Reporting Guidelines for Amounts Outstanding at End-June 2019 for Non-Regular Reporting Institutions
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Schedule Rc-L – Derivatives and Off-Balance Sheet Items
FFIEC 031 and 041 RC-L – DERIVATIVES AND OFF-BALANCE SHEET SCHEDULE RC-L – DERIVATIVES AND OFF-BALANCE SHEET ITEMS General Instructions Schedule RC-L should be completed on a fully consolidated basis. In addition to information about derivatives, Schedule RC-L includes the following selected commitments, contingencies, and other off-balance sheet items that are not reportable as part of the balance sheet of the Report of Condition (Schedule RC). Among the items not to be reported in Schedule RC-L are contingencies arising in connection with litigation. For those asset-backed commercial paper program conduits that the reporting bank consolidates onto its balance sheet (Schedule RC) in accordance with ASC Subtopic 810-10, Consolidation – Overall (formerly FASB Interpretation No. 46 (Revised), “Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities,” as amended by FASB Statement No. 167, “Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46(R)”), any credit enhancements and liquidity facilities the bank provides to the programs should not be reported in Schedule RC-L. In contrast, for conduits that the reporting bank does not consolidate, the bank should report the credit enhancements and liquidity facilities it provides to the programs in the appropriate items of Schedule RC-L. Item Instructions Item No. Caption and Instructions 1 Unused commitments. Report in the appropriate subitem the unused portions of commitments. Unused commitments are to be reported gross, i.e., include in the appropriate subitem the unused amount of commitments acquired from and conveyed or participated to others. However, exclude commitments conveyed or participated to others that the bank is not legally obligated to fund even if the party to whom the commitment has been conveyed or participated fails to perform in accordance with the terms of the commitment. -
Lecture 7 Futures Markets and Pricing
Lecture 7 Futures Markets and Pricing Prof. Paczkowski Lecture 7 Futures Markets and Pricing Prof. Paczkowski Rutgers University Spring Semester, 2009 Prof. Paczkowski (Rutgers University) Lecture 7 Futures Markets and Pricing Spring Semester, 2009 1 / 65 Lecture 7 Futures Markets and Pricing Prof. Paczkowski Part I Assignment Prof. Paczkowski (Rutgers University) Lecture 7 Futures Markets and Pricing Spring Semester, 2009 2 / 65 Assignment Lecture 7 Futures Markets and Pricing Prof. Paczkowski Prof. Paczkowski (Rutgers University) Lecture 7 Futures Markets and Pricing Spring Semester, 2009 3 / 65 Lecture 7 Futures Markets and Pricing Prof. Paczkowski Introduction Part II Background Financial Markets Forward Markets Introduction Futures Markets Roles of Futures Markets Existence Roles of Futures Markets Futures Contracts Terminology Prof. Paczkowski (Rutgers University) Lecture 7 Futures Markets and Pricing Spring Semester, 2009 4 / 65 Pricing Incorporating Risk Profiting and Offsetting Futures Concept Lecture 7 Futures Markets and Buyer Seller Pricing Wants to buy Prof. Paczkowski Situation - but not today Introduction Price will rise Background Expectation before ready Financial Markets to buy Forward Markets 1 Futures Markets Buy today Roles of before ready Futures Markets Strategy 2 Buy futures Existence contract to Roles of Futures hedge losses Markets Locks in low Result Futures price Contracts Terminology Prof. Paczkowski (Rutgers University) Lecture 7 Futures Markets and Pricing Spring Semester, 2009 5 / 65 Pricing Incorporating -
FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES SAMPLE QUESTIONS Q1. a Strangle Is an Investment Strategy That Combines A. a Call and a Put for the Same
FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES SAMPLE QUESTIONS Q1. A strangle is an investment strategy that combines a. A call and a put for the same expiry date but at different strike prices b. Two puts and one call with the same expiry date c. Two calls and one put with the same expiry dates d. A call and a put at the same strike price and expiry date Answer: a. Q2. A trader buys 2 June expiry call options each at a strike price of Rs. 200 and Rs. 220 and sells two call options with a strike price of Rs. 210, this strategy is a a. Bull Spread b. Bear call spread c. Butterfly spread d. Calendar spread Answer c. Q3. The option price will ceteris paribus be negatively related to the volatility of the cash price of the underlying. a. The statement is true b. The statement is false c. The statement is partially true d. The statement is partially false Answer: b. Q 4. A put option with a strike price of Rs. 1176 is selling at a premium of Rs. 36. What will be the price at which it will break even for the buyer of the option a. Rs. 1870 b. Rs. 1194 c. Rs. 1140 d. Rs. 1940 Answer b. Q5 A put option should always be exercised _______ if it is deep in the money a. early b. never c. at the beginning of the trading period d. at the end of the trading period Answer a. Q6. Bermudan options can only be exercised at maturity a. -
Analysis of Securitized Asset Liquidity June 2017 an He and Bruce Mizrach1
