Chapter 14. Predator and Prey Interactions Barry Sinervo©1997
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Effects of Light and Prey Availability on Nocturnal, Lunar and Seasonal Activity of Tropical Nightjars
OIKOS 103: 627–639, 2003 Effects of light and prey availability on nocturnal, lunar and seasonal activity of tropical nightjars Walter Jetz, Jan Steffen and Karl Eduard Linsenmair Jetz, W., Steffen, J. and Linsenmair, K. E. 2003. Effects of light and prey availability on nocturnal, lunar and seasonal activity of tropical nightjars. – Oikos 103: 627–639. Nightjars and their allies represent the only major group of visually hunting aerial insectivores with a crepuscular and/or nocturnal lifestyle. Our purpose was to examine how both light regime and prey abundance in the tropics, where periods of twilight are extremely short, but nightjar diversity is high, affect activity across different temporal scales. We studied two nightjar species in West African bush savannah, standard-winged nightjars Macrodipteryx longipennis Shaw and long-tailed nightjars Caprimulgus climacurus Vieillot. We measured biomass of potential prey available using a vehicle mounted trap and found that it was highest at dusk and significantly lower at dawn and during the night. Based on direct observations, both nightjars exhibit the most intense foraging behaviour at dusk, less intense foraging at dawn and least at night, as predicted by both prey abundance and conditions for visual prey detection. Nocturnal foraging was positively correlated with lunar light levels and ceased below about 0.03 mW m−2. Over the course of a lunar cycle, nocturnal light availability varied markedly, while prey abundance remained constant at dusk and at night was slightly higher at full moon. Both species increased twilight foraging activity during new moon periods, compensating for the shorter nocturnal foraging window at that time. -
Behavioral Responses of Zooplankton to Predation
BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 43(3): 530-550, 1988 BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES OF ZOOPLANKTON TO PREDATION M. D. Ohman ABSTRACT Many behavioral traits of zooplankton reduce the probability of successful consumption by predators, Prey behavioral responses act at different points of a predation sequence, altering the probability of a predator's success at encounter, attack, capture or ingestion. Avoidance behavior (through spatial refuges, diel activity cycles, seasonal diapause, locomotory behavior) minimizes encounter rates with predators. Escape responses (through active motility, passive evasion, aggregation, bioluminescence) diminish rates of attack or successful capture. Defense responses (through chemical means, induced morphology) decrease the probability of suc- cessful ingestion by predators. Behavioral responses of individuals also alter the dynamics of populations. Future efforts to predict the growth of prey and predator populations will require greater attention to avoidance, escape and defense behavior. Prey activities such as occupation of spatial refuges, aggregation responses, or avoidance responses that vary ac- cording to the behavioral state of predators can alter the outcome of population interactions, introducing stability into prey-predator oscillations. In variable environments, variance in behavioral traits can "spread the risk" (den Boer, 1968) of local extinction. At present the extent of variability of prey and predator behavior, as well as the relative contributions of genotypic variance and of phenotypic plasticity, -
The Role of Flow Sensing by the Lateral Line System in Prey Detection in Two African Cichlid Fishes
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Dissertations 9-2013 THE ROLE OF FLOW SENSING BY THE LATERAL LINE SYSTEM IN PREY DETECTION IN TWO AFRICAN CICHLID FISHES Margot Anita Bergstrom Schwalbe University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss Recommended Citation Schwalbe, Margot Anita Bergstrom, "THE ROLE OF FLOW SENSING BY THE LATERAL LINE SYSTEM IN PREY DETECTION IN TWO AFRICAN CICHLID FISHES" (2013). Open Access Dissertations. Paper 111. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss/111 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ROLE OF FLOW SENSING BY THE LATERAL LINE SYSTEM IN PREY DETECTION IN TWO AFRICAN CICHLID FISHES BY MARGOT ANITA BERGSTROM SCHWALBE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2013 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DISSERTATION OF MARGOT ANITA BERGSTROM SCHWALBE APPROVED: Dissertation Committee: Major Professor Dr. Jacqueline Webb Dr. Cheryl Wilga Dr. Graham Forrester Dr. Nasser H. Zawia DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2013 ABSTRACT The mechanosensory lateral line system is found in all fishes and mediates critical behaviors, including prey detection. Widened canals, one of the four patterns of cranial lateral line canals found among teleosts, tend to be found in benthic fishes and/or fishes that live in hydrodynamically quiet or light-limited environments, such as the deep sea. -
