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The Mitochondrial Genomes of Palaeopteran Insects and Insights
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The mitochondrial genomes of palaeopteran insects and insights into the early insect relationships Nan Song1*, Xinxin Li1, Xinming Yin1, Xinghao Li1, Jian Yin2 & Pengliang Pan2 Phylogenetic relationships of basal insects remain a matter of discussion. In particular, the relationships among Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Neoptera are the focus of debate. In this study, we used a next-generation sequencing approach to reconstruct new mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from 18 species of basal insects, including six representatives of Ephemeroptera and 11 of Odonata, plus one species belonging to Zygentoma. We then compared the structures of the newly sequenced mitogenomes. A tRNA gene cluster of IMQM was found in three ephemeropteran species, which may serve as a potential synapomorphy for the family Heptageniidae. Combined with published insect mitogenome sequences, we constructed a data matrix with all 37 mitochondrial genes of 85 taxa, which had a sampling concentrating on the palaeopteran lineages. Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on various data coding schemes, using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences under diferent models of sequence evolution. Our results generally recovered Zygentoma as a monophyletic group, which formed a sister group to Pterygota. This confrmed the relatively primitive position of Zygentoma to Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Neoptera. Analyses using site-heterogeneous CAT-GTR model strongly supported the Palaeoptera clade, with the monophyletic Ephemeroptera being sister to the monophyletic Odonata. In addition, a sister group relationship between Palaeoptera and Neoptera was supported by the current mitogenomic data. Te acquisition of wings and of ability of fight contribute to the success of insects in the planet. -
Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny
insects Article Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny Ke-Ke Xu 1, Qing-Ping Chen 1, Sam Pedro Galilee Ayivi 1 , Jia-Yin Guan 1, Kenneth B. Storey 2, Dan-Na Yu 1,3 and Jia-Yong Zhang 1,3,* 1 College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; [email protected] (K.-K.X.); [email protected] (Q.-P.C.); [email protected] (S.P.G.A.); [email protected] (J.-Y.G.); [email protected] (D.-N.Y.) 2 Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; [email protected] 3 Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Simple Summary: Twenty-seven complete mitochondrial genomes of Phasmatodea have been published in the NCBI. To shed light on the intra-ordinal and inter-ordinal relationships among Phas- matodea, more mitochondrial genomes of stick insects are used to explore mitogenome structures and clarify the disputes regarding the phylogenetic relationships among Phasmatodea. We sequence and annotate the first acquired complete mitochondrial genome from the family Pseudophasmati- dae (Peruphasma schultei), the first reported mitochondrial genome from the genus Phryganistria Citation: Xu, K.-K.; Chen, Q.-P.; Ayivi, of Phasmatidae (P. guangxiensis), and the complete mitochondrial genome of Orestes guangxiensis S.P.G.; Guan, J.-Y.; Storey, K.B.; Yu, belonging to the family Heteropterygidae. We analyze the gene composition and the structure D.-N.; Zhang, J.-Y. -
Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve
Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve Arthropods are characterized by having jointed limbs and exoskeletons. They include a diverse assortment of creatures: Insects, spiders, crustaceans (crayfish, crabs, pill bugs), centipedes and millipedes among others. Column Headings Scientific Name: The phenomenal diversity of arthropods, creates numerous difficulties in the determination of species. Positive identification is often achieved only by specialists using obscure monographs to ‘key out’ a species by examining microscopic differences in anatomy. For our purposes in this survey of the fauna, classification at a lower level of resolution still yields valuable information. For instance, knowing that ant lions belong to the Family, Myrmeleontidae, allows us to quickly look them up on the Internet and be confident we are not being fooled by a common name that may also apply to some other, unrelated something. With the Family name firmly in hand, we may explore the natural history of ant lions without needing to know exactly which species we are viewing. In some instances identification is only readily available at an even higher ranking such as Class. Millipedes are in the Class Diplopoda. There are many Orders (O) of millipedes and they are not easily differentiated so this entry is best left at the rank of Class. A great deal of taxonomic reorganization has been occurring lately with advances in DNA analysis pointing out underlying connections and differences that were previously unrealized. For this reason, all other rankings aside from Family, Genus and Species have been omitted from the interior of the tables since many of these ranks are in a state of flux. -
Insects of Larose Forest (Excluding Lepidoptera and Odonates)