Analysis of Securitized Asset Liquidity June 2017 An He and Bruce Mizrach1 1. Introduction This research note extends our prior analysis2 of corporate bond liquidity to the structured products markets. We analyze data from the TRACE3 system, which began collecting secondary market trading activity on structured products in 2011. We explore two general categories of structured products: (1) real estate securities, including mortgage-backed securities in residential housing (MBS) and commercial building (CMBS), collateralized mortgage products (CMO) and to-be-announced forward mortgages (TBA); and (2) asset-backed securities (ABS) in credit cards, autos, student loans and other miscellaneous categories. Consistent with others,4 we find that the new issue market for securitized assets decreased sharply after the financial crisis and has not yet rebounded to pre-crisis levels. Issuance is below 2007 levels in CMBS, CMOs and ABS. MBS issuance had recovered by 2012 but has declined over the last four years. By contrast, 2016 issuance in the corporate bond market was at a record high for the fifth consecutive year, exceeding $1.5 trillion. Consistent with the new issue volume decline, the median age of securities being traded in non-agency CMO are more than ten years old. In student loans, the average security is over seven years old. Over the last four years, secondary market trading volumes in CMOs and TBA are down from 14 to 27%. Overall ABS volumes are down 16%. Student loan and other miscellaneous ABS declines balance increases in automobiles and credit cards. By contrast, daily trading volume in the most active corporate bonds is up nearly 28%. -
Section 1256 and Foreign Currency Derivatives
Section 1256 and Foreign Currency Derivatives Viva Hammer1 Mark-to-market taxation was considered “a fundamental departure from the concept of income realization in the U.S. tax law”2 when it was introduced in 1981. Congress was only game to propose the concept because of rampant “straddle” shelters that were undermining the U.S. tax system and commodities derivatives markets. Early in tax history, the Supreme Court articulated the realization principle as a Constitutional limitation on Congress’ taxing power. But in 1981, lawmakers makers felt confident imposing mark-to-market on exchange traded futures contracts because of the exchanges’ system of variation margin. However, when in 1982 non-exchange foreign currency traders asked to come within the ambit of mark-to-market taxation, Congress acceded to their demands even though this market had no equivalent to variation margin. This opportunistic rather than policy-driven history has spawned a great debate amongst tax practitioners as to the scope of the mark-to-market rule governing foreign currency contracts. Several recent cases have added fuel to the debate. The Straddle Shelters of the 1970s Straddle shelters were developed to exploit several structural flaws in the U.S. tax system: (1) the vast gulf between ordinary income tax rate (maximum 70%) and long term capital gain rate (28%), (2) the arbitrary distinction between capital gain and ordinary income, making it relatively easy to convert one to the other, and (3) the non- economic tax treatment of derivative contracts. Straddle shelters were so pervasive that in 1978 it was estimated that more than 75% of the open interest in silver futures were entered into to accommodate tax straddles and demand for U.S. -
Master Thesis the Use of Interest Rate Derivatives and Firm Market Value an Empirical Study on European and Russian Non-Financial Firms
Master Thesis The use of Interest Rate Derivatives and Firm Market Value An empirical study on European and Russian non-financial firms Tilburg, October 5, 2014 Mark van Dijck, 937367 Tilburg University, Finance department Supervisor: Drs. J.H. Gieskens AC CCM QT Master Thesis The use of Interest Rate Derivatives and Firm Market Value An empirical study on European and Russian non-financial firms Tilburg, October 5, 2014 Mark van Dijck, 937367 Supervisor: Drs. J.H. Gieskens AC CCM QT 2 Preface In the winter of 2010 I found myself in the heart of a company where the credit crisis took place at that moment. During a treasury internship for Heijmans NV in Rosmalen, I experienced why it is sometimes unescapable to use interest rate derivatives. Due to difficult financial times, banks strengthen their requirements and the treasury department had to use different mechanism including derivatives to restructure their loans to the appropriate level. It was a fascinating time. One year later I wrote a bachelor thesis about risk management within energy trading for consultancy firm Tensor. Interested in treasury and risk management I have always wanted to finish my finance study period in this field. During the master thesis period I started to work as junior commodity trader at Kühne & Heitz. I want to thank Kühne & Heitz for the opportunity to work in the trading environment and to learn what the use of derivatives is all about. A word of gratitude to my supervisor Drs. J.H. Gieskens for his quick reply, well experienced feedback that kept me sharp to different levels of the subject, and his availability even in the late hours after I finished work. -
A Practitioner's Guide to Structuring Listed Equity Derivative Securities