A Review of Chemical Defense in Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae): Ecology, Pharmacokinetics, and Autoresistance
Chapter 21 A Review of Chemical Defense in Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae): Ecology, Pharmacokinetics, and Autoresistance Juan C. Santos , Rebecca D. Tarvin , and Lauren A. O’Connell 21.1 Introduction Chemical defense has evolved multiple times in nearly every major group of life, from snakes and insects to bacteria and plants (Mebs 2002 ). However, among land vertebrates, chemical defenses are restricted to a few monophyletic groups (i.e., clades). Most of these are amphibians and snakes, but a few rare origins (e.g., Pitohui birds) have stimulated research on acquired chemical defenses (Dumbacher et al. 1992 ). Selective pressures that lead to defense are usually associated with an organ- ism’s limited ability to escape predation or conspicuous behaviors and phenotypes that increase detectability by predators (e.g., diurnality or mating calls) (Speed and Ruxton 2005 ). Defended organisms frequently evolve warning signals to advertise their defense, a phenomenon known as aposematism (Mappes et al. 2005 ). Warning signals such as conspicuous coloration unambiguously inform predators that there will be a substantial cost if they proceed with attack or consumption of the defended prey (Mappes et al. 2005 ). However, aposematism is likely more complex than the simple pairing of signal and defense, encompassing a series of traits (i.e., the apose- matic syndrome) that alter morphology, physiology, and behavior (Mappes and J. C. Santos (*) Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre , University of British Columbia , #4200-6270 University Blvd , Vancouver , BC , Canada , V6T 1Z4 e-mail: [email protected] R. D. Tarvin University of Texas at Austin , 2415 Speedway Stop C0990 , Austin , TX 78712 , USA e-mail: [email protected] L. -
Note to Users
Odors And Ornaments In Crested Auklets (Aethia Cristatella): Signals Of Mate Quality? Item Type Thesis Authors Douglas, Hector D., Iii Download date 24/09/2021 03:31:59 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/8905 NOTE TO USERS Page(s) missing in number only; text follows. Page(s) were scanned as received. 61 , 62 , 201 This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ODORS AND ORNAMENTS IN CRESTED AUKLETS (AETHIA CRISTATELLA): SIGNALS OF MATE QUALITY ? A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Hector D. Douglas III, B.A., B.S., M.S., M.F.A. Fairbanks, Alaska August 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3240323 Copyright 2007 by Douglas, Hector D., Ill All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3240323 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. -
The Evolution of Virtual Ecology
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Alan Bond Publications Papers in the Biological Sciences 2001 The Evolution of Virtual Ecology Alan Kamil University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Alan B. Bond University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscibond Part of the Behavior and Ethology Commons Kamil, Alan and Bond, Alan B., "The Evolution of Virtual Ecology" (2001). Alan Bond Publications. 7. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscibond/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Alan Bond Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in MODEL SYSTEMS IN BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY: INTEGRATING CONCEPTUAL, THEORETICAL, AND EMPIRICAL APPROACHES, edited by Lee Alan Dugatkin (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. 288-310. Copyright 2001 Princeton University Press. The Evolution 15 of Virtual Ecology Alan C. Kamil and Alan B. Bond The relationship between the perceptual and cognitive abilities of predatory birds and the appearance of their insect prey has long been of intense interest to evolutionary biologists. One classic example is crypsis, the correspond ence between the appearance of prey species and of the substrates on which they rest which has long been considered a prime illustration of effects of natural selection, in this case operating against individuals that were more readily detected by predators (Poulton 1890; Wallace 1891). But the influ ences of predator psychology are broader, more complex, and more subtle than just pattern matching. -
Crypsis Decreases with Elevation in a Lizard
