Province in Metro Vancouver’s earlier submissions on the 2016 Climate Leadership Plan. This alignment is highlighted in the table below. The policies proposed in the intentions papers will be important considerations in the development of Metro Vancouver’s Climate 2050 Roadmaps in 2019 and 2020.

Metro Vancouver recommendations on Alignment with proposals in B.C. Clean Growth Strategy Alignment with Metro B.C. Climate Leadership Plan (2016) Intentions Papers (2018) Vancouver Climate 2050 Roadmaps (2019- 2020) Enact a zero emissions vehicle Zero emissions vehicle mandate that would require automakers requirement. to report on their sales in 2019, meet targets starting in 2020 for new vehicle sales (increasing annually to at least 10% in 2025 and 30% in 2030), and a possible ban on the sale of new gasoline and diesel light duty vehicles by 2040. Continue funding for the Clean Energy Continue incentives for the CEV Program until zero emissions Vehicles (CEV) program. vehicles make up 5% of all new light-duty vehicle sales. Require access to electric charging in Take measures to encourage charging station installations at residential and commercial buildings. businesses and other buildings. Accelerate market penetration of zero Expand the Specialty Use Vehicle Incentive Program, which Transportation emission and near-zero emission vans, supports the purchase of clean heavy duty vehicles, buses, Roadmap tour buses, and trucks. transport trucks, motorcycles, and heavy equipment. Update the provincial Low Carbon Fuel Increase the stringency of the Low Carbon Fuel Standard by Standard. decreasing the average carbon intensity of fuels by 15% by 2030 compared to 2010 levels. Provide sustainable funding for transit, Continue to invest in transit and investment in clean active transportation infrastructure transportation infrastructure that in inter-connected, providing investments and smart growth planning. easy access to clean options and reducing demand for vehicles. Enable user-pricing options (e.g. mobility Development of demand-management programs, which focus pricing, distance based insurance). on finding ways to reduce traffic overall, so people ultimately drive less.

Climate Action Committee Set incremental targets outlining the Increase the energy efficiency requirements in the B.C. Building market transformation pathway(s) to net Code in 2022 and 2027 to provide more certainty to industry, zero buildings. building owners, and communities. In addition, expand the Energy Step Code to other building types. Buildings Roadmap Mandate home energy labelling. The Province is considering an energy efficiency labeling requirement whereby buildings would undergo an assessment and be given an energy efficiency rating, which would be disclosed when the property was listed for sale or rent. Consider the most effective use of carbon The Clean Growth Program for Industry directs apportion of tax revenues in support of climate action B.C.’s carbon tax paid by industry into incentives that encourage Industry Roadmap and mitigation of any negative impacts of them to reduce emissions. the carbon tax.

Climate Action Committee �4 metrovancouver 5.3 ATTACHMENT 2 � SERVICES AND SOLUTIONS FOR A LIVABLE REGION

Parks, Planning and Environment Department Tel. 604 432-6350 Fax 604-453-0338

File: CP-02-02-GHGR-03 AUG 2 4 2018

Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy VIA EMAIL: [email protected]

Dear Sir or Madam:

Re: Metro Vancouver StaffComments on the BC Clean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers

Metro Vancouver staff are pleased to submit comments on the Province of British Columbia's first round of intentions papers that have been developed to help shape the upcoming provincial Clean Growth Strategy. Staff support the approach for the strategy to be "a living document" that includes both mitigation and adaptation measures, integrating provincial goals for climate action, clean energy, and sustainability.

Metro Vancouver's previous recommendations on the Province's Climate Leadership Plan identified five foundational policy areas to reach provincial and local greenhouse gas reduction targets. These policy areas are also reflected in Climate 2050, the regional climate action strategy that Metro Vancouver is currently developing. This letter summarizes Metro Vancouver staff comments on the new intentions papers pertaining to Clean Transportation, Clean Growth Program for Industry, and Clean, Efficient Buildings including their alignment with those five foundational policy areas. Expanded and additional commentary on the three intentions papers is provided in the attachment.

This letter presents the views of Metro Vancouver staff. These views have not been reviewed or endorsed by the MVRD Board of Directors due to time constraints and meeting schedules. The MVRD Board's Climate Action Committee will consider this letter at its September 19, 2018 meeting along with the staff recommendation that the MVRD Board endorse staff comments contained in this letter at its subsequent meeting. If the Board endorses or amends staff comments, they will be resubmitted to the Province at that time.

GENERAL COMMENTS ON INTENTIONS PAPERS AND LINKS TO CLIMATE 2050 Metro Vancouver is currently developing Climate 2050, a new regional climate action strategy, which will guide climate action in the region. The iterative and flexible approach proposed for the development of the Clean Growth Strategy aligns well with the dynamic approach Metro Vancouver is using for the development and implementation of Climate 2050.

Similar to the Climate 2050 Strategic Plan, the Clean Growth Strategy begins by laying out a framework for a clean growth future and a pathway to meeting the Provincial emissions targets. The approach of addressing each sector through a series of intentions papers and iterations of the Strategy matches the approach that Metro Vancouver is taking in developing Issue Area Roadmaps

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the throughout Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy Metro Vancouver Staff Comments on the BCClean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers Page 3 of 4

on the early successes of Metro Vancouver’s various electric vehicle outreach programs and charging network initiatives.

Urban Form that Supports Walking, Cycling, and Transit The expanded reliance on the use of personal vehicles, whether autonomous, zero-emissions, or both, could exacerbate the inefficient use of the regional transportation systems, including provincial highways. Staff are supportive of the Province’s recommendations in the Clean Transportation intentions paper to continue investing in public transit and clean transportation infrastructure to help reduce demand for vehicles, thereby reducing emissions and congestion. Staff are especially supportive of “integrating transportation and land use planning for interconnected infrastructure, public transit, and cycling routes.”

Pricing the use of the road system can help mitigate unnecessary congestion and associated emissions while incentivizing the use of public transit, walking, cycling, and carpooling. Staff encourages the Province to work closely with local governments and Translink to further develop the options for a fair system of regional mobility pricing. Staff support undertaking pilot initiatives that can test the effectiveness, public acceptance, fairness, and equity of such a system, including the impact on residents with low income or reduced mobility.

CLEANGROWTH PROGRAM FOR INDUSTRY Carbon Pricing The Province’s recent decision to incrementally increase the B.C.Carbon Tax by $5 per tonne per year until it reaches $50 per tonne in 2021 and the proposed use of revenues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in certain sectors is in alignment with Metro Vancouver’s previous submissions related to carbon pricing. For instance, the Clean Growth Program for Industry proposes to use the incremental carbon tax above $30 per tonne to be returned to industry in the form of incentives.

Reducing Emissions from Industry As a region with few large industrial facilities and many small industrial facilities, staff encourage the Province to expand the participation criteria for the Clean Growth Program for Industry to capture operations with lower total emissions. The program design should also incorporate regular updates to the performance criteria to ensure that funding is stimulating innovation and changes in business practices that continue to drive down emissions. Although it is important to protect energy-intensive, trade-exposed industries from “carbon leakage,” it is equally important to ensure that continuous improvement in emissions reductions occur for such facilities. Staff also encourage the Province to designate a portion of the revenue from the increase in the carbon tax to fund local government climate actions.

CLEAN,EFFICIENTBUILDINGS Energy Labelling The Clean, Efficient Buildings intentions paper proposes an energy labelling and disclosure requirement for homes and other buildings. Energy labelling and disclosure has been identified as an important precursor for market transformation on energy efficient buildings. Without widely available and easily understood energy labels, energy efficiency is generally not considered in the decision-making processes when it comes to construction and real estate transactions. Since 2016, Metro Vancouver has fostered local home energy labelling and disclosure through the RateOurHome.ca pilot program as a way to increase public and industry understanding of home

Climate Action Committee Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy Metro Vancouver Staff Comments on the BCClean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers Page 4 of 4

energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions. A province-wide building energy labelling and disclosure framework is an important mechanism to build industry and consumer awareness, understanding, and demand for mote energy efficient buildings with lower carbon footprints. Stronger Code and Standards In addition to building energy labelling, Metro Vancouver staff also support the Province’s following proposals related to improved building codes and standards to reduce greenhouse gas emissions: setting a predictable schedule for incremental increases in energy efficiency requirements in the BCBuilding Code; expansion of the BC Energy Step Code to capture all new construction; the development of a retrofit energy code; increased energy efficiency standards for building equipment; and exploring greenhouse gas emission intensity regulations and targets with stakeholders. Together, these actions will make British Columbia a global leader in low carbon buildings.

ADAPTING TOA CHANGINGCLIMATE(SUMMER 2019) The Province intends to seek additional input on adapting to a changing climate in summer 2019 as part of the planning process and public consultation on the Clean Growth Strategy. Metro Vancouver staff look forward to the opportunity to provide comments on climate change adaptation as part of the Clean Growth Strategy at that time.

SUMMARY In closing, Metro Vancouver staff appreciate the opportunity to provide input on the Clean Growth Strategy intentions papers during this consultation period. The policies proposed by the Province in the intentions papers pertaining to Clean Transportation, Clean Growth Program for Industry, and Clean, Efficient Buildings are strongly aligned with the foundational policy areas previously identified by Metro Vancouver to achieve provincial greenhouse gas reduction targets and the direction of Climate 2050, Metro Vancouver’s new regional climate action strategy, currently under development. Metro Vancouver staff encourage the Province to implement the policies outlined in the intentions papers, especially the high-impact actions, such as the zero-emission vehicle mandate, mobility pricing, energy labelling, changes to the BCBuilding Code, and implementation of the Clean Growth Program for Industry. Additional comments on the intentions papers can be found in the attachment to this letter.

We look forward to future opportunities to engage on the development of the Clean Growth Strategy.

Sincerely,

B. Neal Carley, M.A.Sc.,P.Eng. General Manager, Parks, Planning & Environment

NC/EB/jp

Attachment: Metro Vancouver Staff Additional Comments on the BC Clean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers

Climate Action Committee AUACHMENT Metro Vancouver Staff Additional Comments on the BCClean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers

This attachment presents the views of Metro Vancouver staff. These comments are intended to provide expanded and additional commentary on the Province’s new intentions papers concerning Clean Transportation, Clean Growth Program for Industry, and Clean, Efficient Buildings.

Clean Transportation

Increase investments in zero-emission vehicles Metro Vancouver staff support the increase of investments in zero-emission vehicles that would help expand the electric vehicle charging infrastructure and increase the uptake of clean vehicles. Metro Vancouver staff also encourage the Province to:

• Continue offering the Clean Energy Vehicle Program, and consider increasing this incentive for low-income and non-profit participants. During Metro Vancouver’s policy work on light duty vehicles in 2016 and 2017, staff identified a concern that low-income populations are currently unable to purchase hybrids and electric vehicles due to the higher initial purchase price;

• Provide additional non-financial incentives to zero-emission vehicles and expand existing benefits, such as increasing HOVlanes on provincial roads;

• Consider financial benefits for zero-emission vehicles that have been successful in other jurisdictions, such as rebates on ferry fares or insurance;

• Take measures to lower the cost for the installation of charging stations at businesses and other buildings by coordinating with BCHydro on a specific rate category for electric vehicle charging and with the BCUtilities Commission on the resale of electricity;

• Develop a “Right to Charge” framework for the installation of charging infrastructure in strata buildings when technically feasible to reduce the barrier for residents to charge vehicles in strata buildings; and

• Develop or enhance programs to preserve the durability and operating performance of medium-duty and heavy-duty vehicles (e.g. AirCarefor trucks; more stringent exhaust opacity limits for diesel particulate matter filters on trucks).

Introduce a zero-emission vehicle mandate The introduction of a zero-emission vehicle mandate is an important and timely policy to affect the turnover of the vehicle fleet and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Metro Vancouver staff support

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver Staff Additional Comments on the BCClean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers Page 2 of 5 the outlined timeline and targets for the ZEVmandate for the light-duty vehicle market and encourage the Province to:

• Stay aligned with targets from other provinces to ensure there is a consistent supply of vehicles in all jurisdictions with a ZEVmandate; and

• Expand the ZEVmandate to eventually include all surface transport, such as commercial coach buses, commercial trucks, and motorcycles, with financial support from an expanded Specialty-Use Vehicle Incentive Program.

Support for cleaner fuels • Alignthe provincial Vehicle Emissions Standards with other progressive jurisdictions.

Cleaner transportation systems A number of the potential actions outlined in the section on cleaner transportation systems align with the goals, strategies and actions in the regional growth strategy Metro Vancouver 2040: Shaping Our Future and Metro Vancouver’s Integrated Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Management Plan, particularly actions related to “continued investments in public transit” and “integrating land-use and transportation planning for interconnected infrastructure, transit and cycling.” Metro Vancouver staff encourages the Province to: • Consider regional mobility pricing to mitigate unnecessary congestion and associated emissions, and incentivize the use of transit, walking, cycling, and carpooling. Encourage pilot initiatives, in partnership with local governments and Translink, to reduce excess congestion and associated emissions (and test appropriate ways to mitigate financial impacts on lower income travelers);

• Require the collection and reporting out of vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT)data to support regional planning. Reliable VKTwill help support community planning that reduces vehicle trips and promotes walking, cycling and public transit. This data would complement fuel sales data and other transportation data sources to help all levels of government achieve a clearer picture of behaviour change;

• Establish provincial or region-specific targets for the reduction in VKT,based on VKTdata. Alternatively, encourage or require local governments to establish VKTreduction targets in local plans and policies;

• Integrate climate considerations into transportation and land use plans to improve policy measures and actions to help achieve emissions targets;

• Develop more detailed guidance and expectations for the integration of regional transportation and land use planning to achieve reductions in emissions;

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver Staff Additional Comments on the BCClean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers Page 3 of 5

• Prepare technical guidelines on recommended ways to estimate the emissions impacts of land use and transportation decisions;

• Consider establishing a requirement and associated guidelines for proponents of provincial highway expansion projects to model and document the projected transportation patterns and emissions locally and regionally, in particular as part of the environmental review process. Currently, the provincial environmental review process does not contain clear guidelines on information requirements for transportation-related impacts; therefore, the treatment of transportation-related impacts has been inconsistent from one environmental review process to another;

• Explore requirements for large employers to undertake transportation demand management plans and provide incentives to their employees to seek alternatives to single- occupant vehicle commuting;

• Establish requirements for transit priority measures in provincially-funded road and transit projects. Transit priority measures, such as queue jumpers and bus lanes, can improve transit journey times and reduce operating costs;

• Continue the development of a modern regulatory environment for app-based rideshare considering modal priorities (i.e. transit, walking, cycling and multi-occupant vehicles);

• Work with TransLinkto promote or sponsor innovative approaches to encouraging carpooling, such as online carpool matching platforms;

• Work with TransLink to consider transit fare incentives programs for lower-income residents;

• Work with the Federal government to set targets for access to transit and services for First Nations communities;

• Work with the Federal government and rail companies to accelerate zero-emission or near zero-emission locomotives;

• Work with partners to increase stringency of marine and aviation emission standards; and

• Provide sustainable funding for public transit, active transportation infrastructure investments, and smart growth planning.

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver Staff Additional Comments on the BCClean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers Page 4 of 5

Clean, Efficient Buildings

Energy labelling requirement Metro Vancouver staff support the Province’s proposal for an energy efficiency labelling and disclosure reqyirement for homes and other buildings. Metro Vancouver staff encourage the Province to:

• Consider a benchmarking system such as ENERGYSTARPortfolio Manager for large buildings such as commercial complexes and multi-unit residential buildings; and

• Require building energy benchmarking data to be reported annually and made available to the provincial government, the relevant local government, and utilities to inform and improve policy and program design.

Financial incentives In addition to the incentives for energy efficiency improvements, Metro Vancouver staff encourage the Province to:

• Consider incentives for renewable energy retrofits. On-site and grid-connected renewable energy will be necessary to achieve the level of net-zero-energy buildings envisioned by the Province. This should include the introduction of a favourable feed-in tariff rate to increase technology adoption and support net-zero-energy building policies;

• Include adequate outreach for incentive programs to ensure that a wide range of building owners and property managers are aware and well-positioned to take advantage of the offers;

• Consider focusing on social housing units where tenants would benefit from reduced energy bills; and

• Consider the financial implications for affordable housing providers to construct energy- efficient buildings or retrofit existing buildings.

Stronger codes and standards Stronger codes and standards are critical to advance energy-efficient construction in a predictable and effective manner. Metro Vancouver staff support the proposals related to improved building codes and standards and encourages the Province to:

• Articulate how the public sector in British Columbia will show leadership in the construction of net-zero-energy buildings;

• Continue to engage local governments in the consultation on the development of new building codes;

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver Staff Additional Comments on the BCClean Growth Strategy Intentions Papers Page 5 of 5

• Move more quickly on regulating greenhouse gas emission intensity or provide resources to assist the construction industry in reducing building emissions; and

• Support post-secondary institution technical programs that cover holistic energy retrofits and are not based solely on proprietary home performance certifications.

A Clean Growth Program for Industry

Metro Vancouver staff encourage the Province to:

• Expand the Clean Growth Program for Industry incentive and fund to operations with lower emissions, if these industries are able to quantify their emissions to the same Jevel of rigour as large industrial operations;

• Design regulations to target specific industries or any industrial facility that emits over a certain limit. Incentive programs are crucial in achieving significant emission reductions from industries; however, based on experience from other jurisdictions, these programs work best when they are coupled with specific targets and regulations. Evaluate various regulatory options such as “cap and trade” and targeted regulations for specific industries;

• Incorporate regular updates to the performance criteria into the program design to determine which facilities are eligible for carbon tax refunds under the Industrial Incentive; and

• Ensure that the selection criteria for projects supported under the Clean Industry Fund be explicit and defensible to avoid funding projects that might have occurred without the program in place.

26823093 Climate Action Committee 5.4

To: Climate Action Committee

From: Laurie Bates-Frymel, Senior Regional Planner Marcin Pachcinski, Division Manager, Electoral Area and Environment Parks, Planning and Environment Department

Date: August 28, 2018 Meeting Date: September 19, 2018

Subject: Ecological Health Framework - Summary of Consultation Process and Draft Outline

RECOMMENDATION That the Climate Action Committee direct staff to: a) finalize the Ecological Health Framework, as attached to the report dated August 28, 2018, titled “Ecological Health Framework – Summary of Consultation Process and Draft Outline”, incorporating feedback from the Committee; and b) report back to the Climate Action Committee with a revised Ecological Health Framework for consideration by the MVRD Board.

PURPOSE To provide the Climate Action Committee with a summary of the consultation process on, and a draft outline of, the proposed Ecological Health Framework.

BACKGROUND In September 2016, the Climate Action Committee and MVRD Board received an update on the status of the projects identified in the 2011 Ecological Health Action Plan, as well as a draft framework for the preparation of a follow-up document to the 2011 Ecological Health Action Plan. The proposed document would supercede the 2011 Plan, strengthen the links to the 2015-2018 Board Strategic Plan and other regional management plans, expand the scope to provide higher level guidance to Metro Vancouver-led initiatives focused on ecological health, and support Metro Vancouver’s core services and member jurisdictions.

At its September 28, 2016 meeting, the MVRD Board (then GVRD Board) passed the following recommendation:

“That the GVRD Board direct staff to initiate consultation on an Ecological Health Plan, and to report back on the results of the consultation process.”

This report describes the consultation process and presents the results in the form of the draft outline of the proposed Ecological Health Framework (attached).

THE 2011 ECOLOGICAL HEALTH ACTION PLAN The MVRD Board of Directors adopted an Ecological Health Action Plan in October 2011 as one of a suite of interconnected regional management plans and strategies. The Ecological Health Action Plan was designed to advance ecological health by focusing on measurable actions, identifying twelve specific projects within Metro Vancouver’s mandate that could be implemented in a two- to five-year timeframe. While several conservation and restoration projects identified in the Ecological Health

Climate Action Committee Ecological Health Framework - Summary of Consultation Process and Draft Outline Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 2 of 5

Action Plan were successfully implemented, larger threats such as habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, environmental contamination and climate change continue to pose challenges for regional ecological health. It was also recognized that a document that would provide strategic direction on Metro Vancouver’s role in advancing ecological health in the region would have broader benefit. Therefore, the new proposed Ecological Health Framework is a corporate plan that reflects a higher-level approach that will guide Metro Vancouver’s work related to maintaining, enhancing and monitoring ecological health in the region, while still being focused on initiatives that fall within Metro Vancouver’s mandate.

SUMMARY OF CONSULTATION PROCESS To prepare the new Ecological Health Framework, staff representing Metro Vancouver’s various services and functions were engaged during three phases:

1. Phase 1 – Eight meetings with groups of staff from each department were held to discuss current and planned ecological health-related work and emerging challenges. 2. Phase 2 – Five meetings with groups of staff were held to collaboratively craft a draft vision, guiding principles, goals, and strategies. 3. Phase 3 (in progress) – Departmental profiles and the current and future directions that will be included under each strategy are being drafted. Following feedback from the Climate Action Committee on the Attachment, a final draft will be prepared for the Committee’s review and subsequent consideration of adoption by the MVRD Board.

During the consultation process, the Ecological Health Framework was presented as providing a foundation for integrating ecological health into Metro Vancouver’s corporate decision making. To do so, the Framework would be used to inform future reviews of other regional management plans, thereby embedding ecological health throughout Metro Vancouver’s plans. The Framework’s higher level goals, strategies, and key directions also enable adaptive management to adjust priorities based on MVRD Board priorities and annual budgeting.

To ensure Regional Planning-led initiatives continue to support ecological health protection and enhancement efforts of our member jurisdictions, staff also held a prioritization workshop with the Regional Planning Advisory Committee – Environment Subcommittee. The Subcommittee confirmed that Metro Vancouver is best situated to provide regional data, mapping, best practices, and forums for sharing information regarding green infrastructure, ecosystem service provision (e.g., carbon storage, stormwater management, water purification), urban forestry, and invasive species management. In addition, the Subcommittee supported Metro Vancouver’s role to augment public awareness about the benefits that healthy ecosystems provide across the region.

DRAFT OUTLINE Based on the feedback received through the consultation process to date, a draft outline for the Ecological Health Framework is presented in the Attachment. The key elements of the draft Framework include:

Climate Action Committee Ecological Health Framework - Summary of Consultation Process and Draft Outline Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 3 of 5

Introduction • Includes definitions of ecosystem services and green infrastructure, and describes the current challenges associated with maintaining ecological health. • Describes how the Board Strategic Plan was used to set out the vision, and the roles Metro Vancouver, member jurisdictions and other agencies play in matters related to ecological health.

Proposed Vision A beautiful, healthy and resilient environment for current and future generations.

Proposed Guiding Principles • Building resilience and adapting to a changing climate • Mainstreaming ecosystem services • Promoting space for nature • Striving for continuous improvement • Collaborating with member jurisdictions and other parties • Connecting research to practice • Increasing public awareness • Employing an adaptive management approach

Proposed Goals and Strategies The Goals are intended to provide a broad outcome-driven description of the Strategies contained within each of them.

Goal 1: Build Ecological Resilience and Minimize Impacts Strategy 1.1 Enhance Metro Vancouver’s environmental performance Strategy 1.2 Promote knowledge and consideration of cumulative effects in collaboration with other agencies Strategy 1.3 Increase use of natural and built green infrastructure Strategy 1.4 Manage invasive species Strategy 1.5 Support natural and urban ecosystems to adapt to climate change

Goal 2: Protect Natural Areas and Conserve Ecosystem Services Strategy 2.1 Provide data and analysis to inform planning Strategy 2.2 Incorporate ecosystem services into decision making Strategy 2.3 Enhance ecosystem connectivity Strategy 2.4 Conserve habitat for species and ecosystems

Goal 3: Nurture Nature within Communities Strategy 3.1 Promote sustainable green spaces within communities Strategy 3.2 Build a broad base of understanding and support for ecological health

To illustrate how the guiding principles are embedded within the framework, staff propose that the principles with the strongest connections would be highlighted beside each strategy. Under each strategy, current and future directions will be listed that describe some of the key ways in which Metro Vancouver will advance the strategies.

Climate Action Committee Ecological Health Framework - Summary of Consultation Process and Draft Outline Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 4 of 5

Monitoring, Reporting and Review This section provides a preliminary list of indicators that would be used to illustrate trends in regional ecological health. This list represents indicators that can currently be measured and as more data becomes available, additional indicators may be added.

This section also proposes that Metro Vancouver’s ecological health-related projects would have a dynamic web-presence to showcase the specific projects and initiatives undertaken that advance ecological health, and progress would be reported annually. Staff propose that the Ecological Health Framework would be reviewed every six years to align with collection schedules for foundational regional data (e.g., sensitive ecosystem inventory, land cover).

NEXT STEPS Following feedback from the Climate Action Committee on the proposed vision, guiding principles, goals and strategies, staff will complete the Ecological Health Framework for Committee review in October 2018. Any additional input from the Committee would be incorporated into the finalized Ecological Health Framework that would be considered for adoption by the MVRD Board in late October 2018. If adopted, the Ecological Health Framework would inform the development of the Nature and Ecosystems Issue Area Road Map for Climate 2050, the Metro 2040 Environment and Climate Change policy review, and reviews of other Metro Vancouver management plans.

ALTERNATIVES 1. That the Climate Action Committee direct staff to: a) finalize the Ecological Health Framework, as attached to the report dated August 28, 2018, titled “Ecological Health Framework – Summary of Consultation Process and Draft Outline”, incorporating feedback from the Committee; and b) report back to the Climate Action Committee with a revised Ecological Health Framework for consideration by the MVRD Board.

2. That the Climate Action Committee receive for information the report dated August 28, 2018, titled “Ecological Health Plan – Summary of Consultation Process and Draft Outline” and provide alternate direction to staff.

FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS No financial implications are anticipated from this report.

SUMMARY / CONCLUSION As directed by the MVRD Board in September 2016, staff have completed consultation on a follow- up document to the 2011 Ecological Health Action Plan. The proposed new Ecological Health Framework is intended to strengthen the links to the 2015-2018 Board Strategic Plan and other regional management plans, expand the scope to provide higher level guidance to Metro Vancouver- led initiatives focused on ecological health, and support Metro Vancouver’s core services and member jurisdictions. A draft outline of the Framework is provided for the Climate Action Committee’s consideration, and feedback is requested on the proposed vision, guiding principles, goals and strategies. If the Climate Action Committee direct staff to complete the Ecological Health Framework, the Committee feedback would be incorporated into a final version that will be brought to the October 2018 Committee and MVRD Board meetings. Staff recommend Alternative 1.

Climate Action Committee Ecological Health Framework - Summary of Consultation Process and Draft Outline Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 5 of 5

Attachment: Ecological Health Framework – Draft Outline (Doc #26819279)

26625289

Climate Action Committee 5.4 ATTACHMENT

Metro Vancouver’s Ecological Health Framework Regional in Nature

Table of Contents

PART ONE: An Introduction to Ecological Health ...... 2 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ...... 2 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 4 CHALLENGES ...... 4 PART TWO: Roles in Advancing Ecological Health ...... 7 THE BOARD STRATEGIC PLAN ...... 7 METRO VANCOUVER’S ROLE ...... 7 ROLES OF MEMBER JURISDICTIONS AND OTHER AGENCIES ...... 8 PART THREE: Metro Vancouver’s Ecological Health Framework ...... 9 VISION ...... 9 GUIDING PRINCIPLES ...... 10 GOALS AND STRATEGIES ...... 11 GOAL 1: Build ecological resilience and minimize impacts ...... 11 GOAL 2: Protect natural areas and conserve ecosystem services ...... 12 GOAL 3: Nurture nature within communities ...... 12 PART FOUR: Monitoring, Reporting and Review ...... 13 STATE OF THE REGION’S ENVIRONMENT ...... 13 ECOLOGICAL HEALTH FRAMEWORK REPORTING AND REVIEW ...... 13

Climate Action Committee

PART ONE: An Introduction to Ecological Health

The Metro Vancouver region is a highly productive and biologically diverse area, with natural areas1 that in many cases are provincially, nationally and globally significant. Our coastal location, topography and climate result in a rich variety of ecosystems, each of which plays a significant role in our region’s ecological health, community well-being, and economic prosperity.

Metro Vancouver strives to achieve a livable and sustainable region for current and future generations. This vision is only possible if we ensure a healthy natural environment – one that supports and maintains ecological processes and a diverse community of species and habitats. The concept of ecological health captures the connection between healthy functioning ecosystems2, the valuable services they provide, and human well-being. It recognizes that human activity affects the environment and that our well-being depends on the health of the region’s ecosystems and the services they provide. Maintaining and enhancing the integrity of ecosystems and other natural features ensures residents of the region continue to benefit from the many services healthy ecosystems provide, far into the future.

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES It is commonly understood within the region that nature is important in its own right. For example, natural areas provide habitat for birds, fish and other wildlife. However, many people may not be aware that our own health and well-being are dependent on the health of our ecosystems. Nature is responsible for staples of our daily lives - the water we drink, the air we breathe, and the food we eat. Nature provides rich soil and pollinators that sustain local food production, spaces for outdoor recreation, and natural resources upon which our economy relies, like the forests that produce lumber for construction. Even the region’s natural beauty contributes to the economy by generating millions of dollars in annual tourism revenue.

Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems (Figure 1). These services can be grouped into four main types: • Provisioning services include material and energy outputs from ecosystems, including food, fresh water, and raw materials used for construction and energy like wood. • Regulating services refer to the services provided by ecosystems in processing and assimilating pollution, stabilizing water flows and soil erosion, controlling local climates, and storing or sequestering carbon. • Cultural services are the non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreation, and aesthetic enjoyment. • Supporting services underpin all other ecosystem services. Ecosystems provide habitats for all plants and animals while depending on a diversity of species to maintain their own functions.

Methods for assessing and valuing3 these services have been evolving over the last decade, and administrators are incorporating ecosystem goods and services into decision-making. The services that ecosystems provide are essential for people, and of course nature is important in its own right. However,

1 Common types of natural areas include forests and other areas of native vegetation, vegetated or open wetlands, waterways, springs, rock outcrops, caves, coastal dunes or cliffs. 2 Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. From: https://www.cbd.int/convention/articles/default.shtml?a=cbd-02 3 Valuation: The process of measuring value using monetary and non-monetary assessment of market and non-market values, socio-cultural importance, and/or measures of biophysical integrity and resilience. From: Value of Nature to Canadians Study Taskforce, 2017. “Completing and Using Ecosystem Service Assessment for Decision-Making: An Interdisciplinary Toolkit for Managers and Analysts.” Ottawa, ON. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/eccc/En4-295-2016-eng.pdf

2 | Page Metro Vancouver’s Ecological Health Framework

Climate Action Committee the ecosystem services approach is an effective way to illustrate the value of these services to decision makers and people from all walks of life.

Figure 1: Ecosystem Services Provided by Healthy Ecosystems

3 | Page Metro Vancouver’s Ecological Health Framework

Climate Action Committee

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE As illustrated in Figure 2, green infrastructure is the natural, enhanced, and engineered assets that collectively provide society with ecosystem services required for healthy living. Natural assets (such as forests, wetlands and soil) and enhanced or engineered systems (such as bioswales and green roofs) improve resilience and mitigate negative environmental impacts from development, benefiting both people and ecosystem function.

