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'To Quarterback Behind the Scenes, Third-Party Efforts': the Tobacco Industry and the Tea Party

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'To Quarterback Behind the Scenes, Third-Party Efforts': the Tobacco Industry and the Tea Party Research paper Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050815 on 8 February 2013. Downloaded from ‘To quarterback behind the scenes, third-party efforts’: the tobacco industry and the Tea Party Amanda Fallin, Rachel Grana, Stanton A Glantz ▸ Additional material is ABSTRACT Tea Party tax protests in April 2009,10 the town hall published online only. To view Background The Tea Party, which gained prominence protests about the proposed healthcare reform in please visit the journal online in the USA in 2009, advocates limited government and August 20091 and the Taxpayers’ March on (http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ 11 tobaccocontrol-2012-050815). low taxes. Tea Party organisations, particularly Washington the following September 2009. They Americans for Prosperity and FreedomWorks, oppose continued to facilitate and support many of the Department of Medicine, University of California smoke-free laws and tobacco taxes. local chapters and leaders that arose from the early 5 San Francisco, Center for Methods We used the Legacy Tobacco Documents events in 2009. AFP and FreedomWorks continued Tobacco Control Research and Library, the Wayback Machine, Google, LexisNexis, the to facilitate local Tea Party activities by Education, San Francisco, Center for Media and Democracy and the Center for co-sponsoring rallies,11213creating talking points California, USA Responsive Politics (opensecrets.org) to examine the and organisational tips for supporters,14 15 supply- 16 Correspondence to tobacco companies’ connections to the Tea Party. ing literature for local Tea Party groups and pro- Stanton A Glantz, Department Results Starting in the 1980s, tobacco companies viding training sessions.1317FreedomWorks was a of Medicine, University of worked to create the appearance of broad opposition to founding partner of the 2010 Contract from California San Francisco, tobacco control policies by attempting to create a America (recalling the Republican Party’s 1994 Center for Tobacco Control ’ 18 Research and Education, Room grassroots smokers rights movement. Simultaneously, Contract with America). 366 Library, 530 Parnassus, they funded and worked through third-party groups, As of 2012, AFP and FreedomWorks were sup- San Francisco, such as Citizens for a Sound Economy, the predecessor porting the tobacco companies’ political agenda by CA 94143-1390, USA; of AFP and FreedomWorks, to accomplish their economic mobilising local Tea Party opposition to tobacco [email protected] and political agenda. There has been continuity of some taxes and smoke-free laws.19 20 This support for Received 1 October 2012 key players, strategies and messages from these groups the tobacco companies’ agenda continues the Accepted 29 January 2013 to Tea Party organisations. As of 2012, the Tea Party tobacco industry use of AFP and FreedomWorks’ Published Online First was beginning to spread internationally. predecessor organisation, Citizens for a Sound copyright. 8 February 2013 Conclusions Rather than being a purely grassroots Economy (CSE), as a third-party ally since at least movement that spontaneously developed in 2009, the 1991 (figure 1). Moreover, starting in the 1980s, Tea Party has developed over time, in part through major US tobacco companies attempted to manu- decades of work by the tobacco industry and other facture an astroturf citizen ‘smokers’ rights move- corporate interests. It is important for tobacco control ment’ to oppose local tobacco control policies. advocates in the USA and internationally, to anticipate These smokers rights’ groups had grassroots mem- and counter Tea Party opposition to tobacco control bership in several localities, but were created, coor- http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ policies and ensure that policymakers, the media and the dinated and funded by the cigarette companies.21 public understand the longstanding connection between Although the Tea Party is widely considered to the tobacco industry, the Tea Party and its associated have started in 2009,9 this paper presents a histor- organisations. ical study of some of the tobacco companies’ early activities and key players in the evolution of the Tea Party. Many people in the smokers’ rights INTRODUCTION effort or the tobacco companies went on to Tea The Tea Party, a loosely organised network of grass- Party organisations. Moreover, while the Tea Party started in the USA, it is beginning to spread inter- roots coalitions at local and state levels, is a complex 22–26 social and political movement to the right of the nationally. In 2012 FreedomWorks expanded the movement internationally, training activists in traditional Republican Party that promotes less