diversity Article Crypsis Decreases with Elevation in a Lizard Gregorio Moreno-Rueda * , Laureano G. González-Granda, Senda Reguera, Francisco J. Zamora-Camacho and Elena Melero Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; [email protected] (L.G.G.-G.); [email protected] (S.R.); [email protected] (F.J.Z.-C.); [email protected] (E.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 November 2019; Accepted: 5 December 2019; Published: 7 December 2019 Abstract: Predation usually selects for visual crypsis, the colour matching between an animal and its background. Geographic co-variation between animal and background colourations is well known, but how crypsis varies along elevational gradients remains unknown. We predict that dorsal colouration in the lizard Psammodromus algirus should covary with the colour of bare soil—where this lizard is mainly found—along a 2200 m elevational gradient in Sierra Nevada (SE Spain). Moreover, we predict that crypsis should decrease with elevation for two reasons: (1) Predation pressure typically decreases with elevation, and (2) at high elevation, dorsal colouration is under conflicting selection for both crypsis and thermoregulation. By means of standardised photographies of the substratum and colourimetric measurements of lizard dorsal skin, we tested the colour matching between lizard dorsum and background. We found that, along the gradient, lizard dorsal colouration covaried with the colouration of bare soil, but not with other background elements where the lizard is rarely detected. Moreover, supporting our prediction, the degree of crypsis against bare soil decreased with elevation. Hence, our findings suggest local adaptation for crypsis in this lizard along an elevational gradient, but this local adaptation would be hindered at high elevations. -
Eleutherodactylus Ridens (Pygmy Rainfrog) Predation Tobias Eisenberg
Sacred Heart University DigitalCommons@SHU Biology Faculty Publications Biology 9-2007 Eleutherodactylus ridens (Pygmy Rainfrog) Predation Tobias Eisenberg Twan Leenders Sacred Heart University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/bio_fac Part of the Population Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Eisenberg, T. & Leenders, T. (2007). Eleutherodactylus ridens (Pygmy Rainfrog) predation. Herpetological Review, 38(3), 323. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at DigitalCommons@SHU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@SHU. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. SSAR Officers (2007) HERPETOLOGICAL REVIEW President The Quarterly News-Journal of the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles ROY MCDIARMID USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Editor Managing Editor National Museum of Natural History ROBERT W. HANSEN THOMAS F. TYNING Washington, DC 20560, USA 16333 Deer Path Lane Berkshire Community College Clovis, California 93619-9735, USA 1350 West Street President-elect [email protected] Pittsfield, Massachusetts 01201, USA BRIAN CROTHER [email protected] Department of Biological Sciences Southeastern Louisiana University Associate Editors Hammond, Louisiana 70402, USA ROBERT E. ESPINOZA CHRISTOPHER A. PHILLIPS DEANNA H. OLSON California State University, Northridge Illinois Natural History Survey USDA Forestry Science Lab Secretary MARION R. PREEST ROBERT N. REED MICHAEL S. GRACE R. BRENT THOMAS Joint Science Department USGS Fort Collins Science Center Florida Institute of Technology Emporia State University The Claremont Colleges Claremont, California 91711, USA EMILY N. TAYLOR GUNTHER KÖHLER MEREDITH J. MAHONEY California Polytechnic State University Forschungsinstitut und Illinois State Museum Naturmuseum Senckenberg Treasurer KIRSTEN E. -
New Genera and Species of Mimetic Cleridae from Mexico and Central
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida 12-29-2017 New genera and species of mimetic Cleridae from Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Cleroidea) Jacques Rifkind California State Collection of Arthropods, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Entomology Commons Rifkind, Jacques, "New genera and species of mimetic Cleridae from Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Cleroidea)" (2017). Insecta Mundi. 1119. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/1119 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. December 29 December INSECTA 2017 0591 1–18 A Journal of World Insect Systematics MUNDI 0591 New genera and species of mimetic Cleridae from Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Cleroidea) Jacques Rifkind California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, California, 95832 U.S.A. Date of Issue: December 29, 2017 CENTER FOR SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY, INC., Gainesville, FL Jacques Rifkind New genera and species of mimetic Cleridae from Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Cleroidea) Insecta Mundi 0591: 1–18 ZooBank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7F2A2366-B4E4-4F37-A5A5-45CB51D4D859 Published in 2017 by Center for Systematic Entomology, Inc. P. O. Box 141874 Gainesville, FL 32614-1874 USA http://centerforsystematicentomology.org/ Insecta Mundi is a journal primarily devoted to insect systematics, but articles can be published on any non-marine arthropod. -