Figure 2: Types of Green Infrastructure4

CHALLENGES Metro Vancouver is home to a rich and diverse natural environment, and significant improvements in the quality of our air and water have been realized over the last few decades. However, by 2040 the region’s population is projected to grow by 1 million residents, which will require innovation to sustain those improvements. Growth and associated development can also put pressure on remaining ecosystems as they become increasingly fragmented and vulnerable to further degradation, especially with a changing climate. Some of the foremost physical, technical and administrative challenges to maintaining ecological health are described below.

Climate Change The changing climate is also impacting ecological health. Although the impacts of climate change on ecological health in Metro Vancouver are difficult to isolate and measure, changes to natural systems are already being observed. The latest data suggests that this region will experience hotter and drier summers, wetter winters, and increased risk of flooding in low-lying coastal areas from rising sea levels. Many species and ecosystems in the region will be negatively impacted or displaced entirely due to

4 Municipal Natural Assets Initiative, 2017. “Defining and Scoping Municipal Natural Assets.” http://mnai.ca/media/2018/02/finaldesignedsept18mnai.pdf 4 | Page Metro Vancouver’s Ecological Health Framework

Climate Action Committee

climate change because they cannot adapt fast enough. Given the overarching nature of this challenge, the need to respond to climate change is a key theme embedded throughout this framework.

Habitat Loss and Fragmentation Globally, habitat loss is the greatest threat to biodiversity because it results in declines in plant and animal species. In this region, many natural areas such as forests or wetlands have been converted to residential, industrial, commercial or agricultural uses. Declines have been observed in a large number of species across BC, with the most significant declines concentrated in areas of greatest development such as the Lower Mainland.

Loss of natural areas and other green space not only impacts plants and animals, but also people. When people have access to green space, mortality decreases and mental health and well-being increase. Trees and vegetation provide cooling through evapotranspiration and shade from the sun. As cities expand and natural areas are consumed, the heat island effect also increases, leading to an increase in heat-related mortality and morbidity.

In addition to the loss of habitat, the remaining green space is often highly fragmented, particularly in urban areas. Fragmentation is the loss of connectivity between natural areas, which can reduce the ability of the remaining urban green space to provide valuable ecosystem services (Figure 1) because it impairs the movement of organisms and materials across the landscape. Loss of connectivity also impacts animal and plant communities that often need larger, interconnected habitats to complete their lifecycles. Altering natural land cover changes the capacity of the land to intercept rainfall, increases stormwater run-off and increases pollutant transport. Fragmentation also makes individual species, including those at risk of extinction, less resilient to changes in water, food, shelter availability or the changing climate.

Environmental Contamination Houses, vehicles, agriculture, and industry discharge contaminants onto the land and into the water and air. The sediments, metals, pesticides and other contaminants transported in stormwater and agricultural run-off into streams, wetlands and intertidal areas can reduce species’ ability to maintain biological functions (e.g., respiration, reproduction). Some of these contaminants can bioaccumulate in organisms, such as salmon, and eventually can be consumed by humans. Scientific understanding is evolving regarding the potential impacts of ‘emerging substances of concern’, which include an array of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, brominated flame retardants and industrial contaminants (such as plasticizers and surfactants).

Air contaminants such as sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter can deposit on vegetation, water and soils, increasing their acidity and potentially impacting the health of local flora and fauna. Although air quality is generally good within this region, hotter and drier summers will increase the risk of poor air quality events due to forest fire smoke and ground-level ozone formation. High levels of ozone can damage plant cell membranes and inhibit key processes required for their growth and development.

Invasive Species Conservation biologists globally have ranked invasive species as the second most serious threat to biodiversity after habitat loss. Invasive species are non-native flora or fauna that have been introduced to an area without the predators and pathogens that would help keep them in check in their native habitats. Some of these invasive species are highly destructive, difficult to control, and they out-compete native species. They can threaten property and recreational values, infrastructure, agriculture, public health and

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Climate Action Committee

safety, as well as the ecological health and diversity of the natural environment. In 2016, Metro Vancouver member jurisdictions spent over 1.4 million dollars controlling six invasive species (knotweeds, giant hogweed, Scotch broom, Himalayan blackberry, European chafer beetle and European fire ant). As our climate continues to change, the range of existing invasive species may increase and conditions may become favourable for new invasive species to establish within this region.

Data Gaps Ecosystems are complex, and our understanding of how they function is incomplete. High-quality, up-to- date data are necessary at an appropriate scale to understand the long-term consequences on ecological health. However, these data can be difficult to collect, access and maintain over time, and gaps limit our ability to see the full-picture of the region’s environment.

Progress has been made on developing regional scale datasets. For example, Metro Vancouver has developed and regularly updates the Sensitive Ecosystem Inventory and Land Cover Classification datasets. However, more information is needed on trends over time and ecological processes to better understand the impacts of human activity and climate change on ecological health.

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Climate Action Committee PART TWO: Roles in Advancing Ecological Health

THE BOARD STRATEGIC PLAN The Board Strategic Plan 2015-2018 showcases commitment to advancing ecological health through the following vision:

Metro Vancouver seeks to achieve what humanity aspires to on a global basis – the highest quality of life embracing cultural vitality, economic prosperity, social justice and compassion, all nurtured in and by a beautiful and healthy natural environment.

The Board Strategic Plan confirms the importance of collaboration, education and engagement, informed decision-making based on triple-bottom-line analysis and the alignment of regional and member objectives. In particular, the Board has committed to “enhance the ecological value of conservation lands through the development of a network of corridors and public and private green spaces”.

METRO VANCOUVER’S ROLE Metro Vancouver delivers core services (drinking water, wastewater treatment and solid waste management), regulates air quality, plans for urban growth, manages a regional parks system, provides affordable housing, and acts as a forum for discussion of significant community issues at the regional level. In doing so, Metro Vancouver has established management plans that highlight our commitment to environmental protection.

Metro Vancouver maintains and enhances ecological health in the region by reducing environmental impacts from core services, generating regional datasets to inform long-term planning, and convening our member jurisdictions to address issues of common concern.

IN DEVELOPMENT: Metro Vancouver’s specific roles related to ecological health are:

• Corporate Services • Regional Planning • Regional Parks • Water • Liquid Waste • Air Quality and Climate Change • Environmental Regulation and Enforcement • Housing • Solid Waste

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Climate Action Committee

ROLES OF MEMBER JURISDICTIONS AND OTHER AGENCIES Multiple jurisdictions are responsible for protecting ecological health in various capacities in the Metro Vancouver region. Because ecosystems do not adhere to local, provincial, or federal administrative boundaries, coordination between agencies in protecting and addressing impacts to ecosystems is vital. In many instances, different orders of government share responsibility and authority for ecological health- related matters, such as protecting fish and bird habitat, species at risk, and environmental contaminants. The descriptions below highlight the key roles different orders of government play in protecting ecological health.

Local governments plan and shape their communities through the adoption of local bylaws and policies. Metro Vancouver member jurisdictions can help protect ecological health in their communities by protecting environmentally sensitive areas through land use planning tools (e.g. zoning bylaws, official community plan policies and designations, development permits, tree bylaws, etc.), by implementing parks plans and stormwater management plans, and by adopting broader strategies that address climate change, biodiversity, and sustainability. By working closely with the development community, local governments can help to ensure conservation is considered during the development process, with the aim of maintaining natural areas and ecological processes, providing for habitat connectivity, and managing the environmental impacts of new construction. Local jurisdictions can also harness the power of resident volunteers and stewardship groups to help improve natural areas in communities, such as streams and parks, which at the same time strengthens the connection local residents have to nature.

The provincial government is responsible for protecting B.C.'s biodiversity, ecosystems, native species and natural habitats, and for managing forests, wildlife, water and other land-based resources in a sustainable manner. The Province administers provincial parks and protected areas, monitors and enforces compliance with environmental laws and regulations, and manages discharges to the environment from human activities. It also oversees provincial environmental assessments, which includes identifying and managing cumulative effects in B.C.'s natural resource sector.

The federal government is responsible for protection and management of all marine species, most migratory fish species, migratory birds, nationally significant wildlife areas (e.g., Alaksen and Widgeon Valley), recovery strategies for endangered species, research on wildlife issues of national importance, and international wildlife treaties and issues. Responsibilities for management of wildlife, water resources and reviewing and conducting environmental assessments for major industrial or infrastructure projects are shared by the federal and provincial governments.

Under the Indian Act, First Nations reserve lands are held collectively and set aside for the use and benefit of a band with no individual ownership. Conservation objectives are currently achieved either through provisions of the federal Indian Act or First Nations Land Management Act (1999). The latter provides signatory First Nations with the authority to make laws in relation to reserve land and replaces the governing land management legislation contained in the Indian Act. Federal laws apply to all First Nations reserve lands, whereas provincial and other legislation are not automatically applicable on reserves. Tsawwassen First Nation has the power to develop its own environmental laws under treaty.

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PART THREE: Metro Vancouver’s Ecological Health Framework

Metro Vancouver’s Ecological Health Framework is organized as follows:

Figure 3: Metro Vancouver’s Ecological Health Framework

The vision and goals are aspirational and regional in nature, while the strategies focus on Metro Vancouver’s roles in providing regional utilities, planning for the future, convening and supporting member jurisdictions, and as land managers. ‘Current and future directions’ are included in this framework to provide examples of initiatives that fall under each strategy. This Framework will be complemented by an on-line inventory of specific Board-approved projects and initiatives to feature Metro Vancouver’s ongoing efforts to support ecological health in the region.

VISION Healthy ecosystems provide fresh water, food, shade, jobs, recreational opportunities and many other benefits. The Ecological Health Framework recognizes the inextricable link between the health of the region’s ecosystems and that of its 2.5 million residents. The long-term vision for ecological health in Metro Vancouver is:

A beautiful, healthy and resilient environment for current and future generations.

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GUIDING PRINCIPLES While implementing the Ecological Health Framework, Metro Vancouver commits to:

Building resilience and adapting to a changing climate Incorporate mechanisms to bolster ecological resilience5 and help ecosystems adapt to climate change.

Mainstreaming ecosystem services Ensure the goods and services provided by nature are incorporated into decision-making related to regional land use management and core service provision, and assist others to do so.

Promoting space for nature Work with member jurisdictions to prevent habitat fragmentation and to understand ecosystem connectivity across the region, recognizing that nature needs room to thrive in our rapidly developing region.

Striving for continuous improvement Continue to enhance environmental management systems to achieve improvements in overall environmental performance in operations, and encourage others to do so.

Metro Vancouver will implement the Ecological Health Framework by:

Collaborating with member jurisdictions and other parties Work with member jurisdictions, other levels of government and stakeholders to solve problems, maximize mutual benefits and avoid unintended consequences.

Connecting research to practice Use and share current science and information to assist in the development and implementation of evidence-based policies and practices, and encourage additional research to test effective solutions.

Increasing public awareness Improve public understanding of the important role nature plays in residents’ daily lives by communicating the benefits of green spaces and the ways in which residents can support ecological health in their communities.

Employing an adaptive management approach Continue to fine-tune programs in response to monitoring and assessment, collaboration with member jurisdictions and other partners, advances in science and technology, changing regulatory regimes and public values, and evaluations of effectiveness with an aim to reduce uncertainty over time.

The strongest connections to these guiding principles are highlighted with colour-coded icons beside each strategy.

5 Ecological resilience: The capacity of an ecosystem to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks. From: Walker, B., C. S. Holling, S. R. Carpenter, and A. Kinzig. 2004. “Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems”. Ecology and Society 9(2): 5. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5/

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GOALS AND STRATEGIES Metro Vancouver has the following high-level regional goals for ecological health:

Goal 1: Build ecological resilience and minimize impacts Goal 2: Protect natural areas and conserve ecosystem services Goal 3: Nurture nature within communities

The strategies described below illustrate how Metro Vancouver will contribute to achieving these goals. These goals and their underlying strategies are not mutually exclusive. In many cases, progress toward one goal or strategy will also advance others. Therefore, it is important to consider the plan as a whole.

GOAL 1: Build ecological resilience and minimize impacts Our region is constantly changing – our population is growing, which will require more infrastructure and puts pressure on our remaining green space. The region will also continue to experience the impacts of climate change. It is essential to build ecological resilience and minimize the impacts of human activity to reduce additional stressors on ecological health.

Strategy 1.1 Enhance Metro Vancouver’s environmental performance (key guiding principles: striving for continual improvement; employing an adaptive management approach; connecting research to practice)

Strategy 1.2 Promote knowledge and consideration of cumulative effects in collaboration with other agencies (key guiding principles: collaborating with member jurisdictions and other parties + connecting research to practice)

Strategy 1.3 Increase use of natural and built green infrastructure (key guiding principles: mainstreaming ecosystem services; connecting research to practice; building resilience and adapting to a changing climate; promoting space for nature)

Strategy 1.4 Manage invasive species (key guiding principles: collaborating with member jurisdictions and other parties; connecting research to practice; building resilience and adapting to a changing climate)

Strategy 1.5 Support natural and urban ecosystems to adapt to climate change (key guiding principles: building resilience and adapting to a changing climate; connecting research to practice)

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Climate Action Committee GOAL 2: Protect natural areas and conserve ecosystem services With its varied topography and moderate climate, Metro Vancouver is home to a rich array of species, and is one of the most biologically-diverse regions of the province. Collecting, analysing and using environmental data to make evidence-based decisions will assist efforts to conserve, restore, and connect these diverse natural areas and the ecosystem services they provide.

Strategy 2.1 Provide data and analysis to inform planning (key guiding principles: connecting research to practice; collaborating with member jurisdictions and other parties)

Strategy 2.2 Incorporate ecosystem services into decision making (key guiding principles: mainstreaming ecosystem services; connecting research to practice)

Strategy 2.3 Enhance ecosystem connectivity (key guiding principles: building resilience and adapting to a changing climate; connecting research to practice; collaborating with member jurisdictions and other parties; promoting space for nature)

Strategy 2.4 Conserve habitat for species and ecosystems (key guiding principles: promoting space for nature, building resilience and adapting to a changing climate)

GOAL 3: Nurture nature within communities Residents in urbanized regions can often become disconnected from natural settings. They may not be aware of the streams that have been paved over, and may see nature as something to travel to and enjoy only on weekends. By providing opportunities for people to get outdoors and connect with nature, communities will benefit from social, mental and physical health improvements and may become more engaged in and passionate about protecting, enhancing and restoring the environment in which they live, work and play.

Strategy 3.1 Promote sustainable green spaces within communities (key guiding principles: Increasing public awareness; promoting space for nature; collaborating with member jurisdictions and other parties)

Strategy 3.2 Build a broad base of understanding and support for ecological health (key guiding principles: Increasing public awareness; collaborating with member jurisdictions and other parties)

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Climate Action Committee

PART FOUR: Monitoring, Reporting and Review

To detect changes in ecological health over time, monitoring is essential. Ecological indicators can assist in this process. Early detection of change can uncover potential trends and provide time to implement adaptive management strategies. Monitoring is also important to assess performance and progress toward the Ecological Health Framework’s vision of a “beautiful, healthy and resilient natural environment for current and future generations”.

STATE OF THE REGION’S ENVIRONMENT A set of ‘Regional Ecological Health Indicators’ will help measure and track aspects of the region’s ecological health. These indicators will form the basis for a regional ‘state of the environment’ assessment every six years to align with timelines for the update of key datasets such as the Sensitive Ecosystem Inventory and Land Cover Classification. The following indicators will be summarized regionally, sub- regionally and at the watershed level, as appropriate:

• % tree canopy cover • % impermeability • Hectares of land inventoried as a Sensitive or Modified Ecosystem • % inventoried Sensitive and Modified Ecosystems rated high quality • Hectares of protected lands and waters (aggregate and by sensitive or modified ecosystem class) • Hectares of unprotected sensitive or modified ecosystems • Ecological connectivity index • Watershed and stream health index • Water quality index • Number of new invasive non-native species recorded and/or considered established

This list represents indicators that can currently be measured and as more data becomes available, additional indicators may be added. Several of Metro Vancouver’s plans contain ecological health-related indicators that may be included in State of the Environment reporting as appropriate.

ECOLOGICAL HEALTH FRAMEWORK REPORTING AND REVIEW Metro Vancouver will play a variety of roles in implementing the Ecological Health Framework – from corporate leadership, to participation and collaboration, to supporting other agency initiatives.

A list of corporate projects and initiatives will be placed on a dynamic webpage annually to illustrate the steps Metro Vancouver is taking that support ecological health. This webpage will be updated when new projects arise and significant milestones have been achieved.

Metro Vancouver will compile an annual progress report summarizing how the strategies in the plan are being implemented. In keeping with the adaptive management principle and aligning with regional data collection schedules, the MVRD Board will consider whether the Ecological Health Framework should be updated or amended every six years, based on Board priorities and the best science and information available at that time.

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Climate Action Committee 5.5

To: Climate Action Committee

From: Laurie Bates-Frymel, Senior Regional Planner Parks, Planning and Environment Department Heidi Walsh, Director, Watersheds and Environmental Management Water Services Department

Date: September 13, 2018 Meeting Date: September 19, 2018

Subject: Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable – Request for Sponsorship

RECOMMENDATION That the MVRD Board approve one-time funding in the amount of $3,950 towards a results-based project report summarizing findings from the Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable’s Watershed Outreach Campaign – Striving to Change Behaviour to Achieve Watershed Health.

PURPOSE To report back with an analysis and recommendation for consideration by the Climate Action Committee and MVRD Board regarding the delegation received at the June 6, 2018 Climate Action Committee meeting titled “Sponsorship Request for Watershed Outreach Campaign – Striving to Change Behaviour to Achieve Watershed Health”.

BACKGROUND On June 6, 2018, the Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable appeared as a delegation at the Climate Action Committee meeting, requesting $3,950 from Metro Vancouver towards the delivery of a Watershed Outreach Campaign to enhance awareness amongst residents in the cities of Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam about the “impacts of invasive species and the overuse of drinking water on watershed health, specifically: riparian and natural areas, the Coquitlam River system and salmon, cultural and spiritual values, human health and safety, recreation and natural resources”. The Committee subsequently passed the following resolution:

That the Climate Action Committee direct staff to review the request from the delegation received at the June 6, 2018 meeting titled “Sponsorship Request for Watershed Outreach Campaign – Striving to Change Behaviour to Achieve Watershed Health”, and report back with an analysis and recommendation for consideration by the Climate Action Committee and MVRD Board.

This report responds to the direction received from the Committee and provides staff’s analysis and recommendation on the funding request.

Climate Action Committee Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable - Request for Sponsorship Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 2 of 5

COQUITLAM RIVER WATERSHED ROUNDTABLE Formed in February 2011, the Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable is a collaborative body that coordinates and implements activities that promote the long-term sustainability of the watershed. The Roundtable’s mission is to:

• Facilitate collaborative resolution of urban growth and natural resource use pressures consistent with agreed community objectives and values; • Inform and educate people about these matters and the watershed; and • Promote and support conservation of a sustainable, healthy watershed environment.

Between 2012 and 2015, the Roundtable created the Lower Coquitlam River Watershed Plan, which resulted from the efforts of more than 60 partners from municipal, provincial, regional, federal and First Nations governments, industry, arts and culture, education, outdoor recreation, real estate development sectors and stewardship groups. The plan responds to key pressures that affect watershed health, such as invasive species and water extraction, and provides some initial strategies to address them.

The Funding Request On behalf of the Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable, the Watershed Watch Salmon Society submitted a sponsorship request (Attachments 1 and 2) to Metro Vancouver for $3,950 to undertake a 2018-2019 outreach program regarding watershed health with funding from several Roundtable partners and other external funders.

According to the request, partners would contribute funds towards a public ‘Watershed Outreach Campaign’ consisting of:

a) informational outreach sessions, including training and orientation sessions for volunteers assisting in outdoor events, recruiting funding partner staff, members and their families to participate in short pre/post surveys, hands-on ‘pulls’ and riparian native planting opportunities; and b) a community-based social marketing campaign that includes the cities of Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam, including Kwikwetlem First Nation traditional territory, to assess success in changing community behaviour towards protecting watershed health.

The project team has committed to produce a final summary and a results-based project report.

The total budget for the Watershed Outreach campaign is $22,315 ($14,950 cash and $7,365 in kind). The breakdown of requested funding sources is as follows:

• Vancity Shaughnessy Station Community Branch: $10,000 (secured) • Real Estate Foundation of BC: $500 (secured) • Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada: $500 (secured) • Metro Vancouver: $3,950 • $7,365 in-kind support from other Roundtable members.

Climate Action Committee Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable - Request for Sponsorship Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 3 of 5

ALIGNMENT WITH METRO VANCOUVER’S BOARD POLICY ON SPONSORSHIP Metro Vancouver has provided a total of $40,000 to fund previous Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable watershed planning activities between 2009 and 2014. Since that time, the MVRD Board adopted a Sponsorship Policy in April 2017. Under this Policy, proposals seeking sponsorship with a total value greater than $1,500 require approval by the Board. In such instances, the Policy directs Metro Vancouver staff to prepare a Committee report for consideration by the appropriate Standing Committee (including a recommendation on the proposal).

Metro Vancouver’s Sponsorship Policy lays out broad objectives for assessing whether to recommend sponsorship of an applicant’s ‘event or program’. Such events or programs must meet all of the following broad objectives:

1. advance Metro Vancouver’s corporate goals and objectives; 2. Relate directly to one or more of Metro Vancouver’s statutory functions (Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD), Greater Vancouver Sewerage & Drainage District (GVS&DD), Greater Vancouver Water District (GVWD), Metro Vancouver Housing Corporation (MVHC); and 3. Provide a clear, positive community benefit to the Metro Vancouver region overall.

STAFF EVALUATION Staff’s evaluation of the Watershed Watch Salmon Society’s proposal, based on these broad objectives, is provided below. The table evaluates alignment with corporate goals and statutory functions (policy broad objectives 1 and 2), followed by an evaluation of the regional benefit (policy broad objective 3).

Staff note that the request does not fall easily within the Metro Vancouver Sponsorship Policy since the funds would go towards a 2018-2019 public outreach campaign, as opposed to an ‘event or program’. Nonetheless, staff used the Metro Vancouver Sponsorship Policy’s broad objectives to evaluate the merits of the proposed Watershed Outreach Campaign.

Alignment with Metro Vancouver’s Corporate Goals and Statutory Functions

Corporate Goals and Statutory Functions Campaign’s Alignment Statutory Function: Regional Federation The proposed Watershed Outreach Campaign broadly supports Metro Vancouver’s function as a Goals: Goals 2 and 3 of the 2015-2018 Regional Federation and related goals in the 2015- Board Strategic Plan are to “Strengthen 2018 Board Strategic Plan. the alignment of member and regional objectives (Effective Federation)” and to “Increase Metro Vancouver’s profile by leveraging events and news related to regional services (Public Education)”. Statutory Function: Water An outreach campaign on behavior change to achieve watershed health is laudable and broadly Goals: Goal 2 of the GVWD's Drinking supports GVWD’s mandate. However, the campaign Water Management Plan is to "Ensure focuses on areas outside of GVWD’s mandate in the the sustainable use of water resources". lower reaches of the Coquitlam River. No funds were

Climate Action Committee Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable - Request for Sponsorship Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 4 of 5

In addition, the Drinking Water allocated for this project in the GVWD Board- Conservation Plan includes the objective approved 2018 budget. of increasing public knowledge about water conservation and regional water Metro Vancouver’s Water Services Department has restrictions. participated in the Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable since its inception and continues to provide in-kind support. Statutory Function: Regional Planning The MVRD Board supported the development of the multi-stakeholder Lower Coquitlam River Watershed Goals: Goal 3 of Metro Vancouver 2040: Plan as consistently aligned with Regional Planning’s Shaping our Future (Metro 2040), the mandate. However, an outreach campaign is not regional growth strategy, is to “Protect directly related to Regional Planning’s environmental the Environment and Respond to Climate mandate to provide region-wide policy, research, Change Impacts”. As part of data provision and analysis. No funds were allocated implementing this goal, Metro Vancouver for this project in the GVRD Board-approved 2018 provides data and research to support Regional Planning budget. member jurisdictions.

Evaluation of Regional Benefit The proposed Watershed Outreach Campaign consists of two parts – A) a series of informal outreach sessions for volunteers, funding partners and their families, including invasive weed pulls and restoration activities; and B) a community based social marketing campaign aimed at changing resident behavior regarding the use of drinking water and invasive plant species within the cities of Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam, including Kwikwetlem First Nation traditional territory. In addition, the Campaign project team commits to provide presentations and project updates, a final summary and a results-based project report to funding partners.

While Part A of the campaign is not regional in reach, the community based social marketing campaign and the results-based summary report would benefit other member jurisdictions. Community based social marketing best practice is to conduct pilot campaigns in sub-regional areas to learn about any barriers to behavior change, and refine engagement strategies and messaging for use in broader-scale campaigns. The results of Part B, the community based social marketing campaign, could also inform messaging for Metro Vancouver’s Grow Green website (growgreenguide.ca) and our region-wide water conservation public awareness campaign (e.g., welovewater.ca), and other outreach efforts to support annual sprinkling regulations, school programs, and watershed tours.

Staff’s Evaluation Conclusion Staff concludes that the Watershed Outreach Campaign’s report summarizing the results of the community-based social marketing campaign (Part B) will provide value for the region. Hence, staff recommends Alternative 1, that the MVRD Board approve one-time funding in the amount of $3,950 towards this initiative.

Climate Action Committee Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable - Request for Sponsorship Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 5 of 5

ALTERNATIVES 1. That the MVRD Board approve one-time funding in the amount of $3,950 towards a results-based project report summarizing findings from the Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable’s Watershed Outreach Campaign – Striving to Change Behaviour to Achieve Watershed Health. 2. That the MVRD Board receive for information the report titled “Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable – Request for Sponsorship”, dated September 13, 2018, and provide alternate direction to staff.

FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS If the MVRD Board adopts Alternative 1, funding could come from the General Government budget, as the request touches on several functions within Water Services, Regional Planning, and Regional Parks. However, these funds were not among those approved by the MVRD Board as part of the 2018 budgets. As noted in the staff evaluation, the Metro Vancouver Sponsorship Policy generally applies to a discrete event or program, while this request is related to an outreach campaign. Staff have analyzed the request against the broad objectives of the sponsorship policy. Staff recommend treating this as a one-time request, which will produce a results-oriented project report that can benefit other Metro Vancouver programs and additional member jurisdictions.

If Alternative 2 is approved, there are no financial implications to this report, and the Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable will be notified of the Board’s decision. Staff will continue to provide in kind support, including as members of the roundtable.

SUMMARY / CONCLUSION The Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable submitted a sponsorship request for $3,950 to conduct a Watershed Outreach Campaign to enhance awareness amongst residents in the cities of Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam about the “impacts of invasive species and the overuse of drinking water on watershed health, specifically: riparian and natural areas, the Coquitlam River system and salmon, cultural and spiritual values, human health and safety, recreation and natural resources”.

The Metro Vancouver Board Sponsorship Policy provides a framework for the MVRD Board to assess requests for funding from non-profit organizations or charities to support an event or program that aligns with Metro Vancouver’s goals, objectives and statutory functions, and provides a clear regional benefit. The series of informal outreach sessions for volunteers and invasive weed pulls are not regional in nature, but the report summarizing the results of the community based social marketing campaign would inform similar campaigns across the region. Staff have analyzed the sponsorship request, and although the request does not fall easily within the Metro Vancouver Sponsorship Policy since the funds would go towards an outreach campaign as opposed to an ‘event or program’, staff recommends Alternative 1, to provide one-time funding support in the amount of $3,950 towards a project report and deliverables that will provide broader benefit to other Metro Vancouver programs, and to additional member jurisdictions.

Attachments: (Doc #26823051) 1. Metro Vancouver Sponsorship Request: Watershed Outreach Campaign – Striving to Change Behaviour to Achieve Watershed Health 2. Lower Coquitlam River Watershed Plan - Implementation Update 2018 Going Forward

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Climate Action Committee 5.5 ATTACHMENT 1

Metro Vancouver Sponsorship Request June 18, 2018

Project Title: Watershed Outreach Campaign – Striving to change behaviour to achieve Watershed health

Applicant Organization: Watershed Watch Salmon Society (Not-for-Profit) CRA Registered Charity Number: 869489476 RR 0001

Name and position of contact person: Trish Hall, Operations Director

Address: # 301 – 3007 Glen Drive, Coquitlam BC V3B 2P7 Phone: 604-512-9782 E-mail: [email protected]

Websites: www.watershedwatch.ca www.coquitlamriverwatershed.ca

Watershed Watch Salmon Society (WWSS):

Watershed Watch Salmon Society advocates for BC's wild salmon and the waters they swim in. Since 1998, WWSS has been exposing threats to salmon, calling for conservation action, and promoting solutions. WWSS does this by providing scientific expertise; forming strategic alliances; bearing witness on the ground, on the water, and having a seat at the tables that influence wild salmon management; engaging the public, and providing tools for effective advocacy; and taking a balanced, solutions-based approach to difficult issues.

We are a founding member of the Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable and have worked with Roundtable partners, including Metro Vancouver, the cities of Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam, and Kwikwetlem First Nation, to promote the long-term sustainability of the Coquitlam River watershed and achieve the vision of a healthy watershed supported and enjoyed by the community.

Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable (CRWR):

The Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable facilitates collaborative resolution of urban growth and natural resource use pressures consistent with agreed community objectives and values: informs and educates people about these matters; and promotes and supports conservation of a sustainable, healthy watershed environment. The CRWR is guided by a Core Committee of 18 sectors. Watershed Watch Salmon Society has been an active participant of the Roundtable since its inception.

The Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable guiding principles are: • Accountable • Efficient with Capacity • Adaptive • Inclusive and Respectful • Consensus-based decision-making • Influential and Responsible • Effective and Credible • Proactive approach • Relationship-building

Additional Contacts: Jill Dwyer, Roundtable Coordinator E-mail: [email protected] Margaret Birch, City of Coquitlam E-mail: [email protected]

Metro Vancouver Contacts: Laurie Bates-Frymel E-mail: [email protected] Jesse Montgomery E-mail: [email protected] Dave Dunkley E-mail: [email protected]

1

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver Sponsorship Request Project Sponsor Request: A contribution of $3,950.00 towards an overall project totaling $22,315. (In-kind: $7,365.00 and Cash: $14,950)

Objective:

In partnership with Vancity Shaughnessy Station Community Branch and other partners, the Watershed Watch Salmon Society will support the Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable to deliver a series of voluntary event-based and hands-on outreach campaigns that will result in a measurable change in community behaviour toward the use of invasive plant species, and the overuse of drinking water. The project location is the lower Coquitlam River watershed, and will be piloted as a program that could be transferable to other municipalities, with the aim to generate change in the use and sale of invasive plant species throughout the Metro Vancouver area and improve flows for fish through greater drinking water conservation.