21 A Practitioner’s Guide to Structuring Listed Equity Derivative Securities JOHN C. BRADDOCK, MBA Executive Director–Investments CIBC Oppenheimer A Division of CIBC World Markets Corp., New York BENJAMIN D. KRAUSE, LLB Senior Vice President Capital Markets Division Chicago Board Options Exchange, New York Office INTRODUCTION Since the mid-1980s, “financial engineers” have created a wide array of instru- ments for use by professional investors in their search for higher returns and lower risks. Institutional investors are typically the most voracious consumers of structured derivative financial products, however, retail investors are increasingly availing themselves of such products through public, exchange- listed offerings. Design and engineering lie at the heart of the market for equity derivative securities. Through the use of computerized pricing and val- uation technology and instantaneous worldwide communications, today’s financial engineers are able to create new and varied instruments that address day-to-day client needs. This in turn has encouraged the development of new financial products that have broad investor appeal, many of which qualify for listing and trading on the principal securities markets. Commonly referred to as listed equity derivatives because they are listed on stock exchanges and trade under equity rules, these new financial products fuse disparate invest- ment features into single instruments that enable retail investors to replicate both speculative and risk management strategies employed by investment pro- fessionals. Options on individual common stocks are the forerunners of many of today’s publicly traded equity derivative products. They have been part of the 434 GUIDE TO STRUCTURING LISTED EQUITY DERIVATIVE SECURITIES securities landscape since the early 1970s.1 The notion of equity derivatives as a distinct class of securities, however, did not begin to solidify until the late 1980s. -
307439 Ferdig Master Thesis
Master's Thesis Using Derivatives And Structured Products To Enhance Investment Performance In A Low-Yielding Environment - COPENHAGEN BUSINESS SCHOOL - MSc Finance And Investments Maria Gjelsvik Berg P˚al-AndreasIversen Supervisor: Søren Plesner Date Of Submission: 28.04.2017 Characters (Ink. Space): 189.349 Pages: 114 ABSTRACT This paper provides an investigation of retail investors' possibility to enhance their investment performance in a low-yielding environment by using derivatives. The current low-yielding financial market makes safe investments in traditional vehicles, such as money market funds and safe bonds, close to zero- or even negative-yielding. Some retail investors are therefore in need of alternative investment vehicles that can enhance their performance. By conducting Monte Carlo simulations and difference in mean testing, we test for enhancement in performance for investors using option strategies, relative to investors investing in the S&P 500 index. This paper contributes to previous papers by emphasizing the downside risk and asymmetry in return distributions to a larger extent. We find several option strategies to outperform the benchmark, implying that performance enhancement is achievable by trading derivatives. The result is however strongly dependent on the investors' ability to choose the right option strategy, both in terms of correctly anticipated market movements and the net premium received or paid to enter the strategy. 1 Contents Chapter 1 - Introduction4 Problem Statement................................6 Methodology...................................7 Limitations....................................7 Literature Review.................................8 Structure..................................... 12 Chapter 2 - Theory 14 Low-Yielding Environment............................ 14 How Are People Affected By A Low-Yield Environment?........ 16 Low-Yield Environment's Impact On The Stock Market........ -
Arbitrage-Free Affine Models of the Forward Price of Foreign Currency
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports Arbitrage-Free Affine Models of the Forward Price of Foreign Currency J. Benson Durham Staff Report No. 665 February 2014 Revised April 2015 This paper presents preliminary findings and is being distributed to economists and other interested readers solely to stimulate discussion and elicit comments. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and are not necessarily reflective of views at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the author. Arbitrage-Free Affine Models of the Forward Price of Foreign Currency J. Benson Durham Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, no. 665 February 2014; revised April 2015 JEL classification: G10, G12, G15 Abstract Common affine term structure models (ATSMs) suggest that bond yields include both expected short rates and term premiums, in violation of the strictest forms of the expectations hypothesis (EH). Similarly, forward foreign exchange contracts likely include not only expected depreciation but also a sizeable premium, which similarly contradicts pure interest rate parity (IRP) and complicates inferences about anticipated returns on foreign currency exposure. Closely following the underlying logic of ubiquitous term structure models in parallel, and rather than the usual econometric approach, this study derives arbitrage-free affine forward currency models (AFCMs) with closed-form expressions for both unobservable variables. Model calibration to eleven forward U.S. dollar currency pair term structures, and notably without any information from corresponding term structures, from the mid-to-late 1990s through early 2015 fits the data closely and suggests that the premium is indeed nonzero and variable, but not to the degree implied by previous econometric studies. -