Constrained Camouflage Facilitates the Evolution of Conspicuous Warning Coloration
Evolution, 59(1), 2005, pp. 38±45 CONSTRAINED CAMOUFLAGE FACILITATES THE EVOLUTION OF CONSPICUOUS WARNING COLORATION SAMI MERILAITA1 AND BIRGITTA S. TULLBERG2 Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden 1E-mail: [email protected] 2E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The initial evolution of aposematic and mimetic antipredator signals is thought to be paradoxical because such coloration is expected to increase the risk of predation before reaching a stage when predators associate it effectively with a defense. We propose, however, that constraints associated with the alternative strategy, cryptic coloration, may facilitate the evolution of antipredator signals and thus provide a solution for the apparent paradox. We tested this hypothesis ®rst using an evolutionary simulation to study the effect of a constraint due to habitat heterogeneity, and second using a phylogenetic comparison of the Lepidoptera to investigate the effect of a constraint due to prey motility. In the evolutionary simulation, antipredator warning coloration had an increased probability to invade the prey population when the evolution of camou¯age was constrained by visual difference between micro- habitats. The comparative study was done between day-active lepidopteran taxa, in which camou¯age is constrained by motility, and night-active taxa, which rest during the day and are thus able to rely on camou¯age. We compared each of seven phylogenetically independent day-active groups with a closely related nocturnal group and found that antipredator signals have evolved at least once in all the diurnal groups but in none of their nocturnal matches. Both studies lend support to our idea that constraints on crypsis may favor the evolution of antipredator warning signals. -
Prey Concealment: Visual Background Complexity and Prey Contrast Distribution
PREY CONCEALMENT: VISUAL BACKGROUND COMPLEXITY AND PREY CONTRAST DISTRIBUTION Marina Dimitrovaa,* & Sami Merilaitaa,b a Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden b Present address: Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FIN- 20500 Turku, Finland * Corresponding author: Marina Dimitrova, [email protected] Short title: Background complexity and prey camouflage ABSTRACT A prey may achieve camouflage through background matching and through disruptive coloration. Background matching is based on visual similarity between the prey and its background, whereas disruptive coloration emphasizes the use of highly contrasting pattern elements at the body outline to break up the body shape of the prey. Another factor that may influence prey detection, but has been little studied, is the appearance of the visual characteristics of the background. We taught blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) to search for artificial prey and manipulated the appearance of the prey and the background. We studied the effect of diversity of shapes in the background on prey detection time. We also studied the differing predictions from background matching and disruptive coloration with respect to contrast level and location of high-contrast elements in prey patterning. We found that visual background complexity did indeed increase prey detection time. We did not find differences in detection time among prey types. Hence, detection time was not affected by contrast within prey patterning, or whether the prey patterning matched only a sub-sample or all the shades present in the background. Also, we found no effect of the spatial distribution of shades (highest contrast placed marginally or centrally) on detection times. -
Exploring Predator-Prey Interactions in Agroecosystems Through Molecular Gut-Content Analysis
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Entomology Entomology 2017 Exploring Predator-Prey Interactions in Agroecosystems through Molecular Gut-Content Analysis Kacie J. Athey University of Kentucky, [email protected] Author ORCID Identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1790-6530 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2017.116 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Athey, Kacie J., "Exploring Predator-Prey Interactions in Agroecosystems through Molecular Gut-Content Analysis" (2017). Theses and Dissertations--Entomology. 35. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/entomology_etds/35 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Entomology by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known.