Project Description:

Invasive species and water extraction are high and medium-rated pressures that affect ecological and human well-being components – the things the community said they care about in the Lower Coquitlam River Watershed Plan (LCRWP, 2015) and highlighted in the LCRWP Implementation Update 2018 Going Forward. Through a targeted behaviour-based campaign implemented over 10 – 12 months with other community events, as well as standalone events, Tri-City residents will learn about the impacts from invasive species and the overuse of drinking water on watershed health, specifically: riparian and natural areas, the Coquitlam River system and salmon, cultural and spiritual values, human health and safety, recreation and natural resources. These activities align with strategies for action to:

 Advance implementation of a ban sale of invasive species (Metro Vancouver Invasive Species Management Strategy (Goal 3-L and 3-M) by delivering a first target educational awareness campaign effort for watershed residents to learn about the impacts invasive species can have on watershed health and how to manage them;  Implement a water conservation outreach program that focuses on the environmental flow benefits to connect water extraction and reduced water consumption of water to stream and salmon health.

Delivered through the Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable, the CRWR will organize and lead activities that appeal to, and attract families, youth and adults to learn about the impacts of invasive plant species and overuse of our water; hear about the heritage values of native plant species for Kwikwetlem First Nation; participate in traditional Iranian and Asian nature events; demonstrate the importance of flow needs for fish, through various technical research studies; which can lead to the implementation of strategies that will reduce pressure on the things we care about.

Guided by a project team and coordinator, the Outreach Campaign series will include informational outreach sessions, including training and orientation sessions for volunteers assisting in outdoor events, recruiting funding partner staff, members and their families to participate in short pre/post surveys, hands-on “pulls" and riparian native planting opportunities; and, a community-based social marketing campaign that includes the cities of Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam, including Kwikwetlem First Nation territory, to assess success in changing community behaviour towards protecting watershed health. The Project Team will coordinate with its funding partners to provide presentations and project updates, a final summary and results-based project report. The two strategies for action will engage a range of sectors of interest and organizations, drinking water/ water conservation and invasive species specialists, staff expertise from the cities of Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam, Metro Vancouver and Kwikwetlem First Nation in the delivery of events and research.

2

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver Sponsorship Request Specific benefits to Metro Vancouver and its member municipalities

The project aligns with Metro Vancouver Parks, Policy and Planning and Water staff that support implementation of the following strategies and plans:

 Metro Vancouver Invasive Species Management Strategy  Grow Green initiative  Metro Vancouver Drinking Water Conservation Plan  Metro Vancouver Ecological Health Plan  Joint Water Use Plan for Capilano and Seymour watersheds1

Metro Vancouver have supported efforts by collaborative groups, municipalities, the BC Invasive Species Council and others in promoting education and outreach efforts that promote the use of native plants, invasive species management, and drinking water conservation.

Both cities of Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam are member municipalities that support community outreach and education through in-kind support and events. Initiatives piloted as part of this project will be transferable to other member municipalities.

Roles of the City of Coquitlam and City of Port Coquitlam in the project

The two cities provide in-kind support to provide access to venue and meeting space for project meetings, access to parks, natural spaces and community space to convene events at areas adjacent to and within the lower Coquitlam River watershed.

The cities also provide support through staff participation at outreach events, assistance in the acquisition of native plants and supplies, outreach information/photocopying, tents/tables/chairs at larger events, and staff time serving on the project team.

Both cities have had Councillor and environmental staff appointed to serve as municipal sector representatives on the CRWR Core Committee since 2011.

Alignment of project to an overall community objective and purpose that is consistent with Metro Vancouver’s vision, mission and roles

The community within the lower Coquitlam River supports implementation of the Lower Coquitlam River Watershed Plan, which aims to implement strategies for action that can address the pressures on the things they care about to improve watershed health for the long term. The outcome goals from this project are to achieve measureable change in community behaviour to manage invasive species more effectively and consider changes in drinking water use to provide opportunities to provide increased flows for fish. Metro Vancouver strategic priorities for Utilities and Environment commits to provide clean, safe drinking water and ensure its sustainable use; and to protect and restore an interconnected network of habitat and green space, account for ecosystem services, and enhance the connections between people and nature.

1 The Joint Water Use Plan provides for the sustainable management of the water in the reservoirs for drinking water, fisheries habitat, recreation, culture and heritage, safety and potential hydro generation. Functionally, the plan provides recommendations on the operation of the reservoirs and dams in the Capilano and Seymour watersheds, regarding how the water is released and allocated for different uses. Similar plans may be considered for the Coquitlam-Buntzen watershed. 3

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver Sponsorship Request Alignment of operating guidelines and procedures that is consistent with Metro Vancouver’s Sustainability Framework and Board Strategic Plan

The project aligns with the Metro Vancouver Sustainability Framework mission to facilitate collaboration and help build and facilitate collaborative processes, including those that engage citizens, to achieve a robust partnership working together for a sustainable region.

This project aligns with Metro Vancouver’s Strategic Plan Regional Planning priority 4.1 by helping to communicate the importance of conservation lands to the region’s prosperity, livability and sustainability through the education of the impacts of invasive species.

Metro Vancouver’s Strategic Plan, specifically priority 3.2 to promote water conservation through public education campaigns and other tools and communicate the social, environmental and economic benefits of water conservation, will also be enhanced by water conservation educational outreach plans included in this project.

Sustainability – Imperatives & Principles – through building community capacity and social cohesion, including to help foster a culture of learning so that successive generaions can absorb and build on the accumulated knowledge and wisdom of prior generations, and through an appreciation of and involvement in the civic and cultural life of the community, emphasizing the involvement of young people and those who, through reasons of culture, or economic or physical circumstances, might not be engaged.

Strategic Priorities – Utilities and Environment Metro Vancouver’s commitment to provide clean, safe drinking water and ensure its sustainable use; and to protect and restore an interconnected network of habitat and green space, account for ecosystem services, and ehnahce the connections between people and nature.

Project lead is a registered charitable or not-for-profit organization

The Watershed Watch Salmon Society is a not-for-profit organization and is a registered charitable society. The WWSS is the financial trustee for the CRWR and works directly with the collaborative multi-sector organization in support of and the delivery of its mission and vision.

Benefits for Metro Vancouver provide fair value consistent to the event or program being sponsored

Metro Vancouver is an instrumental regional sponsor that brings the recognition, support and leverage to the project, which is being substantially supported by several external funding partners that similarly help promote a sustainable healthy environment, ecological health and well-being.

Metro Vancouver receives appropriate acknowledgement of its contribution to the event or program being sponsored

All contributors that provide over $1,000/calendar year are recognized in the Roundtable Background Overview with their Logo for the duration of the funded project; and, are similarly highlighted in text and with their logo on display signage during their sponsored events. Metro would be highlighted in a Spring/Summer issue the Roundtable’s quarterly E-News (300 person distribution) and well as through the website www.coquitlamriverwatershed.ca and other social and local news media. Metro staff and/or advisory committees and councils will be provided the opportunity to receive delegation presentation updates during the mid-term of the project, and following project completion.

4

Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver Sponsorship Request Offer specific benefits to Metro Vancouver or its members?

Metro Vancouver has supported the Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable since its inception and prior to 2011 as the organization began community engagement and visioning (2007 – 2011). Metro Vancouver has provided Regional Government Sector representation on the CRWR Core Committee consistently since 2011, having recognized the value and merit of this stable collaborative organization to undertake and deliver good work that helps support Metro Vancouver goals and objectives. Additionally, Metro Vancouver Policy and Planning staff have attended Core Committee meetings and other Roundtable-hosted workshops and events to provide technical input, as well as present updates on Metro Vancouver projects and plans, e.g., Grow Green, Invasive Species management initiatives, such as tackling Japanese Knotweed management at shorelines, and, trail development at Colony/Wilson Farm where environmentally sensitive wildlife and aquatic habitat, including at-risk species occurs.

Budget Details:

Item Cash In-kind Details Materials $3,350 Plants, event supplies, ISCBC materials

Salaries $5,400 Coordination and Expert support

Project Management $1,600 Contracts, analysis, reporting, management

Insurance, Rentals $1,000 Venue rental, WCB and event insurance fees

Videography and Promotion $1,500 Videography, social/news media, banners

Production $2,100 Tabletop display, various panels for outdoors

Volunteers (events: 310 hours) $4,650 100 participants (large); 60 (small event)

Municipal/Metro staff support $450 Staff time for planning, project team time

Core Committee support $1,890 In-kind time attending meetings, events

Supplies, copying, etc. $375 In-kind misc. copying by cities, Metro, other

Totals $14,950 $7,365

Revenue Vancity $10,000 Confirmed REFBC $500 Confirmed DFO $500 Confirmed Metro Van $3,950 Pending Spring 2018 In-kind $7,365 Confirmed Totals $14,950 $7,365

A contribution of $3,950.00 towards an overall project totaling $22,315. (In-kind: $7,365.00 and Cash: $14,950)

5

Climate Action Committee 5.5 ATTACHMENT 2 Lower Coquitlam River Watershed Plan Implementation Update 2018 Going Forward

Upper Coquitlam Lower Coquitlam River Watershed Plan River Watershed

Buntzen Intake Tunnel The Coquitlam River Watershed aggregate industry, arts and culture, Roundtable is a collaborative body that education, outdoor recreation, real Coquitlam Lake Reservoir coordinates and implements activities estate development sectors and which promote the long-term stewardship groups. The LCRWP Coquitlam Dam sustainability of the watershed. responds to key pressures that affect Between 2012 and 2015, the watershed health, and provides some

Coquitlam Roundtable created the Lower initial strategies to address them. River Coquitlam River Watershed Plan Implementing the LCRWP will require (LCRWP), which resulted from the the commitment of key partners to efforts of more than 60 partners from support the plan’s strategies for action, municipal, provincial, regional, federal which aim to provide a healthy, liveable

CoquitlamRiver and First Nations governments, community for people in this watershed.

River Lower Coquitlam Coquitlam River Watershed Strategies for Action – Progress update

This report highlights the progress to for action to address pressures from

Coquitlam River date on the strategies for action as water extraction. Recent resource provided in the LCRWP. In total, 17 support received through 2017, from the strategy ideas were produced, some development and business community, which resulted in detailed action plans and a legacy water funder provides the being developed to address pressures necessary support needed to implement from stormwater, invasive species and strategies for action to address

Coquitlam River development. Recent interest during development, invasive species and water 2017 has resulted in further strategies extraction through 2019.

The Coquitlam River Watershed Roundtable (the Roundtable) was founded in 2011 following a four- year community engagement process. The Roundtable coordinates and implements activities that promote the health and long-term sustainability of the watershed. Climate Action Committee WHAT PRESSURES ARE AFFECTING THE THINGS WE CARE ABOUT?

Development (High) Invasive Species (High) Stormwater (High)

WHAT ECOLOGICAL AND HUMAN WELL-BEING COMPONENTS ARE BEING AFFECTED?

Riparian Areas, Natural Areas, Liveable Riparian Areas, Natural Areas, Recreation, and Coquitlam River System, Riparian Areas, Salmon, Communities and Recreation possibly Coquitlam River System and Salmon Cultural and Spiritual Values, Human Health and Safety and Resource Industries

Strategies for Action Strategies for Action Strategies for Action

Development Incentives Feasibility Study: to Alignment of invasive species management Stormwater homeowner outreach: to help develop potential incentive tools for the efforts: to compile watershed-wide data and single-family homeowners improve stormwater development community. A detailed action plan apply across municipalities to address Metro practices in the lower Coquitlam River watershed. was developed as part of the watershed plan Vancouver Invasive Species Management Strategy A detailed action plan has been developed. This process. Budget: $50,000 cash and in-kind. (Goal 3-L). A detailed action plan has been strategy may also align with the water developed. Currently seeking implementation conservation outreach program strategy. Natural space watershed strategy: to assess funding. current open space system, to identify areas to Promote adaptive stormwater management acquire new open space that provides multi- Implement ban sale of invasive species: to process: to achieve stormwater improvements at benefits derived from a watershed approach. A address Metro Vancouver Invasive Species a watershed-wide scale. A conceptual model has conceptual model has been drafted but as yet, no Management Strategy (Goal 3-L and 3-M). A been drafted. Some additional work is required to detailed action plan. conceptual model has been drafted. Some develop action plan. additional work through resource support is Develop impact map: to show cumulative required to develop an action plan. First target Implementation Status: NO PROGRESS YET watershed-wide impacts and assist decision- effort is an educational awareness campaign for makers. A conceptual model has been drafted, but watershed residents to learn about the impacts of as yet, no detailed action plan. Budget: $10,000 - invasive species can have on watershed health, 15,000 cash and in-kind. and how to help manage them.

Implementation Status: ACTIVE. Cash funding Implementation Status: ACTIVE. Initial work was provided by several development and water towards the ban on the sale of invasive species funders to implement a development incentives has involved Roundtable members delivering feasibility study through to 2018. The project outreach education programs and displays at includes a developers’ workshop, support for community outreach events in Coquitlam and Roundtable participation, including First Nations, Port Coquitlam in 2016 and 2017. Funding and to provide advice on local watershed and land use in-kind support was provided through community planning in the watershed. The strategy to grants and services from $500 - $3,000. Events develop an impact map was started informally in included a river walk, interactive activities and 2017 through in-kind Roundtable support, displays, participant surveys, a video production however funding is required to complete the and volunteer guides. The Roundtable is seeking work. funding in 2018 to expand community outreach with the aim to measurable change in behaviour to invasive species and watershed health.

Climate Action Committee WHAT PRESSURES ARE AFFECTING THE THINGS WE CARE ABOUT?

Vandalism/Illegal Activity Water Extraction (Medium) Recreation (Medium) (Medium)

WHAT ECOLOGICAL AND HUMAN WELL-BEING COMPONENTS ARE BEING AFFECTED?

Coquitlam River System, Salmon, Human Health Coquitlam River System, Riparian Areas, Natural Coquitlam River System, Riparian Areas, Natural and Safety, Resource Industries, Cultural and Areas, Salmon, Resource Industries and Recreation Areas, Stewardship, Cultural and Spiritual Values Spiritual Values and Recreation and Recreation

Strategies for Action Strategies for Action Strategies for Action

Develop a set of recommendations for next “No Impact” Campaign in schools: to provide Littering/dumping public outreach campaign: to revision of Water Use Plan: to determine whether locations where kids have access to, and learn educate residents on cumulative damage of local-area water conservation efforts can offset how to recreate without environmental impact. A littering/dumping on a watershed-wide scale. A water needs beyond WUP requirements to conceptual model has been drafted as part of the conceptual model was drafted as part of the improve flows needed for salmon. A conceptual watershed plan process, however additional work watershed plan process. However additional model has been drafted. Some additional work is and implementer support is required to develop work and implementer support is required to required to develop action plan. the action plan further. develop an action plan.

Implement water conservation outreach Develop Coquitlam River mainstem outreach Outreach program: to provide awareness and program: that focuses on the environmental flow campaign: to prevent unsustainable recreation on understanding about existing tree management benefits - connect water extraction and reduced the river corridor mainstem that harms riparian and clearing bylaws in the municipalities. This water consumption of water to stream and areas, aquatic habitat, native plants, species at strategy idea has not been developed, but can be salmon health. This strategy idea has not been risk. This strategy idea has not been developed furthered as capacity grows and resources fully developed. It will be furthered as capacity but could be furthered as capacity grows and become available. grows and potential community partners and/or resources become available. municipalities express interest and support. This Implementation Status: NO PROGRESS YET strategy may also align with the stormwater Implementation Status: NO PROGRESS YET homeowner outreach strategy.

Promote “high” standards of water practices for new development, including supporting research: to show benefits can reduce demands of development on the watershed. Strategy idea has not been fully developed. This strategy also links to both Stormwater and Development actions and may be captured as part of alignment to address those pressures.

Implementation Status: ACTIVE. Funding support to develop a set of recommendations for next revision of Water Use Plan will advance in 2018. As part of the development incentives feasibility study there is possible overlap to the promote “high” standards of water practices for new development strategy. Climate Action Committee Implementation

Mainstream Cultural Norms Partners for Mining (Low) (Medium) Watershed Plan Strategies for Action

The Roundtable gratefully acknowledges the support provided by several partners for the implementation of strategies for action through 2018.

Human Health and Safety, Stewardship, Resource Coquitlam River System, Salmon and Liveable • Anthem Properties (Development) Industries, Cultural and Spiritual Values and Communities • BC Freshwater Legacy Initiative Recreation (Development and Water Extraction) Strategies for Action Strategies for Action • Beedie Group (Development) • Brook Pooni & Associates Outreach work: to link natural space watershed Conduct outreach between stewardship groups (Development) strategy (Development) and Coquitlam River and mining community: to share information mainstem campaign (Recreation) to make about current mining operations to provide better • Burke Mountain Holdings outdoor access easier. This concept requires transparency on mining operations in the (Development) further research and interest from partners. watershed. A conceptual model has been drafted. • City of Coquitlam (Development and Some additional work and resources are required Invasive Species) to fully develop an action plan. Implementation Status: NO PROGRESS YET • City of Port Coquitlam (Invasive Species) Outreach on current state of mining practices: to • Fisheries and Oceans Canada inform the community what mining operations (Invasive Species) do to protect the river. The strategy idea has not been fully developed. • Jack Cewe Ltd (Mining) • Kwikwetlem First Nation Implementation Status: ACTIVE. The Roundtable (Development) includes aggregate industry sector representation • Port Coquitlam Community and provides a forum for mine operators to Foundation (Invasive Species) provide information about the industry. Jack Cewe • Real Estate Foundation of BC Ltd. participates in watershed tours to provide (Development and Water Extraction) information about their mining operations and the current state of mining practices at their site. • Vancity Shaughnessy Station Jack Cewe Ltd., Allard Contracting and Lafarge Community Branch (Invasive Species) Canada also attend core committee meetings and • Watershed Watch Salmon Society provide updates on their mining operations as (Development and Water Extraction) well as seek input. Additional opportunities for the aggregate industry to support outreach between stewardship groups and the mining community will be pursued through 2018.

For more information: coquitlamriverwatershed.ca For information on Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation: cmp-openstandards.org

Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook @CoqRiverWS /CoqRiverWS Climate Action Committee 5.6

To: Climate Action Committee

From: Laurie Bates-Frymel, Senior Regional Planner Parks, Planning and Environment Department

Date: August 24, 2018 Meeting Date: September 19, 2018

Subject: Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry, Scotch Broom and European Chafer Beetle

RECOMMENDATION That the MVRD Board receive for information the report dated August 24, 2018, titled “Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry, Scotch Broom and European Chafer Beetle”.

PURPOSE To provide the Climate Action Committee and the MVRD Board with three invasive species best management practices documents for information and provide an update on the status of additional best management practices under development.

BACKGROUND During the June 2018 meetings, the Climate Action Committee and MVRD Board received a report titled “Best Management Practices for Invasive Species in the Metro Vancouver Region”. Staff and the Executive Director of the Invasive Species Council of Metro Vancouver co-presented the best management practices for knotweeds, giant hogweed and European fire ant. The report also advised that best management practices for additional species were in preparation.

This report presents best management practices documents for three additional invasive species found in the Metro Vancouver region – Himalayan blackberry (Attachment 1), Scotch broom (Attachment 2) and European chafer beetle (Attachment 3) – and provides information about the next set of best management practices to be developed.

PROCESS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES At the request of member jurisdictions and other partners, the Regional Planning Advisory Committee (RPAC) created an Invasive Species Subcommittee to assist with collaboration and coordination of invasive species management efforts within the region. This Subcommittee is composed of environment and parks staff from member jurisdictions, as well as non-voting associates from the provincial and federal government, stewardship groups, right-of-way land managers, businesses, and staff from Metro Vancouver Regional Parks and Water Services.

During a work planning session in 2017, the Subcommittee raised concern about inconsistent invasive species management practices across the region and a longstanding need for locally-tested guidance. Hence, the Subcommittee requested that Metro Vancouver develop a set of locally-appropriate best management practices for priority invasive species in the region and members recommended

Climate Action Committee Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry, Scotch Broom and European Chafer Beetle Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 2 of 5

knotweeds, giant hogweed, European fire ant, European chafer beetle, Himalayan blackberry and Scotch broom as the highest priority species for which regional best management practices were needed. Best management practices for the first three species were presented to the Climate Action Committee on June 6, 2018 and MVRD Board on June 22, 2018 and best management practices for the latter three species are provided herein for information and comment.

During the RPAC-Invasive Species Subcommittee’s regular meeting in late June 2018, members identified the next set of species for which best management practices would be most valuable. The top species noted were:

• English ivy • English holly • Lamium/Yellow archangel • Policeman’s helmet/Himalayan balsam • Parrot’s feather.

Best management practices for these five additional invasive species are expected to be ready in early 2019 and will be provided for information to the Committee and Board upon completion.

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES To create the best management practices documents, Metro Vancouver retained the Invasive Species Council of Metro Vancouver, and sub-consultants Diamond Head Consulting and the Invasive Species Council of British Columbia. The target audiences are local government staff, crews, project managers, contractors, consultants, developers, stewardship groups, and others who have a role in invasive species management. The best management practices include guidance about identification, tracking, reporting, effective prevention and control strategies, disposal, monitoring and restoration, as well as references and additional resources. This guidance is based on the best available science and local experience.

The Himalayan blackberry, Scotch broom and European chafer beetle best management practices (Attachments 1, 2 and 3 respectively) have been reviewed by members of RPAC, the RPAC-Invasive Species Subcommittee and several additional local experts. Collectively, member jurisdictions and associates on the RPAC- Invasive Species Subcommittee spent over $650,000 controlling these three invasive species in 2016.

A brief overview of each best management practices document is provided below.

Himalayan Blackberry Himalayan blackberry forms impenetrable thickets that can obstruct roads, walkways and signage, making it difficult to access or inspect structures or other assets. It spreads via roots and seeds (berries) and outcompetes native vegetation, providing poor quality habitat for wildlife and resulting in decreased biodiversity. It provides nectar and pollen for some bee species, but the bloom period does not overlap with the foraging periods of all pollinators. In riparian areas, Himalayan blackberry has replaced deep-rooted native shrubs, which can increase risk of erosion and flooding. Contact with Himalayan blackberry thorns can also cause skin irritation, scratches and small wounds.

Climate Action Committee Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry, Scotch Broom and European Chafer Beetle Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 3 of 5

As stated in the best management practices, successful manual/mechanical control is contingent on removal of all plant parts: canes, roots and root crowns to prevent re-sprouting. Young plants can be pulled by hand to uproot the root crown. Larger plant canes can be cut to 30 m in height and removed prior to digging up root crowns and lateral roots. Care must be taken to remove remaining root fragments. If used as a nesting site for native birds, removal should take place between September and mid-March. If municipal bylaws permit, the use of federally-approved herbicides can also be effective, but herbicide application is best in autumn to mitigate potential impacts to nesting and foraging wildlife. Provincial regulations must be followed, especially when using herbicides in riparian areas. Sites should be monitored on an annual basis and follow-up treatments applied where needed. Some success may be possible with continuous grazing by goats and pigs on young plants, but this option may not be feasible in constrained urban areas. Biological control options for blackberry are currently not available in BC.

The root crowns should be removed for disposal off site, and in most cases it is also desirable to remove the canes to facilitate access for monitoring and restoration. The best management practices also provide a list of possible disposal facilities, but site managers should contact the disposal facilities beforehand to ensure the facility can properly handle the material.

Scotch Broom Scotch broom is a fast growing shrub that can rapidly form dense monocultures due to its ability to produce large quantities of long-lived seeds, and tolerate drought and cold. It releases chemicals into the soil that inhibit the growth of native plants and it is particularly problematic in sensitive and endangered ecosystems such as the dry moss/lichen plant communities and coastal sand ecosystems on the South Coast of British Columbia. The high oil content of Scotch broom makes it flammable; dense patches intensify fire hazard by increasing fuel loads. Its seeds and other vegetative parts are also toxic to humans and some ungulates.

Scotch broom can produce up to 10,000 seeds per growing season that can survive in the ground for 30 to 40 years. Young plants (stems the size of a pencil or less) can be easily pulled by hand when soil is wet, but it is important to minimize soil disturbance, since germination of the seed bank is encouraged when disturbed. Older plants can be cut slightly below ground level after flowering (but before seed maturity) early in the summer when food reserves are lowest. If municipal bylaws permit, the use of federally-approved herbicides can also be effective, but application is best in fall to mitigate potential impacts on nesting and foraging wildlife. Provincial regulations must be followed, especially when using herbicides in riparian areas. Sites should be monitored on an annual basis and follow-up treatments applied where needed. Biological control options for Scotch broom are currently not available in BC.

Disposal methods depend on whether seeds are present on the dead plants. If removed before going to seed, plants can be mulched or chipped. Large unchipped volumes can be tarped and taken to an appropriate disposal facility listed in the BMP, but site managers should contact the disposal facilities beforehand to confirm they can properly handle the material.

Climate Action Committee Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry, Scotch Broom and European Chafer Beetle Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 4 of 5

European Chafer Beetle Since its discovery in 2008, the European chafer beetle has spread throughout the Metro Vancouver region, feeding on fibrous grass roots and damaging turfgrass lawns and sports fields. The chafer beetle grubs attract birds, raccoons, and skunks who destroy lawns to find and consume them. European chafer beetle is not a regulated pest in BC. The European chafer beetle best management practices provide tips on how to identify the chafer grubs and adult .

Biological control using parasitic nematodes (roundworms) on lawns typically has a success rate around 75% for control of European chafer beetle. Nematodes should be watered into lawns daily during the morning hours from mid-July to the end of August, when grubs are small. During this time, daily lawn watering in the Metro Vancouver area requires a water exemption permit from the appropriate municipality. Lawns can also be replaced with vegetation that the European chafer beetle does not consume, such as beetle resistant grass blends, moss, woody plants, creeping thyme, micro clover, little star creeper and others. Chemical control can be effective, but several municipal bylaws prohibit pesticide use for cosmetic purposes.

The best management practices recommend leaving infested soil on site due to the high risk of spread. If offsite disposal is necessary, soil infested with European chafer beetle may be accepted at the Vancouver or Mission landfills for deep burial, provided they have sufficient capacity.

NEXT STEPS After receipt by the MVRD Board, these best management practices will be posted on the Metro Vancouver website, and circulated widely through the RPAC-Invasive Species Subcommittee and the Invasive Species Council of Metro Vancouver’s connections. Staff expect that best management practices for English ivy, English holly, lamium, policeman’s helmet, and parrot’s feather will be ready in early 2019.

ALTERNATIVES This is an information report. No alternatives are presented.

FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS Funds for these best management practices were included in the 2017 Regional Planning budget. Additional funds have been allocated for the next five best management practices from the 2018 Regional Planning budget.

SUMMARY / CONCLUSION As part of the RPAC-Invasive Species Subcommittee’s 2017 work plan, Metro Vancouver retained the Invasive Species Council of Metro Vancouver to create a set of best management practices for key invasive species found within the Metro Vancouver region. Best management practices for knotweeds, giant hogweed and European fire ant were presented to the Climate Action Committee and MVRD Board at the June 2018 meetings. Best management practices for another three invasive species, Himalayan blackberry (Attachment 1), Scotch broom (Attachment 2) and European chafer beetle (Attachment 3) have been completed. After receipt by the MVRD Board, these documents will be posted on the Metro Vancouver website, and shared with local government staff, crews, project managers, contractors, consultants, developers, stewardship groups, and others who have a role in

Climate Action Committee Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry, Scotch Broom and European Chafer Beetle Climate Action Committee Regular Meeting Date: September 19, 2018 Page 5 of 5

invasive species management in this region. Best management practices for English ivy, English holly, lamium/yellow archangel, policeman’s helmet/Himalayan balsam and parrot’s feather will be shared with the Climate Action Committee and MVRD Board in early 2019.

Attachments: (Doc# 26666162) 1. Best Management Practices for Himalayan blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region 2. Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region 3. Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region

26636751

Climate Action Committee 5.6

Rubus armeniacus

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region

Climate Action Committee Disclaimer

This publication is not intended to endorse or recommend Copyright to this publication is owned by the Metro any particular product material or service provider, nor is Vancouver Regional District (“Metro Vancouver”). it intended as a substitute for engineering, legal, or other Permission to reproduce this publication, or any professional advice. Such advice should be sought from substantial part of it, is granted only for personal, non- qualified professionals. commercial, educational and informational purposes, provided that the publication is not modified or altered While the information in this publication is believed to and provided that this copyright notice and disclaimer be accurate, this publication and all of the information is included in any such production or reproduction. contained in it are provided “as is” without warranty of any Otherwise, no part of this publication may be reproduced kind, whether express or implied. All implied warranties, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright including, without limitation, implied warranties of Act, as amended or replaced from time to time. merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, are expressly disclaimed by Metro Vancouver. The material provided in this publication is intended for educational and informational purposes only.

Created by: Metro Vancouver and the Invasive Species Council of Metro Vancouver

In partnership with: The Invasive Species Council of British Columbia Diamond Head Consulting

Requested by: Metro Vancouver’s Regional Planning Advisory Committee – Invasive Species Subcommittee

4730 Kingsway, Burnaby, BC, V5H 0C6 metrovancouver.org

September 2018

Climate Action Committee Contents

Introduction______4 Regulatory Status______4 Impacts______4 Reproduction and Spread______5 Habitat and Distribution______6

Identification______7 Similar Species______8

Tracking______9 Reporting______9 Prevention and Control Strategies______10 Prevention: Imperative______10 Manual/Mechanical: Recommended______10 Chemical: Recommended ______11 Cultural: Partially Recommended______16 Biological: Not Available______17

Disposal ______17 Off Site Disposal______17 On Site Disposal______17 Cleaning and Disinfection______18

Follow-up Monitoring______18 Restoration______19 References______20 Additional Resources______22 Acknowledgments______22

Best Management Practices Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region 3 Climate Action Committee CREDIT: L. BATES-FRYMEL Introduction

The impacts of invasive species on ecological, human, and updated. Please check metrovancouver.org often to ensure economic health are of concern in the Metro Vancouver you have the most recent version of these best management region. Successful control of invasive species requires practices. concerted and targeted efforts by many players. This document - “Best Management Practices for Himalayan REGULATORY STATUS Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region” - is one of a series of species-specific guides developed for use by Section 2 (1) (b) (iii) of the Community Charter, Spheres practitioners (e.g., local government staff, crews, project of Concurrent Jurisdiction – Environment and Wildlife managers, contractors, consultants, developers, stewardship Regulation, states that “municipalities may regulate, groups, and others who have a role in invasive species prohibit and impose requirements in relation to control management) in the region. Together, these best practices and eradication of alien invasive species”, which includes provide a compendium of guidance that has been tested Himalayan blackberry. locally by many researchers and operational experts.

