DOCSLIB.ORG

Repair of the Proboscis of Brush-Footed Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)" (2014)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Repair of the Proboscis of Brush-Footed Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 8-2014 REPAIR OF THE PROBOSCIS OF BRUSH- FOOTED BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) Suellen Pometto Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Pometto, Suellen, "REPAIR OF THE PROBOSCIS OF BRUSH-FOOTED BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)" (2014). All Theses. 1881. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1881 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REPAIR OF THE PROBOSCIS OF BRUSH-FOOTED BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) ______________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University ______________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Entomology ______________________________________ by Suellen Floyd Pometto August 2014 ______________________________________ Accepted by: Dr. John C. Morse, Committee Co-Chair Dr. Peter H. Adler, Committee Co-Chair Dr. John Hains ABSTRACT A key feature of the order Lepidoptera is the coilable proboscis, present in over 99% of lepidopteran species. The proboscis is used to obtain liquid nutrition, usually floral nectar. The proboscis is assembled from two elongate galeae immediately after emergence of the adult from the pupa. What happens if the galeae become separated? I studied the process of repair of the proboscis, behaviorally and functionally, at the organismal level. My research questions were as follows: 1) is the proboscis capable of repair, 2) is saliva necessary to proboscis repair, and 3) is the repaired proboscis able to acquire fluids? Test organisms were Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae) and Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae). To assess repair capability, at 24 hours after eclosion the galeae were separated totally and compared to control specimens without galeal separation. Both species were able to accomplish repair of the proboscis, with 10–100% achieving reunion of the galeae and recovery of the coiled resting state. The role of saliva in repair of the proboscis was tested for D. plexippus, with the hypothesis that removal of saliva would impede repair. Three groups were compared: 1) the proboscis was manipulated with a capillary tube to remove saliva for five minutes, 2) the proboscis was similarly manipulated for five minutes but no saliva was removed, and 3) the proboscis was not manipulated and no saliva was removed. Both manipulated groups were similarly impeded, indicating that manipulation impeded repair, rather than removal of saliva. To test functionality of the repaired proboscises, at 24–48 hours after separation of the galeae all butterflies were offered dyed sucrose-water, with the hypothesis that the repaired ii proboscis can acquire fluids. After feeding, butterflies were placed in separate cages lined with filter paper. Successful feeding was confirmed by the presence of dye in the gut exudate on the filter paper or in the gut by dissection for 64–100% of all groups. Physical and functional self-repair of the butterfly proboscis could provide a model for artificially engineered microfluidic devices. iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my father, Robert Forsythe Floyd†, who nurtured my love of Nature from the time I was a small child, and to my husband, Anthony Louis Pometto, III, who made many sacrifices to allow me to pursue graduate studies. I thank my children for their encouragement and support. Three of my five children have attended college concurrently with me. I give thanks to God for allowing me to use His gifts to study His creatures and for granting me healing from ovarian cancer and restoration to good health to continue this work. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funding for this project was from National Science Foundation grants EFRI 0937985 and PoLS 1305338 for the project “Biomechanics of Self-Assembly of the Lepidopteran Feeding Devices” with co-principal investigators Dr. Peter H. Adler and Dr. Konstantin G. Kornev, and NSF grant IOS-1354956, “Mechanisms of Fluid Feeding in Insects, from Nanoscale to Organism” to Dr. Peter H. Adler and Dr. Konstantin G. Kornev. I thank the Greater Charleston Pest Control Association for the James D. “Denny” Ford award which provided support for my graduate research. I thank my committee members, Dr. John C. Morse, Dr. Peter H. Adler, and Dr. John Hains, for their mentoring during my research and study. Dr. Morse accepted me as his student and assisted me with project ideas and funding. Dr. Morse inspired me with his enthusiasm and helped me with his patient personal assistance. Dr. Adler provided my final project and funding through a graduate research assistantship. Dr. Adler has given me ceaseless encouragement from the time I took my first entomology course, Taxonomy of Insects, in 2009. I thank Dr. Charles “Eddie” Beard for his calm and wise presence and for his practical help and guidance with this project. I thank Dr. James Rieck for assistance with statistics. I thank Dr. Alfred P. “Hap” Wheeler for giving me a graduate teaching assistantship in Biological Sciences, without which I could not have pursued this course of study. I thank my daughter, Mary Ann, for formatting assistance and for using her graphics arts skills on Figure 1.1. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 5 Phylogenic Context for Study of the Lepidopteran Proboscis ................................................ 5 Evolutionary History of Lepidoptera .............................................................................. 5 Order Level Phylogenetic Considerations....................................................................... 7 Synapomorphies of Amphiesmenoptera ......................................................................... 8 Synapomorphies of the Order Lepidoptera ..................................................................... 9 Phylogeny within Lepidoptera ........................................................................................ 9 Basal Suborders of Lepidoptera .................................................................................... 11 The Suborder Glossata .................................................................................................. 11 Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence ................................................................................. 15 Feeding Habits of Adult Lepidopterans ................................................................................ 16 Non-Feeding Adults ...................................................................................................... 18 Water Drinking ............................................................................................................. 18 Nectar Feeding .............................................................................................................. 19 Feeding on Sap, Honeydew, and Honey ....................................................................... 20 Feeding on Over-Ripe or Rotting Fruit ......................................................................... 21 Fruit Piercing ................................................................................................................. 22 Feeding on Animal Fluids ............................................................................................. 22 Pollen feeding ............................................................................................................... 24 Model Species for Study of the Lepidopteran Proboscis ...................................................... 25 Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus) ........................................................................................... 25 Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) ............................................................................................ 32 vi (Table of Contents Continued) Structure of Adult Mouthparts of the Lepidoptera: ............................................................... 34 The Larval Mouthparts .................................................................................................. 34 Adults of Primitive Suborders ....................................................................................... 34 Adults of the Suborder Glossata: General Structure of the Proboscis .......................... 35 Proboscis Specializations
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SYSTEMATICS of the MEGADIVERSE SUPERFAMILY GELECHIOIDEA (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTEA) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of T
    SYSTEMATICS OF THE MEGADIVERSE SUPERFAMILY GELECHIOIDEA (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTEA) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sibyl Rae Bucheli, M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. John W. Wenzel, Advisor Dr. Daniel Herms Dr. Hans Klompen _________________________________ Dr. Steven C. Passoa Advisor Graduate Program in Entomology ABSTRACT The phylogenetics, systematics, taxonomy, and biology of Gelechioidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) are investigated. This superfamily is probably the second largest in all of Lepidoptera, and it remains one of the least well known. Taxonomy of Gelechioidea has been unstable historically, and definitions vary at the family and subfamily levels. In Chapters Two and Three, I review the taxonomy of Gelechioidea and characters that have been important, with attention to what characters or terms were used by different authors. I revise the coding of characters that are already in the literature, and provide new data as well. Chapter Four provides the first phylogenetic analysis of Gelechioidea to include molecular data. I combine novel DNA sequence data from Cytochrome oxidase I and II with morphological matrices for exemplar species. The results challenge current concepts of Gelechioidea, suggesting that traditional morphological characters that have united taxa may not be homologous structures and are in need of further investigation. Resolution of this problem will require more detailed analysis and more thorough characterization of certain lineages. To begin this task, I conduct in Chapter Five an in- depth study of morphological evolution, host-plant selection, and geographical distribution of a medium-sized genus Depressaria Haworth (Depressariinae), larvae of ii which generally feed on plants in the families Asteraceae and Apiaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Modular Structure, Sequence Diversification and Appropriate