on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected 1–4 30 countries, including Israel, Georgia, Japan, government regulation and lower taxes. It is 22 often characterised as a grassroots movement that Nigeria and Serbia. This international expansion – spontaneously arose in 2009.4 5 However, it has makes it likely that Tea Party organisations will be also been cited as an example of corporate ‘astro- mounting opposition to tobacco control (and other 5 health) policies as they have done in the USA. Open Access turfing,’ defined as a movement that ‘appears to be Scan to access more free content grassroots, but is either funded, created or conceived by a corporation or industry trade associ- METHODS ation, political interest group or public relations We conducted a standard snowball search27 of the – firm.’6 8 National organisations funded by corpora- Legacy Tobacco Documents Library, an online tions, particularly Americans for Prosperity (AFP) archive of over 80 million pages of previously secret and FreedomWorks, played an important role in tobacco industry documents. Initial search terms structuring and supporting the Tea Party in the included: CSE, tobacco tax, Food and Drug initial stages.5 They provided training, communica- Administration (FDA) and tobacco (1993–1996), To cite: Fallin A, Grana R, tion and materials for the earliest Tea Party activities, Racketeer Corrupt and Influenced Organisations Glantz SA. Tob Control including the first ‘Tea Party’ on 27 February (RICO), Kessler (1999–2006), Department of Justice – 2014;23:322 331. 2009.19FreedomWorks organised the nationwide (DOJ) (1999–2006) and lawsuit (1999–2006). We 322 Fallin A, et al. Tob Control 2014;23:322–331. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050815 Research paper Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050815 on 8 February 2013. Downloaded from Figure 1. Connections between the tobacco industry, third-party allies and the Tea Party, from the 1980’s (top) through 2012 (bottom). The thick black line connects CSE with its direct successor organisations. Online supplementary tables S1 and S2 provide more details on the linkages depicted in this figure. copyright. used the Wayback Machine (archive.org) to access old versions of Lobbying efforts are facing increasing difficulty. Even national the CSE, AFP and FreedomWorks’ websites (since 1997) and representatives from tobacco states are losing heart for defending Google, LexisNexis, the Center for Media and Democracy smokers’ rights and sustaining the tobacco industry. The power of the vested interest of the tobacco industry has not been fully (sourcewatch.org and PRwatch.org), Center for Responsive 34 Politics (opensecrets.org) and AFP (americansforprosperity.org) brought to bear in sustaining smokers [sic] rights. ’ ’ and FreedomWorks (freedomworks.org) websites internal search As of 2012, key personnel from the smokers’ rights groups engines. Internal Revenue Service Form 990s were obtained from had founded or worked at firms that consulted for Tea Party http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ 2002 to 2010 using Guidestar and Foundation Finder for CSE, groups (figure 1). CSE FreedomWorks, FreedomWorks and AFP.Searches were con- In the 1990s, RJR’s smokers’ rights groups were organised ducted from September 2011 to March 2012. We refer to CSE through a network of field coordinators who recruited members, ‘ ’ and Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation as CSE, AFP and held meetings and provided meeting agendas, letters to editors ‘ ’ Americans for Prosperity Foundation as AFP, and FreedomWorks and elected officials, a telephone script for contacting elected ‘ ’ and FreedomWorks Foundation as FreedomWorks. officials and petitions.33 By the mid-1990s, RJR was using public relations firms Ramhurst and Walt Klein & Associates to help RESULTS coordinate their smokers’ rights groups. Ramhurst was formed in Figure 1 provides an overview of the connections the tobacco 1993 with support from RJR and run by former RJR smokers’ industry has with organisations and key players in the Tea Party. rights group coordinators, James Ellis and Doug Goodyear35 36 Online supplementary table S1 provides details of key organisa- (past vice president of Walt Klein & Associates in North on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected tions involved with the tobacco industry and the Tea Party and Carolina, see online supplementary table S2). By 1994 Ramhurst online supplementary table S2 provides histories of key was coordinating RJR’s smokers’ rights groups, providing ‘the individuals. field personnel necessary to implement and execute various pro- grammes and activities related to RJR’s national grassroots pro- Historical context for tobacco industry third-party efforts gramme,’37 with Walt Klein & Associates providing ‘ancillary The tobacco industry historically worked through ‘third-party’ services necessary to support the field force.’37
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