Himalayan blackberry was first introduced in British IMPACTS Columbia in the nineteenth century as a berry crop, but Himalayan blackberry forms thick, impenetrable thickets of has more recently been recognized as an invasive species. live and dead canes, which degrade the quality of riparian Academic institutions, government, and non-government habitats as well as forest edges, transportation and utility organizations continue to study this species in British corridors, and fence lines. It can obstruct roads, walkways Columbia. As researchers and practitioners learn more and signage, making it difficult to access or inspect about the biology and control of Himalayan blackberry, it structures or other assets. Dense blackberry patches can is anticipated that the recommended best management prevent the establishment of native vegetation, limit the practices will change over time and this document will be movement of people and large animals, and obstruct sight

4 Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee lines (ISCBC 2014). Contact with Himalayan blackberry thorns REPRODUCTION AND SPREAD can also cause skin irritation, scratches and small wounds. Himalayan blackberry is primarily a biennial plant that Although blackberry shrubs offer limited food, nesting reproduces both vegetatively and sexually. It propagates sites, and wildlife cover, it is poorer quality habitat than via root pieces and forms daughter plants where the tips native shrub species and results in decreased biodiversity of first year canes touch the ground. Shoots can arise from (Bennett 2007). When Himalayan blackberry is the dominant underground runners that persist up to a meter deep and understorey shrub in a forested setting in Metro Vancouver, over 10 meters long (Soll 2004). Blackberry flowers are it is often associated with a statistically significant reduction pollinated primarily by bumblebees and honey bees. The in bird species richness and evenness (Astley 2010). Typically, flowers can be self-pollinated, but cross pollination increases more bird species are noted in habitats with greater diversity fruit set (LEPS, Graham and Clements n.d.). Typical thickets of native vegetation (Astley 2010). of blackberries can produce 7,000 to 13,000 seeds/m2 that remain viable in the soil for several years (ISCBC 2014). Though Himalayan blackberry provides nectar and pollen Fruiting stems generally die back at the end of the season, for bees, the bloom period does not overlap with the but non-fruiting stems may persist for several years before foraging periods of all pollinators. Restored areas in Metro producing fruit (ISCBC 2014). Vancouver Regional Parks had 26% more pollinator species, and pollinators were 30% more abundant, compared to non- Although Himalayan blackberry allocates more resources restored areas mostly dominated by Himalayan blackberry directly to flowers and fruit than the native trailing blackberry (Wray 2015). (Rubus ursinus), the invasive blackberry has significantly lower reproductive effort (i.e., fewer resources diverted from When Himalayan blackberry out competes native vegetation vegetative activity to reproduction) (McDowell and Turner in riparian areas, flooding and erosion potential often 2002). This likely contributes to its success in the Pacific increases because of the lack of deep-rooted native shrubs. Northwest, as it minimizes the trade-offs often inherent in Himalayan blackberry cannot provide the necessary shade reproduction (McDowell and Turner 2002). for stream water, or contribute large woody debris compared to stream sides with diverse native vegetation (Bennett Since blackberry reproduction can happen both vegetatively 2007). and sexually, dispersal also can take place through both methods. It reproduces primarily through the movement of All levels of government, non-profit organizations and stem and root fragments and berries, which are consumed private property owners spend significant resources by birds and omnivorous mammals, such as foxes, bears, managing Himalayan blackberry in the Metro Vancouver and coyotes, thereby moving seeds (ISCBC 2014). Humans region every year. In 2016, local/provincial governments also contribute to the spread by purposefully planting and several right-of-way partners on Metro Vancouver’s or maintaining canes for their fruit (ISCBC 2014), and Regional Planning Advisory Committee - Invasive Species unintentionally moving seed or infested substrates during Subcommittee spent nearly $350,000 on Himalayan roadside mowing, landscaping or other activities. blackberry control efforts. This figure does not include control costs for private landowners across the region, volunteer ‘weed pull’ hours, or costs associated with education and awareness activities.

Best Management Practices Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region 5 Climate Action Committee HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION

Himalayan blackberry can grow on a variety of barren, infertile soil types, and a range of soil pH and textures, but prefers rich, well-drained soils (ISCBC 2014) with higher concentrations of sand, and less silt and clay (Caplan and Yeakley 2006). It is tolerant of periodic flooding by brackish or fresh water (ISCBC 2014), and is able to withstand soils with low water content and low nutrient availability with only a small reduction in growth (Caplan and Yeakley 2006). Himalayan Blackberry Himalayan blackberry stand height is correlated to canopy CREDIT: L. BATES-FRYMEL cover; the higher the concentration of light, the higher the concentration of blackberry plants (Caplan and Yeakley 2006). It can, however, survive in varied light conditions (ISCBC 2014). Shade has been found to be the primary environmental deterrent of blackberry occurrence and growth (Caplan and Yeakley 2006). As such, it is widely naturalized, often found on disturbed sites and streamside areas (Pojar and MacKinnon 2004) at low elevations under 700 metres (UBC 2017) with lots of sun exposure. This includes areas such as: transportation and utility corridors, parks, trail sides, backyards, abandoned properties, pastures, riparian areas, freshwater wetlands, forest edges, and wooden ravines (ISCBC 2014).

Within British Columbia, Himalayan blackberry is currently found in the Lower Mainland, Sunshine Coast, Fraser Valley, Gulf Islands, central to southern Vancouver Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, the Okanagan, and the West Kootenay areas (ISCBC 2014). It is one of the most widespread invasive plants in Metro Vancouver and is common in many habitats throughout the region.

6 Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee Identification

The following identification information was collated from several years; however the specific length of viability has not the Invasive Species Council of BC (2014), Plants of Coastal been documented. British Columbia (2004) and E-Flora (2017). The following photos show blackberry plant parts. General: Medium to tall, coarse shrub, 2-5 m or more long, thicket forming.

Himalayan Blackberry Flowers: Small (2-3 cm diameter), white to light pink, stalked, 5-petalled, arranged in clusters of 5-20; flower stalks CREDIT: L. BATES-FRYMEL are woolly and prickly, many stamens.

Stems: Stems range from erect to sprawling. Stout stems are erect, then arch and trail along the ground up to 10-12 m long, and up to 3 m high (even higher if aided by trees 5 leaves and cane or other structures). It has robust, stiff, 4 to 5 angled stems with thorns (canes) that support large, flattened, and hooked or straight CREDIT: ISCMV prickles. These prickles or barbs will point back to the root end, helping to distinguish the root of the stem from the tip. First year canes produce leaves only and can root at the tips, producing daughter plants.

Second year canes grow from the axils of first year canes and produce flowers and fruits. Canes have been known to grow up to 7 m in a single season (LEPS, Graham and Clements n.d.). Stems vary from pale green (young) to red to brown (old). Flowers Leaves: Leaves are alternate, and mostly evergreen, 12-25 CREDIT: ISCMV cm wide. They have predominantly large, oval or oblong, toothed leaflets that radiate from the end of the leaf stem that are a smooth green on top, with white hairs below. They are generally grouped in fives on first-year canes and threes on flowering (second-year) canes.

Fruits: Fruits (drupelets) are usually 1-1.5 cm long, and up to 2 cm in diameter. The blackberries are oblong to spherical, black and shiny, hairless, and edible. They form on second year canes and ripen from mid-summer to fall. Fruit Each berry produces numerous seeds that have a hard, CREDIT: D. HANNA impermeable coat. Seeds remain viable for a period of

Best Management Practices Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region 7 Climate Action Committee SIMILAR SPECIES •

Several similar berry species can grow in similar habitats as Himalayan blackberry and it is not uncommon to see more than one blackberry species growing at sites in British Columbia. However, Himalayan blackberry is typically the most dominant species, especially in disturbed areas.

Species present in British Columbia that could be confused with Himalayan blackberry include: Trailing blackberry NATIVE SPECIES CREDIT: L. BATES-FRYMEL

• Trailing blackberry (Rubus ursinus) is a smaller and far less robust plant than Himalayan blackberry with deciduous leaves in groups of three (not five) and smaller stems (0.5 cm diameter) with a white waxy stem coating (sometimes appearing bluish) that tend to hug the ground.

• Black raspberry (Rubus leucodermis) has smaller stems and small, black-colored hairy berries that are hollow in the center like raspberries, while blackberries are shiny and the berry’s core detaches when picked. Black raspberry • Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) has smaller, upright, CREDIT: L. BATES-FRYMEL zigzagged stems, smaller prickles, red-pink flowers (not white), and dark reddish to yellowish (not black) edible berries.

Salmonberry CREDIT: G. WELSEY AND B. DANNELLS

8 Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee NON-NATIVE SPECIES possible when making management decisions. The Map Display module of IAPP is publicly accessible. • Cut-leaf or evergreen blackberry (Rubus laciniatus) is primarily differentiated from Himalayan blackberry by When conducting a Himalayan blackberry inventory, the leaf characteristics. Evergreen blackberry has more following information should be recorded as it will later help deeply incised and jaggedly toothed leaflets, and is inform treatment plans: greenish on the under surface (rather than whitish). • Size and density of infestation; R. laciniatus canes are usually thinner and less robust than R. armeniacus. In Metro Vancouver, R. laciniatus • Location in relation to the high water mark of water is far less common than R. armeniacus. However, courses; and Trailing blackberry it is also considered invasive with similar impacts, CREDIT: L. BATES-FRYMEL and can be controlled using the same methods. • Location in relation to other water sources, such as wells. Reporting

Since Himalayan blackberry is widespread throughout the Metro Vancouver region and does not pose an imminent health or safety risk, there is generally little value in reporting individual occurrences.

Black raspberry Cut-leaf blackberry CREDIT: L. BATES-FRYMEL CREDIT: ISCMV

Tracking

The provincial government maintains the Invasive Alien Plant Program (IAPP) application (BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development 2017), which houses information pertaining to invasive Salmonberry plant surveys, treatments, and monitoring. Many agencies, CREDIT: G. WELSEY AND including local governments, have their own internal invasive B. DANNELLS species inventory and mapping protocols that are used by staff, contractors and, in some cases, the public. For example, the City of North Vancouver has its own system called AlienMap. Agencies in British Columbia that do not enter data into IAPP are encouraged to check it regularly because it contains public reports and data from other agencies and it is important to consider as much data as

Best Management Practices Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region 9 Climate Action Committee Prevention and Control Strategies

Effective invasive plant management programs may include adapted to the local environment and non-invasive. a variety of control techniques ranging from prevention, Consult the Invasive Species Council of BC’s Grow Me chemical, manual, mechanical, biological and/or cultural Instead Program or Metro Vancouver’s Grow Green website methods. Each method is described below in order of for non-invasive and drought-tolerant plants, and garden effectiveness. design ideas. It is also important to maintain or establish healthy plant communities that are resistant to invasion by Himalayan blackberry can be effectively controlled through invasive plants. both manual/mechanical and chemical treatment techniques. The technique used is dependent on the age and size of the infestation, and site characteristics. Chemical treatment MANUAL/MECHANICAL: RECOMMENDED is most effective and efficient; however it is not necessarily The success of manual/mechanical methods is contingent suited to all sites. Manual/mechanical treatment can also be on removal of all plant parts: canes, roots and root crowns to effective, but will generally be more time consuming and prevent re-sprouting (DiTomaso et al. 2013). The following may promote seedling germination through soil disturbance. manual/mechanical methods can be used to control Follow-up monitoring and treatment will be required for Himalayan blackberry: several years regardless of the treatment technique. • Hand Pulling: Small seedlings or young plants can be STRATEGY COLOUR LEGEND hand pulled to uproot the root crown. This method works best after rain or when soils are soft, and with shade GREEN: RECOMMENDED suppressed canes in forest understories. Pulling should be ORANGE: CAUTION done as soon as canes are large enough to grasp but have RED: NOT RECOMMENDED OR NOT AVAILABLE not produced seed (Soll 2004).

• Digging/Grubbing: Dig up root crowns and lateral roots. Work must be as thorough as possible because PREVENTION: IMPERATIVE any remaining root fragments may sprout a new plant Prevention is the most economical and effective way to (Soll 2004). Claw mattocks or pulaskis are effective (King reduce the spread of Himalayan blackberry over the long County 2014). term. • Cutting*: Manually cutting the above ground growth When working in or adjacent to Himalayan blackberry, using any number of hand tools (e.g., brush cutter, inspect and remove plants, plant parts, and seeds from loppers, machete, etc.) is not an effective control method personal gear, clothing, pets, vehicles, and equipment on its own unless it is repeated multiple times over and ensure soil, gravel, and other fill materials are not multiple years to exhaust the plants stored reserves. contaminated with blackberry plant parts before leaving the However, cutting prior to digging/grubbing is critical in infested area. thickets to enable access to the roots and root crowns. If roots are being removed after cutting, cut the canes at 30 Do not purchase, trade, or grow Himalayan blackberry. cm in height so roots can be easily located. Instead, grow regional native plants that are naturally

10 Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee • Mowing*: Mowing can be very effective, but can also If volunteers will be removing large berms of blackberry harm desirable species (ISCBC 2014). If roots are not plants, it is recommenced to pre-cut stems (or flail mow manually removed, mowing several times per year, berm and let regrow to 30 cm). Volunteers can then dig out particularly during the flowering period, over several the root crowns more easily. years is necessary to exhaust root reserves (DiTomaso Note that manual/mechanical application methods can also et al. 2013). Do not mow where soil is highly susceptible be used in combination with the chemical control methods to compaction or erosion, where soil is very wet or on outlined below. steep slopes (Soll 2004). If follow-up treatment is not undertaken, plants will regrow in greater density (Soll 2004). If roots are being removed after mowing, allow MANUAL/MECHANICAL CONTROL TIMING stems to regrow to 30 cm in height so roots can be It is best to delay removal if the blackberry patch is used easily located. as a nesting site for native passerine birds; removal should take place after the nesting season, from September to • Tilling*: Repeated tillage (cultivation) in combination with mid-March (Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team 2002). mowing will stimulate regrowth. However, this strategy can Thickets can be flail mowed during the winter or early spring, be very effective when followed-up with spot application allowed to regrow to 30 cm and then the root crowns can be of herbicide or hand-digging to remove roots (ISCBC removed. If canes can only be removed once in a season, the 2014). Tilling causes significant soil disturbance and is best time for manual or mechanical control is when the plant therefore unsuitable in riparian areas (DiTomaso et al. starts to flower, since much of the root reserves have gone 2013). During tillage care should be taken to ensure that into flowering (Whatcom County Noxious Weed Control root pieces/crowns are not spread or dragged beyond the Board n.d.). infested area as they could re-sprout. These parts should be collected by hand for disposal. Although invasive species can be problematic, removal efforts should consider the availability of all floral resources • Vegetation Release: Natural regeneration can often be in an area (Elle 2012). If there is little other vegetation nearby encouraged through persistent control of blackberry. for the birds and other pollinators, consider removing only Cutting back blackberry two or more times per year can one quarter of the blackberry infestation each year (King encourage growth of existing native plants, stimulate County 2014) and establishing a pollinator-friendly native root suckering, create layering and sprouting of species plant community. Slow removal of invasive species and such as willow and black cottonwood, and stimulate establishing plants that bloom throughout the growing germination or rapid early growth of native species from season, may be essential to ensure pollinators have a food seed (Bennett 2007). This method works best where there supply throughout their life cycle. is already scattered existing native vegetation, not where blackberry is a monoculture. CHEMICAL: RECOMMENDED * Methods that rely solely on repeated cutting or mowing may reduce blackberry cover in the long run; however this When alternative methods to prevent or control invasive result is difficult to achieve in most cases. Less intensive plants are unsuccessful, professionals often turn to treatments of one or two mowings or cuttings a year are herbicides. With the exception of substances listed on likely to fail (Bennett 2007). Schedule 2 of the BC Integrated Pest Management Regulation, the use of herbicides is highly regulated in British Columbia. Site characteristics must be considered

Best Management Practices Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region 11 Climate Action Committee with herbicide prescribed, based on site goals and objectives and in accordance with legal requirements. This Pesticides (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides) summary of BC’s Integrated Pest Management Act provides are regulated by the federal and provincial an overview of the provincial legislation. government, and municipal governments often have pesticide bylaws. Chemical control can be an effective and relatively inexpensive method to treat blackberry; however, this • Health Canada evaluates and approves chemical method should be used with caution for three reasons pest control products as per the Pest Control (Soll 2004): Products Act.

1. Blackberry often grows in riparian areas where pesticide • The BC Integrated Pest Management Act use is restricted sets out the requirements for the use and sale of pesticides in British Columbia. This Act is 2. Some herbicides promote vegetative growth from administered by the Ministry of Environment. lateral roots • Several municipalities have adopted bylaws which 3. When used incorrectly, herbicide will only top-kill prohibit the use of certain pesticides. blackberry Everyone who uses pesticides must be familiar with PESTICIDE LICENCE AND CERTIFICATION all relevant laws. A valid pesticide licence is required to:

• offer a service to apply most pesticides;

• apply most pesticides on public land including local government lands1; and

• apply pesticides to landscaped areas on private land, including outside office buildings and other facilities.

1 on up to 50 ha/year by a single organization. Organizations looking to treat over 50 hectares of land per year are also required to submit a Pest Management Plan and obtain a Pesticide Use Notice confirmation.

12 Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee For more information on how to obtain a licence and the ONLY companies or practitioners with a valid requirements when working under the provincial Integrated Pesticide Licence and staff who are certified Pest Management Act and Regulation, please review the applicators (or working under a certified applicator) Noxious Weed & Vegetation Management section on this may apply herbicide on invasive plants located webpage: gov.bc.ca/PestManagement. on public lands in British Columbia. Applicators must be either the land manager/owner or have HERBICIDE LABELS permission from the land manager/owner prior to Individual herbicide labels must always be reviewed herbicide application. thoroughly prior to use to ensure precautions, application On private property the owner may obtain a rates, and all use directions, specific site and application Residential Applicators Certificate (for Domestic directions are strictly followed. Under the federal Pest class products only) or use a qualified company. Control Products Act and the BC Integrated Pest Residents do not require a Residential Applicator Management Regulation, persons are legally required Certificate for certain uses of domestic class to use pesticides (including herbicides) only for the glyphosate including treatment of plants that are use described on the label and in accordance with the poisonous for people to touch, invasive plants and instructions on that label. Failure to follow label directions noxious weeds listed in legislation, and weeds could cause damage to the environment, poor control growing through cracks in hard surfaces such as results, or danger to health. Contravention of laws and asphalt or concrete. Refer to the ‘Pesticides & Pest regulations may lead to cancellation or suspension of a Management’ and ‘Home Pesticide Use’ webpages licence or certification, requirement to obtain a qualified listed in the Additional Resources Section for more monitor to assess work, additional reporting requirements, a information. stop work order, or prohibition from acquiring authorization in the future. A conviction of an offence under legislation Questions? Contact the BC Integrated Pest may also carry a fine or imprisonment. Management Program: Herbicide labels include information on both the front Telephone: (250) 387-9537 and back. The front typically includes trade or product Email: [email protected] name, formulation, class, purpose, registration number, and precautionary symbols. Instructions on how to use the pesticide and what to do in order to protect the health and Pesticide applicator certificates can be obtained under the safety of both the applicator and public are provided on the category ‘Industrial Vegetation Management’ to manage back (BC Ministry of Environment 2011). weeds on industrial land, roads, power lines, railways, and pipeline rights-of-way for control of noxious weeds on Labels are also available from the Pest Management Regula- private or public land. Assistant applicator training is also tory Agency’s online pesticide label search or mobile appli- available and the online course and exam are free. cation as a separate document. These label documents may include booklets or material safety data sheets (MSDS) that Although an annual fee and annual reporting are required, provide additional information about a pesticide product. it is best practice for personnel supervising or monitoring Restrictions on site conditions, soil types, and proximity to pesticide contracts to also maintain a pesticide applicator water may be listed. If the herbicide label is more restrictive licence so they are familiar with certification requirements. than provincial legislation, the label must be followed.

Best Management Practices Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region 13 Climate Action Committee HERBICIDE OPTIONS

The following herbicides can be used on Himalayan blackberry:

ACTIVE INGREDIENT APPLICATION PERSISTENCE GROWTH STAGE TYPE ++ COMMENT (EXAMPLE BRAND NAMES)+ Glyphosate (many foliar application non-residual September to non-selective sometimes products) October; ineffective combined with when applied earlier triclopyr for improved efficacy Imazapyr (example: foliar application residual post-emergence, non-selective Arsenal™) actively growing** Triclopyr (example: foliar application residual foliar application: selective, no effect Garlon™) or mid-summer and early on grasses fall after flowering and basal bark spray start of fruit set;

basal bark spray: applied any time of year 2,4-D mixed with foliar application residual actively growing selective, no effect triclopyr* on most grasses Metsulfuron (example: foliar application residual fully leaved- selective, no effect may affect shrub Escort™*) out; before fall on grasses species discoloration

* Blackberry is not specifically listed on the 2,4-D or Escort™ labels; however they can be used under the general application provision for woody species.

** Active growth occurs in the spring and fall (i.e., not during cold months and not during summer bloom/fruiting periods).

+ The mention of a specific product or brand name of pesticide in this document is not, and should not be construed as an endorsement or recommendation for the use of that product.

++ Herbicides that control all vegetation are non-selective, while those that control certain types of vegetation (for example, only grasses or only broadleaf plants) are termed selective.

Picloram is sometimes used to treat blackberry, but it is not recommended for use in coastal areas or the Lower Fraser Valley west of Hope because it is very persistent (4 to 7 years) and mobile in high water tables or regions with high rainfall.

Note that keeping the herbicide application rate low for control of deep-rooted perennials is generally better so the above ground plant tissue does not die before herbicide is translocated into the roots (Soll 2004).

14 Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee APPLYING PESTICIDE IN RIPARIAN When managing Himalayan blackberry with AREAS herbicide in riparian areas:

Provincial legislation prohibits the use of herbicides • Observe and mark all PFZs while on site. within 10 metres of natural water courses and 30 • The HWM should be determined by careful metres of domestic or agricultural water sources on evaluation by the applicator. public lands. On private lands herbicide labels must be followed (which means for glyphosate products • Distances in PFZs should be measured as treatment can happen up to the water’s edge), and horizontal distance. additional restrictions may apply for some private lands (e.g., industrial sites, forestry sites, golf courses, • Herbicides restricted in a PFZ must not enter etc.). On public lands, glyphosate is the only active these zones by leaching (lateral mobility) through ingredient that can be applied within the 10 metre soil or by drift of spray mist or droplets. Pesticide-Free Zone (PFZ)2 in British Columbia in • Treatments should be conducted when water accordance with the BC Integrated Pest Management levels are low (e.g. summer months) to reduce Act and Regulation and all public land Pesticide risk. Management Plans (PMPs). A plant must be either a listed Noxious Weed (under the BC Weed Control • Note that efficacy may be dependent on site Act) or appear in the Forest and Range Practices Act conditions, including moisture in the soil. Invasive Plants Regulation to be treated within the 10 metre PFZ. Himalayan blackberry is not listed 2 3 and therefore glyphosate and other herbicides can only be applied on blackberry up to 10 metres away from the high water mark (HWM)3. The 30 metre no-treatment zone around a water supply intake or well used for domestic or agricultural purposes may be reduced if the licencee or PMP holder is “reasonably satisfied” that a smaller no- treatment zone is sufficient to ensure that pesticide from the use will not enter the intake or well.

2 The Pesticide-Free Zone (PFZ) is an area of land that must not be treated with pesticide and must be protected from pesticide moving into it, under the Integrated Pest Management Act and Regulation. 3 The High Water Mark (HWM) is defined as the visible high water mark of any lake, stream, wetland or other body of water where the presence and action of the water are so common and usual and so long continued in all ordinary years as to mark upon the soil of the bed of the lake, river stream, or other body of water a character distinct from that of the banks, both in vegetation and in the nature of the soil itself. Typical features may include, a natural line or “mark” impressed on the bank or shore, indicated by erosion, shelving, changes in soil characteristics, destruction of terrestrial vegetation, or other distinctive physical characteristics. The area below the high water mark includes the active floodplain (BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy 2018).

Best Management Practices Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region 15 Climate Action Committee APPLICATION METHODS TREATMENT TIMING

The preferred application methods to minimize non-target Generally, herbicides should be applied when blackberry damage and applicator exposure are as follows: is in full leaf; results are poor when plants are sprayed prior to this stage (Soll 2004). Blackberry is best sprayed in late • Foliar application uses a backpack or handheld sprayer summer or fall, particularly if glyphosate is used. Drought or to completely cover the actively growing plant parts with dry conditions will significantly reduce efficacy (Soll 2004). In herbicide, including suckers growing away from the main areas where people pick berries, timing should be carefully bush (Soll 2004). considered to avoid contamination of the fruit. If treatment • Basal bark spray involves high concentrations of is necessary between March and September, nesting activity herbicide in oil, applied to the basal portion of stem using searches should also be conducted and mitigation measures backpack sprayers. This method effectively kills roots, should be implemented. particularly in the fall (Soll 2004).

• Cut stump involves cuttings the stems near the ground CULTURAL: PARTIALLY RECOMMENDED followed by painting the cut portion of the stem with Himalayan blackberry can be culturally controlled by growing herbicide (Soll 2004). Painting must occur within 10 a closed tree canopy with deep shade to suppress the minutes of the cut to ensure effectiveness (San Juan plant. Blackberry will need to be continually removed or cut County Noxious Weed Control Program 2014). This back around seedlings or planted trees until they grow to a method is likely best applied in the late summer or fall, height well above the blackberry. The utility of this method although more research is needed to confirm optimal is restricted to sites where a tree canopy is desired and/or timing. appropriate. In practice, many blackberry patches in Metro Vancouver grow along narrow natural area corridors where Note these application methods can also be used in the edges will always receive adequate light no matter how combination with manual/mechanical methods outlined closed the tree canopy may be. above. For example, regrowth of patches that were cut/ mowed can be spot sprayed. One challenge with only using Grazing can be an effective control method however must herbicide treatment of blackberry is that the roots are still be continuous to prevent re-growth. Goats and pigs prefer present in the soil. If restoration activities are planned for the young canes (1-4 years old); on mature stands they tend to site, the dead canes and root crowns may require manual only eat the leaves (King County 2014). Grazing by horses, removal prior to planting. cattle and sheep dramatically reduces the number of daughter plants (i.e., new plants produced by tip rooting) (Soll 2004). Grazing will be indiscriminate and therefore may result in the loss of desirable species (DiTomaso et al. 2013). Opportunity for grazing in urban areas is limited due to municipal bylaws regulating animals, the high probability of interface with the public, and the damage animals would cause to riparian areas and other sensitive sites with multiple land uses. Due to these constraints, cultural control is not recommended as a practical management option in the Metro Vancouver region.

16 Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee BIOLOGICAL: NOT AVAILABLE for industrial composting. This facility does not accept soil. No biological control agents have been approved for use in British Columbia on Himalayan blackberry (ISCBC 2014). • WestCoast Lawns/EnviroSmart Organics, 4295 72nd St, Delta, BC. Accepts large quantities (truckloads) of invasive A non-native species of rust fungus (Phragmidium violaceum) plant material for industrial composting. This facility does was found on Himalayan blackberry in Oregon in 2005 that is not accept soil. believed to have been accidentally introduced (Peters 2012). It partially to fully defoliates both Himalayan and evergreen Blackberry foliage and small quantities of soil (maximum blackberries (Rubus laciniatus) and reduces tip rooting 0.5 m3 or two wheelbarrows full) are accepted at Metro (DiTomaso et al. 2013). This fungus has been successfully Vancouver’s Transfer Stations (Langley, Maple Ridge, North used in Chile, Australia, and New Zealand (Peters 2012) and Shore, Coquitlam and Surrey). Soil from the Transfer Stations testing in Oregon indicated that the rust had minimal to no is placed in the garbage stream. impact on native blackberry populations, but impacted one commercial variety. PLEASE CONTACT ALL FACILITIES BEFOREHAND TO CONFIRM THEY CAN PROPERLY HANDLE THE Disposal MATERIAL.

Control methods for blackberry tend to generate a large ON SITE DISPOSAL volume of green waste. In most cases, it is desirable to When off site disposal is not practical, chipping the plant dispose of blackberry off site to facilitate access for future into small pieces and leaving the green waste on site monitoring, follow-up treatment and restoration planting. as mulch is a viable option, provided the root crowns are removed from the site. Although blackberry can re- OFF SITE DISPOSAL sprout from roots and root crowns, if all plant parts are fully removed from the soil they tend to dry out and die When disposed off site, transport plant parts on tarps or in very quickly and are rarely observed re-sprouting in Metro thick plastic bags to an appropriate disposal or compost Vancouver (MacKenzie 2017). Roots can also be suspended facility (see below). Care should be taken to ensure that plant in the air on nearby trees to ensure they dry out and don not parts are not spread during transport (ISCBC 2014). re-sprout (Pocock 2017). In the Lower Mainland, the following facilities accept Composting Himalayan blackberry foliage and berries at Himalayan blackberry plants and/or infested soil: home or at municipal works yards is not recommended as • Vancouver Landfill, 5400 72nd Street, Delta, BC. Accepts the temperature will not reach high enough to kill the roots blackberry and soil for deep burial only (additional or seeds. charge). A Waste Assessment Form must be completed.

• Fraser Valley Aggregates, 1080 Bradner Road, Abbotsford, BC. Accepts blackberry and soil for deep burial and this site is under permit by the City of Abbotsford.

• Harvest Power, 7028 York Road, Richmond, BC. Accepts large quantities (i.e., truckloads) of invasive plant material

Best Management Practices Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region 17 Climate Action Committee CLEANING AND DISINFECTION4 Follow-up Monitoring Before leaving a site, remove all visible plant parts and soil from vehicles, equipment, and gear, and if possible, rinse Whatever control method is used, follow-up monitoring and these items. When back at a works yard or wash station, maintenance treatments are important components of an vehicles should be cleaned and disinfected using the integrated management plan or approach. Initial treatments following steps: are rarely successful in removing or killing all roots and root crowns. Resprouting and new germination from the seed • Wash with 180 °F water at 6 gpm, 2000 psi*, with a contact bank are very likely. In addition, it is quite common for an time of ≥ 10 seconds on all surfaces to remove dirt and effectively controlled blackberry patch to be re-invaded organic matter such as vegetation parts or seeds. Pay by surrounding patches (Bennett 2007), so it is critical to special attention to undercarriages, chassis, wheel-wells, monitor for invasion from adjacent areas. radiators, grills, tracks, buckets, chip-boxes, blades, and flail-mowing chains. • Annual follow-up monitoring should take place following initial treatment for both chemically and manually treated • Use compressed air to remove vegetation from grills and sites. The number of years of monitoring required radiators. will vary depending on the control method(s) and site characteristics. In Metro Vancouver, sites controlled • Sweep/vacuum interior of vehicles paying special through manual digging and restored with native attention to floor mats, pedals, and seats. vegetation need a minimum of three years of follow-up • Steam clean poor access areas (e.g., inside trailer tubes) – treatments on average (MacKenzie 2017). 200 psi @ 300 °F. • When controlling blackberry through vegetation release • Fully rinse detergent residue from equipment prior to (see MANUAL/MECHANICAL control section), control leaving facility. should be ongoing until native trees reach a height of 5 m (Soll 2004). * Appropriate self-serve and mobile hot power-wash companies in the Metro Vancouver area include: Zolliker In the long-term, taking steps to encourage and support Fleet Cleaning, Omega Power Washing, Eco Klean Truck the growth of a coniferous tree canopy in riparian and forest Wash, RG Truck Wash, Ravens Mobile Pressure Washing, areas will help keep blackberry levels low (Bennett 2007). Hydrotech Powerwashing, Platinum Pressure Washing Inc, and Alblaster Pressure Washing. Wash stations should be monitored regularly for Himalayan blackberry growth.