Insects of Larose Forest (Excluding Lepidoptera and Odonates) • Non-native species indicated by an asterisk* • Species in red are new for the region EPHEMEROPTERA Mayflies Baetidae Small Minnow Mayflies Baetidae sp. Small minnow mayfly Caenidae Small Squaregills Caenidae sp. Small squaregill Ephemerellidae Spiny Crawlers Ephemerellidae sp. Spiny crawler Heptageniiidae Flatheaded Mayflies Heptageniidae sp. Flatheaded mayfly Leptophlebiidae Pronggills Leptophlebiidae sp. Pronggill PLECOPTERA Stoneflies Perlodidae Perlodid Stoneflies Perlodid sp. Perlodid stonefly ORTHOPTERA Grasshoppers, Crickets and Katydids Gryllidae Crickets Gryllus pennsylvanicus Field cricket Oecanthus sp. Tree cricket Tettigoniidae Katydids Amblycorypha oblongifolia Angular-winged katydid Conocephalus nigropleurum Black-sided meadow katydid Microcentrum sp. Leaf katydid Scudderia sp. Bush katydid HEMIPTERA True Bugs Acanthosomatidae Parent Bugs Elasmostethus cruciatus Red-crossed stink bug Elasmucha lateralis Parent bug Alydidae Broad-headed Bugs Alydus sp. Broad-headed bug Protenor sp. Broad-headed bug Aphididae Aphids Aphis nerii Oleander aphid* Paraprociphilus tesselatus Woolly alder aphid Cicadidae Cicadas Tibicen sp. Cicada Cicadellidae Leafhoppers Cicadellidae sp. Leafhopper Coelidia olitoria Leafhopper Cuernia striata Leahopper Draeculacephala zeae Leafhopper Graphocephala coccinea Leafhopper Idiodonus kelmcottii Leafhopper Neokolla hieroglyphica Leafhopper 1 Penthimia americana Leafhopper Tylozygus bifidus Leafhopper Cercopidae Spittlebugs Aphrophora cribrata -
Odonata) from JEZS 2014; 2 (4): 51-57 © 2014 JEZS Toebirongchhu Sub-Watershed in Punakha District, Received: 23-06-2014
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2014; 2 (4): 51-57 ISSN 2320-7078 New records of dragonflies (Odonata) from JEZS 2014; 2 (4): 51-57 © 2014 JEZS Toebirongchhu sub-watershed in Punakha District, Received: 23-06-2014 Accepted: 29-06-2014 Western Bhutan Tshering Dorji Tshering Dorji Associate Lecturer, Department of Forestry, College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Lobesa ABSTRACT Opportunistic survey of dragonfly diversity and distribution was done in Toebirongchhu sub-watershed within Punakha Dzongkhag, Western Bhutan to give updated list of species within the study area and the Dzongkhag, and update the species list for Bhutan. Total of 24 species belonging to 19 genera and 11 families were recorded of which 22 species are new record for the study area, 20 species for the Punakha Dzongkhag and 1 for Bhutan. The updated list of species for Punakha Dzongkhag is 28 species and for Bhutan is 85 species. Important records are Anisogomphus caudalis a Data Deficient species and a new record for Bhutan, Aristocypha (Rhinocypha) cuneata, another Data Deficient species, Epiophlebia laidlawi a Near Threatened species and Anisopleura bella a recently described species currently recorded only from Bhutan. Keywords: Dragonfly, odonata, new record, Toebirongchhu sub-watershed, Punakha, Bhutan. 1. Introduction Dragonflies belong to order Odonata and are among the most ancient of winged insects [1, 2]. The extant dragonflies are divided into two suborders, the Zygoptera or damselflies and the Anisoptera or true dragonflies, and the erstwhile third suborder Anisozygoptera is either included in Anisoptera or combined with them under the new name Epiprocta in recent times [1]. -
Mcabee Fossil Site Assessment
1 McAbee Fossil Site Assessment Final Report July 30, 2007 Revised August 5, 2007 Further revised October 24, 2008 Contract CCLAL08009 by Mark V. H. Wilson, Ph.D. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Phone 780 435 6501; email [email protected] 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary ..............................................................................................................................................................3 McAbee Fossil Site Assessment ..........................................................................................................................................4 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................4 Geological Context ...........................................................................................................................................................8 Claim Use and Impact ....................................................................................................................................................10 Quality, Abundance, and Importance of the Fossils from McAbee ............................................................................11 Sale and Private Use of Fossils from McAbee..............................................................................................................12 Educational Use of Fossils from McAbee.....................................................................................................................13 -
An Overview of Molecular Odonate Studies, and Our Evolutionary Understanding of Dragonfly and Damselfly (Insecta: Odonata) Behavior
