ʼn Neo-Marxistiese Interpretasie Van Die Werke Van Twee Suid-Afrikaanse Kunstenaars: Gavin Jantjes En Santu Mofokeng

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ʼn Neo-Marxistiese Interpretasie Van Die Werke Van Twee Suid-Afrikaanse Kunstenaars: Gavin Jantjes En Santu Mofokeng ʼn Neo-Marxistiese interpretasie van die werke van twee Suid-Afrikaanse kunstenaars: Gavin Jantjes en Santu Mofokeng I.K. LIEBENBERG 20739982 Verhandeling voorgelê vir die graad Magister Artium in Kunsgeskiedenis aan die Potchefstroomkampus van die Noordwes-Universiteit Studieleier: Prof M.C. [Rita] Swanepoel Mei 2016 INHOUDSOPGAWE Bedankings ................................................................................................................. i Abstract and key words ............................................................................................... ii Opsomming en sleutelwoorde .................................................................................... iv HOOFSTUK EEN ....................................................................................................... 1 INLEIDING 1.1 Inleiding ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Kontekstuele agtergrond tot die navorsing ................................................. 2 1.3 Jantjes en Mofokeng in die Suid-Afrikaanse kunskonteks ......................... 6 1.4 Die Kritiese Teorie vir samelewings vanuit die neo-Marxistiese Frankfurter Schule ........................................................................................................ 9 1.4.1 Die individu as die nie-identiese (das Nichtidentische) ............................ 10 1.4.2 Die rol van kuns in ’n gebroke samelewing .............................................. 12 1.5 Metodologiese benadering ....................................................................... 15 1.5.1 Literatuurstudie ........................................................................................ 15 1.5.2 Ontleding en interpretasie van die gekose kunswerke ............................. 15 HOOFSTUK TWEE .................................................................................................. 17 TEORETIESE BEGRONDING: MAG, SAMELEWINGS, IDEOLOGIEë EN DIE NEO-MARXISME 2.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................... 17 2.2 'n Teoretiese blik op nasionalisme ........................................................... 17 2.2.1 Primordialisme ......................................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Perennialisme .......................................................................................... 19 2.2.3 Modernistiese nasionalisme ..................................................................... 21 2.2.4 Etniese simbolisme .................................................................................. 26 2.3 Magsbeskouinge in nasionalistiese samelewings .................................... 28 2.4 Nasionalisme as 'n ideologie en die verwording van mag ........................ 32 2.4.1 Mites as onderhoudend van nasionalistiese ideologieë ........................... 35 2.4.2 Die invloed van nasionalisme as 'n ideologie op identiteit ....................... 37 2.5 ʼn Kritiese Teorie vir samelewings vanuit die neo-Marxisme .................... 41 2.5.1 Dominasie van mense deur ander mense: Neo-Marxistiese kritiek op nasionalistiese ideologieë en magsmisbruik ............................................ 46 2.5.1.1 Dominasie en die lyding van das Nichtidentische .............................. 51 2.5.1.2 Immanente kritiek, sosiale waarheid en das Nichtidentische ............ 53 2.6 Die rol van kuns vanuit ʼn neo-Marxistiese perspektief ............................. 55 2.6.1 Das Nichtidentische en die visuele vergestalting van sosiale waarheid ... 58 2.7 Slotbeskouinge ........................................................................................ 60 HOOFSTUK DRIE ................................................................................................... 62 'n KRITIESE EVALUERING VAN KOLONIALISME EN APARTHEID AS RASGEBASEERDE EN NASIONALISTIESE IDEOLOGIEë 3.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................... 62 3.2 Britse kolonialisme (±1806-1948/1961) as nasionalistiese ideologie ....... 63 3.3 Die rol van mites in die vestiging van Afrikanernasionalisme en -identiteit .. ................................................................................................................. 68 3.3.1 Verdeeldheid onder Afrikaners: Politieke verwikkelinge 1910-1948......... 71 3.3.2 Afrikanernasionalisme en -eenheid en die rol van mites in die twintigste eeu ........................................................................................................... 74 3.4 Hoogbloei van Afrikanernasionalisme, Christelike identiteit en gewaande eenheid .................................................................................................... 