4 Adapted from Metro Vancouver 2018 Water Services Equipment Cleaning Procedures and Inspection Protocols.

18 Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee Restoration

Restoration is recommended to create competition, control leaving bare soil exposed until restoration is feasible. Himalayan blackberry regrowth, and replace lost food Replacement species should be chosen based on the supply for pollinators. If only herbicide was used, manual/ ecology of the site by a qualified environmental professional. mechanical removal of the dead canes and root crowns may Local biologists, environmental professionals, agronomists, be necessary prior to planting. agrologists, native and domestic forage specialists, seed Mulch can be used to avoid leaving bare soil and companies, and plant nurseries are all good sources for reduce colonization by other invasive plant species. The localized recommendations for regional native species and International Society of Arboriculture and relevant municipal regionally adapted domestic species, based on site usage. parks or arboriculture departments offer guidelines for mulch Several science-based resources are available to guide application. Specific mulch depths can be used to control restoration efforts, such as the South Coast Conservation invasive weeds and encourage plant growth (International Program’s Diversity by Design restoration planning toolkit. Society of Arboriculture 2011). If restoration and/or mulch Examples of common competitive native species prescribed application is not feasible at the time, installation of erosion for Metro Vancouver sites are summarized in the table below and sediment control measures and/or a planting quick based on site moisture. establishing native grass mix are recommended to avoid

WET SITES MOIST SITES DRY SITES SHRUBS Salmonberry Salmonberry Thimbleberry Hardhack Willow Nootka rose Willow Red osier dogwood Red flowering currant Red osier dogwood Red elderberry Snowberry Pacific ninebark Vine maple Tall Oregon grape Black hawthorn Indian plum Oceanspray TREES Western red cedar Western red cedar Douglas-fir Red alder Red alder Red alder

Revegetation of the site to a domestic or cultured non-native plant species composition may be considered in some circumstances. Often domestic species establish faster and grow more prolifically, which aids in resisting invasive blackberry re- invasion.

Best Management Practices Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region 19 Climate Action Committee References

Astley, Caroline. 2010. How Does Himalayan Blackberry Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia. Edited by B. (Rubus Armenicaus) Impact Breeding Bird Diversity? A Klinkenberg. Department of Geography. August. Accessed Case Study of the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. MSc August 2017. http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas. Thesis, Royal Roads University. aspx?sciname=Cytisus%20scoparius.

BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy. Elle, E.J., Elwell, S.L., Gielens, G.A. 2012. “The use of 2018. Instream Works Glossary . Accessed July 2018. http:// pollination networks in conservation.” Botany 525-534. www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/instreamworks/glossary.htm. Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team. 2002. Best Practices BC Ministry of Environment. 2011. “Canadian Pesticide for Invasive Species Management in Garry Oak and Education Program: Applicator Core Manual. Federal, Associated Ecosystems: Evergreen Blackberry (Rubus Provincial, Territorial Working Group on Pesticide Education, laciniatus) and Himalayan Blackberry (Rubus armeniacus/ Training and Certification.” discolor/procerus). Accessed August 2017. http://www.goert. ca/documents/Best_Practices_for_Blackberry_revised.pdf. BC, British Columbia. 2008. Community Charter - Environment and Wildlife Regulation. 08 07. Accessed International Society of Arboriculture. 2011. Proper Mulching 08 09, 2017. http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/ Techniques. https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/ complete/statreg/144_2004/search/CIVIX_DOCUMENT_ treecare/ProperMulching.pdf. ROOT_STEM:(blackberry)%20AND%20CIVIX_DOCUMENT_ ISCBC, Invasive Species Council of British Columbia. 2014. ANCESTORS:statreg?1#hit1. “Himalayan Blackberry Tips.” BC Invasives. Accessed Bennett, Max. 2007. Managing Himalayan Blackberry. August 2017. http://bcinvasives.ca/documents/Himalayan_ Jackson County, Oregon State University Extension Service. Blackberry_TIPS_Final_08_06_2014.pdf. Accessed September 2017. http://smallfarms.oregonstate. King County. 2014. “Best Management Practices for edu/sites/default/files/em8894-1.pdf. Himalayan blackberry.” King County Noxious Weed Control Caplan, Joshua, and Alan Yeakley. 2006. “Rubus armeniacus Program. Accessed September 2017. http://your.kingcounty. (Himalayan blackberry) Occurence and Growth in Relation to gov/dnrp/library/water-and-land/weeds/BMPs/blackberry- Soil and Light Conditions in Western Oregon.” Northwest control.pdf. Science 80 (1): 9-17. Accessed August 2017. http://www. LEPS, Langley Environmental Partners Society, Paul Graham, brynmawr.edu/biology/jscaplan/downloads/papers/ and David Clements. n.d. Caplan%20(2006)%20Rubus%20occurence%20and%20 Evergreen Blackberry & Himalayan Accessed August 2017. http://www.shim.bc.ca/ growth.pdf. Blackberry. invasivespecies/_private/blackberry.htm. DiTomaso et al. 2013. In Weed Control in Natural Areas in MacKenzie, Keith, interview by F. Steele. 2017. Field the Western United States. Weed Research and Information

Centre, University of California. Accessed September 2017. Operations Manager, Diamond Head Consulting (September). http://wric.ucdavis.edu/information/natural%20areas/wr_R/ Rubus.pdf. McDowell, Susan, and David Turner. 2002. “Reproductive effort in invasive and non-invasive Rubus.” Oecologia 133 (2): E-Flora. 2017. “Scotch broom.” E-Flora BC: Electronic

20 Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee 102-111. Accessed August 2017. https://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s00442-002-1006-5.

Peters, Amy. 2012. Blackberry Rust Fungus: Possible New Biological Control. Oregon: Oregon State University. Accessed August 2017. http://extension. oregonstate.edu/coos/sites/default/files/agriculture/ cces213blackberryrustfungusmay2012.pdf.

Pocock, Kari, interview by T. Murray. 2017. Stewarship Coordinator, Stanley Park Ecology Society (August).

Pojar, Jim, and Andy MacKinnon. 2004. Plants of Coastal British Columbia - Revised. British Columbia: Lone Pine.

San Juan County Noxious Weed Control Program. 2014. Himalayan and Evergreen Blackberries. Accessed 2018. https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/2054/2014/04/ Himalayan-Evergreen-Blackberries-2014.pdf.

Soll, J. 2004. Controlling Himalayan blackberry in the Pacific Northwest. Edited by B. Lipinski. The Nature Conservancy. Accessed August 2017. https://www.invasive.org/gist/ moredocs/rubarm01.pdf.

UBC, Department of Geography. 2017. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia: Himalayan Blackberry. Accessed August 2017. http://linnet.geog.ubc. ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Rubus%20armeniacus.

Whatcom County Noxious Weed Control Board. n.d. “Whatcom Weeds: Blackberries.” Information Sheet, Bellingham. Accessed August 2017. http://www. whatcomcounty.us/documentcenter/view/27139.

Wray, J. and Elle, E.J. 2015. “Wild and Managed Pollinators: Current Status and Strategies to Increase Diversity.” Metro Vancouver Climate Action Committee Report. https://www. scribd.com/document/261264327/Wild-and-Managed- Pollinators-Report.

Best Management Practices Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region 21 Climate Action Committee Additional Resources Acknowledgments

For more information please refer to the following resources. The project team would like to thank the following groups for their contributions related to the development and Invasive Species Council of British Columbia Himalayan review of this document: blackberry Fact Sheet. http://bcinvasives.ca/documents/ Himalayan_Blackberry_TIPS_Final_08_06_2014.pdf • Green Teams of Canada

BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource • Langley Environmental Partners Society Operations, Invasive Alien Plant Program (IAPP). www.for. • Stanley Park Ecology Society gov.bc.ca/hra/Plants/application.htm • Metro Vancouver’s Regional Planning Advisory Committee King County Noxious Weed Control Program: Best (RPAC) - Invasive Species Subcommittee Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry. King County, Washington http://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/library/ To submit edits or additions to this report, contact Laurie water-and-land/weeds/BMPs/blackberry-control.pdf Bates-Frymel, Senior Regional Planner at laurie.bates- [email protected]. Controlling Himalayan blackberry in the Pacific Northwest. Soll, Jonathan. Edited by B. Lipinski. The Nature Conservancy. 2004. https://www.invasive.org/gist/moredocs/ rubarm01.pdf

Managing Himalayan Blackberry. Bennett, Max. Jackson County, Oregon State University Extension Service, 2007. http://smallfarms.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/ em8894-1.pdf

E-Flora BC, an Electronic Atlas of the Plants of BC. www. eflora.bc.ca/

Grow Me Instead. http://bcinvasives.ca/resources/programs/ plant-wise/

Pesticides and Pest Management, Province of British Columbia https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/ environment/pesticides-pest-management

22 Best Management Practices for Himalayan Blackberry in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee Climate Action Committee 5.6

Cytisus scoparius

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region

Climate Action Committee Disclaimer

This publication is not intended to endorse or recommend Copyright to this publication is owned by the Metro any particular product material or service provider, nor is Vancouver Regional District (“Metro Vancouver”). it intended as a substitute for engineering, legal, or other Permission to reproduce this publication, or any professional advice. Such advice should be sought from substantial part of it, is granted only for personal, non- qualified professionals. commercial, educational and informational purposes, provided that the publication is not modified or altered While the information in this publication is believed to and provided that this copyright notice and disclaimer be accurate, this publication and all of the information is included in any such production or reproduction. contained in it are provided “as is” without warranty of any Otherwise, no part of this publication may be reproduced kind, whether express or implied. All implied warranties, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright including, without limitation, implied warranties of Act, as amended or replaced from time to time. merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, are expressly disclaimed by Metro Vancouver. The material provided in this publication is intended for educational and informational purposes only.

Created by: Metro Vancouver and the Invasive Species Council of Metro Vancouver

In partnership with: The Invasive Species Council of British Columbia Diamond Head Consulting

Requested by: Metro Vancouver’s Regional Planning Advisory Committee – Invasive Species Subcommittee

4730 Kingsway, Burnaby, BC, V5H 0C6 metrovancouver.org

September 2018

Climate Action Committee Contents

Introduction______4 Regulatory Status______4 Impacts______5 Reproduction and Spread______5 Habitat and Distribution______6

Identification______7 Similar species______8

Tracking______8 Reporting______8 Prevention and Control Strategies______9 Prevention: Imperative______9 Manual/Mechanical: Recommended______9 Chemical: Recommended ______10 Cultural: Partially Recommended______15 Biological: Not Available______15 Summary______16

Disposal______17 Off Site Disposal______17 Cleaning and Disinfection______18

Restoration______19 References______21 Additional Resources______23 Acknowledgments______23

Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region 3 Climate Action Committee Introduction

The impacts of invasive species on ecological, human, and economic health are of concern in the Metro Vancouver region. Successful control of invasive species requires concerted and targeted efforts by many players. This document - “Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region” - is one of a series of species-specific guides developed for use by practitioners (e.g., local government staff, crews, project managers, contractors, consultants, developers, stewardship groups, and others who have a role in invasive species management) in the region. Together, these best practices provide a compendium of guidance that has been tested locally by many researchers and operational experts.

Scotch broom is native to Mediterranean Europe and was introduced on Vancouver Island as an ornamental plant in the 1850s (Graham n.d.). It was subsequently intentionally planted along highways to stabilize the soil with its deep roots (King County 2008). In recent years it has been recognized as an invasive species locally. Academic institutions, government, and non-government organizations continue to study this species in British Columbia. As researchers and practitioners learn more about the biology and control of Scotch broom, it is anticipated that the recommended best management practices will change over time and this document will be updated. Please check metrovancouver.org regularly to obtain the most recent version of these best management practices.

REGULATORY STATUS

Section 2 (1) (b) (iii) of the Community Charter, Spheres of Concurrent Jurisdiction – Environment and Wildlife Regulation, states that “municipalities may regulate, prohibit and impose requirements in relation to control and eradication of alien invasive species”, which includes Scotch broom.

CREDIT: ISCMV

4 Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee Under the Forest and Range Practices Act, Invasive Plants All levels of government, non-profit organizations andprivate Regulation, a “person carrying out a forest practice or a property owners spend significant resources managing range practice must carry out measures that are: (a) specified Scotch broom in the Metro Vancouver region every year. in the applicable operational plan, or (b) authorized by the In 2016, agencies represented on Metro Vancouver’s minister, to prevent the introduction or spread of prescribed Regional Planning Advisory Committee - Invasive Species species of invasive plants.” Scotch broom is included in the Subcommittee spent nearly $44,000 on Scotch broom list of invasive plants in the Regulation. control efforts. This figure does not include control costs for private landowners across the region, volunteer ‘weed pull’ IMPACTS hours, or costs associated with education and awareness activities. Scotch broom is a fast growing shrub that forms dense monocultures (Prasad 2003). It grows in variable ecological REPRODUCTION AND SPREAD niches and spreads rapidly due to its ability to produce large quantities of long-lived seeds, tolerate drought and Scotch broom lives 10 to 15 years on average, and up to 20 cold, and its lack of predators. It alters the soil chemistry years (Evergreen 2015), produces deep roots and can re- by releasing chemicals into the soil that adversely impact sprout from its stump after cutting. soil mycorrhizae and the growth of native plants (Grove, The peak flowering period for Scotch broom is from March Haubensak and Parker 2012). In addition to its leaves, to June (E-Flora 2017). Each plant can produce up to 10,000 the stems of Scotch broom are photosynthetic, allowing seeds per growing season that can survive in the ground the plant to grow year-round. All of these traits provide for 30 to 40 years (Prasad 2003) and possibly up to 80 years, competitive advantages over native species that are easily creating long-lasting seed banks in infested areas (Evergreen displaced (Evergreen 2015), especially at nutrient poor sites. 2015). At maturity, the seedpods split and can eject seeds up The impact of Scotch broom is particularly problematic in to five metres away from the parent plant (Invasive Species sensitive and endangered ecosystems such as the Garry Oak Council of British Columbia 2014). Viable seeds are located grasslands (Prasad 2003), dry moss/lichen plant communities in the top 6 cm of soil (Prasad 2003). and sandy shoreline ecosystems on the South Coast of British Columbia. Seedlings can germinate in extremely high densities; up to 350 seedlings/m2 (Parker 2017). Scotch broom rapidly Large patches of Scotch broom provide minimal benefits colonizes disturbed areas and eventually forms a major to wildlife because they offer little cover and impede the component of the areas it occupies (Prasad 2003). movement of large animals (Evergreen 2015). Although Scotch broom is not readily grazed by animals, its seeds and other vegetative parts are toxic to ungulates and humans (King County 2008).

The high oil content of Scotch broom makes it highly flammable (BroomBusters n.d.); dense patches of the plant intensifies fire hazard by increasing fuel loads. Scotch broom obstructs sight lines along roads (Invasive Species Council of British Columbia 2014). Scotch broom can also limit the growth of coniferous seedlings on lands under restoration or reforestation (Prasad 2003).

Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region 5 Climate Action Committee HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION

Scotch broom prefers sandy, well-drained soil and full sun exposure. However, it can also tolerate partial shade and moist conditions (Evergreen 2015), as well as low-nutrient soils (King County 2008). In drought conditions or under stress, the plant may drop most of its leaves (King County 2008)

Disturbed soils create ideal conditions for germination (King County 2008). It is commonly found on transportation corridors, utility rights-of-way, gravel pits, degraded pastures, and anywhere with disturbed, bare soil. Scotch broom can be found in most coastal sand ecosystems in the Georgia Basin (Page 2011).

Scotch broom is common throughout the Metro Vancouver region, Sunshine Coast and Vancouver Island. It has also been found at Bella Bella, on Haida Gwaii, the Fraser Valley, North Okanagan, and Central Kootenay regions.

CREDIT: ISCMV

6 Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee Identification

The following identification information is a compilation of The following photos show Scotch broom plant parts. information from King County (2008) and E-Flora (2017).

Lifecycle: Perennial.

Stem: Up to 3 m tall, erect, branched, twigs green and strongly 5-angled, becomes woody and yellow-brown when mature.

Leaves: 5 to 20 mm long, oval, alternate, lower/older leaves compound with 3 leaflets, upper/newer leaves simple and unstalked, pointed at the tip. Leaves Flowers: Inflorescence of solitary or sometimes 2 or 3 pea- CREDIT: ISCMV like flowers borne in a leaf axil, 2 cm long; yellow petals, sometimes tinged with red, orange, white or purple.

Fruits: Pods, black, flattened, 2.5 to 4 cm long, glabrous except along the long-hairy margins; mature pods split open and spiral as they dry, ejecting 5 to 12 seeds per pod.

Flowers CREDIT: ISCMV

Dried seed pods CREDIT: L. BATES- FRYMEL

Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region 7 Climate Action Committee SIMILAR SPECIES Tracking Scotch broom resembles other broom species, all of which are non-native, invasive species: The provincial government maintains the Invasive Alien Plant Program (IAPP) application (BC Ministry of Forests, Lands • Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) can be differentiated and Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development from Scotch broom by its flowers, which grow in loose 2017), which houses information pertaining to invasive clusters at the tips of the stems (as opposed to solitary plant surveys, treatments, and monitoring. Many agencies, along the entire branch) and stems which are leafless or including local governments, have their own internal invasive few-leaved (Swearingen 2016). species inventory and mapping protocols that are used by staff, contractors and, in some cases, the public. For • French broom (Genista monspessulana) flowers grow example, the City of North Vancouver has its own system in clusters of four to ten (as opposed to solitary) and called AlienMap. Agencies in British Columbia that do not has round stems covered in silvery, silky hair (California enter data into IAPP are encouraged to check it regularly Invasive Plant Council n.d.). because it contains public reports and data from other • Portuguese broom (Cytisus striatus) is very similar in agencies and it is important to consider as much data as appearance to Scotch broom except the pods are densely possible when making management decisions. The Map hairy making them appear whitish-grey like pussy willow Display module of IAPP is publicly accessible. buds. The stems are more silvery and the flowers paler When carrying out a Scotch broom inventory it is useful yellow than Scotch broom (Oregon Department of to record the following information as it will later inform Agriculture n.d.). treatment plans: • Gorse (Ulex europaeus) can be differentiated by the • Size and density of infestation; spines on its stems (Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board n.d.). • Location in relation to the high water mark of water courses; and

• Location in relation to other water sources, such as wells. Reporting

Since Scotch broom is widespread throughout the Metro Vancouver region and does not pose an imminent health or safety risk, there is generally little value in reporting individual occurrences.

CREDIT: ISCMV

8 Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee Prevention and Control Strategies

Effective invasive plant management techniques may include Inspect and remove plants, plant parts, and seeds from a variety of control techniques ranging from prevention, personal gear, clothing, pets, vehicles, and equipment chemical, manual, mechanical, biological and/or cultural and ensure soil, gravel, and other fill materials are not methods. Each method is described below in order of contaminated with Scotch broom before leaving an infested effectiveness. area. Bag or tarp plants, plant parts, and seeds before transport to a designated disposal site (see Disposal Scotch broom can be effectively controlled through manual/ section). mechanical and chemical treatment techniques. The technique used is dependent on the age and size of the Do not purchase, trade or grow Scotch broom. Instead, infestation, and site characteristics. Chemical treatment is grow regional native plants that are naturally adapted to the most effective and efficient; however, it is not necessarily local environment and non-invasive. Consult the Invasive suited to all sites. Manual/mechanical treatment can also Species Council of BC’s ‘Grow Me Instead’ Program or Metro be effective but will generally be more time consuming and Vancouver’s Grow Green website for non-invasive, drought- may promote seedling germination through soil disturbance. tolerant plants, and garden design ideas. Ensure all materials It should be noted that promoting seedling germination (e.g., topsoil, gravel, mulch, compost) are weed-free. Healthy can be a positive long term management approach as it green spaces are more resistant to invasion by invasive may help deplete the seed bank. Follow-up monitoring and plants, so it is also important to maintain or establish healthy treatment will be required for several years regardless of the plant communities. treatment technique. MANUAL/MECHANICAL: RECOMMENDED STRATEGY COLOUR LEGEND It is important to minimize soil disturbance during all manual GREEN: RECOMMENDED or mechanical treatments, since disturbance facilitates ORANGE: CAUTION germination of the seed bank (Evergreen 2015), unless RED: NOT RECOMMENDED OR NOT AVAILABLE promoting germination to deplete the seed bank is part of the long term management plan. The Invasive Species Council of BC (2014) suggests that manual treatment PREVENTION: IMPERATIVE will provide an effective control when the entire plant is removed, no seeds are dropped onto the surrounding soil Prevention is the most economical and effective way to and soil disturbance is minimized. When it is not feasible to reduce the spread of Scotch broom over the long term. remove the entire plant, it is recommended to cut the flower Spread of Scotch broom infestations can be minimized heads off the plant in June or July, before the seeds mature by avoiding soil disturbance (Evergreen 2015) as this will (Evergreen 2015). promote seed germination. When soil disturbance does occur, monitor the area for germination of Scotch broom and other invasive plants. Remove any germinating Scotch broom and quickly revegetate disturbed sites with fast- growing, competitive native plants (A. Hulting 2008).

Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region 9 Climate Action Committee The following manual/mechanical methods can be used to 2003). Cutting the plant in bloom or shortly after will control Scotch broom: minimize its ability to successfully re-sprout, as it will die in the summer’s heat; this will therefore avoid the need • Pulling to remove roots. Pulling is most appropriate to target young Scotch • Mowing broom plants. They can be easily pulled by hand from the soil when the stem is approximately 1.5 cm in Mowing is not as effective as other control strategies diameter or less, or roughly the size of a pencil (Garry and will either need to be repeated throughout the Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team 2002). However, they growing season or combined with other control become much more difficult to pull as the plant grows methods (King County 2008). Parker et al. (2017) and ages. found that mechanical control in general promotes germination of the seedbank, particularly in the first few Pulling should take place during the wet months of the years after treatment. year and the plant should come out without removing soil. This can be done manually or with a very small On coastal sand ecosystems, a recommended removal weed wrench to avoid disturbing the soil because soil method for large patches of Scotch broom is to mow disturbance can facilitate re-establishment (Page 2011). the above-ground broom with a tractor-mounted Any soil divots created by pulling should be replaced to mower or other mechanical means between September diminish soil disturbance (King County 2008). 30th and April 30th (to avoid impacts on nesting birds), and strip 5 cm of soil with a rubber-tired backhoe or • Cutting bobcat (Page 2011). Soil should be disposed as per Approximately 50% of smaller (younger) Scotch broom the recommendations in the section on disposal. This plants have a greater tendency to re-sprout when cut; method ensures the removal of most seeds, therefore therefore, cutting should be avoided (Prasad 2003). preventing re-establishment. The remaining seeds that Cutting should target larger plants with stem diameters germinate in the first five years following the stripping of at least 5 cm, and no longer green at the bases (King generally do not survive the dry summer conditions. County 2008). On coastal sites, Evergreen (2015) reports that older broom plants have been found to re-sprout CHEMICAL: RECOMMENDED less than 5% of the time after cutting. King County (2008) observed a re-sprout rate of 20% over five years When alternative methods to prevent or control invasive following the cutting. Plants should be cut at or slightly plants are unsuccessful, professionals often turn to below ground level with loppers or a saw to reduce herbicides. Chemical control may be required to control the likelihood of re-sprouting. Making a flat cut (at 90 large Scotch broom infestations, such as transportation degrees from the trunk) versus an angled cut eliminates corridors or other non-pasture sites (King County 2008). a hazard for people, dogs and other animals. Plants cut With the exception of substances listed on Schedule 2 high are more likely to re-sprout (Lucero 2017). of the BC Integrated Pest Management Regulation, the Ideally cutting should occur when broom is in bloom use of herbicides is highly regulated in British Columbia. during the spring (BroomBusters n.d.), or after flowering Site characteristics must be considered with herbicide (but before seed maturity) and at the start of the dry prescribed, based on site goals and objectives and in season, when its food reserves are at their lowest (Prasad accordance with legal requirements. This summary of BC’s

10 Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee Integrated Pest Management Act provides an overview of the provincial legislation. ONLY companies or practitioners with a valid Pesticide Licence and staff who are certified PESTICIDE LICENCE AND CERTIFICATION applicators (or working under a certified applicator) A valid pesticide licence is required to: may apply herbicide on invasive plants located on public lands in British Columbia. Applicators • offer a service to apply most pesticides; must be either the land manager/owner or have permission from the land manager/owner prior to • apply most pesticides on public land including local herbicide application. government lands1; and On private property the owner may obtain a • apply pesticides to landscaped areas on private land, Residential Applicators Certificate (for Domestic including outside office buildings and other facilities. class products only) or use a qualified company. Residents do not require a Residential Applicator Certificate for certain uses of domestic class Pesticides (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides) glyphosate including treatment of plants that are are regulated by the federal and provincial poisonous for people to touch, invasive plants and government, and municipal governments often have noxious weeds listed in legislation, and weeds pesticide bylaws. growing through cracks in hard surfaces such as • Health Canada evaluates and approves chemical asphalt or concrete. Refer to the ‘Pesticides & Pest pest control products as per the Pest Control Management’ and ‘Home Pesticide Use’ webpages Products Act. listed in the Additional Resources Section for more information. • The BC Integrated Pest Management Act sets out the requirements for the use and sale Questions? Contact the BC Integrated Pest of pesticides in British Columbia. This Act is Management Program: Telephone: (250) 387-9537 administered by the Ministry of Environment. Email: [email protected] • Several municipalities have adopted bylaws which prohibit the use of certain pesticides. Pesticide applicator certificates can be obtained under the Everyone who uses pesticides must be familiar with category ‘Industrial Vegetation Management’ to manage all relevant laws. weeds on industrial land, roads, power lines, railways, and pipeline rights-of-way for control of noxious weeds on private or public land. Assistant applicator training is also available and the online course and exam are free.

1 on up to 50 ha/year by a single organization. Organizations looking to treat over 50 hectares of land per year are also required to submit a Pest Management Plan and obtain a Pesticide Use Notice confirmation.

Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region 11 Climate Action Committee Although an annual fee and annual reporting are required, may include booklets or material safety data sheets (MSDS) it is best practice for personnel supervising or monitoring that provide additional information about a pesticide pesticide contracts to also maintain a pesticide applicator product. Restrictions on site conditions, soil types, and licence so they are familiar with certification requirements. proximity to water may be listed. If the herbicide label is more restrictive than provincial legislation, the label must For more information on how to obtain a licence and the be followed. requirements when working under the provincial Integrated Pest Management Act and Regulation, please review the Noxious Weed & Vegetation Management section on this webpage: gov.bc.ca/PestManagement.

HERBICIDE LABELS

Individual herbicide labels must always be reviewed thoroughly prior to use to ensure precautions, application rates, and all use directions, specific site and application directions are strictly followed. Under the federal Pest Control Products Act and the BC Integrated Pest Management Regulation, persons are legally required to use pesticides (including herbicides) only for the use described on the label and in accordance with the instructions on that label. Failure to follow label directions could cause damage to the environment, poor control results, or danger to health. Contravention of laws and regulations may lead to cancellation or suspension of a licence or certification, requirement to obtain a qualified monitor to assess work, additional reporting requirements, a stop work order, or prohibition from acquiring authorization in the future. A conviction of an offence under legislation may also carry a fine or imprisonment.

Herbicide labels include information on both the front and back. The front typically includes trade or product name, formulation, class, purpose, registration number, and precautionary symbols. Instructions on how to use the pesticide and what to do in order to protect the health and safety of both the applicator and public are provided on the back (BC Ministry of Environment 2011).

Labels are also available from the Pest Management Regulatory Agency’s online pesticide label search or mobile application as a separate document. These label documents

12 Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee HERBICIDE OPTIONS

The following herbicides can be used on Scotch broom; although not specifically listed on these herbicide labels Scotch broom may be treated under the general application provision for broadleaved plants.

ACTIVE INGREDIENT APPLICATION PERSISTENCE GROWTH STAGE++ TYPE+++ (EXAMPLE BRAND NAMES)+ Glyphosate (many foliar application non-residual actively growing (preferable non-selective products) * spring) Imazapyr (example: foliar spray residual actively growing non-selective ArsenalTM) Triclopyr (example: foliar spray, residual actively growing selective, no effect on GarlonTM) grasses cut-stump, stem application 2,4-D; alone or foliar spray residual actively growing selective, no effect on mixed with tricopyr most grasses or imazapyr Picloram** foliar spray residual actively growing selective, no effect on grasses

* Glyphosate should be used with care as it will kill grass and other surrounding vegetation, which may facilitate Scotch broom seedlings germination (Whatcom County n.d.)

** Hard on trees: not good in forested areas (Miller 2017)

+ The mention of a specific product or brand name of pesticide in this document is not, and should not be construed as, an endorsement or recommendation for the use of that product.

++ For Scotch broom actively growing is defined as spring to late summer (A. Hulting 2008)

+++ Herbicides that control all vegetation are non-selective, while those that control certain types of vegetation (for example, only grasses or only broadleaf plants) are termed selective.

Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region 13 Climate Action Committee APPLYING PESTICIDE IN RIPARIAN AREAS

Provincial legislation prohibits the use of herbicides within 10 metres of natural water courses and 30 metres of domestic or agricultural water sources on public lands. On private lands herbicide labels must be followed (which means for glyphosate products treatment can happen up to the water’s edge), and additional restrictions may apply for some private lands (e.g., industrial sites, forestry sites, golf courses, etc.). On public lands, glyphosate is the only active ingredient that can be applied within the 10 metre Pesticide-Free Zone (PFZ)2 in British Columbia in accordance with the BC Integrated Pest Management Act and Regulation and all public land Pesticide Management Plans (PMPs). A plant must be either a listed Noxious Weed (under the BC Weed Control Act) or appear in the Forest and Range Practices Act Invasive Plants Regulation to be treated within the 10 metre PFZ. Scotch broom is listed in the latter and therefore glyphosate can be applied on Scotch broom up to 1 metre away from the high water mark (HWM)3. The 30 metre no-treatment zone around a water supply intake or well used for domestic or agricultural purposes may be reduced if the licencee or PMP holder is “reasonably satisfied” that a smaller no-treatment zone is sufficient to ensure that pesticide from the use will not enter the intake or well

2 3

2 The Pesticide-Free Zone (PFZ) is an area of land that must not be treated with pesticide and must be protected from pesticide moving into it, under the Integrated Pest Management Act and Regulation. 3 The High Water Mark (HWM) is defined as the visible high water mark of any lake, stream, wetland or other body of water where the presence and action of the water are so common and usual and so long continued in all ordinary years as to mark upon the soil of the bed of the lake, river stream, or other body of water a character distinct from that of the banks, both in vegetation and in the nature of the soil itself. Typical features may include, a natural line or “mark” impressed on the bank or shore, indicated by erosion, shelving, changes in soil characteristics, destruction of terrestrial vegetation, or other distinctive physical characteristics. The area below the high water mark includes the active floodplain(BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy 2018).

14 Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee • Basal stem application involves using a backpack sprayer When managing Scotch broom with herbicide in with a flat fan, solid cone nozzle, or wick attachment, to riparian areas: apply sufficient spray to stems less than 8 cm in basal diameter to form a band 5 cm in width. • Observe and mark all PFZs while on site.

