Municipal Community Services Based Projects in Ntuzuma: an Opportunity for Local Economic Development?
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MUNICIPAL COMMUNITY SERVICES BASED PROJECTS IN NTUZUMA: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT? MANDISA Z ZONDO DISSERTATION IN FULFILLMENT OF THE MASTERS IN TOWN AND REGIONAL PLANNING DEGREE Acknowledgements: I would like to thank God, for his love and guidance. My grandmother Norah, Gogo, thank you, without you a lot of things would not be possible. To my family, I love you all; especially, my mom, dad, brothers and sisters, thank you for you love and support. To my supervisor, Nancy Odendaal and Professor Peter Robinson, Thank you for assistance. To the Town planning Department and fellow classmates (especially my friends, Thank you for everything guys). Thank you to everyone who contributed towards this research including the interviewees. CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: RESEARCH FRAMEWORK 1 .1 Introductio n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1 .2 Motivation----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 1.3 Topic-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 1.4 Researc h problem------------------------------------------------------------------------3 1.5 Research question-----------------------------------------------------------------------4 1.6 Sub-questi0 ns-----------------------------------------------------------------------------4 1.7 Hy pothesis---------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.8 Researc h 0 bjective-----------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.9 Working definitions 1.9.1 Local Economic Development-----------------------------------------------5 1.9.2 LED initiatives--------------------------------------------------------------------6 1.9.3 SM MEs-----------------------------------------------------------------------------6 1.9.4 Municipal community services based-LED interventions-----------7 1.9.5 Urban townships----------------------------------------------------------------7 1.10 Research methods overview-----------------------------------------------------------7 1.11 Structure of the dissertation-----------------------------------------------------------8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 0 2.2 Defi ning LE D--------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 2.3 The need for LED 2.3.1 Economic Decline--------------------------------------------------------------1 2 2.3.2 Urban Poverty------------------------------------------------------------------1 4 2.3.3 Infrastructural and service backlogs------------------------------------1 5 2.4 LED Approaches • The traditional approach-------------------------------------------------------------16 • The entrepreneurial approach------------------------------------------------------1 7 • The human resource development approach----------------------------------19 • The community based development approach-------------------------------20 • The corporate centre approach----------------------------------------------------21 • The alternative approach: municipal community service based-LED approach----------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 • The area based management approach-----------------------------------------24 2.5 Defining Municipal community service based-LED interventions----------27 2.6 Co ncIusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------29 CHAPTER THREE: POLICY FRAMEWORK 3. 1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------30 3.2 The role of developmental local government in LED---------------------------31 3.3 The principles of developmental local government and LED Policy-------32 3.3.1 LED Policy and service delivery-------------------------------------------33 3.3.2 LED Policy and Poverty Alleviation--------------------------------------34 3.4 Developmental Local Government within EThekwini Munucipality-------34 3.4. 1 EThekwini MunicipaIity's IDP----------------------------------------------3 5 3.4.2 INK A BM Business Plans----------------------------------------------------37 3.5 Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------39 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS 4. 1 Ntuzuma in context-----------------------------------------------------------------------40 4.2 Resea rch methodology------------------------------------------------------------------41 4.3 A profile of the projects-----------------------------------------------------------------49 4.3.1 Research Findings-------------------------------------------------------------50 4.3.2 General Responses from respondents----------------------------------50 CHAPTER FIVE: FINDINGS OVERVIEW 5. Project assessment in detail-------------------------------------------------------------54 5.1 Ntuzuma Section Pool construction project--------------------------------------54 5.2 Solid Waste Removal services--------------------------------------------------------62 5.3 Road maintenance project-------------------------------------------------------------66 5.4 The Dalmeny Road market-------------------------------------------------------------69 5.5 The Zamani sewing cooperative------------------------------------------------------75 5 .6 Synthesis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------79 5.6.1 Project findings summary---------------------------------------------------79 5.7 General views from stakeholders----------------------------------------------------81 5.8 Sustainabi Iity-------------------------------------------------------------------------------82 CHAPTER SIX: ANALVSIS 6.1 Local Government Initiatives----------------------------------------------------------84 6.2 ConcIusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------91 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 Conclusions and way forward--------------------------------------------------------93 REFERENCES-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------99 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Measura ble Indicators-------------------------------------------------------------48 Table 2: Section E Pool construction-----------------------------------------------------55 Table 3: Solid waste removal project-----------------------------------------------------62 Table 4: Road maintenance project-------------------------------------------------------66 Table 5: The Dalmeny Road market------------------------------------------------------70 Table 6: Zamani sewing cooperative-----------------------------------------------------76 Table 7: Summary of findings: interviews with project leaders-----------------79 INSERTS Insert 1: Swimming pool construction photos-----------------------------------------60 Insert 2: Ntuzuma Section E pool after construction--------------------------------61 Insert 3: Solid Waste Removal Services-------------------------------------------------65 Insert 4: The Dalmeny road market-------------------------------------------------------73 Insert 5: Businesses adjacent the road market----------------------------------------74 Insert 6: Zamani sewing cooperative-----------------------------------------------------78 ANNEXURES Annexure 1: Project Assessment sheet fore project leaders--------------------1 03 Annexure 2: Interview questions for official representatives-------------------1 06 Annexure 3: Interview questions for community representatives-------------1 07 Annexure 4: List of Interviewees--------------------------------------------------------107 MAPS: Map 1: Locality PI an-----------------------------------------------------------------------------2 Map 2: Ntuzuma Sections--------------------------------------------------------------------42 List of Acronyms SMMEs: Small Micro and Medium Enterprises LED: Local Economic Development lOP: Integrated Development Plan INK ABM: Inanda, Ntuzuma, Kwa Mashu Area Based Management Strategy SDF: Spatial Development Framework Durban ICC: The Durban International Convention Centre SDP: Spatial Development Plan DMA: Durban Municipal Area IDF: Integrated Development Framework DPLG: Department of Provincial and Local Government RSA: Republic of South Africa iTRUMP: Inner Thekwini Regeneration and Urban Management Programme DBSA: Development Bank of South Africa CHAPTER 1 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK 1.1 INTRODUCTION During the apartheid era, South Africa's urban townships have existed under poverty stricken situations, underdevelopment, deprivation and exclusion that were facilitated by this system. As a result, a host of social and economic probl~ms. saw urban townships become areas with little potential for individual and community development. Furthermore, urban townships, remained low-income areas at the urban periphery where the majority of the population was poor and had no access to opportunities, (Evans, 1988). Examples include townships such as Kwa Mashu, Ntuzuma and Khayelitsha. After 1995, the change towards democratic governance saw the focus of government interventions being towards the development of rural and peri-urban communities. Municipalities, through the use of their local Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) are prioritising the delivery of services and infrastructure in areas such as the townships; areas that are located in the urban fringes. In delivering services,