77 3.5 Stryd vir die stem van das Nichtidentische: Swart nasionalisme en die Struggle ................................................................................................... 83 3.6 Die omkeer van magsrolle en die opkoms van ʼn ʺreënboognasieʺ .......... 88 3.6.1 Herinneringe aan ʼn verlede van onderdrukking ....................................... 91 3.6.2 Die mite van revolusie, swart bemagtiging en die reënboognasie ........... 93 3.7 Slotbeskouinge ........................................................................................ 97 HOOFSTUK VIER .................................................................................................... 99 DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE KUNSLANDSKAP VANUIT DIE PERSPEKTIEF VAN DAS NICHTIDENTISCHE 4.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................... 99 4.2 Bekendstelling van die kunstenaars Jantjes en Mofokeng ..................... 100 4.3 Kuns in belang van nasionalistiese ideologieë ....................................... 112 4.3.1 Kuns as tekenend van die uitbreidende mag van ʺhoëʺ kulture ............. 112 4.3.2 Westerse superioriteit en die klassifisering van das Nichtidentische ..... 115 4.3.3 Kuns in diens van Afrikanernasionalisme en -identiteit .......................... 119 4.4 Die rol van kunssentra in die aanloop tot ʼn versetkunsbeweging .......... 122 4.5 Versetkuns en die hernude oorweging van die rol van kuns .................. 127 4.6 Kunstendense en beskouinge in ʼn samelewing beskadig deur mag...... 131 4.7 Slotbeskouinge ...................................................................................... 136 HOOFSTUK VYF ................................................................................................... 137 ʼn VERGELYKENDE ONDERSOEK NA DIE SOSIALE WAARHEIDSINHOUD IN GEKOSE KUNSWERKE VAN JANTJES EN MOFOKENG 5.1 Inleiding ..................................................................................................... 137 5.2 Beskrywing van die Inhalt van die gekose kunswerke ........................... 139 5.2.1 Beskrywing van die Inhalt van A South African Colouring Book (1974- 1975) deur Jantjes ................................................................................. 139 5.2.2 Beskrywing van die Inhalt van Mofokeng se Billboards-essay (1991 - ) 151 5.3 ʼn Vergelykende ontleding en interpretasie van die sosiale waarheidsinhoud (Gehalt) in Jantjes se A South African Colouring Book en Mofokeng se Billboards-essay ............................................................... 158 5.3.1 Die blootlegging van ongelyke magsverhoudings in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing gedurende kolonialisme en apartheid in A South African Colouring Book en Billboards ................................................................. 158 5.3.2 A South African Colouring Book en Billboards as die spesifieke negasie (bestimmte Negation) van die onwaarheid van veralgemeende belange in magsongelyke, nasionalistiese samelewings ......................................... 163 5.3.3 Immanente kritiek op die bevordering en instandhouding van ongelyke magsverhoudinge in A South African Colouring Book en Billboards ...... 167 5.3.4 Die terapeutiese rol van kuns: verbeeldingryke interpretasies van hoe die moderne mens se beskadigde lewe daar uitsien ................................... 174 5.4 Slotbeskouinge ...................................................................................... 178 HOOFSTUK SES ................................................................................................... 180 SLOTBESKOUINGE 6.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................. 180 6.2 Samevatting van die hoofargumente in elke hoofstuk ............................ 181 6.3 Gevolgtrekkings ..................................................................................... 184 6.4 Slot ......................................................................................................... 185 Bibliografie ........................................................................................................... 186 BYLAAG EEN BEDANKINGS Ek sou nie hierdie studie kon voltooi sonder die volgende persone en instansies nie, en wil graag my innige en opregte dank aan hulle uitspreek: My wonderlike ouers, Terseus en Estelle (postuum) – my grootste inspirasie en twee grootste ondersteuners – vir die voorreg om te kon studeer en vir oneindige ondersteuning en onvoorwaardelike liefde. My studieleier, prof. Rita Swanepoel, vir bekwame studieleiding, liefde, omgee, geduld, ondersteuning, aanmoediging en die deel van haar passie vir die neo- Marxisme met my. Die NWU Navorsingsnis vir die Visuele Kunste en mede MA-studente. Spesifieke
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