International Journal of Odonatology Vol. 14, No. 2, June 2011, 137–147 Dragons fly, biologists classify: an overview of molecular odonate studies, and our evolutionary understanding of dragonfly and damselfly (Insecta: Odonata) behavior Elizabeth F. Ballare* and Jessica L. Ware Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 University Ave., Boyden Hall, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA (Received 18 November 2010; final version received 3 April 2011) Among insects, perhaps the most appreciated are those that are esthetically pleasing: few capture the interest of the public as much as vibrantly colored dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata). These remarkable insects are also extensively studied. Here, we review the history of odonate systematics, with an emphasis on discrepancies among studies. Over the past century, relationships among Odonata have been reinterpreted many times, using a variety of data from wing vein morphology to DNA. Despite years of study, there has been little consensus about odonate taxonomy. In this review, we compare odonate molecular phylogenetic studies with respect to gene and model selection, optimality criterion, and dataset completeness. These differences are discussed in relation to the evolution of dragonfly behavior. Keywords: Odonata; mitochondrion; nuclear; phylogeny; systematic; dragonfly; damselfly Introduction Why study Odonata? The order Odonata comprises three suborders: Anisozygoptera, Anisoptera, and Zygoptera. There are approximately 6000 species of Odonata described worldwide (Ardila-Garcia & Gregory, 2009). Of the three suborders Anisoptera and Zygoptera are by far the most commonly observed and collected, because there are only two known species of Anisozygoptera under the genus Epiophlebia. All odonate nymphs are aquatic, with a few rare exceptions such as the semi-aquatic Pseudocordulia (Watson, 1983), and adults are usually found near freshwater ponds, marshes, rivers (von Ellenrieder, 2010), streams, and lakes (although some species occur in areas of mild salinity; Corbet, 1999). -
Reported Period Exceeding They Were (1933-36) Good
Adv. Odonatol. 4 : 53-56 December 1989 On the status of rare Indian odonate species A.R. Lahiri Zoological Survey of India, New Alipur, Calcutta - 700 053, India A list of odonate species that have not been reported from India since their description before 1948 is presented. Most of the 78 species or Hills, subspecies listed were described from North Bengal or Sikkim, Khasi and Western Ghats and Nilgiris. Conservation measures on the type locali- ties of the rare dragonflies in these areas are urged. INTRODUCTION The odonate fauna of India has been explored time and again by individual the Fraser collectors, specialists on group and various survey parties. (1933-36) summarized the earlier works. Since then a numberof survey reports have followed, adding new taxa or extending the knowledge of the range of the known ones. A careful consultation of literature reveals that a good majority ofthe known species are rare and seldom reported. Very little attempt has, however, been made so far to demarcate the rare Indian odonate species and envisage effective planning for their conservation, except for the relict dragonfly Epiophlebia laidlawiTillyard, which has been declared a protected species by the Wildlife Board, Government of India. LIST OF SPECIES NOT REPORTED FROM INDIA SINCE 1948 In order to promote general awareness about the recurrence of rareness in Indian odonate species, a list of 78 species that demand special consideration from the conservation point is presented here. It refers to all taxa that have not been reported for 40 since first described in India a variableperiod exceeding years, ever they were from the but prior 1948. -
The Early Evolution of Biting–Chewing Performance in Hexapoda
Chapter 6 The Early Evolution of Biting–Chewing Performance in Hexapoda Alexander Blanke Abstract Insects show a plethora of different mandible shapes. It was advocated that these mandible shapes are mainly a function of different feeding habits. This hypothesis was tested on a larger sampling of non-holometabolan biting–chewing insects with additional tests to understand the interplay of mandible function, feeding guild, and phylogeny. The results show that at the studied systematic level, variation in mandible biting–chewing effectivity is regulated to a large extent by phylogenetic history and the configuration of the mandible joints rather than the food preference of a given taxon. Additionally, lineages with multiple mandibular joints such as primary wingless hexapods show a wider functional space occupation of mandibular effectivity than dicondylic insects (¼ silverfish + winged insects) at significantly different evolutionary rates. The evolution and occupation of a compa- rably narrow functional performance space of dicondylic insects is surprising given the low effectivity values of this food uptake solution. Possible reasons for this relative evolutionary “stasis” are discussed. 6.1 Introduction Insecta sensu lato (¼ Hexapoda) display a high diversity of mouthpart shapes within the early evolved lineages which started to radiate approximately 479 million years ago (Misof et al. 2014). These shape changes were described qualitatively and were often stated to relate mainly to the type of food consumed (Yuasa 1920; Isely 1944; Evans and Forsythe 1985; Chapman and de Boer 1995). To the knowledge of the author, this and related statements regarding mouthpart mechanics being shaped by functional demands have never been tested in a quantitative framework. -
Ancient Rapid Radiations of Insects: Challenges for Phylogenetic Analysis
