Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 魚 類 学 雑 誌 Vol.33, No.4 1987 33巻4号1987年

Cutlassfishes of the Genus (Trichiuridae), with Two New Eastern Pacific

Richard H. Rosenblatt and Raymond R. Wilson, Jr. (Received January 5, 1986)

Abstract Three of the five known species of Lepidopus occur in the eastern Pacific. Lepidopus manis sp. nov. is described from a single specimen from the Galapagos Islands. The holotype of L. xantusi Goode et Bean, 1895, supposedly from Cape San Lucas, Lower California, is shown to be conspecific with L. caudatus (Euphrasen, 1788). The species heretofore reported under the name L. xantusi is described, and named L. fitchi sp. nov. It ranges from Oregon to the Gulf of California and occurs disjunctly in southern Ecuador and northern Peru. A key to the described species of Lepidopus is given and certain morphological features of L. caudatus are described. Geographic variability of L. caudatus and L. fitchi is discussed.

The cutlassfishes of the genus Lepidopus were of Natural History (USNM), Oregon State Uni- last reviewed by Tucker (1956) in his preliminary versity (OS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography revision of the Trichiuridae. However, he gave (SIO), and Department of Biology, University of data on but two specimens of L. caudatus, and California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Paratypes had no material of the other putative species, L. of L. fitchi sp. nov. will be deposited at USNM, xantusi. Since that time five important contri- CAS and the British Museum (Natural History). butions have appeared; Fitch and Gotshall (1972) Measurements and counts follow the methods of and Mikhaylin (1982) provided data on Northeast Hubbs and Lagler (1958); counts were obtained and Southeast Pacific specimens of Lepidopus and from radiographs or cleared and stained specimens. Mikhaylin (1977) has discussed variability in L. The presence of rudimentary pelvic soft-rays could caudatus. Parin and Mikhaylin (1981) described only be determined from cleared and stained a new species from the Southeastern Atlantic, L. material. All specimen lengths are standard dubius, and established that Tucker's (1957) record lengths. of taeniatus represents an additional undescribed species from the western Atlantic. Recently, Parin and Mikhaylin (1982) have describ- Lepidopus Gouan, 1770 ed a new species, L. calcar, from Colahan Sea- Among the trichiurids with pelvics and a caudal mount, on the Hawaiian Ridge in the Central fin, Lepidopus differs from Assurger and Evoxy- Pacific. metopon in lacking a sagittal crest running from the Our interest in the genus was occasioned by a snout to the dorsal origin, producing a convex specimen in the Scripps Institution collection which profile, and from Diplospinus, , and did not appear to be referable to any known spe- in having a continuous dorsal fin cies. Our study indicates that there are two without a notch. It differs further from the latter undescribed species of Lepidopus in the eastern genera in having 9 rather than 30 or more dorsal Pacific. It is the purpose of this paper to dis- spines. tinguish the species of the genus and describe and name the two eastern Pacific species. Key to the species of Lepidopus

Materials and methods a. Dorsal rays 91-110, vertebrae1 98-114.•c2 b. Dorsal rays 78-89, vertebrae 84-96•c31 The specimens examined in this study are 2a. Premaxillary fangs barbed at tip, second anal housed in the following institutions: California spine flattened and plate-like, dorsal rays 98- Academy of Sciences (CAS), National Museum 110, anal rays II, 59-66, vertebrae 105-114•c

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L. caudatus (Euphrasen). North and South jaw included; symphysis of mandible sloping up-

Atlantic and Southwest Pacific ward at a steep angle from an anterior knob.