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Modular structure, sequence diversifcation and appropriate nomenclature of seroins produced Received: 17 July 2018 Accepted: 14 February 2019 in the silk glands of Lepidoptera Published: xx xx xxxx Lucie Kucerova1, Michal Zurovec 1,2, Barbara Kludkiewicz1, Miluse Hradilova3, Hynek Strnad3 & Frantisek Sehnal1,2 Seroins are small lepidopteran silk proteins known to possess antimicrobial activities. Several seroin paralogs and isoforms were identifed in studied lepidopteran species and their classifcation required detailed phylogenetic analysis based on complete and verifed cDNA sequences. We sequenced silk gland-specifc cDNA libraries from ten species and identifed 52 novel seroin cDNAs. The results of this targeted research, combined with data retrieved from available databases, form a dataset representing the major clades of Lepidoptera. The analysis of deduced seroin proteins distinguished three seroin classes (sn1-sn3), which are composed of modules: A (includes the signal peptide), B (rich in charged amino acids) and C (highly variable linker containing proline). The similarities within and between the classes were 31–50% and 22.5–25%, respectively. All species express one, and in exceptional cases two, genes per class, and alternative splicing further enhances seroin diversity. Seroins occur in long versions with the full set of modules (AB1C1B2C2B3) and/or in short versions that lack parts or the entire B and C modules. The classes and the modular structure of seroins probably evolved prior to the split between Trichoptera and Lepidoptera. The diversity of seroins is refected in proposed nomenclature. Te silk spun by caterpillars is a composite material based on two protein agglomerates that have been known for centuries as fbroin and sericin.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera of North America 5
    Lepidoptera of North America 5. Contributions to the Knowledge of Southern West Virginia Lepidoptera Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University Lepidoptera of North America 5. Contributions to the Knowledge of Southern West Virginia Lepidoptera by Valerio Albu, 1411 E. Sweetbriar Drive Fresno, CA 93720 and Eric Metzler, 1241 Kildale Square North Columbus, OH 43229 April 30, 2004 Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University Cover illustration: Blueberry Sphinx (Paonias astylus (Drury)], an eastern endemic. Photo by Valeriu Albu. ISBN 1084-8819 This publication and others in the series may be ordered from the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 Abstract A list of 1531 species ofLepidoptera is presented, collected over 15 years (1988 to 2002), in eleven southern West Virginia counties. A variety of collecting methods was used, including netting, light attracting, light trapping and pheromone trapping. The specimens were identified by the currently available pictorial sources and determination keys. Many were also sent to specialists for confirmation or identification. The majority of the data was from Kanawha County, reflecting the area of more intensive sampling effort by the senior author. This imbalance of data between Kanawha County and other counties should even out with further sampling of the area. Key Words: Appalachian Mountains,
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera: Psychidae)
    Eur. J. Entomol. 111(1): 121–136, 2014 doi: 10.14411/eje.2014.013 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Evaluation of criteria for species delimitation of bagworm moths (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) VERONICA CHEVASCO1, JELMER A. ELZINGA1, JOHANNA MAPPES2 and ALESSANDRO GRAPPUTO3 1 Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Center of Excellence in Biological Interactions, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, I-35121 Padova, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Lepidoptera, Psychidae, Dahlica, Siederia, DNA barcoding, COI Abstract. Accurate identification of species is fundamental for biological research and necessary for species conservation. DNA bar- coding is particularly useful when identification using morphological characteristics is laborious and/or unreliable. However, bar- codes for species are dependent on the availability of reference sequences from correctly identified specimens. The traditional use of morphology to delimit the species boundaries of Finnish bagworm moths (Lepidoptera: Psychidae: Naryciinae: Dahliciini) is contro- versial because there is overlap in their morphological characteristics. In addition, there are no suitable molecular markers. We veri- fied the delimitation of seven out of eight previously described taxa, by using the currently standardized COI barcode and phylogenetic inference based on fragments of mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear genes (MDH). Moreover, we compared the results of molecular methods with the outcome of geometric morphometrics. Based on molecular identification, our findings indicate that there are five sexual species (Dahlica and Siederia spp.) and two parthenogenetic species (D.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.New and Interesting Portuguese Lepidoptera Records from 2007 (Insecta: Lepidoptera)
    SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología ISSN: 0300-5267 [email protected] Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterología España Corley, M. F. V.; Marabuto, E.; Maravalhas, E.; Pires, P.; Cardoso, J. P. New and interesting Portuguese Lepidoptera records from 2007 (Insecta: Lepidoptera) SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología, vol. 36, núm. 143, septiembre, 2008, pp. 283-300 Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterología Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45512164002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative 283-300 New and interesting Po 4/9/08 17:37 Página 283 SHILAP Revta. lepid., 36 (143), septiembre 2008: 283-300 CODEN: SRLPEF ISSN:0300-5267 New and interesting Portuguese Lepidoptera records from 2007 (Insecta: Lepidoptera) M. F. V. Corley, E. Marabuto, E. Maravalhas, P. Pires & J. P. Cardoso Abstract 38 species are added to the Portuguese Lepidoptera fauna and two species deleted, mainly as a result of fieldwork undertaken by the authors in the last year. In addition, second and third records for the country and new food-plant data for a number of species are included. A summary of papers published in 2007 affecting the Portuguese fauna is included. KEY WORDS: Insecta, Lepidoptera, geographical distribution, Portugal. Novos e interessantes registos portugueses de Lepidoptera em 2007 (Insecta: Lepidoptera) Resumo Como resultado do trabalho de campo desenvolvido pelos autores principalmente no ano de 2007, são adicionadas 38 espécies de Lepidoptera para a fauna de Portugal e duas são retiradas.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Suctorial Proboscis in Pollen Wasps (Masarinae, Vespidae)
    Arthropod Structure & Development 31 (2002) 103–120 www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Evolution of the suctorial proboscis in pollen wasps (Masarinae, Vespidae) Harald W. Krenna,*, Volker Maussb, John Planta aInstitut fu¨r Zoologie, Universita¨t Wien, Althanstraße 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria bStaatliches Museum fu¨r Naturkunde, Abt. Entomologie, Rosenstein 1, D-70191 Stuttgart, Germany Received 7 May 2002; accepted 17 July 2002 Abstract The morphology and functional anatomy of the mouthparts of pollen wasps (Masarinae, Hymenoptera) are examined by dissection, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, supplemented by field observations of flower visiting behavior. This paper focuses on the evolution of the long suctorial proboscis in pollen wasps, which is formed by the glossa, in context with nectar feeding from narrow and deep corolla of flowers. Morphological innovations are described for flower visiting insects, in particular for Masarinae, that are crucial for the production of a long proboscis such as the formation of a closed, air-tight food tube, specializations in the apical intake region, modification of the basal articulation of the glossa, and novel means of retraction, extension and storage of the elongated parts. A cladistic analysis provides a framework to reconstruct the general pathways of proboscis evolution in pollen wasps. The elongation of the proboscis in context with nectar and pollen feeding is discussed for aculeate Hymenoptera. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Mouthparts; Flower visiting; Functional anatomy; Morphological innovation; Evolution; Cladistics; Hymenoptera 1. Introduction Some have very long proboscides; however, in contrast to bees, the proboscis is formed only by the glossa and, in Evolution of elongate suctorial mouthparts have some species, it is looped back into the prementum when in occurred separately in several lineages of Hymenoptera in repose (Bradley, 1922; Schremmer, 1961; Richards, 1962; association with uptake of floral nectar.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 02 Biogeography and Evolution in the Tropics
    Chapter 02 Biogeography and Evolution in the Tropics (a) (b) PLATE 2-1 (a) Coquerel’s Sifaka (Propithecus coquereli), a lemur species common to low-elevation, dry deciduous forests in Madagascar. (b) Ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) are highly social. PowerPoint Tips (Refer to the Microsoft Help feature for specific questions about PowerPoint. Copyright The Princeton University Press. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 2-1 This map shows the major biogeographic regions of the world. Each is distinct from the others because each has various endemic groups of plants and animals. FIGURE 2-2 Wallace’s Line was originally developed by Alfred Russel Wallace based on the distribution of animal groups. Those typical of tropical Asia occur on the west side of the line; those typical of Australia and New Guinea occur on the east side of the line. FIGURE 2-3 Examples of animals found on either side of Wallace’s Line. West of the line, nearer tropical Asia, one 3 nds species such as (a) proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), (b) 3 ying lizard (Draco sp.), (c) Bornean bristlehead (Pityriasis gymnocephala). East of the line one 3 nds such species as (d) yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea), (e) various tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus sp.), and (f) spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculates). Some of these species are either threatened or endangered. PLATE 2-2 These vertebrate animals are each endemic to the Galápagos Islands, but each traces its ancestry to animals living in South America. (a) and (b) Galápagos tortoise (Geochelone nigra). These two images show (a) a saddle-shelled tortoise and (b) a dome-shelled tortoise.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Sphingidae – DNA Barcodes Challenge Current Species Boundaries and Distributions