• The HWM should be determined by careful CULTURAL: PARTIALLY RECOMMENDED evaluation by the applicator. Scotch broom can be culturally controlled by growing a • Distances in PFZs should be measured as closed tree canopy with deep shade to suppress the plant. horizontal distance. The utility of this method is restricted to sites where a tree canopy is desired and/or appropriate. It may be challenging • Herbicides restricted in a PFZ must not enter to develop tree cover in an existing infestation because these zones by leaching (lateral mobility) through the changes to soil chemistry caused by Scotch broom will soil or by drift of spray mist or droplets. supress and stunt tree growth (Grove, Parker and Haubensak 2017), therefore early intervention is recommended. • Treatments should be conducted when water levels are low (e.g. summer months) to reduce The Invasive Species Council of BC (2014) reports that Scotch risk. broom seed consumption by chicken and goat grazing has reduced infestations. Angora and Spanish goats eat the tops • Note that efficacy may be dependent on site of young plants, which deplete their root reserves; they are conditions, including moisture in the soil. most effective for one- to four-year-old plants and re-growth (King County 2008). Within Metro Vancouver, grazing to control Scotch broom is likely only feasible in agricultural APPLICATION METHODS or field habitats. Opportunity for grazing in urban areas The preferred application methods to minimize non-target is limited due to municipal bylaws regulating livestock, damage are foliar application, cut surface application, and the high probability of interface with the public, and the basal stem application (Invasive Species Council of British damage animals would cause to riparian areas and other Columbia 2014). sensitive sites with multiple land uses and is therefore not recommended. Due to these constraints, cultural control is • Foliar application requires a thorough wetting of the not recommended as a practical management option in the actively growing plant parts with an appropriate herbicide. Metro Vancouver region. Herbicides should not be applied when plant is in bloom as blooms will prevent full coverage of spray on the remainder of the plant (A. Hulting 2008). BIOLOGICAL: NOT AVAILABLE There are currently no approved biocontrol agents for • Cut surface application is labour intensive but is more Scotch broom in BC (Invasive Species Council of British target specific than foliar spray and reduces the risk of Columbia 2014). At least two biocontrol agents have damaging non-target vegetation. The plant should be cut been tested in the Pacific Northwest including the Scotch at the base and the stump immediately (within 1 minute) broom seed beetle (Bruchidius villosus) and Scotch broom painted with an appropriate herbicide (Huckins and Soll seed weevil (Exapion fuscirostre). Both species attack the 2004). developing seeds within the seedpods, ultimately reducing

Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region 15 Climate Action Committee the number of seeds that germinate (Andreas 2016). moved north adventitiously (BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, The adults feed on flowers, foliage and stems. In large Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development n.d.). populations individual plants can die starting at the tips (BC Populations of all three biocontrol agents are present in the Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Metro Vancouver region with larger numbers found at Iona Rural Development n.d.). Aceria genistae (Scotch broom gall Beach Regional Park and smaller populations seen in Pacific mite) attack newly forming flowers and foliage creating a Spirit Regional Park (Cousins 2018). small gall and reducing the number of seed pods a plant can All current adventive Scotch broom biocontrol species produce (Landcare Research 2014) . are slow to establish (Lucero 2017), and therefore can only These three Scotch broom biocontrol agents were released be used as a component of a long-term Scotch broom in Washington State from the 1990s onwards and have management plan and to minimize the seed bank.

SUMMARY The following table provides a summary and comparison of control methods for Scotch broom*.

CONTROL TECHNIQUES APPLICABLE SITE TYPE PROS CONS STRATEGY Manual Cut, pull, dig Low or medium density Selective, volunteer Creates disturbance, may sites, small infestations, friendly, non-chemical stimulate germination, sensitive sites** labour intensive Mechanical Excavate, mow High density sites, large, Less labour intensive, Non-selective, creates non-sensitive sites non-chemical disturbance, stimulates germination Chemical Foliar, stem, cut High density sites, large Selective with Unintended and paint or small sites with minimal appropriate herbicide environmental/health integration of native trees and application, less impacts, high public and shrubs labour intensive, can concern, weather suppress seed bank dependent, requires trained staff Cultural Suppress through Where forest canopy is Natural competition, self- Takes many years to tree canopy shade acceptable sustaining effectively shade out broom Biological No bioagents are currently available for distribution in British Columbia

* Adapted from Lucerno (2017) and Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team (2002)

** Sensitive sites may include riparian areas or sites with red or blue listed plants or plant communities

16 Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee to wait to cut herbicide-killed material until the high fire Disposal hazard season has passed to reduce the risk of equipment or vehicles starting an ignition. The method of disposal depends on the presence or absence of seeds on the dead plants. Ideally, control activities should be done before plants go to seed (King OFF SITE DISPOSAL County 2008). When disposed off site, transport plant parts on tarps or in thick plastic bags to an appropriate disposal or industrial If seeds are not present: composting facility. In the Lower Mainland, the following • For small volumes of Scotch broom, leave on site, facilities accept Scotch broom plants and/or infested soil: scattered or mulched, or deposit in densely shaded areas • Vancouver Landfill, 5400 72nd Street, Delta, BC. Accepts under conifers where there is no ground vegetation. Scotch broom and soil for deep burial only (additional • For large volumes, the Pacific Forestry Centre (2003) charge). A Waste Assessment Form must be completed. recommends disposing of the plants by chipping. Perform • Fraser Valley Aggregates, 1080 Bradner Road, Abbotsford, chipping activities off site or chip into the existing Scotch BC. Accepts Scotch broom and soil for deep burial and broom impacted area to minimize spread of undetected this site is under permit by the City of Abbotsford. seeds. Large unchipped volumes can be disposed at an appropriate disposal or industrial composting facility (see • Harvest Power, 7028 York Road, Richmond, BC. Accepts below). large quantities (i.e., truckloads) of invasive plant material for industrial composting. This facility does not accept If seeds are present: soil. • If removal and disposal is not practical, plants with seeds • WestCoast Lawns/EnviroSmart Organics, 4295 72nd should be left on site, in place, to avoid spread (King Street, Delta, BC. Accepts large quantities (i.e., truckloads) County 2008). of invasive plant material for industrial composting. This • If removal is realistic, plants should be carried on tarps or facility does not accept soil. in a way that prevents seeds from spreading and disposed Foliage and small quantities of soil (maximum 0.5 m3 or of at an appropriate facility (see below). two wheelbarrows full) are accepted at Metro Vancouver’s Composting Scotch broom foliage and berries at home Transfer Stations (Langley, Maple Ridge, North Shore, or at municipal works yards is not recommended as the Coquitlam and Surrey). Soil from the Transfer Stations is temperature will not reach high enough to kill the seeds. placed in the garbage stream.

Scotch broom patches are a fire hazard. Leaving dead Scotch PLEASE CONTACT ALL FACILITIES BEFOREHAND broom on site increases the risk of fire. Herbicide killed TO CONFIRM THEY CAN PROPERLY HANDLE THE material may need to be cut and either chipped or removed MATERIAL. off site due to either fire risk or aesthetic reasons. It is best

Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region 17 Climate Action Committee CLEANING AND DISINFECTION4

Before leaving a site, remove all visible plant parts and soil from vehicles, equipment, and gear, and if possible, rinse these items. When back at a works yard or wash station, vehicles should be cleaned and disinfected using the following steps:

• Wash with 180 °F water at 6 gpm, 2000 psi*, with a contact time of ≥ 10 seconds on all surfaces to remove dirt and organic matter such as vegetation parts or seeds. Pay special attention to undercarriages, chassis, wheel-wells, radiators, grills, tracks, buckets, chip-boxes, blades, and flail-mowing chains.

• Use compressed air to remove vegetation from grills and radiators.

• Sweep/vacuum interior of vehicles paying special attention to floor mats, pedals, and seats.

• Steam clean poor access areas (e.g., inside trailer tubes) – 200 psi @ 300 °F.

• Fully rinse detergent residue from equipment prior to leaving facility. CREDIT: L. BATES-FRYMEL * Appropriate self-serve and mobile hot power-wash companies in the Metro Vancouver area include: Zolliker Fleet Cleaning, Omega Power Washing, Eco Klean Truck Wash, RG Truck Wash, Ravens Mobile Pressure Washing, Hydrotech Powerwashing, Platinum Pressure Washing Inc, and Alblaster Pressure Washing. Wash stations should be monitored regularly for Scotch broom growth.

4 Adapted from Metro Vancouver 2018 Water Services Equipment Cleaning Procedures and Inspection Protocols.

18 Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee Follow-up Monitoring Restoration

Whatever control method is used, follow-up monitoring and Restoration is recommended to create competition, control maintenance treatments are components of an integrated Scotch broom regrowth and replace lost habitat. However, management plan or approach. planting should not take place until control of new seedlings • For manually treated sites, follow-up monitoring should has been carried out, so as not to impede treatment take place for many years following initial treatment, due (Whatcom County n.d.). to the long viability of the seedbank. Mulch can be used to avoid leaving bare soil and reduce • Chemical treatments must be repeated over many years colonization by other invasive plant species (King County also due to the long viability of the seedbank (Invasive 2008). The International Society of Arboriculture and Species Council of British Columbia 2014). Seedlings relevant municipal Parks or arboriculture departments offer should be treated before they reach 0.5 cm in height guidelines for mulch application. Specific mulch depths (Prasad 2003). The first follow-up treatment may need to can be used to control invasive weeds and encourage plant take place within the first year after the treatment. growth (International Society of Arboriculture 2011).

Keeping up-to-date maps of seed bank locations facilitates Replacement species should be chosen based on the monitoring sites for regrowth (Pocock 2017). ecology of the site by a qualified environmental professional. Local biologists, environmental professionals, agronomists, agrologists, native and domestic forage specialists, seed companies and plant nurseries are all good sources for localized recommendations for regional native species and regionally adapted domestic species, based on site usage. There are several science-based resources available to guide restoration efforts, such as the South Coast Conservation Program’s Diversity by Design restoration planning toolkit.

Examples of common competitive native species prescribed in Metro Vancouver sites are summarized in the table below based on site moisture. Note that Scotch broom is often found in coastal sands ecosystems; many of the plant species listed below would not be appropriate for that type of ecosystem.

Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region 19 Climate Action Committee WET SITES MOIST SITES DRY SITES SHRUBS Salmonberry Salmonberry Thimbleberry Hardhack Willow Nootka rose Willow Red osier dogwood Red flowering currant Red osier dogwood Red elderberry Snowberry Pacific ninebark Vine maple Tall Oregon grape Indian plum Oceanspray TREES Western red cedar Western red cedar Douglas-fir Red alder Red alder Red alder

Revegetation of the site to a domestic or cultured non-native plant species composition may be considered in some circumstances. Often domestic species are faster establishing and grow more prolifically which aids in resisting Scotch broom re-invasion.

20 Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee References

A. Hulting, K. Neff, E. Coobms, R. Parker, G. Miller, L.C. August 2017. http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas. Burrill. 2008. Scotch broom: Biology and Management in the aspx?sciname=Cytisus%20scoparius. Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University. Accessed August Evergreen. 2015. 2017. https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/ Invasive Plant Profile - Scotch Broom. Vancouver, BC. Accessed August 2017. https://www. catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw103.pdf. evergreen.ca/downloads/pdfs/Invasive-Plant-Profile-Scotch- Andreas, J.E. 2016. Biological Control of Scotch Broom. Broom.pdf. Washington State University Extension. Accessed August Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team. 2002. 2017. http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/FS203E/ Best Practices FS203E.pdf. for Invasive Species Management in Garry Oak and Associated Ecosystems. Accessed August 2017. http://www. BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy. goert.ca/documents/Best_Practices_for_Broom_revised.pdf. 2018. “Instream Works Glossary.” July. http://www.env.gov. Graham, Paul A. n.d. Accessed August bc.ca/wld/instreamworks/glossary.htm. Scotch Broom. 2017. http://www.shim.bc.ca/invasivespecies/_private/ BC Ministry of Environment. 2011. “Canadian Pesticide Scotchbroom.htm. Education Program: Applicator Core Manual. Federal, Grove, S., I. Parker, and K. Haubensak. 2017. “Development Provincial, Territorial Working Group on Pesticide Education, and persistence of soil impacts following Scotch broom Training and Certification.” invasion.” Scotch Broom Ecology and Management BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations Symposium. University of California and Northern and Rural Development. n.d. “Biocontrol Agents Currently Arizona University. Accessed August 2017. http://www. Unavailable for Redistribution.” Accessed 2018. https:// invasivespecies.wa.gov/scotch-broom-symposium.shtml. www.for.gov.bc.ca/hra/plants/biocontrol/bioagents_primary. Grove, S., K.A. Haubensak, and I.M. Parker. 2012. “Direct and htm#BRVI. indirect effects of allelopathy in the soil legacy of an exotic BroomBusters. n.d. How to Cut Broom. Accessed August plant invasion.” Plant Ecology 213: 1869-1882. 2017. www.broombusters.org/how-to-cut-broom/. Huckins, E., and J. Soll. 2004. Controlling Scotch broom in California Invasive Plant Council, California Invasive the Pacific Northwest. The Nature Convervancy. Accessed Plant. n.d. “Invasive Plants of California’s Wildland.” August 2017. https://www.invasive.org/gist/moredocs/ Accessed August 2017. http://www.cal-ipc.org/ cytsco01.pdf. ip/management/ipcw/pages/detailreport.cfm@ International Society of Arboriculture. 2011. “Proper usernumber=52&surveynumber=182.php. Mulching Techniques.” Accessed August 2018. http://www. Cousins, Sam. 2018. Stewardship Technician, Metro treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/ProperMulching. Vancouver Regional Parks West Area pdf.

E-Flora. 2017. “Scotch broom.” E-Flora BC: Electronic Invasive Species Council of British Columbia. 2014. Scotch Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia. Edited by B. Broom TIPS. Accessed August 2017. http://bcinvasives.ca/ Klinkenberg. Department of Geography. August. Accessed documents/Scotch_Broom_TIPS_Final_08_06_2014.pdf.

Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region 21 Climate Action Committee ISCBC, Invasive Species Council of British Columbia. 2014. Parker, I. 2017. “A Worthy Adversary: Scotch Broom Biology “Himalayan Blackberry Tips.” BC Invasives. Accessed and Invasion.” Scotch Broom Ecology and Management August 2017. http://bcinvasives.ca/documents/Himalayan_ Symposium. University of California and Northern Blackberry_TIPS_Final_08_06_2014.pdf. Arizona University. Accessed August 2017. http://www. invasivespecies.wa.gov/scotch-broom-symposium.shtml. King County. 2008. “Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom.” King County Noxious Weed Control Program. Parker, I., K. Haubensak, S. Grove, J. Foster, and N. Benson. Accessed August 2017. http://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/ 2017. “Chemical vs. mechanical control of Scotch broom library/water-and-land/weeds/BMPs/Scotch-Broom-Control. across different life stages in a large-scale experiment.” pdf. Scotch Broom Ecology and Management Symposium. University of California and Northern Arizona University. Landcare Research. 2014. “The Biological Control of Weeds Accessed August 2017. http://www.invasivespecies.wa.gov/ Book.” Accessed 2018. https://www. Landcare Research. scotch-broom-symposium.shtml. landcareresearch.co.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/20565/ Broom_Gall_Mite_Dec_14.pdf. Pocock, Kari, interview by T. Murray. 2017. Stewarship Coordinator, Stanley Park Ecology Society (August). Lucero, Cathy. 2017. “Scotch Broom IPM: Choosing the Right Method for You.” Scotch Broom Ecology and Management Prasad, R.P. 2003. Management and Control of Gorse Symposium. Clallam County Noxious Weed Control Board. and Scotch Broom in British Columbia. Natural Resources Accessed August 2017. Canada - Canadian Forest Service. Accessed August 2017. https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=22111. Miller, Tim. 2017. “Efficacy of Herbicide Options for Scotch Broom Management.” Scotch Broom Ecology Management Swearingen, J., C. Bargeron. 2016. Spanish broom. University Symposium. Washington State University. Accessed August of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem 2017. http://www.invasivespecies.wa.gov/scotch-broom- Health. Accessed July 2018. https://www.invasiveplantatlas. symposium.shtml. org/subject.html?sub=6482.

Oregon Department of Agriculture. n.d. Portuguese Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. n.d. Scotch Broom Profile. Accessed July 2018. https://www.oregon. Broom. Accessed August 2017. http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/ gov/ODA/shared/Documents/Publications/Weeds/ weeds/scotch-broom. PortuguesBroomProfile.pdf. Whatcom County. n.d. Control Options for Scotch Page, N. 2011. “Iona Beach Regional Park - Strategies for broom. Accessed August 2017. www.whatcomcounty.us/ Maintaining Native Ecological Communities.” Raincoast DocumentCenter/Home/View/27081. Applied Ecology. Accessed August 2017. http://www. raincoastappliedecology.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Iona-Beach-Vegetation-Management-Report-March-2011. pdf.

22 Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee Additional Resources Acknowledgments

For more information please refer to the following resources. The project team would like to thank the following groups for their contributions related to the development and • BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource review of this document: Operations, Invasive Alien Plant Program (IAPP). www.for. gov.bc.ca/hra/Plants/application.htm • Green Teams of Canada

• E-Flora BC, an Electronic Atlas of the Plants of BC. www. • Langley Environmental Partners Society eflora.bc.ca/ • Stanley Park Ecology Society • Field Guide to Noxious and Other Selected Weeds of • Metro Vancouver’s Regional Planning Advisory Committee British Columbia. 2002. www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/ (RPAC) - Invasive Species Subcommittee weedguid/ Scotchbroom.htm To submit edits or additions to this report, contact Laurie • Pesticides and Pest Management. Province of British Bates-Frymel, Senior Regional Planner at laurie.bates- Columbia https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/ [email protected]. environment/pesticides-pest-management

• Prasad, Raj. Scotch Broom, Cytisus scoparius L. in British Columbia. http://cfs.nrcanz.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/ pdfs/31653.pdf

• Grow Me Instead. http://bcinvasives.ca/resources/ programs/plant-wise/

• Invasive Species Council of British Columbia Scotch Broom Fact Sheet. https://bcinvasives.ca/documents/ Scotch_Broom_TIPS_Final_08_06_2014.pdf

Best Management Practices for Scotch Broom in the Metro Vancouver Region 23 Climate Action Committee Climate Action Committee 5.6

Amphimallon majale

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region

Climate Action Committee Disclaimer

This publication is not intended to endorse or recommend Copyright to this publication is owned by the Metro any particular product material or service provider, nor is Vancouver Regional District (“Metro Vancouver”). it intended as a substitute for engineering, legal, or other Permission to reproduce this publication, or any professional advice. Such advice should be sought from substantial part of it, is granted only for personal, non- qualified professionals. commercial, educational and informational purposes, provided that the publication is not modified or altered While the information in this publication is believed to and provided that this copyright notice and disclaimer be accurate, this publication and all of the information is included in any such production or reproduction. contained in it are provided “as is” without warranty of any Otherwise, no part of this publication may be reproduced kind, whether express or implied. All implied warranties, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright including, without limitation, implied warranties of Act, as amended or replaced from time to time. merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, are expressly disclaimed by Metro Vancouver. The material provided in this publication is intended for educational and informational purposes only.

Created by: Metro Vancouver and the Invasive Species Council of Metro Vancouver

In partnership with: The Invasive Species Council of British Columbia Diamond Head Consulting

Requested by: Metro Vancouver’s Regional Planning Advisory Committee – Invasive Species Subcommittee

4730 Kingsway, Burnaby, BC, V5H 0C6 metrovancouver.org

September 2018

Climate Action Committee Contents

Introduction______4 Regulatory Status______4 Impacts______4 Reproduction and Spread ______5 Habitat and Distribution ______6

Identification______7 Similar Species______9

Tracking______10 Reporting______10 Prevention and Control Strategies______10 Prevention: Imperative______11 Biological: Recommended______11 Cultural: Recommended______14 Chemical: Caution______15 Manual/Mechanical: Not Recommended______17

Disposal ______17 On Site Disposal______17 Off Site Disposal______18 Cleaning and Disinfection______18

Follow-Up Monitoring______19 Restoration______19 References______20 Additional Resources______22 Acknowledgements______22

Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region 3 Climate Action Committee CREDIT: DAVID CAPPAERT, BUGWOOD.ORG Introduction

The impacts of invasive species on ecological, human and European chafer beetle in British Columbia, it is anticipated economic health are of concern in the Metro Vancouver that the recommended best management practices may region. Successful control of invasive species requires change over time and this document will be updated. Please concerted and targeted efforts by many players. This check metrovancouver.org regularly to obtain the most document – “Best Management Practices for European recent version of these best management practices. Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region” – is one of a series of species-specific guides developed for use by REGULATORY STATUS practitioners (e.g., local government staff, crews, project managers, contractors, consultants, developers, stewardship Section 2 (1) (b) (iii) of the Community Charter, Spheres groups and others who have a role in invasive species of Concurrent Jurisdiction – Environment and Wildlife management) in the region. Together, these best practices Regulation, states that “municipalities may regulate, provide a compendium of guidance that has been tested prohibit and impose requirements in relation to control locally by researchers and operational experts. and eradication of alien invasive species”, which includes European chafer beetle. The European chafer beetle was first recorded in British Columbia in 2001 in lawns and turf along boulevards (City of New Westminster 2018). It has since spread to many IMPACTS communities in the Metro Vancouver region and best The European chafer beetle has been found in turf, practices for identifying and managing the European horticulture, and field crops in Eastern North America. These chafer beetle have advanced rapidly. Academic institutions, beetles have damaged turfgrass lawns and sports fields government, and non-government organizations continue throughout the Metro Vancouver region (BC AGRI 2016). to study this species in British Columbia. As researchers and The larvae eat fibrous grass roots, which damages the grass practitioners learn more about the biology and control of plant. This damage is mostly caused by the third and final

4 Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee instar grubs in the fall and early spring, but damage can While adult beetles may be active and visible (at dusk) both be masked by the abundant moisture at these times (BC on the lawn and in nearby trees in the month of June, this AGRI 2016). The grass often feels spongy if there is a heavy life stage does not eat and the adults do not actually cause infestation (CNLA and WCTA n.d.). Drier weather can make damage to the lawns (BC AGRI 2016). damage more apparent, creating brown, dying patches The primary food source for grubs is turfgrass, however if in the lawn. The grubs have a strong scent, which attracts grubs are numerous and food is scarce, they may move on to birds and medium-sized mammals (e.g., crows, skunks, the fibrous roots of planted crops, including corn, potatoes, racoons, etc.). These predators tear up lawns to consume blueberries, strawberries, conifers, and other crop roots (BC grubs. Photos of chafer beetle damage versus damage by AGRI 2016). They can also cause damage to ornamental and predators are shown below. nursery plants by reducing their root system; relatively small infestations can cause extensive root loss when plants are containerized (Purdue University 2013).

REPRODUCTION AND SPREAD

European chafer beetles go through several life stages over the course of a year. As illustrated below, adult beetles emerge from late June to July (City of Burnaby 2017). The grubs moult twice over eight weeks and the mature grubs The difference continue to feed throughout the fall. In the winter, they between grass generally remain within 5 cm of the soil surface, except damaged by during periods of freezing conditions when they will dig chafer beetle deeper (BC AGRI 2016). During freezing conditions, they grubs (top) and have been known to dig up to 1 m below the surface by vertebrates (Denbow 2017), but rarely go deeper than 10 cm in Metro consuming the Vancouver (LeDoux 2017). Lawns are most susceptible to grubs (bottom). damage in fall and winter as birds and mammals search CREDIT: BC AGRI for and consume the grubs. The remaining grubs begin to 2016 feed again in the spring until April, when they transform into pupae. The adults emerge in late May and June and fly to nearby tall trees (BC AGRI 2016), telephone poles, peaks of houses and other vertical structures to mate (LeDoux 2017). They mate in swarms at dusk, then the females return to nearby exposed soil and typically deposit between 20 to 50 eggs (CNLA and WCTA n.d.) (BC AGRI 2016). Adults don’t eat, and die shortly after first leaving the soil (Purdue University 2013). Males die shortly after mating, while females die shortly after laying their eggs (LeDoux 2017).

Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region 5 Climate Action Committee The Lifecycle of the European Chafer Beetle CREDIT: CITY OF RICHMOND (ADAPTED FROM LANDSCAPE ONTARIO HORTICULTURAL TRADES ASSOCIATION)

The European chafer beetles’ short life cycle can lead to along boulevards (City of New Westminster 2018). Their a rapidly increasing population if not managed (City of 1-year life cycle has allowed them to spread relatively quickly Vancouver 2017). throughout the region. The European chafer beetle is currently found throughout Vancouver, Burnaby, Coquitlam, The spread of European chafer beetle can be accelerated Port Coquitlam, Richmond, Delta, Port Moody, District and by the use of infested soil and turf, plants, and landscaping City of North Vancouver, West Vancouver, Surrey and Maple equipment, as well as through composting infested turfgrass Ridge (Lascelle 2016). and soil (City of Port Coquitlam 2017). It is likely that most of the current spread in the region has been due to the use of infested soil, turf and plants in landscaping.

HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION

To date the European chafer beetle has been confined to turfgrass habitat in urban areas in Metro Vancouver. They have yet to be discovered in agricultural or natural areas, but have been known to live off crop roots in other parts of the world (BC AGRI 2016).

The European chafer beetle was first found in British Columbia in New Westminster in 2001, in lawns and turf

6 Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee beetle grubs can be distinguished by the pattern Identification created by fine hairs on their tail end, also known as their ‘raster pattern’ (Nutri-lawn n.d.). The hairs on the The European chafer beetle belongs to the family tail end of the European chafer grub are arranged in a . The adult beetle is tan to brown coloured and diverging rows of spines, similar to an open zipper. 12-15 mm in length (BC AGRI 2016) (CNLA and WCTA n.d.).

Adult European chafer beetle CREDIT: BC AGRI 2016

European chafer beetle larvae CREDIT: BC AGRI 2016

The mature grubs, also called larvae, have a C-shaped body and brown head with six prominent legs (BC AGRI 2016). They often appear to have a dark brown/black tail end from the soil they have ingested (Nutri-lawn n.d.). Mature chafer grubs are up to 25 mm long, roughly the size of a quarter (LeDoux 2017).

Presence of an infestation is best confirmed between January and March by digging up five sample sections of turf 30 cm x 30 cm (1 square foot) in an area showing evidence of turf damage. If five or more grubs are found in each sample, an infestation is likely present and control measure are warranted (District of West Vancouver n.d.).

Several look-a-like beetle grubs can be found in the Metro Vancouver area. A microscope may be used to confirm the species (BC AGRI 2016). European chafer

Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region 7 Climate Action Committee Adult Mature

Adult European chafer beetle European chafer beetle grub’s open zipper shaped raster CREDIT: M. REDING AND B. ANDERSON, USDA AGRICULTURAL pattern RESEARCH SERVICE, BUGWOOD.ORG CREDIT: G.M. DILL

8 Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee SIMILAR SPECIES NON-NATIVE BEETLES

In British Columbia, some similar beetle species could be • (Popillia japonica), another locally- confused with the European chafer beetle larvae or adults: invasive beetle, was discovered in the City of Vancouver in the summer of 2017. The adult Japanese beetle looks NATIVE BEETLES quite different than the European chafer, but the larvae are very similar. The larvae can be differentiated by • Ten-lined June beetle ( ) can Polyphylla decemlineata looking at the arrangement of the hairs on their tail ends often be found in sandy soils in British Columbia. Adults (raster pattern) under a microscope. are 20 to 35 mm long, substantially larger than the European chafer beetle, and they feed on foliage but do not cause economic damage to fruit trees (WSU-TFREC 2018).

Adult ten-lined June beetle Adult Japanese beetle CREDIT: L. ELLIOT CREDIT: J. BERGER, BUGWOOD.ORG

Japanese Beetle Grub (raster) CREDIT: G.M. DILL

Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region 9 Climate Action Committee Tracking Prevention and Control

According to BC Ministry of Agriculture (2016), the following Strategies steps can be used to confirm whether a lawn has an infestation of European chafer beetles: Effective management programs may include a variety of control techniques ranging from prevention, chemical, • Cut 3 sides of a 30 cm by 30 cm piece of sod to a depth of cultural, manual, biological, and/or mechanical methods. 5 cm. Several strategies can be used to address European chafer beetle infestations, but the best way is through prevention. • Fold it back to count the grubs; it should fold back Once an infestation has established, it is difficult to control relatively easily if there is an infestation, as the grubs have while retaining a turfgrass lawn. The following sections consumed the roots. discuss management options and timelines in order of • Check under dead or dying patches of turf, or where there effectiveness. has been damage by vertebrates such as birds, skunks, or Coordinated management efforts across jurisdictional racoons. boundaries are critical. If infestations are shared, it is ideal for This process should be repeated in five locations to get the entire infestation to be treated with the same method at an average grub concentration for the site (City of Port the same time. Management efforts will be less successful if Coquitlam 2017). only a portion of the infestation is targeted.

Healthy, well-irrigated turf can withstand low levels of grub Reporting feeding. BC Ministry of Agriculture (2016) suggests that the management threshold for a European chafer beetle Most municipalities in the Metro Vancouver area have not ‘infestation’ is 20 grubs/ft2 (900 cm2) area; however, other established a process for reporting European chafer beetle sources suggest control is justified at lower concentrations. infestations on private land. The Canadian Nursery Landscape Association in collaboration with Western Canada Turfgrass Association and Nutri-Lawn, suggest greater than 5-10 grubs per section could warrant control measures. Finally, many municipalities in British Columbia suggest treatment at as few as 5 grubs/ ft2. Concentrations less than 5 grubs/ft2 are generally not considered high enough to require treatment.