2b. Premaxillary fangs smooth, second anal spine Teeth flattened, lanceolate, premaxillary fangs

elongated, stout and spur-like, dorsal rays 91- barbed at tip. An outer row of 21 teeth on left

93, anal rays II, 44-47, vertebrae 98-100 dentary. No teeth on vomer or tongue. A

L. calcar Parin et Mikhaylin. Central •c Pacific single row of small, conical teeth along palatine.

3a. Head length more than six (6.6) in standard Nostril an elongate oval about one-fifth snout

length. Body depth about 16 in standard length before eye. Interorbit concave, with a

length. Second anal spine large, with a trough between elevated ridges over eyes, trough

strong medial ridge and its margins flaring continued posteriorly between converging frontal

laterally•cL. dubius Parin et Mikhaylin. crests at rear margin of eyes. Frontal crests rising

Southeast Atlantic over posterior part of eye, elevated at confluence,

3b. Head length less than six (4.2-5.3) in standard which is at posterior margin of eye. A ridge

length. Body depth 9 to 13 in standard formed by first pterygiophore extends from dorsal

length. Second anal spine flat and triangular•c•c origin almost to apex of frontal confluence, form- 4 ing a sagittal crest. Posterior margin of opercle

4a. Eye large, fleshy orbit 4 in head length; caudal evenly rounded. Dorsal origin at anterior juncture

span greater than length of upper caudal of opercular bone with head. Dorsal rays damaged lobe. Dorsal rays 89, vertebrae 94•cL. in available specimen, but no elements are branched

manis sp. nov. Galapagos Islands or segmented. According to Tucker (1956) there 4b. Eye smaller, fleshy orbit 5 or more in head are nine spinous elements in the species, as is the

length, caudal span less than length of upper case in our specimen. Origin of anal in middle caudal lobe. Dorsal rays 78-86, vertebrae third of body length. Only second anal spine ex-

78-92•cL. fitchi sp. nov. Eastern Pacific ternally obvious, flattened and covered by skin. First spine represented by a thickening of the skin. Only last 23 anal rays protrude beyond body

epidopus caudatus (Euphrasen, 1788) L outline. Caudal peduncle very slender, its depth about 5 References in the synonymy given by Tucker (1956) in its length. Caudal well developed and lunate, are not repeated here. length of upper lobe about 3 in head. Length of Lepidopus caudatus: Jordan and Gilbert, 1882: 358. upper lobe about equal to caudal span. Goode and Bean, 1895: 203. Jordan and Evermann, Pectorals inserted low on body, lower corner of 1896: 886, 1900, pl. 136, fig. 373. base just below level of lower border of orbit. Lepidopus xantusi Goode and Bean 1895: 519. Holo-

type USNM 10115, Cape San Lucas, Lower Cali- Lower rays of pectoral the longest. Pelvic girdle fornia, Mexico. present, each pelvic fin represented by a flattened, plate-like spine.

Description. Based on CAS 10553, Canary Lateral line originates at upper corner of opercle,

Islands, 1048mm. Ranges in parentheses for curves concavely downward to midline, which is

Southeastern Atlantic specimens recalculated from reached about 0.8 head lengths behind head, then

Mikhaylin (1977). Fin ray counts and vertebral descends gradually so that it is on lower third of

counts from Tucker (1956), Mikhaylin (1977), and side just before its termination, which is about at

Scott (1962). end of anal base. D IX, 98-110; A II, 59-66; P1 12, P2 I, ?; Ver- Color. Accounts agree that the fish is silver in tebrae 105-114; Br 7; GR 12+1+8 (16-21). life, as indicated by the common name "frost- Body depth at pelvics 18 (12.3-14.9), and depth fish". Mikhaylin (1977) reported the occurrence at caudal peduncle 228 in standard length (SL). of black pigmentation on the membrane between Body strongly compressed, ribbon-like. Head 8 the first and third and seventh to ninth dorsal rays

(5.7-6.8) in SL. Eye large, 4.8 in head and 1.8 in in specimens from the South Atlantic. Scott snout, barely entering profile of head. Interorbit (1962) reported the occurrence of the I-III spot 1.6 in eye, snout 2.7 in head. Mouth large, maxilla but made no mention of the VII-IX spot in New

ending just before anterior margin of pupil, upper Zealand L. caudatus. According to Mikhaylin,