ANRV330-EN53-23 ARI 2 November 2007 18:40 Ancient Rapid Radiations of Insects: Challenges for Phylogenetic Analysis James B. Whitfield1 and Karl M. Kjer2 1Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61821; email: jwhitfi[email protected] 2Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2008. 53:449–72 Key Words First published online as a Review in Advance on diversification, molecular evolution, Palaeoptera, Orthopteroidea, September 17, 2007 fossils The Annual Review of Entomology is online at ento.annualreviews.org Abstract by UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS on 12/18/07. For personal use only. This article’s doi: Phylogenies of major groups of insects based on both morphological 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093304 and molecular data have sometimes been contentious, often lacking Copyright c 2008 by Annual Reviews. the data to distinguish between alternative views of relationships. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2008.53:449-472. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org All rights reserved This paucity of data is often due to real biological and historical 0066-4170/08/0107-0449$20.00 causes, such as shortness of time spans between divergences for evo- lution to occur and long time spans after divergences for subsequent evolutionary changes to obscure the earlier ones. Another reason for difficulty in resolving some of the relationships using molecu- lar data is the limited spectrum of genes so far developed for phy- logeny estimation. For this latter issue, there is cause for current optimism owing to rapid increases in our knowledge of comparative genomics. -
Monophyletic Polyneoptera Recovered by Wing Base Structure
Title Monophyletic Polyneoptera recovered by wing base structure Author(s) Yoshizawa, Kazunori Systematic Entomology, 36(3), 377-394 Citation https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00572.x Issue Date 2011-07 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/49480 Rights The definitive version is available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Type article (author version) File Information SE36-3_377-394.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Running title: Phylogeny of Polyneoptera Monophyletic Polyneoptera recovered by the wing base structure KAZUNORI YOSHIZAWA Systematic Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Correspondence: Kazunori Yoshizawa, Systematic Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan. E-mail. [email protected] Abstract. Phylogenetic relationships among the winged orders of Polyneoptera (Blattodea, Dermaptera, Embiodea or Embioptera, Isoptera, Mantodea, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, Plecoptera, Zoraptera) were estimated based on morphological data selected from the hindwing base structure. Cladistic analyses were carried out using the hindwing base data alone and in combination with other, more general, morphological data. Both data sets resulted in similar trees and recovered monophyly of Polyneoptera. Deepest phylogenetic relationships among the polyneopteran orders were not confidently estimated, but monophyly of Mystroptera (= Embiodea + Zoraptera), Orthopterida (= Orthoptera + Phasmatodea) and Dictyoptera (= Blattodea + Mantodea + Isoptera) was supported consistently. In contrast, placements of Plecoptera and Dermaptera were unstable, although independent analysis of the wing base data supported their sister group relationship with two non-homoplasious synapomorphies (unique conditions in the ventral basisubcostale and in the articulation between the antemedian notal wing process and first axillary sclerite). -
Carboniferous Protodonatoid Dragonfly Nymphs and the Synapo- Morphies of Odonatoptera and Ephemeroptera (Insecta: Palaeoptera)
Palaeodiversity 2: 169–198; Stuttgart, 30.12.2009. 169 Carboniferous protodonatoid dragonfly nymphs and the synapo- morphies of Odonatoptera and Ephemeroptera (Insecta: Palaeoptera) JARMILA KUKALOVÁ-PECK Abstract Three extremely rare fossil protodonatoid dragonfly nymphs are described from the middle Pennsylvanian (Moscovian) of Mazon Creek, Illinois: Dragonympha srokai n. gen., n. sp. (Meganisoptera), a large, nearly com- plete young nymph with an extended labial mask and uplifted wing pads; Alanympha richardsoni n. gen., n. sp. (Meganisoptera), a nymphal forewing with two articular plates attached to it; and Carbonympha herdinai n. gen., n. sp. (Eomeganisoptera), a detached nymphal forewing. Plesiomorphic states in Dragonympha n. gen. indicate ho- mologies unresolved in modern Odonata. The segmented head bears 3rd tergum ventrally invaginated. The extended labial mask still shows limb segments. The prothorax bears a pair of winglets. The short wing pads are fully articu- lated, twisted, uplifted and streamlined with body. The mesothoracic anepisternum is placed between acrotergite and prescutum. The abdominal leglets form long, segmented, serial gill filaments. In the ontogenesis of modern dragonflies, the wing and articulation disc occurs just above subcoxal pleuron and far from tergum. Wing sclerites are arranged in eight rows protecting eight blood pathways running towards eight wing veins. The sistergroup of Odonatoptera has not yet been convincingly resolved with computer cladistic approaches. Reasons are examined and discussed. More accurate, evolution-based character evaluations are shown with examples. The role of a correct model of the pan-arthropod limb and the origin of insect wings is discussed. Groundplan characters in dragonflies and mayflies are compared in their Paleozoic and modern states, their obscurity is clarified and complex synapo- morphies are proposed.