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Schwarzsehen 2003 Repositorium für die Medienwissenschaft Oliver Demny; Stefan Neubacher SchwarzSehen 2003 https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/14402 Veröffentlichungsversion / published version Sammelbandbeitrag / collection article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Demny, Oliver; Neubacher, Stefan: SchwarzSehen. In: Burkhard Röwekamp, Astrid Pohl, Matthias Steinle u.a. (Hg.): Medien / Interferenzen. Marburg: Schüren 2003 (Film- und Fernsehwissenschaftliches Kolloquium 16), S. 38– 50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/14402. Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under a Deposit License (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, non-transferable, individual, and limited right for using this persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses document. 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Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. 38 Medien / Interferenzen Oliver Demny / Stefan Neubacher SchwarzSehen Am Anfang war das Bild. Und das Bild sprach: „Ich bin der Diskurs der Moderne, der die Menschheit nach Hautfarben einteilt. Was du noch auch siehst, du siehst einen Schwarzen. Und um dieses Sehen herum sind Vorstellungen gruppiert, was das sein soll: ein Schwarzer und wie die Verhältnisse sein sollen zwischen schwarz und weiß“ SchwarzSehen ist ein Forschungsvorhaben, welches die gesellschaftliche Bedeu- tung von Repräsentationsformen von African Americans/Schwarzen im us- amerikanischen Spielfi lm untersucht will. Anhand der Trilogie1 In the Heat of the Night (1967), They Call Me MISTER Tibbs (1970) und The Organization (1971) soll dies exemplarisch beschrieben werden. Schwerpunkt und Erkenntnisinteresse des geplanten Forschungsvorhabens liegen nicht in dem wiederholten ideologiekritischen Aufzeigen, dass sich die in der Gesellschaft auffi ndbaren Stereotypen auch im Film wiederfi nden lassen, sie somit nur einmal mehr reproduziert werden. Vielmehr gilt es, in den Filmen Repräsentationen aufzuspüren, die utopische und dystopische Brüche mit den Stereotypen in der Gesellschaft aufweisen. Die forschungsleitenden Fragen bezie- hen sich somit auf gesellschaftliche und fi lmspezifi sche Bedingungen, die zu Verschiebungen von Repräsentationen von Schwarzen im Kino führen, und ihre Verschränktheit zueinander. Die im Film vorgefundenen Repräsentationen sollen auf die Gesellschaft zurückbezogen werden mit der Frage, was sie über die us- amerikanische Gesellschaft und die Mythen, Wünsche und Ängste in ihr aussagen. Da es um die Dynamik der Repräsentationen geht, ist die daran anschließende Frage, wohin sich diese Mythen, Wünsche und Ängste verschieben. Dieser Aufsatz soll eine kleine ‚Fingerübung’ dazu sein. Aufgrund der Begrenztheit des Platzes beschränken wir uns auf eine – unsere – Lesart der Filme und machen nicht, wie es ansonsten nötig wäre, einen Lesartenmöglichkeitsraum auf. Laut dem Standardwerk von Donald Bogle wurden schon in der Frühphase der Filmgeschichte stereotype Präsentationsregimes für Schwarze eingeführt. Das waren: Der Tom, der Sklave, der immer herzlich, unterwürfi g, stoisch, großzügig, selbstlos und freundlich bleibt, niemals sich gegen seinen Massa wenden würde, auch wenn er beleidigt, gequält, verfolgt, gejagt und ausgepeitscht wird. Der Coon ist der unzuverlässige, leicht verrückte, faule ‚Nigger’, der zu nichts anderem taugt SchwarzSehen 39 als Wassermelonen zu essen, Hähnchen zu stehlen oder die englische Sprache zu verunstalten. Von diesem gab es zwei Subtypen. Einmal den Pickaninny, das harmlose Kind, das mit großen Augen in die Welt schaut. Zum zweiten den harmlosen Uncle Remus, der sich durch seine wunderliche, naive und komische Philosophiererei auszeichnet. Diese drei sind also die Possenreißer. Der nächste ist der tragische Mulatte, der ein Opfer seiner gemischten Rasse ist. Die Mammy, die groß, fett und zänkisch ist, und die gekennzeichnet ist durch ihre grimmige Unabhängigkeit. Ein Ableger davon ist die süße, lustige und leicht angepasste Aunt Jemima, also höfl icher und nicht so dickköpfi g wie die Mammy. Die beiden letzten Typen sind kaum unterschiedliche Varianten. Es ist zum einen der barba- rische Black Brute, der Verwüstung verursacht. Oft liegt seine