    Australian Sphingidae – DNA Barcodes Challenge Current Species Boundaries and Distributions Rodolphe Rougerie1*¤, Ian J. Kitching2, Jean Haxaire3, Scott E. Miller4, Axel Hausmann5, Paul D. N. Hebert1 1 University of Guelph, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 2 Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom, 3 Honorary Attache´, Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, Le Roc, Laplume, France, 4 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America, 5 Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Section Lepidoptera, Munich, Germany Abstract Main Objective: We examine the extent of taxonomic and biogeographical uncertainty in a well-studied group of Australian Lepidoptera, the hawkmoths (Sphingidae). Methods: We analysed the diversity of Australian sphingids through the comparative analysis of their DNA barcodes, supplemented by morphological re-examinations and sequence information from a nuclear marker in selected cases. The results from the analysis of Australian sphingids were placed in a broader context by including conspecifics and closely related taxa from outside Australia to test taxonomic boundaries. Results: Our results led to the discovery of six new species in Australia, one case of erroneously synonymized species, and three cases of synonymy. As a result, we establish the occurrence of 75 species of hawkmoths on the continent. The analysis of records from outside Australia also challenges the validity of current taxonomic boundaries in as many as 18 species, including Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758), a common species that has gained adoption as a model system. Our work has revealed a higher level of endemism than previously recognized. Most (90%) Australian sphingids are endemic to the continent (45%) or to Australia, the Pacific Islands and the Papuan and Wallacean regions (45%).
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Evolution of Lepidoptera
    EN62CH15-Mitter ARI 5 November 2016 12:1 I Review in Advance first posted online V E W E on November 16, 2016. (Changes may R S still occur before final publication online and in print.) I E N C N A D V A Phylogeny and Evolution of Lepidoptera Charles Mitter,1,∗ Donald R. Davis,2 and Michael P. Cummings3 1Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742; email: [email protected] 2Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 3Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2017. 62:265–83 Keywords Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2017.62. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org The Annual Review of Entomology is online at Hexapoda, insect, systematics, classification, butterfly, moth, molecular ento.annualreviews.org systematics This article’s doi: Access provided by University of Maryland - College Park on 11/20/16. For personal use only. 10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035125 Abstract Copyright c 2017 by Annual Reviews. Until recently, deep-level phylogeny in Lepidoptera, the largest single ra- All rights reserved diation of plant-feeding insects, was very poorly understood. Over the past ∗ Corresponding author two decades, building on a preceding era of morphological cladistic stud- ies, molecular data have yielded robust initial estimates of relationships both within and among the ∼43 superfamilies, with unsolved problems now yield- ing to much larger data sets from high-throughput sequencing. Here we summarize progress on lepidopteran phylogeny since 1975, emphasizing the superfamily level, and discuss some resulting advances in our understanding of lepidopteran evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • The Radiation of Satyrini Butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): A
    Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 161, 64–87. With 8 figures The radiation of Satyrini butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a challenge for phylogenetic methods CARLOS PEÑA1,2*, SÖREN NYLIN1 and NIKLAS WAHLBERG1,3 1Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 2Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Arenales 1256, Apartado 14-0434, Lima-14, Peru 3Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland Received 24 February 2009; accepted for publication 1 September 2009 We have inferred the most comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis to date of butterflies in the tribe Satyrini. In order to obtain a hypothesis of relationships, we used maximum parsimony and model-based methods with 4435 bp of DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear genes for 179 taxa (130 genera and eight out-groups). We estimated dates of origin and diversification for major clades, and performed a biogeographic analysis using a dispersal–vicariance framework, in order to infer a scenario of the biogeographical history of the group. We found long-branch taxa that affected the accuracy of all three methods. Moreover, different methods produced incongruent phylogenies. We found that Satyrini appeared around 42 Mya in either the Neotropical or the Eastern Palaearctic, Oriental, and/or Indo-Australian regions, and underwent a quick radiation between 32 and 24 Mya, during which time most of its component subtribes originated. Several factors might have been important for the diversification of Satyrini: the ability to feed on grasses; early habitat shift into open, non-forest habitats; and geographic bridges, which permitted dispersal over marine barriers, enabling the geographic expansions of ancestors to new environ- ments that provided opportunities for geographic differentiation, and diversification.