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Fig. 1. Distribution of 5 species of Lepidopus. Shaded area, range of L. caudatus (open square, Gettysburg Seamount). Solid squares, records of L. dubius. Solid triangles, records of L. fitchi (solid star, type locality), Open triangle, type locality of L. xantusi. Open star, type locality of L. manis. Solid circle, type locality of L. calcar. specimens from the Azores and the Canary Islands tion in vertebral and dorsal counts. The presence lack this conspicuous black pigmentation and have of the Gettysburg Seamount population of south- instead a blackish-gray dorsal fin. ern type fish is puzzling; no specimen has been

Distribution. Norway, Canary Islands, and reported from between about 12•‹N and 17•‹S.

Cape Frio to Agulhas Bank in the eastern Atlantic; Nevertheless, it does indicate that the meristic dif-

Mediterranean (Parin and Becker, 1973); South ferences noted by Mikhaylin are maintained in

Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand in the western sympatry and probably warrant recognition at the

Pacific (Scott, 1962); Cape San Lucas, Baja Cali- species level. The Gettysburg Seamount popula- fornia (see "Remarks" under L. fitchi) (Fig. 1). tion does differ somewhat from both North Atlantic

Remarks. Mikhaylin (1977) conducted an ex- and South African material in anal ray number. tensive variation study of L. caudatus in the At- Although Mikhaylin's study forms a solid basis lantic. He established that samples from the for understanding Lepidopus caudatus, sensu lato,

Azores and the Canary Islands differ from samples it is clear that adequate material from more locali- from South Africa in dorsal and anal rays and ties, including the Mediterranean, Australia, and vertebrae (Figs. 2-4). This led him to conclude New Zealand must be examined. that the two populations have diverged at the sub- specific level although he did not propose a name Lepidopus manis sp. nov. for the northern population. However, Mikha- (Fig. 5) ylin's data indicate that he was not dealing with

allopatric populations. His sample from Get- Material. Holotype, SIO 62-624. A 691mm male tysburg Seamount (36•‹32'N, 11•‹37'W) in the from Webb Cove, Isla Isabela, Galapagos Islands;

northern region agreed with the southern popula found dead in the cove, January 10, 1951.

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Fig. 2. Vertebral counts of 5 species of Lepidopus. Horizontal line is range, vertical line is mean, and hollow bar indicates 95% confidence limits of mean.

Fig. 3. Dorsal ray counts of 5 species of Lepidopus. Horizontal line is range, vertical line is mean, and hollow bar indicates 95% confidence limits of mean.

―345― 魚類学雑誌 Japan. J. Ichthyol. 33(4),1987

Fig. 4. Anal ray counts of 5 species of Lepidopus. Horizontal line is range, vertical line is mean , and hollow bar indicates 95% confidence limits of mean.

Fig. 5. Holotype of Lepidopus manis (SIO 62-624), a 691mm male; inset A, ventral view showing pelvic spines; inset B, anus and flattened second anal spine.

Description, D IX, 89; A II, 50; P1 12; P2 greatest body depth 9.1, depth at anus 13.4 and ?; Vertebrae 37+57; Br 7; GR 9+15. I depth of caudal peduncle 123 in SL. Body strong- Measurements of the holotype are in Table 1. ly compressed. Head large, 4.2 in SL. Eye large, Body only moderately elongate for a trichiurid, 3.9 in head and 1.3 in snout, entering upper pro-