An Analysis of OTC Interest Rate Derivatives Transactions: Implications for Public Reporting
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports An Analysis of OTC Interest Rate Derivatives Transactions: Implications for Public Reporting Michael Fleming John Jackson Ada Li Asani Sarkar Patricia Zobel Staff Report No. 557 March 2012 Revised October 2012 FRBNY Staff REPORTS This paper presents preliminary fi ndings and is being distributed to economists and other interested readers solely to stimulate discussion and elicit comments. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and are not necessarily refl ective of views at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the authors. An Analysis of OTC Interest Rate Derivatives Transactions: Implications for Public Reporting Michael Fleming, John Jackson, Ada Li, Asani Sarkar, and Patricia Zobel Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, no. 557 March 2012; revised October 2012 JEL classifi cation: G12, G13, G18 Abstract This paper examines the over-the-counter (OTC) interest rate derivatives (IRD) market in order to inform the design of post-trade price reporting. Our analysis uses a novel transaction-level data set to examine trading activity, the composition of market participants, levels of product standardization, and market-making behavior. We fi nd that trading activity in the IRD market is dispersed across a broad array of product types, currency denominations, and maturities, leading to more than 10,500 observed unique product combinations. While a select group of standard instruments trade with relative frequency and may provide timely and pertinent price information for market partici- pants, many other IRD instruments trade infrequently and with diverse contract terms, limiting the impact on price formation from the reporting of those transactions. -
11 Option Payoffs and Option Strategies
11 Option Payoffs and Option Strategies Answers to Questions and Problems 1. Consider a call option with an exercise price of $80 and a cost of $5. Graph the profits and losses at expira- tion for various stock prices. 73 74 CHAPTER 11 OPTION PAYOFFS AND OPTION STRATEGIES 2. Consider a put option with an exercise price of $80 and a cost of $4. Graph the profits and losses at expiration for various stock prices. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 75 3. For the call and put in questions 1 and 2, graph the profits and losses at expiration for a straddle comprising these two options. If the stock price is $80 at expiration, what will be the profit or loss? At what stock price (or prices) will the straddle have a zero profit? With a stock price at $80 at expiration, neither the call nor the put can be exercised. Both expire worthless, giving a total loss of $9. The straddle breaks even (has a zero profit) if the stock price is either $71 or $89. 4. A call option has an exercise price of $70 and is at expiration. The option costs $4, and the underlying stock trades for $75. Assuming a perfect market, how would you respond if the call is an American option? State exactly how you might transact. How does your answer differ if the option is European? With these prices, an arbitrage opportunity exists because the call price does not equal the maximum of zero or the stock price minus the exercise price. To exploit this mispricing, a trader should buy the call and exercise it for a total out-of-pocket cost of $74. -
Modeling VXX
Modeling VXX Sebastian A. Gehricke Department of Accountancy and Finance Otago Business School, University of Otago Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Email: [email protected] Jin E. Zhang Department of Accountancy and Finance Otago Business School, University of Otago Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Email: [email protected] First Version: June 2014 This Version: 13 September 2014 Keywords: VXX; VIX Futures; Roll Yield; Market Price of Variance Risk; Variance Risk Premium JEL Classification Code: G13 Modeling VXX Abstract We study the VXX Exchange Traded Note (ETN), that has been actively traded in the New York Stock Exchange in recent years. We propose a simple model for the VXX and derive an analytical expression for the VXX roll yield. The roll yield of any futures position is the return not due to movements of the underlying, in commodity futures it is often called the cost of carry. Using our model we confirm that the phenomena of the large negative returns of the VXX, as first documented by Whaley (2013), which we call the VXX return puzzle, is due to the predominantly negative roll yield as proposed but never quantified in the literature. We provide a simple and robust estimation of the market price of variance risk which uses historical VXX returns. Our VXX price model can be used to study the price of options written on the VXX. Modeling VXX 1 1 Introduction There are three major risk factors which are traded in financial markets: market risk which is traded in the stock market, interest rate risk which is traded in the bond markets and interest rate derivative markets, and volatility risk which up until recently was only traded indirectly in the options market.