Gewalttätigkeit in sexueller Unterdrückung begründet. Der verwandte Typ ist der Black Buck, der große ‚baadddd nigger’, übersexualisiert und grausam, gewalttätig und rasend.2 Zeitsprung von den Anfängen des Films in das Jahr 1967: Es ist die Zeit, da die Bürgerrechtsbewegung die Segregation auf der legislativen Ebene beseitigt hatte, in der Martin Luther King seinen Traum eines auch auf der faktischen Ebene nicht mehr segregierten Amerikas gezwitschert hatte, in der Malcolm X von schwarzem Stolz und Militanz redete, in der in den Jahren 1965 bis 1967 die Ghettos in immer heftigeren Riots explodierten, wo die Parole ‚Black Power’ ausgegeben wurde, ohne dass jemand ein Konzept davon gehabt hätte, in der die Black Panthers bewaffnete Selbstverteidigung und schwarze Maskulinität auf die Straße trugen. Zudem war eine relevante schwarze Mittelschicht entstanden. Und Schwarze waren als zahlungskräftiges Kinopublikum entdeckt worden.3 Eine Entsprechung hatte dies in Hollywood nicht erfahren. Der einzige schwarze Schauspieler, der sich bis dahin mit Hauptrollen als Star etablieren konnte, war Sidney Poitier.4 Er schuf, laut der Kritik, ein neues Stereotyp mit alten Wurzeln, das des ‚ebony saint’. Dieser ist – laut Claudia Bialasiewicz – charakterisiert durch: 1.) Er war stets allein unter Weißen und trug in letzter Instanz dazu bei, deren Probleme zu lösen bzw. opferte sich sogar für sie auf. Der Grund dafür war seine inhärente Güte und moralische Überlegenheit. Der Zuschauer erfährt relativ wenig über die persönliche Vorgeschichte der von Poitier verkörperten Filmcharaktere. 2.) Er entsprach eindeutig nicht den alten Stereotypen des ‚schwarzen Nichts- nutz und Spaßvogels’ [...], sondern wirkte auffallend steif. Nichts an ihm verriet sein afrikanisches Erbe; seine Bewegungen waren eher unrhythmisch, und er sprach keinen Dialekt. [...] 40 Medien / Interferenzen 3.) [...] Obwohl er stattlich und gutaussehend war, schienen seine Filme absichtlich so gestaltet zu sein, daß sich für ihn keine Liebes- und Sexgeschich- ten ergaben oder ihm eine schwarze Partnerin vom Typ der ‚adretten Hausfrau’ an die Seite gestellt wurde [...].5 Das lässt sich auch wie in einem Artikel aus der New York Times formulieren: „[...] a good guy in a totally white world, with no wife, no sweetheart, no woman to love or kiss, helping the white man to solve the white man’s problem.“6 Georg Seesslen schreibt über das Genre Krimi, bzw. über die Rolle von Schwarzen in diesem Genre: Von den race movies der dreißiger und vierziger Jahre bis zur blaxploitation der Siebziger hatte es im marginalen schwarzen Kino der USA immer wieder auch schwarze Action-Helden gegeben: Cowboys, Gangster, Rebellen. Am wenigsten überzeugend schienen dabei stets die schwarzen Gesetzeshüter; in einer immer noch rassistisch geprägten Gesellschaft mußte einer solchen Rolle stets ein wenig vom Verräter in der Ghetto-Kultur, zumindest ausgesprochen widersprüchliche Züge zukommen. Zunächst waren schwarze Cops noch kaum denkbar, nicht nur, weil eine Karriere in einer kleinbürgerlichen, staatlichen Institution zur Durchsetzung der von Weißen bestimmten Regeln als Emanzi- pationsstrategie denkbar ungeeignet schien, sondern auch, weil sich das weiße Mainstream-Publikum gegen die schwarze Besetzung einer solchen Funktion nicht weniger widersetzte als der Darstellung ‚gemischtrassiger’ Liebespaare auf der Leinwand.7 Und er schreibt weiter, die obige Charakterisierung von Sidney Poitier unter- stützend: „Der richtige Darsteller, beide Tabus zu überwinden, war Sidney Poitier, ein mehr introvertierter als rebellischer Charakter, was seine Leinwand-Erschei- nung anbelangt, ein Individualist eher als ein politischer Aktivist.“8 In the Heat of the Night Die Story, die in In the Heat of the Night erzählt wird, ist eine genretypische Geschichte eines Mordfalles und des Verlaufs seiner Aufklärung. Ein bedeutender Fabrikant wird nächtens in einer Seitenstraße erschlagen aufgefunden. Verdächtigt von der lokalen Polizeibehörde der Stadt Sparta, Mississippi, wird ein Schwarzer, der in der Wartehalle des örtlichen Bahnhofs wartet. Er wird dort verhaftet. Ist nicht eine große Summe Bargeld in seiner Brieftasche Indiz seiner Schuld? Er erklärt, das sei aus seinen Einkünften als Polizeibeamter. Er ist nämlich
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