―346― Rosenblatt and Wilson: Classification of Lepidopus

file of head and bulging laterally. Interorbit nar- ceeding elements, and may be spinous, with the row, 1.8 in eye, snout 3.0 in head. remainder soft-rays. Origin of anal in middle Mouth large, maxilla ending about at anterior one-third of body length. Only second anal spine margin of pupil. Lower jaw slightly projecting; externally obvious, flattened and covered by skin. symphysis of mandible vertical, with a poorly Anterior to this a small, movable nodule represents developed knob. Teeth flattened, lanceolate, their the first spine. Only last 24 anal soft rays can be margins entire, without barbs. An outer row of raised beyond body outline and are joined by a

29 teeth (left side) and an inner row of 3 fangs on membrane to form a fin. Caudal peduncle very each premaxilla. Twenty-six teeth on left dentary. slender, its depth about five in its length. Caudal No teeth on vomer, palatines, or tongue. Nostril well developed and lunate, length of a lobe about a slit, about one-fourth snout-length before eye. 3 in head. Length of upper lobe 1.3 in span of

Upper profile of head rises at 30•‹ from snout to caudal between tips. top of eyes, then flattens to a more gradual slope Pectoral inserted low on body, lower corner of to dorsal origin. base just below level of lower border of orbit. Interorbit concave, with a trough between ele- Lower pectoral rays longer than upper, so that vated ridges over eyes, trough continued posterior- rear margin of pectoral slopes obliquely back- ly between converging frontal crests to just behind ward. Pectoral about 2.2 in head. Pelvic fins rear margin of eye. No median sagittal crest, but represented by a pair of flattened, plate-like spines a short ridge before dorsal origin formed by first covered by skin, but free from the body posteriorly. pterygiophore. Posterior margin of opercle with Rudimentary soft-rays were not found by our dis- a shallow concavity at level of pectoral base. section, but are probably present.

Dorsal origin at anterior juncture of opercular Lateral line originates at upper corner of opercle, bone with head. Dorsal not particularly high, curves concavely downward to body midline at rays in middle of fin about 4.3 in head, posteri- about 1.5 head lengths behind head, then gradually ormost rays about one-half as long as middle rays. descends to lower third of side just before termi- None of the dorsal rays segmented or branched. nating posterior to end of anal base.

The first ten rays are more robust than the suc- Color in alcohol. Body light tan (probably

Table 1. Morphometrics of two new Lepidopus species.

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Fig. 6. Holotype of Lepidopus fitchi (SIO 62-171), a 750mm female; inset left, ventral view showing pelvic spines; inset right, anus and triangular second anal spine. iridescent in life). Head darker than body, uni- and Lavenberg, 1968: 107-109. Fitch and Gotshall, formly brown, except for black flecks ventrally 1972: 12-18. Miller and Lea, 1972: 190. Hubbs and on the opercles. Body with numerous sub- et al., 1979: 27. Robins et al., 1980: 55. Mikhaylin, circular black flecks, larger and more prominent 1982: 24. ventrally. Posterior to anus, flecks on lower sides Material. Holotype, SIO 62-171. A 750mm female from Mexico, Baja California Norte, about 1.5km north tend to line up in rows (Fig. 5). Pectorals and of North Coronado Island. Taken on the bottom by caudal uniformly dark. Dorsal dusky, darker hook and line in 183 meters. Paratypes: SIO 48-270, toward margin. Anal membrane dusky. 373mm; SIO 49-134, 663mm; SIO 50-128, 727mm; Etymology. From the Latin manis, meaning SIO 54-31, 770mm; SIO 54-34, 826mm; SIO 55-12, ghost, or soul of the departed, in reference to the 747mm; SIO 55-29, 870mm; SIO 55-53, 696mm; ghost-like appearance produced by the large eyes. SIO 55-82, 736mm; SIO 57-142, 745mm; SIO 58- Distribution. Known only from the holotype 52, 760mm; SIO 58-221, 773mm; SIO 60-58, 736mm; from Isla Isabela, Galapagos Islands (Fig. 1). SIO 60-65, 758mm; SIO 60-74, 790mm; SIO 60-148, Identification. The number of vertebrae and 2(740-795mm); SIO 60-177, 702mm; SIO 61-5, 3(729- dorsal and anal rays of the holotype of L. manis 818mm); SIO 62-171, 770mm; SIO 63-398, 2(225- 245mm); SIO 64-325, 755mm; SIO 65-275, 415mm; is outside the range of all other described species SIO 70-126, 761mm; SIO 71-69, 476mm; SIO 72- except L. dubius (Figs. 2-4). However L. manis 209, 4(225-428mm); SIO 73-58, 852mm; SIO 75- differs from L. dubius in other respects. In ad- 394, 812mm; SIO 81-71, 263mm, all from California dition to the characters used in the key, L. manis and Lower California. differs in its larger eye, 4 versus 5.4 in head. Al- Non-paratype material from Ecuador and northern though the illustration of the holotype of L. dubius Peru: SIO 64-386, 349mm; SIO 72-84, 2(148-162mm), is not very informative on this point (Parin and cleared and stained; SIO 81-139, 560mm; SIO 81-140, Mikhaylin, 1981: 204), it appears that its caudal 450mm; SIO 81-141, 2(315-338mm); UCLA W59- fin is much smaller than that of L. manis. 62, 3(55-472mm). Additional material used for distribution only: S5209 Cape Kiwanda, Oregon; SIO 63-998, 43.5mm;O Lepidopus fitchi sp. nov. SIO 65-268, 2(370+-450+mm) all Gulf of California.