STRATEGY COLOUR LEGEND GREEN: RECOMMENDED ORANGE: CAUTION RED: NOT RECOMMENDED OR NOT AVAILABLE

10 Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee PREVENTION: IMPERATIVE BIOLOGICAL: RECOMMENDED

Prevention is the most economical and effective way to While birds and mammals feeding on larvae often results in reduce the spread of European chafer beetle over the long damaged turf, they also help decrease the pest population. term. Maintaining a healthy lawn with thick roots and long In early spring after they have fed on the grubs, the lawn can grass stems, or altering the composition of the lawn from be raked to remove any pulled-up sections of turfgrass (City turfgrass to an alternate species, will reduce the impact or of Surrey n.d.). After feeding is completed and the grubs likelihood of an infestation. A healthy lawn with dense roots have pupated, the turf can then be reseeded, and a layer of is much less hospitable to European chafer beetle (City of compost added (BC AGRI 2016). Surrey n.d.). To maintain a healthy lawn, water it one hour Many biological diseases and parasites occur naturally in the per week, or less if it rains (District of West Vancouver n.d.). soil; if the grubs appear to be sick or dying, action may not Aerating twice a year in the spring and fall can also improve be required (NYSIPM 2013). the health of lawns (City of Port Coquitlam 2017), as well as adding compost and over-seeding (City of Surrey n.d.). NEMATODES Clippings should be left on the lawn to act as mulch (City of Port Coquitlam 2017). Applying lime to the lawn may also One of the more effective mays to manage chafer beetle be required to maintain optimal soil pH for plant growth if infestations in Metro Vancouver is to apply parasitic the soils are overly acidic (City of Coquitlam n.d.). Soils are nematodes (Metro Vancouver 2018). Nematodes are small, often acidic in rainy areas where rhododendrons and other parasitic roundworms that can be used as a biological agent acidophilic plants thrive. Before liming, it is best to take a and applied to an infested site. Nematodes actively seek soil test to ensure soil pH is below 6.5. out white grubs, such as the European chafer beetle, and quickly destroy them from the inside-out (BC AGRI 2016). Since the female European chafer beetles prefer to lay eggs While many agencies say they are quite effective (BC AGRI in short turfgrass, maintaining grass height at least 6 cm tall 2016), others question their long-term effectiveness as a is a useful preventative measure (BC AGRI 2016), and some strategy (Hesketh 2017). Evidence suggests that nematodes municipalities suggest a minimum of 8 cm (City of Richmond have a success rate around 75% for control of European n.d.). The taller blades will also help to protect the soil chafer beetle (Teasdale et al., 2007). In the absence of other surface from water loss, and encourage deeper root growth control strategies nematodes remain the most commonly (District of West Vancouver n.d.). recommended approach to address populations of Care should be taken not to move infested plants or European chafer beetle in Metro Vancouver. soils into an un-infested property (BC AGRI 2016). When Some municipalities in Metro Vancouver are currently purchasing topsoil, the vendor should be asked where the conducting trials with Steinernema scarabaei nematodes soil originated, and how they ensure it is not infested (City and having some success (Hesketh 2017); however of Port Coquitlam 2017). Any tools used in an infested area Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, sometimes sold under the should be properly cleaned (City of Port Coquitlam 2017) by name ‘Nemasys G’, is currently considered to be the best hosing off with water. nematode choice (BC AGRI 2016). Several strains of H. If prevention is unsuccessful, the population of European bacteriophora nematode are available - strain 1 (produced chafer beetles should be controlled before repairing the by Becker Underwood) is generally most effective, followed lawn so as not to waste time and resources (City of New by strain 2 (Koppert Canada) or strain 3 (Biobest Canada) Westminster 2018). (Teasdale et al., 2007). Most municipalities recommend

Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region 11 Climate Action Committee contacting your local garden centre to secure a population Nematodes only survive for one season; therefore, they of nematodes up to two months before using them (City of typically need to be re-applied on an annual basis (LeDoux North Vancouver 2016). Some municipalities have subsidy 2017). However, no examples of complete eradication programs that cover up to half the cost of nematodes through biological control were noted in any of the (e.g., City of New Westminster, City of Burnaby, City of Port references used to develop these best management Moody). These subsidies are often first come-first serve, practices. and must be ordered in April or May, well in advance of the The following table summarizes the life stages and nematode application (City of Burnaby 2017). As of 2017, the associated damage through the 1-year life cycle of the average cost of nematodes was $80/packet (City of Burnaby, European chafer beetle, and the recommended timing for ECB Program n.d.). nematode application and proactive lawn management. It Once the nematodes are obtained, they must be handled is a collation of information on the municipal and private carefully. Most require storage in the refrigerator and must landscaping websites referenced in this document. be used as quickly as possible. They generally survive for up to two weeks in a refrigerator set at between 3 to 6C or 37 to 42F (City of Port Coquitlam 2017). It is best to check that the nematodes are alive at the time of purchase. Using a hand lens or magnifying glass, dead nematodes are straight, while live nematodes appear curled (Isaacson 2017).

Nematodes should be applied to a lawn from mid-July to the end of August, when grubs are small (BC AGRI 2016), and are most effective when applied in the last two weeks of July (City of Coquitlam n.d.). The nematodes often come in packets that are mixed with water, and they should then be applied using a watering can or hose end sprayer (City of Burnaby 2017) at a concentration of 750,000 per m2 or 70,000 per ft2 of lawn (CNLA and WCTA, n.d.). As they are sensitive to light and heat, nematode application should take place early in the morning.

Once deposited, most nematodes require the environment to remain quite wet. The site should be watered thoroughly within one hour after application (Art Knapp 2018). Most nematodes require watering every day, for 2 to 3 weeks (District of West Vancouver n.d.); however, regional lawn watering regulations must be followed. From May 1 to October 15, daily lawn watering in the Metro Vancouver area requires a water exemption permit from the municipality. All municipalities will provide permits during stage 1 and 2 lawn watering restrictions, but no permits will be issued or renewed during stage 3 (Metro Vancouver 2018).

12 Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee TIME OF YEAR LIFE STAGES AND DAMAGES BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR METRO VANCOUVER January-March - Grubs will continue to grow as they feed - Look for damaged turf on turf roots - Monitor for grubs in cut sections of lawn - They remain within 5 cm of the surface - If 5-10+ grubs per 900 cm2are found, plan for control measures - Predators cause the most turf damage at this time and in the fall, as they dig up the grubs for food April-May - Grubs enter a resting stage () in May, - Aerate soil then emerge as adult beetles in June - If biological control is planned, pre-order nematodes - Minimal turf damage at this time - Rake up or till damaged turf

- Apply top dressing of compost/topsoil

- Re-seed with deep rooted grass (new turf should be watered daily*)

- Water established lawns once weekly*

- Keep grass at least 6 cm high, and leave mowed clippings on the lawn June - The adult beetles emerge and fly in - Water lawns once a week* swarms at dusk into the trees to mate - Keep grass at least 6 cm high, and leave mowed clippings on the lawn - Female beetles deposit eggs (20- 50, per female) into the soil July - Eggs hatch - Apply nematodes in late July

- New grubs begin to feed on grass roots - Water lawn daily for 2-3 weeks after application of nematodes*;

- Infected turf may feel spongy when - Keep grass at least 6 cm high, and leave mowed clippings on the lawn stepped on

- Damage to turf may start to be visible as brown, dying patches of grass August - Grubs continue to feed on turf - Water lawns once weekly*

- Infected turf may feel spongy, and - Keep grass at least 6 cm high, and leave mowed clippings on the lawn damage to turf may be visible as brown, dying patches of grass if feeding becomes - Nematode application can be done in early August if not done in late July September excessive - Apply slow-release fertilizer

- Keep grass at least 6 cm high, and leave mowed clippings on the lawn October- - Grubs will continue to grow as they feed - Aerate soils November - They remain within 5 cm of the surface - Monitor for grubs

- Predators cause turf damage as they dig - Cover exposed soil to deter further damage from animals up the grubs for food December - No maintenance needed at this time

* A water exemption permit will likely be required from your municipality. The Resources section provides municipality-specific requirements.

Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region 13 Climate Action Committee CULTURAL: RECOMMENDED BARRIERS

Cultural controls include a broad range of practices that Some residents have had success with using barriers such render the crop environment less favorable for the pest. The as Remay cloth (non-woven polypropylene or polyester following cultural controls are recommended for European clothlike material), plastic sheeting, or landscape fabric to chafer beetle. cover lawns for the duration of the mating and egg laying cycle thereby preventing the beetles from laying eggs in LAWN ALTERNATIVES their turf (City of North Vancouver 2016). While some covers may require removal each morning, barrier clothes, also Turf can be removed from chafer-prone areas, and replace known as crop blankets, will prevent beetles from accessing with a substitute landscape feature (BC AGRI 2016), such as the soil, but still allow sun and moisture to reach the lawn xeriscaping, pollinator gardens, raised beds, or farming the during the day (Art Knapp 2018). Crop blankets should be space (West Coast Seeds n.d.). Lawns can also be converted applied the first week of June, and remain on the lawn for 3 from turfgrass to something the European chafer beetles weeks (Art Knapp 2018). Using the landscape fabrics during do not consume, such as beetle resistant grass blends, other parts of the year can increase the concentration of moss, woody plants, creeping thyme, micro clover, little European chafer beetle by limiting crows and raccoons from star creeper and others. Several private companies provide consuming the grubs (Whysall 2015). alternative turf replacement mixes that are available for sale in the Metro Vancouver area. Changing the composition of the lawn will make it difficult for European chafer beetles to forage, and will increase biodiversity, thereby increasing forage and shelter for other organisms (MacDonald 2017). Metro Vancouver’s Grow Green website provides lawn alternatives as well as drought-tolerant, non-invasive plant and design suggestions for various conditions. Such turfgrass alternatives can also have the added benefits of not requiring mowing, or at least less frequent mowing, and being drought resistant (City of Surrey n.d.). Note that conversion of grass to other vegetation must be done by permission of the landowner; residents who wish to convert or maintain boulevards need to consult with their municipality.

14 Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee CHEMICAL: CAUTION Many municipalities have restrictions on pesticide use Pesticides (e.g., insecticides, herbicides, fungicides) for cosmetic purposes, which includes treating lawns and are regulated by the federal and provincial turfgrass. Some municipal websites explicitly mention that government, and municipal governments often have chemical control methods are not permitted for European pesticide bylaws. chafer beetle infestations. Prior to treatment, all municipal • Health Canada evaluates and approves chemical bylaws and provincial and federal regulations must be pest control products as per the Pest Control reviewed to determine if chemical control is allowed for Products Act. cosmetic purposes. • The BC Integrated Pest Management Act In municipalities where pesticide use is permitted, a few sets out the requirements for the use and sale chemical treatment options can effectively control European of pesticides in British Columbia. This Act is chafer beetle in Metro Vancouver. administered by the Ministry of Environment. With the exception of substances listed on Schedule 2 • Several municipalities have adopted bylaws which of the Integrated Pest Management Regulation, the use prohibit the use of certain pesticides. of pesticides is highly regulated in British Columbia. Site characteristics must be considered with pesticide prescribed, Everyone who uses pesticides must be familiar with based on site goals and objectives and in accordance with all relevant laws. legal requirements. This summary of BC’s Integrated Pest Management Act provides an overview of the provincial legislation

Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region 15 Climate Action Committee A pesticide applicator certificate in the appropriate category ONLY companies or practitioners with a valid is required to apply pesticides under a licence holder in BC. Pesticide Licence and staff who are certified Refer to the ‘Pesticides & Pest Management’ webpage listed applicators (or working under a certified applicator) in the Additional Resources Section or contact IPM program may apply pesticide on invasive species located staff to determine which certificate category is required for on public lands in British Columbia. Applicators the intended pesticide uses. Assistant applicator training is must be either the land manager/owner or have also available and the online course and exam are free. permission from the land manager/owner prior to Although an annual fee and annual reporting are required, pesticide application. it is best practice for personnel supervising or monitoring On private property the owner may obtain a pesticide contracts to also maintain a pesticide applicator Residential Applicators Certificate (for Domestic licence so they are familiar with certification requirements. class products only) or use a qualified company. For more information on how to obtain a licence and the Refer to the ‘Pesticides & Pest Management’ requirements when working under the provincial Integrated and ‘Home Pesticide Use’ webpages listed in the Pest Management Act and Regulation, please visit www.gov. Additional Resources Section for more information. bc.ca/PestManagement .

Questions? Contact the BC Integrated Pest Management Program: INSECTICIDE LABELS Individual insecticide labels must always be reviewed Telephone: (250) 387-9537 thoroughly prior to use to ensure precautions, application Email: [email protected] rates, and all use directions, specific site and application directions are strictly followed. Under the federal Pest Control Products Act and the BC Integrated Pest Management Regulation, persons are legally required to PESTICIDE LICENCE AND CERTIFICATION use pesticides (including insecticides or larvicides) only A valid pesticide licence is required to: for the use described on the label and in accordance with the instructions on that label. Failure to follow label • offer a service to apply most pesticides; directions could cause damage to the environment, poor control results, or danger to health. Contravention of laws • apply most pesticides on public land including local and regulations may lead to cancellation or suspension of government lands1; and a licence or certification, requirement to obtain a qualified • apply pesticides to landscaped areas on private land, monitor to assess work, additional reporting requirements, a including outside office buildings and other facilities. stop work order, or prohibition from acquiring authorization in the future. A conviction of an offence under legislation

1 on up to 50 ha/year by a single organization. Organizations looking to treat over 50 hectares of land per year are also required to submit a Pest Management Plan and obtain a Pesticide Use Notice confirmation.

16 Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee may also carry a fine or imprisonment. Agency is undertaking a re-evaluation of all agricultural, turf and ornamental uses for imidacloprid and its associated Insecticide labels include information on both the front end-use products, specifically to assess the risk to pollinators and back. The front typically includes trade or product with a final decision anticipated in December 2018. name, formulation, class, purpose, registration number, and precautionary symbols. Instructions on how to use the Carbaryl (e.g., brand name Sevin®) has been used in the pesticide and what to do in order to protect the health and past but is no longer permitted for turf applications in safety of both the applicator and public are provided on the commercial and residential areas, including lawns (Pest back (BC Ministry of Environment 2011). Management Regulatory Agency 2016).

Labels are also available from the Pest Management Insecticides work best if applied when grubs are small; from Regulatory Agency’s online pesticide label search or mobile mid-July to September (BC AGRI 2016). However, they can application as a separate document. These label documents also be applied to non-frozen turf in the fall and early spring. may include booklets or material safety data sheets (MSDS) that provide additional information about a pesticide MANUAL/MECHANICAL: NOT product. Restrictions on site conditions, soil types, and RECOMMENDED proximity to water may be listed. If the insecticide label is more restrictive than provincial legislation, the label must be Manual (e.g., hand digging) or mechanical (e.g., tilling with followed. machinery) control would be time consuming and would result in further destruction of the lawn. The likelihood of eradication would be low since every grub present in the soil INSECTICIDE OPTIONS would have to be removed. Chlorantraniliprole (e.g., brand name AceleprynTM) is registered by Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency for application on turfgrass to control European Disposal chafer beetle larvae and other pests. It paralyses the larvae, but has very low toxicity to mammals and has been used ON SITE DISPOSAL to manage Japanese beetle larvae in the City of Vancouver since 2018. Most sources reviewed, recommends that soil from infested areas should not be removed, due to the high risk of Research suggests that one of the most effective chemical spreading European chafer beetles throughout Metro control agents is imidacloprid (e.g., brand name Merit®) Vancouver (BC AGRI 2016). Instead of disposing infested (Teasdale et al., 2007). It is taken up by plant roots, which soils, the ground should be tilled using a rototiller, and a in turn are consumed by European chafer beetle grubs new layer of sod, seeds, and fertilizer laid on top in order (Teasdale et al., 2007). It is a selective insecticide which to improve growing conditions for the lawn. Soils that have disrupts behavior by signaling them not to feed or experienced long-term European chafer beetle infestations reproduce, leading to death. Merit can be applied in June, have fewer, smaller grubs (Isaacson 2017) as natural prior to egg hatch and at the peak time of adult flights at population controls such as bacteria and fungus begin to the beginning of or during the egg-laying period (Art Knapp build up in the soils (NYSIPM 2013). 2018); however Merit is also currently banned in many Metro Vancouver municipalities due to its suspected toxicity to bees. Note that the Canadian Pest Management Regulatory

Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region 17 Climate Action Committee OFF SITE DISPOSAL • Wash with 180 °F water at 6 gpm, 2000 psi*, with a contact time of ≥ 10 seconds on all surfaces to remove dirt and If the site is highly infested and off site dispose of organic matter such as vegetation parts or seeds. Pay contaminated turf is necessary, DO NOT put it in the green special attention to undercarriages, chassis, wheel-wells, bin (City of Port Coquitlam 2017) or composter. radiators, grills, tracks, buckets, chip-boxes, blades, and flail-mowing chains. In the Lower Mainland, the following facilities accept European chafer beetle-infested turf and soil for disposal, • Use compressed air to remove vegetation from grills and provided they have sufficient capacity: radiators.

• Vancouver Landfill, 5400 72nd St, Delta, BC. Accepts • Sweep/vacuum interior of vehicles paying special soil for deep burial only (additional charge). A Waste attention to floor mats, pedals, and seats. Assessment Form must be completed. • Steam clean poor access areas (e.g., inside trailer tubes) – • Mission Landfill, 32000 Dewdney Trunk Road, Mission, BC. 200 psi @ 300 °F. Accepts soil for deep burial only (additional charge). A Waste Assessment Form must be completed. • Fully rinse detergent residue from equipment prior to leaving facility. Small quantities of soil (maximum 0.5 m3 or two wheelbarrows full) are accepted at Metro Vancouver’s * Appropriate self-serve and mobile hot power-wash companies in the Metro Vancouver area include: Zolliker Transfer Stations (Langley, Maple Ridge, North Shore, Fleet Cleaning, Omega Power Washing, Eco Klean Truck Coquitlam and Surrey). Soil from the Transfer Stations is Wash, RG Truck Wash, Ravens Mobile Pressure Washing, placed in the garbage stream. Hydrotech Powerwashing, Platinum Pressure Washing Inc, and Alblaster Pressure Washing. Turfgrass around wash Before disposing of soil, inform facility operators that the soil stations should be monitored regularly for European chafer is infested with European chafer beetle. beetle. PLEASE CONTACT ALL FACILITIES BEFOREHAND TO CONFIRM THEY CAN PROPERLY HANDLE THE MATERIAL.

CLEANING AND DISINFECTION2

Before leaving a site, remove all visible grubs, beetles and soil from vehicles, equipment, and gear, and if possible, rinse these items. When back at a works yard or wash station, vehicles should be cleaned and disinfected using the following steps:

2 Adapted from Metro Vancouver 2018 Water Services Equipment Cleaning Procedures and Inspection Protocols.

18 Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee Follow-Up Monitoring Restoration

Whatever control method is used, follow-up monitoring and Lawn restoration is most effective in the spring, after the maintenance are part of an integrated management plan or majority of turfgrass damage has occurred, and before the approach. Monitoring European chafer beetle treatments new generation of European chafer beetle eggs have been will reveal short- and long-term trends that can lead to new laid (OMAFRA 2008). Lightly rake over damaged turf areas knowledge and understanding, and subsequently improve to remove thatch and debris (City of Port Moody n.d.). Next, site specific management effectiveness and efficiencies. lay grass seed on the damaged lawn areas, and add a layer In the case of turfgrass treated with a biological agent, of compost or topdressing soil mix (CNLA and WCTA n.d.). nematodes must be re-applied each year in order to keep Lightly rake again to ensure the grass seeds reach the soil European chafer beetle under control. If turfgrass has been (City of Port Moody n.d.). Water the seeded area frequently, replaced with an alternative lawn species, continue regular ensuring that it remains moist until half of the seeds have inspections and monitoring to ensure that European chafer germinated (City of North Vancouver 2016). Frequent beetle is not targeting the new species (refer to Tracking watering may be in conflict with local water restrictions, so section). In the case where turfgrass has been converted to be sure to check with the municipality to confirm whether a alternative non-lawn landscaping, the soil should no longer water exemption permit is needed. be hospitable to European chafer beetle and post-control Alternatively, instead of restoring with turfgrass, a non- monitoring should not be required. turfgrass ground cover can be used. For more information on alternative lawn species and landscaping see the Cultural Control section.

While residents can replace lawns with artificial turf, local bylaws should be consulted before installing artificial turf, as some municipalities in Metro Vancouver do not allow it on public properties (City of North Vancouver 2016). Artificial turf can bring a new suite of challenges, including: the expense of installation and maintenance, pollution, lack of cooling, lack of self-sanitation, lack of oxygen production, and a potential increase in run-off and associated decrease in rainwater retention (O’Dell Engineering 2010). Artificial turf can be especially problematic in highly urbanized areas with a high proportion of impermeable surfaces, and in areas with unstable terrain.

Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region 19 Climate Action Committee References

Art Knapp. 2018. Chafer Beetle. Accessed August 2018. 2017. http://www.cnv.org/your-government/living-city/ http://www.artknapps.ca/chafer-beetle/. environmental-protection/invasive-species/chafer-beetle.

BC AGRI. 2016. “European Chafer.” British Columbia City of Port Coquitlam. 2017. European Chafer Beetle: Info Ministry of Agriculture. Accessed August 2018. http:// and tips to help you reclaim your lawn. Accessed August www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and- 2017. https://www.portcoquitlam.ca/city-services/yard-care/ industry/agriculture-and-seafood/animal-and-crops/plant- european-chafer-beetle/. health/phu-european-chafer.pdf. City of Port Moody. n.d. Dealing with Chafer Beetle. BC Ministry of Agriculture. 2016. European Chafer. March. Accessed August 2017. http://www.portmoody.ca/index. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural- aspx?page=1394. resources-and-industry/agriculture-and-seafood/animal-and- City of Richmond. n.d. crops/plant-health/phu-european-chafer.pdf. About Invasive Species: European Chafer Beetle. Accessed August 2017. http://www.richmond. BC Ministry of Environment. 2011. “Canadian Pesticide ca/sustainability/environment/pesticides/invasivespecies/ Education Program: Applicator Core Manual. Federal, chafer.htm. Provincial, Territorial Working Group on Pesticide Education, City of Surrey. n.d. Accessed August 2017. Training and Certification.” Chafer Beetle. http://www.surrey.ca/city-services/19005.aspx. City of Burnaby. 2017. European Chafer Turf Pest. Accessed City of Vancouver. 2017. Accessed August 2017. https://www.burnaby.ca/city-services/policies- European Chafer Beetle. August 2017. http://vancouver.ca/home-property- -projects---initiatives/environment/green-initiatives-and- development/chafer-beetles.aspx. public-education/chafer.html. CNLA and WCTA. n.d. “The European Chafer: A City of Burnaby, ECB Program. n.d. European Chafer Beetle Management Strategy for the Lower Mainland.” Canadian Nematode Program. Accessed August 2017. https://www. burnaby.ca/City-Services/Policies--Projects---Initiatives/ Nursery Landscape Association and Western Canada Accessed August 2017. http://www. Environment/Green-Initiatives-and-Public-Education/ Turfgrass Association. bossod.com/files/4813/3040/4906/chafer_beetle_factsheet. chafer/European-Chafer-Beetle-Nematode-Program. pdf. html?PageMode=Print. Community Lawn Care. 2015. Chafer Beetle Control. City of Coquitlam. n.d. Environment: European Chafer Accessed August 2017. http://communitylawncare.ca/ Beetle. Accessed August 2017. http://www.coquitlam.ca/city- services/chafer-beetle-control. services/environment/european-chafer-beetle.aspx. Denbow. 2017. Life Cycle of the European Chafer Beetle. City of New Westminster. 2018. Pests. Accessed August Accessed August 2017. https://www.denbow.com/life-cycle- 2017. https://www.newwestcity.ca/parks-and-recreation/ of-the-chafer-beetle/. parks/pests#european-chafer. District of West Vancouver. n.d. Chafer Beetle: How to City of North Vancouver. 2016. Chafer Beetle: How to Tell Manage an Infestation. Accessed August 2017. https:// if you Have a Chafer Beetle Infestation. Accessed August

20 Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee westvancouver.ca/environment/invasive-plants-/ 023w.htm#references. chafer-beetle-how-manage-infestation. Pest Management Regulatory Agency. 2016. Carbaryl Hesketh, Taryn, interview by Tasha Murray. 2017. Evaluation Decision RVD2016-02. March. Accessed August “Environmental Coordinator.” City of Richmond. (August). 2018. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/ consumer-product-safety/reports-publications/pesticides- Isaacson, Peter, interview by Tasha Murray. 2017. “President.” pest-management/decisions-updates/reevaluation- (August). Desslsaa Horticultural Consultants Inc. decision/2016/document-carbaryl-rvd2016-02.html. Lascelle, Mike. 2016. Getting Ready for Chafer Invasion. Purdue University. 2013. European Chafer. October 17. June. Accessed August 2017. http://www.mapleridgenews. Accessed August 2017. https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/ com/life/getting-ready-for-chafer-invasion/. CAPS/pestInfo/euroChafer.htm. LeDoux, Claude, interview by Tasha Murray. 2017. “Parks Teasdale, C., D. Henderson, J. Ericsson, and J. Myers. 2007. Horticulture Manager.” City of New Westminster. (August). Comparing three strains of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora MacDonald, Mark. 2017. European Chafer Beetles. February and imidacloprid (Merit), for control of European Chafer 19. Accessed August 2017. https://www.westcoastseeds. (Rhizotrogus majalis). Vancouver: E.S. Cropconsult Ltd. com/garden-wisdom/european-chafer-beetles/. West Coast Seeds. n.d. Chafer Beetle. Accessed 08 03, 2017. Metro Vancouver. 2018. Chafer Beetle in Metro Vancouver. https://1rxbfb2hflyo2jt6jd3f6sjr-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/ Accessed August 2017. http://www.metrovancouver.org/ wp-content/uploads/2017/03/SM1213-European-Chafer- services/water/conservation-reservoir-levels/waterwise-lawn- Beetle.pdf. care/Pages/chafer-beetle.aspx. Whysall, Steve. 2015. How to defeat the destroyer of lawns. Nutri-lawn. n.d. White Grub Control Guide. Accessed January. Accessed August 2017. http://vancouversun.com/ August 2017. http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/456762/NL_ news/staff-blogs/how-to-defeat-the-destroyer-of-lawns. WhiteGrub_1.pdf?t=1441200013117. WSU-TFREC. 2018. “Tenlined June beetle.” Washington NYSIPM, New York State Integrated Pest Management State University - Tree Fruit Research & Extension Centre. Program. 2013. Grubs in your Lawn: A Guide for August. http://jenny.tfrec.wsu.edu/opm/displayspecies. Lawn Care Professionals and Homeowners. Accessed php?pn=640. August 2017. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/ handle/1813/43856/grubs-in-lawn-bro-NYSIPM. pdf?sequence=1.

O’Dell Engineering. 2010. Artificial Turf - A Pros and Cons Review. Accessed August 2017. http://www. odellengineering.com/informer/L_PA-Nov_10.htm.

OMAFRA. 2008. Grubs in Lawns Factsheet. Accessed August 2017. http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/08-

Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region 21 Climate Action Committee Additional Resources

For more information please refer to the following resources: Some municipalities (e.g., City of Richmond, City of North Vancouver and Corporation of Delta) host workshops for • British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture – European the public to learn about European chafer beetle biology, Chafer information sheet (March 2016) prevention, and management. Several private organizations • Canadian Nursery Landscape Association and Western also put on seminars and workshops in the Metro Vancouver Canada Turfgrass Association – The European Chafer: A region. Management Strategy for the Lower Mainland

• Metro Vancouver’s Grow Green website – Lush Lawns Acknowledgements (turfgrass alternatives) The project team would like to thank the following • For municipality-specific advice, click on the municipality individuals and groups for their contributions related to the below: development and review of this document:

• City of Burnaby • Claude LeDoux, Parks Horticulture Manager, New Westminster • City of Coquitlam • Peter Isaacson, President, DessIsaa Horticultural • City of Delta Consultants

• City of New Westminster • Taryn Hesketh, Environmental Coordinator, City of Richmond • City of North Vancouver • Metro Vancouver’s Regional Planning Advisory Committee • City of Port Coquitlam (RPAC) - Invasive Species Subcommittee • City of Port Moody To submit edits or additions to this report, contact Laurie • City of Richmond Bates-Frymel, Senior Regional Planner at laurie.bates- [email protected]. • City of Surrey

• City of Vancouver

• District of North Vancouver

• District of West Vancouver

22 Best Management Practices for European Chafer Beetle in the Metro Vancouver Region Climate Action Committee Climate Action Committee 5.7

To: Climate Action Committee

From: Francis Ries, Senior Project Engineer Parks, Planning and Environment Department

Date: September 11, 2018 Meeting Date: September 19, 2018

Subject: Air Quality Advisories During the Summer of 2018

RECOMMENDATION That the MVRD Board receive for information the report dated September 11, 2018, titled “Air Quality Advisories During the Summer of 2018”.

PURPOSE This report provides information about air quality advisories issued by Metro Vancouver during the summer of 2018.

BACKGROUND Metro Vancouver has issued four air quality advisories during the summer of 2018, resulting in advisories being in effect for an unprecedented total of 22 days. Advisories were issued due to elevated concentrations of ground-level ozone (O3), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), or both. For all four advisory events, high levels of PM2.5 were primarily due to smoke from wildfires burning outside the region, with a lesser contribution from local fires. This report provides information on each advisory, compares 2018 to previous summers, and analyzes implications for future years.

METRO VANCOUVER ADVISORY PROGRAM Metro Vancouver operates a comprehensive network of 29 air quality monitoring stations from Horseshoe Bay to Hope, which collects air quality as well as meteorological data around the clock. Data are made available to the public in real time on Metro Vancouver’s own website at airmap.ca, as well as on the BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy (BC MOECCS) website at www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/air. The air quality monitoring network provides the foundation for the regional air quality management program by allowing measurement of compliance with air quality standards and objectives, performance measurement towards the goal of continuous improvement in air quality, and identifying areas where additional action is needed.

Data from the monitoring network are also used to inform an air quality advisory service, which is a system of alerts to the public when air quality is expected to reach unhealthy levels. The advisory service is delivered in collaboration with other air quality as well as health agencies, including Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), BC MOECCS, Fraser Valley Regional District (FVRD), Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH), and Fraser Health Authority (FHA). Metro Vancouver operates the advisory service for the entire Lower Fraser Valley (LFV) airshed, including the Metro Vancouver region and for the FVRD on their behalf. The BC MOECCS provides air quality advisory service for the remainder of the province.

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The pollutants of primary concern for Metro Vancouver’s air quality advisory service are: • Ground-level ozone (O3) is one of the main constituents of smog. It is not emitted directly into the air, but rather is formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react in the presence of sunlight. The highest levels of O3 are generally observed between mid- afternoon and early evening on hot summer days. • Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is made up of tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. It can be emitted directly (primarily from fuel combustion and forest fires) or formed indirectly, such as when nitrogen oxides or sulphur oxides react with ammonia. PM2.5 is less than 2.5 microns in diameter (less than 1/30th the thickness of a human hair), allowing it to penetrate deep into the lungs and into the bloodstream.

These pollutants have the greatest potential to reach levels that may be harmful to human health. Metro Vancouver objectives have been established for these pollutants, which indicate acceptable levels for different periods of exposure, such as 1 hour, 8 hour, 24 hour and annual.

SUMMER 2018 ADVISORIES At the time of writing, air quality advisories have been issued in four distinct periods over the summer of 2018, each lasting between one and 14 days. A summary of each advisory is provided below. Tables summarizing the stations at which elevated levels of air contaminants occurred during each advisory can be found in the Attachment.

Ground-Level Ozone and Wildfire Smoke Advisory, July 28-August 1, 2018 Through the week of July 23-27, high temperatures and stagnant weather conditions resulted in increasing levels of O3 throughout the region. Additionally, wildfire smoke from distant wildfires in Siberia and Alaska covered much of British Columbia including the Lower Fraser Valley, producing a noticeable haze throughout the region. On July 25 and July 26, O3 concentrations at the Hope monitoring station exceeded the 8-hour objective for 4-5 hours each evening. On Friday July 27, O3 concentrations exceeded the 8-hour objective at both Hope and Mission during the late evening.

On Friday July 27, a bog fire burning in Department of National Defense lands in Richmond added a local source of wildfire smoke to the region’s air. Monitoring data from a number of stations throughout Metro Vancouver’s network indicated that emissions from the bog fire may have exacerbated O3 production. In recognition of the potential impact from bog fire emissions and expected ongoing high temperatures, on Saturday July 28 Metro Vancouver issued an O3 advisory for eastern parts of Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley. O3 concentrations at the Hope monitoring station exceeded the 8-hour objective. The advisory was continued for Sunday July 29, and O3 concentrations exceeded the 1-hour objective at 3 stations, and the 8-hour objective at 8 stations.

