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A Taxonomia Do Antigo Gênero Acacia Mill., Com Base Na Análise De Agrupamento De Caracteres Do Lenho1

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A Taxonomia Do Antigo Gênero Acacia Mill., Com Base Na Análise De Agrupamento De Caracteres Do Lenho1 BALDUINIA, n. 51, p. 01-11, 10-III-2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2358198021421 A TAXONOMIA DO ANTIGO GÊNERO ACACIA MILL., COM BASE NA ANÁLISE DE AGRUPAMENTO DE CARACTERES DO LENHO1 PAULO FERNANDO DOS SANTOS MACHADO2 JOSÉ NEWTON CARDOSO MARCHIORI3 ANELISE MARTA SIEGLOCH4 RESUMO A análise de agrupamento realizada com caracteres do lenho de 25 espécies do antigo gênero Acacia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) permitiu a separação das mesmas nos atuais gêneros Acacia Mill., Senegalia Raf. e Vachellia Wight & Arn., em concordância com a segregação aprovada pelo Congresso Internacional de Botânica em 2005. Palavras-chave: Acacia Mill., anatomia da madeira, Senegalia Raf., Vachellia Wight & Arn., taxonomia da madeira. ABSTRACT [The taxonomy of the old genus Acacia Mill., based on cluster analysis of wood characters]. Cluster analysis performed with wood characters of 25 species of the old genus Acacia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) allows the separation of the same in the current genera Acacia Mill., Senegalia Raf. and Vachellia Wight & Arn., in accordance with the segregation approved by the International Botanical Congress in 2005. Key words: Acacia Mill., Senegalia Raf., Vachellia Wight & Arn., wood anatomy, wood taxonomy. INTRODUÇÃO Em anatomia taxonômica, é fundamental A utilização de caracteres da estrutura inter- distinguir os caracteres anatômicos relativamen- na das plantas na classificação vegetal é muito te constantes, dos passíveis de variação sob di- antiga e tem sido utilizada com freqüência ferentes condições de crescimento. A esse res- (Record, 1944). A esse respeito, Dadswell peito, Rendle (1944) pondera ser necessária (1939) pondera que a anatomia da madeira pode considerável experiência para reconhecer os contribuir, positivamente, na classificação de caracteres de valor diagnóstico em uma madei- gêneros ou famílias de posição taxonômica du- ra e estimar seu valor como típico de família, vidosa, no estudo do arranjo interno de famílias gênero, de um táxon infragenérico ou espécie. e na determinação das prováveis afinidades en- A presença de ornamentações em pontoações tre famílias botânicas. intervasculares, por exemplo, ocorre em famí- lias inteiras ou determinados grupos de uma fa- 1 Recebido em 19-6-2015 e aceito para publicação em mília. Panshin & De Zeeuw (1970) reportam 29-8-2015. esse caráter para todas as espécies 2 Engenheiro Florestal, mestrando do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Engenharia Florestal da Universidade norteamericanas da família Leguminosae (Fa- Federal de Santa Maria. Bolsista CNPq. Santa Maria, baceae), com exceção de Cercis L. (Fabaceae: RS, Brasil. [email protected] Caesalpinioideae). O número, diâmetro e dis- 3 Engenheiro Florestal, Dr. Bolsista de Produtividade em Pesquisa (CNPq – Brasil). Professor Titular do tribuição das ornamentações também podem va- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade riar consideravelmente e ter valor diagnóstico Federal de Santa Maria. Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. (Bailey, 1951; Ohtani, 1981; Ohtani et al., 1983; 4 Engenheira Florestal, doutoranda do Programa de Pós- Vliet, 1978; Vliet & Baas, 1984). Por outro lado, Graduação em Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Bolsista CAPES. Santa Maria, caracteres como abundância de poros, compri- RS, Brasil. mento de elementos vasculares e fração de 1 parênquima axial são muito influenciados pelo O gênero Acacia foi estabelecido por Philip ambiente (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1972). Miller em 1754, com base em nome proposto No tocante aos raios, o caráter de maior uti- por Tournefort (1694). O étimo deriva do grego lidade é a largura, tanto em dimensão linear akakia, um substantivo que se traduz por ponta como em número de células; a altura também ou fio (Miller, 1969), e alude à presença cons- pode ser valiosa, principalmente se os mesmos pícua de espinhos no caule e ramos de muitas forem ou muito altos ou muito baixos. A pre- de suas espécies. sença de raios exclusivamente unisseriados tam- O antigo gênero achava-se bem representa- bém se revela importante, podendo auxiliar na do nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais da Amé- distinção de gêneros e espécies, sobretudo se o rica, África, Ásia e Austrália, faltando apenas caráter tiver ocorrência esporádica no grupo em na Europa e Nova Zelândia (Burkart, 1952). De questão (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1972). um total de aproximadamente 1200 espécies, O comprimento de elementos vasculares, mais da metade (cerca de 700) era procedente porosidade (difusa ou em anel), vasos em ca- do continente australiano (Pedley, 1986). deias