(Fig. 6) Description. Counts are those of the holotype; Lepidopus xantusi, not of Goode and Bean: Jordan data for dorsal, anal and vertebral counts of par- and Evermann, 1898: 2843. Jordan and McGregor, atypes are in Figs. 2-4. Proportional values are 1899: 276. Jordan and Starks, 1907: 70-71. Fitch those of the holotype, followed by the range of the

―348― Rosenblatt and Wilson: Classification of Lepidopus

a bove lower margin of orbit. Lower rays longer paratypes in parentheses. Measurements of the holotype and paratypes are in Table 1. DIX, 78; than upper, so that margin forms a backward

A II, 43; P1 12; P2 I,? (see description); Vertebrae ope. Pectoral length 2.6 (2.0-3.2) slin head.

35+50=85; Br 7; GR 7+10=17. Pelvic fins represented by a pair of flattened, plate-

Body elongate, more so than in L. manis. Depth ike spines inserted 4 snout lengths before l vent. at pelvic insertion 9.9 (9.2-13.3) in standard length, Two buried, rudimentary soft-rays on each side at anal 12.6 (11.4-15.1), at caudal peduncle 134 an be seen on the two cleared and stained spec-c

(111-167). Head large, 4.7 (4.4-7.1) in standard imens (SIO 72-84). length, eye moderate, 5.6 (5.0-6.7) in head, inter- Lateral line begins about one-half eye diameter orbital 1.4 (1.3-1.8) in eye, snout 2.9 (2.5-3.1) in below third or fourth dorsal ray, slopes gently head. Mouth large, maxillary extends to anterior downward to a level just above the body midline, margin of pupil. Lower jaw projecting and hook- then drops gradually posteriad reaching the ed upward slightly at tip. Teeth flattened, lan- midline over the vent, continuing downward to ceolate, their margins entire, without barbs. An end on caudal peduncle near ventral margin of

outer row of 27 teeth and an inner row of 3 fangs body.

on left premaxillary. Dentary teeth on left side Color in alcohol. Uniformly dark in holotype

18 (21-30 in four other specimens with dentition but varies in other specimens from uniformly

intact). Vomer and tongue edentulous, palatine dark with scattered large melanophores to a light with a row of minute teeth along ventral margin. brown with a dusting of smaller melanophores,