    [Show full text]
  • Materials Properties of the Lepidopteran Proboscis and a Bio-Inspired Characterization Method of Capillary Adhesion Luke Michael Sande Clemson University
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 12-2017 Materials Properties of the Lepidopteran Proboscis and a Bio-Inspired Characterization Method of Capillary Adhesion Luke Michael Sande Clemson University Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Recommended Citation Sande, Luke Michael, "Materials Properties of the Lepidopteran Proboscis and a Bio-Inspired Characterization Method of Capillary Adhesion" (2017). All Theses. 2770. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2770 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MATERIALS PROPERTIES OF THE LEPIDOPTERAN PROBOSCIS AND A BIO-INSPIRED CHARACTERIZATION METHOD OF CAPILLARY ADHESION A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Materials Science and Engineering by Luke Michael Sande December 2017 Accepted by: Dr. Konstantin G. Kornev, Committee Chair Dr. Olga Kuksenok Dr. Peter Adler ABSTRACT The feeding device of butterflies and moths, Lepidoptera, is called the “proboscis” and it consists of two complex-shaped fibers, galeae, which get linked together when the insects emerge from the pupa. The proboscis has been extensively studied by biologists, but has never been investigated from the materials science point of view. The following questions remain to be answered: What are the materials properties of the proboscis? How does the proboscis assemble and repair and what role do capillary forces play? What are the adhesion forces holding the galeae together during this assembly process? We have investigated and are exhibiting a methodology for studying the self- assembly and self-repair mechanism of the split lepidopteran proboscis in active and sedated butterflies.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphiesmeno- Ptera: the Caddisflies and Lepidoptera
    CY501-C13[548-606].qxd 2/16/05 12:17 AM Page 548 quark11 27B:CY501:Chapters:Chapter-13: 13Amphiesmeno-Amphiesmenoptera: The ptera:Caddisflies The and Lepidoptera With very few exceptions the life histories of the orders Tri- from Old English traveling cadice men, who pinned bits of choptera (caddisflies)Caddisflies and Lepidoptera (moths and butter- cloth to their and coats to advertise their fabrics. A few species flies) are extremely different; the former have aquatic larvae, actually have terrestrial larvae, but even these are relegated to and the latter nearly always have terrestrial, plant-feeding wet leaf litter, so many defining features of the order concern caterpillars. Nonetheless, the close relationship of these two larval adaptations for an almost wholly aquatic lifestyle (Wig- orders hasLepidoptera essentially never been disputed and is supported gins, 1977, 1996). For example, larvae are apneustic (without by strong morphological (Kristensen, 1975, 1991), molecular spiracles) and respire through a thin, permeable cuticle, (Wheeler et al., 2001; Whiting, 2002), and paleontological evi- some of which have filamentous abdominal gills that are sim- dence. Synapomorphies linking these two orders include het- ple or intricately branched (Figure 13.3). Antennae and the erogametic females; a pair of glands on sternite V (found in tentorium of larvae are reduced, though functional signifi- Trichoptera and in basal moths); dense, long setae on the cance of these features is unknown. Larvae do not have pro- wing membrane (which are modified into scales in Lepi- legs on most abdominal segments, save for a pair of anal pro- doptera); forewing with the anal veins looping up to form a legs that have sclerotized hooks for anchoring the larva in its double “Y” configuration; larva with a fused hypopharynx case.
    [Show full text]