ou solitários, presença (ou ausência) de Na ausência de restos paleontológicos signifi- canais intercelulares, tilos, tipos de parênquima cativos, estudos de morfologia comparada apon- axial e estratificação podem ter, igualmente, tam as regiões tropicais do oeste gondwânico, em valor diagnóstico (Titmuss, 1948). área do atual continente americano, como centro Nas últimas décadas, técnicas estereo- da diversidade do gênero (Guinet & Vassal, 1978). lógicas, associadas à manipulação com- Valendo-se de caracteres do fruto, Willdenow putadorizada de dados estatísticos, proporcio- (1805) reafirmou a segregação de Acacia Mill. naram notável contribuição à identificação de do gênero Mimosa L., reconhecendo, ainda, os madeiras e segregação de espécies afins, além gêneros Desmanthus Willd., Inga Mill. e de auxiliar na predição de propriedades físico- Schrankia Willd. Para Acacia, o autor relacio- mecânicas, comportamento tecnológico e uso nou 102 espécies, separadas em seis grupos, de potencial de madeiras tropicais (Marchiori, 1990). acordo com a morfologia de folhas, É nesse sentido que a análise de agrupamento hi- inflorescências e presença de acúleos no caule. erárquica aglomerativa tem contribuído – e de Com o tempo, muitas espécies por ele citadas modo significativo – para a taxonomia botânica, passaram a gêneros distintos, entre os quais com as vantagens de seguir critério independen- Albizia Durazz. e Piptadenia Benth. te, avesso a subjetividades. De Candolle (1825) organizou o gênero O presente artigo, ao realizar uma análise de Acacia Mill. em quatro seções, com base na agrupamento com caracteres anatômicos do le- morfologia de folhas e inflorescências: nho, visa, justamente, a investigar, com inde- Phyllodineae, Conjugatopinnatae, Spiciflorae pendência, a taxonomia do antigo gênero Acacia e Globiflorae. Mill., com base em dados de 25 espécies, reco- Fundamentado na ocorrência excludente de lhidos da literatura. filódios e folhas bipinadas, Endlicher (1836) separou Acacia Mill. de Vachellia Wight & Arn., REVISÃO DE LITERATURA reconhecendo, para o primeiro, os táxones Dada a abrangência do presente estudo, que infragenéricos Rhacospermae e Acacia verae. envolve tanto a anatomia do lenho como a Com base em caracteres do androceu, George taxonomia do gênero Acacia, antes de sua se- Bentham – o mais importante leguminólogo do gregação, convém revisar a literatura de ambas século dezenove – criou a tribo Acacieae em as vertentes separadamente, iniciando-se com a 1842, juntamente com outras cinco da subordem taxonomia. Mimoseae, táxon de extensão correspondente à 2 atual subfamília Mimosoideae. Único em sua eglanduloso (Bentham, 1842). Na revisão de tribo, o gênero Acacia foi por ele organizado 1875, o taxonomista inglês conservou apenas em seis séries fundamentais, com base em duas espécies da “região mexicana”. Por seus caracteres taxonômicos clássicos da morfologia numerosos caracteres indiferenciados, Guinet & floral e aparelho vegetativo: Phyllodineae, Vassal (1978) referem-se ao grupo como o mais Botryocephalae, Pulchelae, Gummiferae, Vul- arcaico de todo o gênero. gares e Filicinae. De longa vigência, a classificação de George Caracterizada pela redução das folhas a Bentham preponderou na literatura taxonômica filódios, as Phyllodineae compreendiam, origi- por mais de um século, até a reorganização pro- nalmente, 204 espécies da Austrália e ilhas do posta por Vassal (1963, 1972a, b), com base em oceano Pacífico (Bentham, 1842). Em revisão caracteres filéticos da morfologia da semente e posterior, Bentham (1875) ampliou o grupo para plântulas. O autor restaurou o gênero 227 espécies, distribuídas em oito subséries. monotípico Faidherbia (F. albida (Delile) A. Igualmente australásica, a série Botryo- Chev.) e segregou as demais espécies em três cephalae foi criada para abranger espécies iner- subgêneros: Aculeiferum Vassal, Acacia Mill. e mes de folhas bipinadas, com capítulos Heterophyllum Vassal. O primeiro destes racemosos e pedúnculos solitários. Composta, (Aculeiferum Vassal), baseia-se nas séries Vul- inicialmente, de treze espécies (Bentham, 1842), gares e Filicinae, de Bentham. O subgênero o grupo foi reduzido a dez, na revisão de 1875. Acacia compreende as espécies da série Restrita à Austrália e arredores, a série Gummiferae Benth., com exceção de Acacia Pulchellae Benth. foi criada com onze espécies albida Delile, transferida para o gênero de arbustos inermes ou armados de espinhos axi- monotípico Faidherbia, como visto anterior- lares, providos de folhas bipinadas e flores em mente. Heterophyllum Vassal, por sua vez, reú- capítulos globosos ou espigas cilíndricas, dispos- ne as espécies australásicas das séries tas na axila de folhas ou em racemos terminais Phyllodineae, Botryocephalae e Pulchellae, de pedunculados. Na revisão de 1875, Bentham con- George Bentham. servou apenas oito binômios no grupo. Pedley (1986) restaurou o gênero Racos- Composta, inicialmente, por 48 espécies perma (DC.) Mart., transferindo para o mesmo americanas,
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