Nostril a slit, about one-fourth snout length before especially on abdomen and opercle. Some spec-

eyes. imens retain a dull silvery sheen along the ab-

Upper profile of head rises at about 30•‹ from domen. Dorsal is lighter at base, becoming black

snout to top of eyes, then flattens to a more gradual along upper margin. Lateral line darker than

slope to dorsal origin. Interorbital concave, with body. Caudal black or nearly so. Pectoral fin

a trough between elevated ridges. Degree of light near insertion, becoming darker near margin.

concavity varies from very deep over anterior eye Etymology. Named in honor of the late John

margin to almost flat. Trough terminates at con- Fitch, indefatigable student of California fishes.

fluence of frontal ridges just behind posterior Distribution. Cape Kiwanda, Oregon (45•‹12'N,

margin of eye. No medial sagittal crest; a short 123•‹57'W) to the Gulf of California, and Ecuador

ridge before dorsal origin formed by first pterygi- to northern Peru. The hiatus between about 20•‹N

ophore. Posterior margin of opercle with a shal- and 5•‹N in the distribution of L. fitchi appears to

low concavity at level of pectoral base. be real, and not due to lack of collecting effort.

Dorsal origin slightly in advance of junction of This distribution (Fig. 1) is a classic example of an

opercle with head. Rays at middle of fin 5.0 in antitropical distribution as defined by Hubbs

head, posteriormost rays about one-half as long. (1952). None of the dorsal rays segmented or branched. Remarks. Lepidopus xantusi was named by

Examination of a cleared and stained dorsal fin Goode and Bean (1895), with the holotype USNM

indicates that the first nine rays are fused and suc- 10115, collected by John Xantus at Cape San

ceeding ones bilateral. The number of spines was Lucas. No description was offered, the indication

not confirmed for the holotype or the remaining being figure 213 in the atlas. Until now, all sub-

specimens. sequent records of Lepidopus from the eastern

Anal origin in middle third of body. First sever- Pacific have been referred to that nominal species.

al anal rays under skin in specimens larger than Tucker (1956) pointed out that the number of

249mm. Usually 23 to 27 rays are externally dorsal rays shown in Goode and Bean's illustration

obvious, joined by a membrane, and capable of fits L. caudatus, as do the proportions, and sug-

being elevated above the body outline. Anal fin gested that L. xantusi Goode et Bean might be a always preceded by two spines but only the second synonym of L. caudatus. Mikhaylin (1982), on

externally obvious. Caudal lunate and well de- the basis of information supplied by us, suggested

veloped, but less broad than in L. manis, upper that the name L. xantusi would prove to be invalid

lobe 0.70 (0.40-1.06) in caudal span. and that the species should be redescribed.

Pectoral insertion below midline of body but The holotype of L. xantusi is now in two pieces.