During the day on Sunday July 29, concentrations of PM2.5 began to rise at monitoring stations throughout Metro Vancouver and Fraser Valley, as smoke from Siberian and Alaskan wildfires mixed down to ground level, combining with smoke from the Richmond bog fire. On Monday July 30, Metro Vancouver continued the O3 advisory for eastern parts of Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley, and added a PM2.5 advisory for the entire region due to wildfire smoke. Temperatures up to 34C

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inland resulted in very high levels of O3 production, with levels exceeding the 1-hour objective at 8 stations, and the 8-hour objective at 12 stations. No exceedances of the PM2.5 objective for occurred.

The O3 advisory for eastern parts of Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley was continued on Tuesday July 31. Significant clearing of PM2.5 had occurred overnight from July 30 to July 31, so the PM2.5 advisory for entire region was cancelled. No exceedances of either O3 or PM2.5 objectives occurred on July 31. Changing weather patterns and cooler forecast temperatures led to cancellation of the advisory on Wednesday August 1.

Ground-Level Ozone and Wildfire Smoke Advisory, Aug 8-11, 2018 Through the week of August 6-10, high temperatures and stagnant weather conditions resulted in increasing levels of O3 throughout the region. Additionally, wildfire activity and associated smoke production throughout the BC Interior was increasing sharply, with over 450 wildfires burning. On Tuesday August 7, O3 concentrations at the Hope and Mission monitoring stations exceeded the 8- hour objective during the evening. In light of high forecast temperatures, on Wednesday August 8 Metro Vancouver issued an O3 advisory for eastern parts of Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley. O3 concentrations exceeded the 1-hour objective at 7 stations, and the 8-hour objective at 9 stations.

During the evening of August 8, West Vancouver Fire & Rescue crews were called to a wildfire in the Whyte Lake area of the District of West Vancouver. On August 9, wildland firefighters from the BC Wildfire Service and Metro Vancouver’s Watershed Protection group joined the firefighting effort, which included two helicopters and 2 water bombers. The Whyte Lake fire produced a large visible plume, but PM2.5 concentrations at Metro Vancouver monitoring stations were not significantly impacted. By the end of the day on August 9, the fire was 50% contained, and by August 14 it was 100% contained, with a total area burned of 3.2 hectares.

During the day on August 8 a wildfire burning on Mount Hicks north of Agassiz began producing significant levels of smoke. Impacts of the plume from this fire were measured at the Hope monitoring station. With concerns about further impacts as the fire grew in size, Metro Vancouver issued a PM2.5 advisory for the eastern Fraser Valley on August 9, and continued the O3 advisory for eastern parts of Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley. At the Hope station, PM2.5 concentrations exceeded objective levels, and O3 concentrations exceeded 8-hour objective levels.

On the morning of Friday August 10, a fire broke out on a barge moored in the Fraser River beside a steel recycling facility in Surrey. Smoke from this fire caused immediate impacts to PM2.5 levels in the surrounding areas. As a result of these impacts, a PM2.5 advisory was issued for Metro Vancouver. The existing PM2.5 advisory for the eastern Fraser Valley was continued, as ongoing impacts from the Mount Hicks wildfire and other fires outside the region were expected. The O3 advisory for eastern parts of Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley was cancelled, as lower temperatures reduced the risk of significant O3 production. PM2.5 concentrations exceeded objective levels at the New Westminster monitoring station due to smoke from the barge fire, and at the Hope monitoring station due to wildfire smoke. Changing weather patterns on Saturday August 11 improved dispersal of smoke from the region, allowing complete cancellation of the PM2.5 advisory.

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Wildfire Smoke and Ground Level Ozone Advisory, August 13-27, 2018 During the weekend of August 11-12, a weather system passed across British Columbia, bringing dry lightning that started a large number of new fires. As of August 13, more than 600 fires were burning across the BC Interior, with large fires west of Quesnel and Prince George dominating smoke production. Northwesterly winds transported this smoke plume into Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley starting on the evening of Sunday August 12, leading Metro Vancouver to issue a PM2.5 advisory for Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley on the morning on Monday August 13. By midnight, all monitoring stations throughout Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley exceeded Metro Vancouver’s PM2.5 objective, and remained in continuous exceedance until the late afternoon of August 15.

Between the afternoon of Wednesday August 15 and morning of Friday August 17, particulate levels throughout the region slowly improved, with levels at all stations dropping below the objective level by the evening of August 18. However, the PM2.5 advisory was maintained during this period of clearing, because visible smoke remained in the region, and because forecast models showed a significant plume of smoke again approaching the region from the north. Late in the evening of August 18, monitoring stations in the eastern Fraser Valley began experiencing extremely high levels of PM2.5, and by early morning of Monday, August 20, all monitoring stations in the region were once again reading above objective levels. Readings at all stations remained above objective levels until the early morning of Friday, August 24. High temperatures on August 21 and 22 also resulted in high levels of O3 production, leading Metro Vancouver to issue an O3 advisory for eastern Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley. On August 21, O3 objective levels were exceeded at 14 monitoring stations.

A change in the weather on Friday August 24 brought clean marine air into the region, lowering particulate levels at all regional monitoring stations. As a result, the PM2.5 advisory was cancelled for Metro Vancouver and the Central Fraser Valley, but continued for the Eastern Fraser Valley due to periodic high levels of smoke from the Mount Hicks wildfire near Agassiz. Cool, damp air entered the region on Saturday August 25, bringing rain to the region, but also bringing elevated levels of PM2.5 from fires burning on northern Vancouver Island. Levels at all monitoring stations remained below objective levels through the day, but Metro Vancouver continued the advisory for Eastern Fraser Valley because monitoring stations there showed levels near the objective. Overnight into Sunday August 26, particulate levels throughout the region rose further, putting all but two monitoring stations over the objective by early morning. As a result, Metro Vancouver again issued an advisory for the entire region. Changing weather patterns on Monday August 27 improved dispersal of smoke from the region, allowing complete cancellation of the PM2.5 advisory. At 14 days in length, this event was the longest continuous advisory in the history of Metro Vancouver’s air quality advisory program.

Wildfire Smoke Advisory, September 6-7, 2018 On the afternoon of Wednesday September 5, smoke from wildfires burning on northern Vancouver Island and in the Tweedsmuir area of the BC Interior began to enter Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley. PM2.5 levels did not exceed objective levels on September 5, but an increase at some stations on the morning of September 6 led Metro Vancouver to issue a PM2.5 advisory for Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley. Six monitoring stations in both Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley exceeded Metro Vancouver’s PM2.5 objective, and two stations remained in exceedance until the

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morning of Friday September 7. Changing weather patterns on September 7 improved dispersal of smoke from the region, allowing cancellation of the PM2.5 advisory. IMPLICATIONS OF THE 2018 ADVISORIES The latter part of the summer of 2018 has seen prolonged hot and dry conditions throughout the BC Interior and across much of the Pacific Northwest, leading to extreme fire risk conditions and significant wildfire activity. Similar to the summers of 2015 and 2017, air quality advisories in the summer of 2018 have been dominated by the impacts of wildfire smoke from outside the region. Maximum PM2.5 levels due to wildfire smoke measured in 2018 were similar to those measured at the height of the July 2015 wildfire advisory, and higher than levels experienced during the wildfire advisories in 2017. The duration and geographic scope of wildfire smoke impacts in 2018 exceeded those experienced in both 2015 and 2017.

Also similar to 2015 and 2017 was the need to add O3 to an advisory originally issued for wildfire smoke-related PM2.5. Despite reductions in temperature and solar radiation related to high levels of smoke, O3 production was increased during the advisory event of August 13-27, indicating that the incoming smoke may have been carrying pollutants that accelerated O3 formation. Although Metro Vancouver’s air quality programs have been successful in reducing the average number of summer O3 advisories over the last 25 years, an emerging challenge is to better understand the transport of wildfire-related air pollutants into the airshed, including not only PM2.5 in wildfire smoke, but also products of combustion which may lead to additional formation of O3.

The summers of 2015, 2017 and 2018 have clearly demonstrated that Metro Vancouver’s air quality programs need to adapt in response to impacts on regional air quality due to wildfires outside the region, especially if the changing climate increases the frequency and severity of wildfires in the future. Adjustments have been made to advisory procedures during each of these years, and public awareness and collaboration with other agencies has grown. The development process for Metro Vancouver’s Climate 2050 Strategy has identified the need for adaptation to climate-related impacts on regional air quality. The forthcoming process to update Metro Vancouver’s Air Quality Management Plan should explicitly consider increasing wildfire impacts when evaluating future management strategies and actions.

Beyond Metro Vancouver’s Air Quality and Climate Change function, Metro Vancouver’s Water Services and Parks functions are actively working to prevent wildfires with our region, thus reducing local wildfire smoke impacts. Extensive mapping efforts within Metro Vancouver watersheds have identified forest composition and fire risks, and fuel management activities have been carried out in interface areas near residential areas. Both Watershed and Parks staff are trained in wildland firefighting, and firefighting staff from Watershed regularly assist BC Fire Services in fighting fires elsewhere in BC. Parks staff employ operating policies to manage public behaviours in regional parks based on available data and specific to each of the stages of fire danger rating. Should fire ratings reach ‘High’ and ‘Extreme’ as they did for extended periods in 2018, a coordinated policy based response is implemented for both staff and public, with the full cooperation of member jurisdictions.

MEDIA ENGAGEMENT AND OUTREACH A key part of Metro Vancouver’s air quality advisory service is timely communication to the public, including the distribution of advisory information to traditional media outlets such as TV, radio and

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print, as well as through social media services such as Facebook and Twitter. Advisory notices are disseminated widely via email, and further details are provided to media organizations via telephone or on-camera interviews. Working closely with Media Relations Staff, the Air Quality Advisory team conducted more than 100 different interviews during the 4 advisory events detailed above, resulting in over 3000 TV/radio mentions and over 400 print/online media stories. The broad media reach ensures that residents of the Lower Fraser Valley are provided with clear information about PM2.5 and O3 health impacts when an advisory is in place.

ALTERNATIVES This is an information report. No alternatives are presented.

FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS Staff time for monitoring and analyzing air quality information, issuing air quality advisories and responding to information requests from media and the public is included in annual operating budgets, including some amount of overtime for evening and weekend work. However, consideration for increased resources is needed if wildfire activity increases with drier, hotter summers in future.

SUMMARY / CONCLUSION Metro Vancouver has issued four air quality advisories to date during the summer of 2018, resulting in advisories being in effect for an unprecedented total of 22 days. An advisory for O3 and PM2.5 was in place from July 28 to August 1, an advisory for O3 and PM2.5 was in place from August 8 to 11, an advisory for PM2.5, with two days also impacted by O3, was place from August 13 to 27, and an advisory for PM2.5 was in place from September 6-7. For all four advisory events, high levels of PM2.5 were primarily due to smoke from wildfires burning outside the region, with a lesser contribution from local fires.

The wildfire smoke episodes of 2018 exceed even those experienced in 2017 in terms of their duration and geographic scope, leading to broad regional impacts. In addition to the elevated levels of PM2.5, unusually elevated O3 concentrations were also recorded. Despite the past success of Metro Vancouver’s air quality programs in reducing the average number of O3 advisories, the summers of 2015, 2017 and 2018 have shown that continued improvement may require new management strategies and actions that explicitly consider the impact of wildfire smoke on O3 production. Further, Metro Vancouver’s overall air quality program must adapt in response to the regional air quality impacts of wildfires outside the region, especially if the changing climate results in increased frequency and severity of wildfires in the future.

Attachment: Air Quality Advisories During the Summer of 2018, Monitoring Data Summary, dated August 28, 2018

26709399

Climate Action Committee 5.7 ATTACHMENT

Air Quality Advisories During the Summer of 2018, Monitoring Data Summary The following tables summarize the air quality monitoring stations at which elevated levels of air contaminants occurred during each advisory event in July, August and September 2018. The objective levels are listed at the top of each table, and the maximum value for each station exceeding the objectives is shown on the row for that station. The stations are listed in descending order based on the maximum exceedance value of the pollutant for which the advisory was first triggered. Please note that all values presented in the tables below are preliminary and may be subject to change.

Table 1: July 28-August 1 Ground-Level Ozone and Wildfire Smoke Advisory Event Objective Exceedances (Maximum Value) Monitoring Station PM2.5 24hr Rolling O3 1hr Average O3 8hr Rolling Average (µg/m3) (ppb) Average (ppb) Objective Level 25 82 65 Maple Ridge x 105 88 Mission - 97 82 Hope - 99 78 Langley - - 76 Surrey East - 83 75 Coquitlam x 84 74 Agassiz - 92 74 Abbotsford Mill Lake - - 74 Tsawwassen - - 72 Pitt Meadows - 86 71 Abbotsford Airport - - 69 Port Moody - 83 68 Chilliwack - - 68 Richmond Airport 38 - - Note: - indicates that parameter is measured at station, but did not exceed objective x indicates that parameter is not measured at station

Climate Action Committee

Table 2: August 8-11 Ground-Level Ozone and Wildfire Smoke Advisory Event Objective Exceedances (Maximum Value) Monitoring Station PM2.5 24hr Rolling O3 1hr Average O3 8hr Rolling Average (µg/m3) (ppb) Average (ppb) Objective Level 25 82 65 Abbotsford Mill Lake - 96 79 Abbotsford Airport - 92 78 Mission - 92 77 Chilliwack - 86 77 Agassiz - 91 73 Maple Ridge - 82 71 Hope 50 - 71 Langley - 83 70 Coquitlam x - 65 New Westminster 32.3 - - Note: - indicates that parameter is measured at station, but did not exceed objective x indicates that parameter is not measured at station

Climate Action Committee

Table 3: August 13-27 Wildfire Smoke and Ground-Level Ozone Advisory Event Objective Exceedances (Maximum Value) Monitoring Station PM2.5 24hr Rolling O3 1hr O3 8hr Rolling Average (µg/m3) Average (ppb) Average (ppb) Objective Level 25 82 65 Hope 247 - 69 Chilliwack 134 - 67 North Delta 131 - - Abbotsford Airport 130 84 73 Surrey East 130 91 81 Tsawwassen 129 - - Agassiz 128 - - New Westminster 128 - - Richmond South 125 - 68 Abbotsford Mill Lake 125 85 73 Richmond Airport 125 - - Vancouver Clark Drive 124 - - Burnaby South 119 - - Horseshoe Bay 119 x x Mission 118 97 77 Langley 117 89 79 Pitt Meadows 115 - 71 Burnaby Kensington Park 114 - 67 Port Moody 111 87 65 North Vancouver Mahon Park 108 84 72 North Vancouver Second Narrows 103 - - Maple Ridge x 93 81 Burnaby Mountain x - 72 Coquitlam x - 69 Note: - indicates that parameter is measured at station, but did not exceed objective x indicates that parameter is not measured at station

Climate Action Committee

Table 4: September 6-7 Wildfire Smoke Advisory Event Objective Exceedances (Maximum Value) Monitoring Station PM2.5 24hr Rolling O3 1hr Average O3 8hr Rolling Average (µg/m3) (ppb) Average (ppb) Objective Level 25 82 65 Hope 39 - - Agassiz 33 - - Chilliwack 29 - - Vancouver Clark Drive 28 - - Mission 26 - - North Delta 26 - - Note: - indicates that parameter is measured at station, but did not exceed objective x indicates that parameter is not measured at station

Climate Action Committee 5.8

To: Climate Action Committee

From: Roger Quan, Director, Air Quality and Climate Change Parks, Planning and Environment Department

Date: September 4, 2018 Meeting Date: September 19, 2018

Subject: Manager’s Report

RECOMMENDATION That the Climate Action Committee receive for information the report dated September 4, 2018, titled “Manager’s Report”.

Climate Action Committee 2018 Work Plan The attachment to this report sets out the Committee’s Workplan for 2018. The status of work program elements is indicated as pending, in progress, or complete. The listing is updated as needed to include new issues that arise, items requested by the Committee, and changes to the schedule.

Development of the Next Metro Vancouver Air Quality and Climate Change Management Plan Under its delegated authority for air quality management within the region, Metro Vancouver developed air quality management plans in 1994, 2005 and 2011. While the 1994 plan focused primarily on air quality goals, the 2005 and 2011 plans included goals for air quality, visual air quality and greenhouse gas reductions. Building on Metro Vancouver’s existing air quality and climate change management programs and policies, the next air quality and climate change management plan will identify Metro Vancouver’s air quality and climate change direction for the next five to ten years.

The next air quality and climate change management plan will address existing challenges and emerging threats to regional air quality and pathways to reduce the region’s contributions to climate change, while accounting for demographic, economic and affordability changes in the Metro Vancouver region since 2011. As directed by the Board, staff are also developing a regional climate action strategy, Climate 2050. Some elements of Climate 2050 are expected be reflected in the next air quality and climate change management plan, thereby strengthening the climate change content.

Metro Vancouver staff will report to the Committee in 2019 with a draft air quality and climate change management plan and proposal for broad stakeholder engagement. Following the engagement process, the management plan will be finalized and presented for review and adoption by the Committee and Board.

Updating Metro Vancouver Nitrogen Dioxide Air Quality Objectives Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is linked to respiratory and cardiovascular health problems, even at low concentrations, and environmental impacts such as acid rain and smog. The province of BC updated its ambient air quality objectives for NO2 in May 2018, to align with the 2017 adoption of Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) for NO2. The CAAQS for NO2 include 1-hour and annual standards, and are scheduled to come into effect in 2020, followed by more stringent standards in 2025.

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The new provincial objectives and CAAQS for NO2 will be more stringent than Metro Vancouver’s current objectives for NO2 when they come into effect. As a result, Metro Vancouver’s objectives must be updated.

Staff have identified several potential options to update the Metro Vancouver NO2 objectives, and are assessing how predicted future emissions of NO2, and the resultant ambient NO2 concentrations, will compare to updated NO2 objectives and standards. The potential impacts of updated NO2 objectives on existing air quality regulations, monitoring and advisories, and ozone formation (which is associated with NO2 levels) are also being considered by staff.

Metro Vancouver staff will report back to Committee on recommended changes to regional NO2 objectives and proposed stakeholder engagement in early 2019.

AirAware: Air Quality Monitoring and Citizen Science AirAware is an air quality monitoring and citizen science outreach project supported by the Sustainability Innovation Fund for 2018 and 2019. AirAware will review next generation air monitors, provide assistance to and develop guidance for the public in the appropriate use of these monitors, and help interpret the data collected.

Metro Vancouver purchased seven types of monitors to be used in the project. Four types of monitors measure particulate matter, two types measure nitrogen dioxide and ozone, and one type measures only ozone, allowing an evaluation of both particulate and gaseous monitors. A co-op student has been hired and will begin working on the project on September 10, 2018. Ongoing tasks include participant recruitment and documentation of the monitor purchasing and set-up process to be included in future public resources.

Participant selection as well as internal testing and co-location of the monitors alongside Metro Vancouver’s ambient air monitoring network stations will occur in the fall.

Attachment: Climate Action Committee 2018 Work Plan

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Climate Action Committee 5.8 ATTACHMENT

Climate Action Committee 2018 Work Plan Report Date: September 4, 2018

Priorities 1st Quarter Status Discussion paper on Climate 2050: Metro Vancouver’s Climate Action Strategy complete Consumer preferences related to electric vehicles in Metro Vancouver complete Electric vehicle charging bylaws across Metro Vancouver region complete Proposed amendments to Non-road Diesel Engine Emission Regulation complete Sustainability Innovation Fund proposals and recommendations to the Board complete Participate in environmental assessment processes as requested complete 2nd Quarter Emotive electric vehicle campaign events schedule for 2018 complete Update on DC Fast Charger project at Metro Tower III (SIF project) complete Strata Energy Advisor program launch (SIF project) complete Update on Fleet Planning and Acquisition Policy complete Results of first phase of consultation on development of a regional odour complete management strategy Framework for update to Air Quality Management Plan, including discussion paper in progress 7th annual Caring for the Air report complete Status report on previously approved Sustainability Innovation Fund projects complete Draft Ecological Health Plan and consultation summary in progress Sensitive Ecosystem Inventory update complete Methods to assess regional ecosystem services complete Update on Grow Green website and forum complete Participate in environmental assessment processes as requested complete 3rd Quarter Amendments to Automotive Refinishing Facilities Emission Regulation in progress Climate 2050: Metro Vancouver’s Climate Action Strategy - consider adoption by in progress the Board Metro Vancouver’s Sustainable Building and Infrastructure Policy in progress Metro Vancouver’s climate actions and carbon neutral progress for 2017 complete Progress report on National Industrial Symbiosis Project (SIF project) complete Proposed residential wood burning bylaw in progress Bylaw development consultation paper on odour management in progress New ambient air quality objective for nitrogen dioxide in progress Review of ambient air quality monitoring network in progress Ecological Health Plan - consider adoption by the Board in progress Best management practices for invasive species in progress Participate in environmental assessment processes as requested in progress 4th Quarter Emotive electric vehicle campaign outcomes for 2017 in progress Discussion paper on outdoor burning emissions management in progress User fees from air quality permits and regulations in progress Proposed 2019 air quality budget and work plans, and 5 year financial plan in progress Participate in environmental assessment processes as requested pending

Climate Action Committee

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2018 2 metrovancouver 6.2 �� SERVICES AND SOLUTIONS FOR A LIVABLE REGION

Officeof the Chair Tel. 604 432-6215 Fax 604 451-6614

AUG 1 4 2018 File: CP-05-01

Mayor Lois E. Jackson City of Delta 4500 Clarence Taylor Crescent Delta, BC V4K 3E2 VIA EMAIL: [email protected]

Dear Mayor Jackson:

Re: Green for Life - Enviro-Smart Organics

We are in receipt of your letter dated May 17, 2018 regarding the Green for Life Enviro-Smart Organics composting facility in Delta and the odour management regulatory framework. You have noted a number of concerns in your letter regarding the process for issuing Air Quality Permits, and specifically the delay in issuing an Air Quality Permit to Enviro-Smart. This letter responds to your comments and concerns.

Enviro-Smart Organics: As noted in your letter, Enviro-Smart Organics was advised as early as 2007 that pursuant to Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD} Air Quality Management Bylaw No. 1082, a permit was required for their emissions of air contaminants. However, the process of pursuing an air quality permit for Enviro-Smart was put on hold while Metro Vancouver appealed an Environmental Appeal Board decision that prohibited any regulation of odour and other air contaminants emitted by agricultural activities. Metro Vancouver was ultimately successful in the appeal.

On March 28, 2013 Metro Vancouver staff met with representatives from Enviro-Smart regarding a requirement for an air quality permit. Senior Delta staff also attended that meeting. Metro Vancouver communicated at that meeting that an air quality permit was required and that a public consultation process was also required as part of the licensing process. Delta staff strenuously objected to any requirement that Enviro-Smart obtain an air quality permit, and objected to any public consultation regarding Enviro-Smart's applications to increase allowed tonnage under the solid waste licence. Delta Council did support several amendments to Enviro-Smart's solid waste licence at that time to increase annual tonnage from 75,000 tonnes to 150,000 tonnes.

Subsequent correspondence was sent to Enviro-Smart on September 8, 2015 instructing the company to make an application for an Air Quality Permit. Enviro-Smart was advised that other composters and businesses handling organic materials across the region had all complied with the Bylaw and obtained Air Quality Permits, with the exception of Enviro-Smart. We note that Enviro-Smart sought

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4730 Kingsway, Burnaby, BC, Canada VSH OC6 I 604-432-6200 metrovancouver.org Metro Vancouver Regional District I Greater Vancouver Water District I Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District I Metro Vancouver Housing Corporation Climate Action Committee Mayor Lois Jackson, City of Delta Green for Life — Enviro-Smart Organics Page 2 of 3

the City of Delta’s support at that time in refusing to comply with the requirement to apply for an Air Quality Permit.

In 2016, Green for Life investigated the purchase of Enviro-Smart and its representatives were advised by Metro Vancouver that the operation required an air quality permit. Green for Life submitted an application for an air quality permit in July 2017 and staff at Metro Vancouver have been working with the company since that time to obtain the necessary information and data to finalize the permit. The air quality permit was issued on August 1, 2018 and air quality regulatory staff will promote compliance with the permit through all means available.

Odour Management Regulatory Framework: Increased recycling of food scraps in the region following the implementation of the organics disposal ban has led to odour concerns in communities hosting composting facilities. Metro Vancouver recognizes that there are gaps in the existing odour management framework and we are working with communities, businesses, and government partners to obtain input on potential approaches to improve the management of odorous air contaminants from all sources in the region.

Metro Vancouver’s Air Quality and Climate Change staff are currently developing a regulatory plan to ensure that odours are managed responsibly, taking into account feedback received during the public consultation that concluded on April 27, 2018. The regulatory plan seeks to effectively manage odorous air contaminants. Staff will present this regulatory plan to the Metro Vancouver Regional District Board on July 27, 2018, together with a summary of feedback gathered during the consultation process. In addition, Metro Vancouver staff continue to review solid waste management procurement best practices and potential regulatory updates for solid waste licensing of organics processing facilities.

Metro Vancouver staff also continue to meet regularly on a working group with BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy staff regarding odour management and organic matter processing in British Columbia. These meetings were initiated in early 2017.

We look forward to continuing to work with you to address adverse air quality impacts from composting facilities and other sources in Delta and in surrounding communities. Should you have any questions, please have your staff contact Roger Quan, Director, Air Quality and Climate Change by email at [email protected], or by phone at 604-436-6770.

Yours sincerely,

Greg Moore Chair, Metro Vancouver Board

GM/PH/se

Climate Action Committee Mayor LoisJackson, City of Delta Green for Life — Enviro-Smart Organics Page 3 of 3

cc: The Honourable George Heyman, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy Ravi Kahlon, MLADelta North Ian Paton, MLADelta South Delta Council Karl Preuss, Acting City Manager, City of Delta Sean McGill, Director of Corporate Services, City of Delta Metro Vancouver Climate Action Committee Metro Vancouver Zero Waste Committee Carol Mason, Chief Administrative Officer, Metro Vancouver

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Climate Action Committee metrovancouver 6.3 a� SERVICES AND SOLUTIONS FOR A LIVABLE REGION

Officeof the Chair Tel. 604 432-6215 Fax 604 451-6614

AUG 2 8 2018 File: CR-12-01 Ref: RD 2018 Jul 27

The Right Honourable Justin P.J. Trudeau, Prime Minister Office of the Prime Minister 80 Wellington Street Ottawa, ON KlA OA2 VIA EMAIL: [email protected]

Dear Prime Minister Trudeau:

Re: Commercial Cannabis Production on Agricultural Land

This letter is to inform you of Metro Vancouver's concerns and proposed solutions regarding commercial cannabis production on agricultural land.

At its July 27, 2018 regular meeting, the Board of Directors of the Metro Vancouver Regional District (Metro Vancouver) adopted the following resolutions:

That the MVRD Board write to the Prime Minister of Canada, Premier Horgan of British Columbia, the BC Agriculture Minister and other ministries, BC Environment Office, The Agricultural Land Commission, Canadian Environment Assessment Agency and Local MLAs and Councils requesting: a) that all government agencies protect farmland and preserve the productive capacity of land in the Agricultural Land Reserve for uses related to growth of agriculture and food production; b) strengthening the governance of the Agricultural Land Commission and the Agricultural Land Reserve to increase public transparency and public confidence to ensure that land use regulations and land use decisions are preserving agricultural land and encouraging food production and ranching; and c) that cannabis production be prohibited on agricultural land within Metro Vancouver.

These resolutions were passed after a full discussion about the impacts of cannabis production facilities on community well-being and agricultural land use in British Columbia's largest metropolitan region. Board members also expressed an urgency to address the issues emerging from the new Cannabis Act including the discharge of air contaminants, the increasing cost and competition for agricultural land and future food security for residents.

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4730 Kingsway, Burnaby, BC, Canada VSH OC6 I 604-432-6200 I metrovancouver.org Metro Vancouver Regional District Greater Vancouver Water District I Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District I Metro Vancouver Housing Corporation Climate Action Committee The Right Honourable Justin P.J. Trudeau, Office of the Prime Minister Commercial Cannabis Production on Agricultural Land Page 2of3

METRO VANCOUVERBOARDCONCERNS Both Metro Vancouver and member municipalities have received numerous odour complaints arising from cannabis production facilities. Significant odours are being emitted from greenhouses previously constructed for food crops and retrofitted for cannabis production. These buildings are not designed and constructed to collect and treat air contaminants. Metro Vancouver Board members expressed concern regarding the ability of existing regulatory programs to prevent the escape of odours from cannabis production as required under the federal Cannabis Regulations (SOR/2018444). Furthermore, the provincial Farm Practices Protection (Right to Farm) Act, intended to prevent nuisance complaints, may have implications on the ability of adjacent neighbours and local governments to address persistent and pungent smells arising from the cannabis production operations on agricultural land.

Of equal concern, is the impact on agricultural land values when cannabis operations have unprecedented profitability margins compared to other agricultural products. This situation increases the demand and property values of agricultural land, which makes food production less economically viable in relation to other products. Increasing barriers for food-producing farmers to buy or access agricultural land also puts the region’s long term food security at risk.

The Province of British Columbia deserves recognition for responding quickly to concern about the threat of cannabis production operations on soil based agriculture through an amendment to the Agricultural Land Reserve Use, Subdivision and Procedure Regulation. Limiting the construction of new structures with concrete foundations for cannabis production is a good first step, but does not fully address issues raised by local governments. The new regulation exempts existing greenhouses being retrofitted for cannabis production, and these have some of the most egregious odour problems and lack the control technologies necessary to manage air contaminants. Also, the regulatory change increases demand for established greenhouses, which will likely displace food crops for lucrative cannabis products. Local food security will be more at risk if the demand for cannabis increases with the expansion of export markets.

The resolutions passed by the Metro Vancouver Board reaffirm support for the use of the Agricultural Land Reserve for food production as directed in the region’s growth strategy, Metro Vancouver 2040: Shaping our Future. Our members also reiterated their support for strengthening the role of the Agricultural Land Commission to preserve agricultural land and the viability of farming. The prohibition of cannabis production on agricultural land is deemed an appropriate solution considering the legislative constraints and the threat to future food production in this region.

PROPOSED SOLUTIONS Metro Vancouver Board members also provided some constructive solutions to the current situation. Board members requested enhanced enforcement of existing federal regulations during facility licensing and operation to prevent the escape of odours from cannabis production facilities, which would support regional regulatory efforts authorized under the BCEnvironmental Management Act. Another option is to encourage cannabis production in rural areas of the province that often struggle to create economic development opportunities for their communities, instead of enabling these production facilities in the Lower Mainland where public interface issues are significant and where

Climate Action Committee The Right Honourable Justin P.]. Trudeau, Office of the Prime Minister Commercial Cannabis Production on Agricultural Land Page 3 of 3

competition for agricultural and industrial lands is high. While cannabis production on industrial land is perceived to be more easily enclosed and regulated, it is not desired within some municipalities because of the limited supply of industrial land in the region.

Lastly, we ask that you consider the context of the Metro Vancouver region, which is home to over half of British Columbia’s population and some of the most productive agricultural lands in Canada. Allgovernments must consider the long term impacts of new developments and new markets on the feasibility of agricultural land to provide food security for residents far into the future. This means protecting farmland for food production even when other more profitable ventures compete for prime agricultural land.

Thank you for your attention on this important matter.

Yours sincerely,

Greg Moore Chair, Metro Vancouver Board

GM/CM/NC/td

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Climate Action Committee