349 魚類学雑誌 Japan. J. Ichthyol. 33 (4), 1987

However the vertebral, dorsal, and anal ray num- tion, or non-overlapping meristic character, or bers are determinable. These are 110, 102, and other difference, we feel that no purpose would be 61, respectively. These counts fit only L. caudatus. served at present by naming the southern popu- Moreover, they agree with those of the North lation of L. fitchi. Atlantic population (Mikhaylin, 1977). If the spec- Ecology. Our California material of L. fitchi imen is from Cape San Lucas (and nothing in the falls into two size classes; three specimens from National Museum of Natural History records two stations range from 230-265mm and the suggests that it is not) it is the only specimen of L. remainder are larger than 650mm. The smaller caudatus reported from the eastern Pacific. It is specimens were taken by midwater trawls fishing possible that there is another species of Lepidopus no deeper than 100 to 150m. The large specimens in the eastern Pacific with the counts of L. caudatus, were either taken by hook and line on or near the but the condition of the small, damaged holotype bottom in 175-300m or found moribund at the of L. xantusi is too poor to allow a determination. surface. These observations accord well with However, it should be noted that the fangs of the those presented by Fitch and Lavenberg (1968) holotype are not barbed, as in L. caudatus, but we who discuss other aspects of the life history of the do not know how variable the character is among species. Most of our specimens were taken in late Atlantic specimens. Lepidopus xantusi Goode et winter and early spring; 13 from February through Bean is here referred to the synonymy of L. May, 4 from June through September, and none caudatus (Euphrasen). It is clear that eastern from October through January. This difference Pacific material previously referred to L. xantusi is real (Chi-square for even distribution by season is not conspecific with the holotype of that spe- or month significant at p<0.025), but its cause is cies, and a new name is now proposed. Brauer's not clear. It may represent an onshore-offshore 1906 problematic record of L. xantusi from the or latitudinal movement but we cannot eliminate Gulf of Guinea has been referred to L. dubius fishing effort as a cause. (Parin and Mikhaylin, 1981). Variation. Fitch and Gotshall (1972) reported Acknowledgments two specimens from Peru that differed in counts from the northern population and suggested that We thank William Eschmeyer (CAS), and Boyd they might represent a distinct species. Our Walker (UCLA) for the loan of specimens. Nikolai material (Figs. 2-4) confirms the distinctiveness Parin (Institute of Oceanology, Moscow) supplied of the northern and southern populations. There manuscript material of his studies. Izumi Naka- are significant differences (p<0.05, t-test) in mean mura (USNM) supplied radiographs of L. caudatus numbers of vertebrae and fin rays. Fitch and and John Fitch supplied counts of several spec- Gotshall (1972) mentioned "other observable dif- imens of L. fitchi not seen by us. Patricia Hadley ferences" but we have been unable to find any dif- Hansen drew the figures of L. manis and L. fitchi. ferences in addition to the meristic ones just mentioned. Mikhaylin (1982) suggested that the Literature cited northern and southern populations had possibly reached "a species level of differentiation," based Brauer, A. 1906. Die Tiefseefische.I. Systematischer on an absence of overlap in his data for number Teil. Wiss. Ergebnisse Deutsch. Tiefsee-Exped. "Valdivia of fin rays and vertebrae. However, our data do ," 1898-1899, 15: 1-420, pls. 1-18. show overlap in these features (Figs. 2-4) as well Fitch, J.E. and D.W. Gotshall. 1972. First record as in all morphometric measurements taken (Table of the , Aphanopuscarbo, from the Pacific Ocean with notes on other California trichi- 1). The differences between the populations of urid fishes. Bull. Sthn. Calif. Acad. Sci., 71(1): L. fitchi parallel those between the northern and 12-18. southern populations of L. caudatus in the eastern Fitch, J.E. and R.L. Lavenberg. 1968. Deep water Atlantic, which Mikhaylin (1977) suggested had teleostean fishes of California. Berkeley, Universi- diverged at the subspecies level. One of the most ty of California Press, 155pp. vexing problems for systematists is assessing the Goode, A.B. and T.H. Bean. 1895. Oceanic ichthy- significance of differences between allopatric popu- ology. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, 22: 1- lations, and in the absence of any genetic informa- 553.

350 Rosenblatt and Wilson: Classification of Lepidopus

Hubbs, C.L. 1952. Antitropical distribution of fishes thyol., 21 (3): 1-8. and other organisms. Seventh Pacif. Sci. Cong., 3: Parin, N.V. and S.V. Mikhaylin. 1982. Lepidopus 3-6. calcar, a new trichiurid fish from the Hawaiian Hubbs, C.L. and K.F. Lagler. 1958. Fishes of the underwater ridge. Japan. J. Ichthyol., 29 (1): 27-30. Great Lakes Region. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. Bull., Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, 26: 1-213. E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott. 1980. Hubbs, C.L., W.I. Follett and L.J. Dempster. 1979. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from List of the fishes of California. Occ. Pap. Calif. the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Acad. Sci., 133: 1-51. Spec. Publ., (12): 1-174. Jordan, D.S. and B.W. Evermann. 1896-1900. Fishes Scott, T.D. 1962. The marine and fresh water fishes of north and middle America. Bull. U.S. Natn. of South Australia. Adelaide, W.L. Hawes, 338pp. Mus., 47 (parts 1-4): 1-3313, pls. 1-391. Tucker, D.W. 1956. Studies on the trichiuroid fishes- Jordan, D.S. and C.H. Gilbert. 1882. Catalogue of 3. A preliminary revision of the family Trichiuridae. the fishes collected by Mr. John Xantus at Cape Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool., 4 (3): 73-130. San Lucas, which are now in the United States Tucker, D.W. 1957. Studies on the trichiuroid fishes- National Museum, with descriptions of eight new 4. A specimen of Evoxymetopon taeniatus (Poey) species. Proc. U.S. Natn. Mus., 5: 353-371. Gill, from the Gulf of Mexico. Ann. Mag. Nat. Jordan, D.S. and R.C. McGregor. 1899. List of Hist., Ser. 12, 10: 425-428. fishes collected at the Revillagigedo Archipelago and neighboring islands. Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish., (University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institu- Part 24: 273-286. tion of Oceanography, A-008, La Jolla, California Jordan, D.S. and E.C. Starks. 1907. Notes on fishes 92093, U.S.A.) from the island of Santa Catalina, Southern Cali- fornia. Proc. U.S. Natn. Mus., 32: 70-71. Lepidopus属(タ チ ウ オ 科)の 分 類 と 東 太 平 洋 産 の2新 Mikhaylin, S.V. 1977. The intraspecific variability 種 of the frostfish, Lepidopus caudatus. J. Ichthyol., Richard H. Rosenblatt・ 17 (2): 201-210. Raymond R. Wilson, Jr. Mikhaylin, S.V. 1982. Data on the distribution and タ チ ウ オ 科Lepidopus属 の5既 知 種 の う ち3種 が 東 biology of Lepidopus xantusi and nitens 太 平 洋 に 出 現 す る.ガ ラパ ゴ ス 諸 島 か ら得 られ た1個 体 (Trichiuridae) in the Southeastern Pacific. J. Ich- に 基 づ い てLepidopus manis sp.nov.を 記 載 し た. thyol., 22 (5): 24-32. Goode and Bean(1895)に よ りバ ハ カ リ フ ォ ル ニ ア Miller, D.J. and R.N. Lea. 1972. Guide to the の ケ イ プ サ ン ル カ ス か ら 得 ら れ た と思 わ れ る 完 模 式 標 本 coastal marine fishes of California. Fish. Bull. に 基 づ き 記 載 さ れ たL.xantusiはL.caudatus(Eu- Calif., 157: 1-233. phrasen,1788)に 該 当 す る.そ れ 以 後 こ れ ま で,L. Parin, N.V. and V.E. Becker. 1973. Family Trich- xantusiの も と に 報 告 さ れ て 来 た も の は 今 回 新 た に 記 載 iuridae. Pages 462-464 in J.C. Hureau and Th. さ れ たL.fitchi sp.nov.に 該 当 す る.L.fitchiは オ レ Monod, eds. Check-list of the fishes of the north- ゴ ン 沖 か ら カ リ フ ォ ル ニ ア 湾 に か け て 分 布 し,ま た 不 連 eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean. 続 に エ ク ア ドル 南 部 沖 か ら ペ ル ー 北 部 沖 に か け て 出 現 す UNESCO, Paris, 683pp. る.Lepidopusの 記 載 種5種 の 検 索 を 示 し,L.caudatus Parin, N.V. and S.V. Mikhaylin. 1981. A new spe- の 形 態 的 特 徴 を も 記 述 し た.L.caudatusとL.fitchi cies of cutlassfish, Lepidopus dubius (Trichiuridae), の 地 理 的 変 異 に つ い て も 論 じ た. from the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean. J. Ich-

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