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Hawking Radiation Is Probably a Type of Superradiation

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Hawking Radiation Is Probably a Type of Superradiation Hawking radiation is probably a type of superradiation Yi-Xiao Zhang South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006,China Wen-Xiang Chen∗ Department of Astronomy, School of Physics and Materials Science, GuangZhou University In this article, it mainly discusses that when the scalar field equation presets boundary condi- tions, the effective action form of Hawking radiation is consistent with the effective action form of superradiation. From this I conclude that Hawking radiation may be a form of superradiation. Keywords: Hawking radiation, superradiance, effective action I. INTRODUCTION Hawking radiation is a kind of thermal radiation emitted by black holes, which is speculated by quantum effect theory. This theory was put forward by physicist Stephen Hawking in 1974. With the Hawking radiation theory, we can explain how to reduce the mass of black holes to cause black hole evapotranspiration. And because Hawking radiation can cause black holes to lose mass, when black holes lose more mass than they increase, they will shrink and eventually disappear. The divergence of a relatively small black hole is usually larger than that of a normal black hole, so the former shrinks and disappears faster than the latter. Hawking's analysis quickly became the first convincing theory of quantum gravity, although the existence of Hawking radiation has not yet been actually observed. In June 2008, NASA launched the GLAST satellite, which can search for flashes of gamma rays in evaporating black holes. In the theory of extra dimensions, collisions of high-energy particles may also create black holes that disappear by themselves. In September 2010, the results of a simulated gravity study were considered by some scientists to demonstrate the possible existence and possible nature of Hawking radiation for the first time. However, Hawking radiation has not yet been actually observed. A black hole is a place with great gravitation, and the matter around it will be pulled in by gravity. In classical mechanics, its gravity is so strong that even electromagnetic radiation waves cannot escape. Although it is not yet known how to unify gravity and quantum mechanics, the gravitational effect far away from the black hole is so weak that the calculation results can still conform to the quantum field theory framework of curved space-time. Hawking said that quantum effects allow black holes to emit precise black body radiation. This electromagnetic radiation seems to be emitted by a black body whose temperature is inversely proportional to the mass of the black hole. For example, the temperature of a solar-mass black hole is only 60nK; in fact, a black hole absorbs much more ∗Electronic address: [email protected] 2 cosmic microwave background radiation than it emits. A black hole with a mass of 4.5×1022 kg (similar to the mass of the moon) will maintain its temperature at 2.7K and absorb the same amount of radiation as it emits. A smaller primary black hole emits more radiation than it absorbs, and therefore gradually loses mass. Before the concept of Hawking radiation, there was a problem in the physics world. If you throw things with a lot of entropy into a black hole, will that entropy be eliminated, but entropy will never decrease in the universe, so this represents a black hole. There should also be a lot of entropy, and anything with entropy will release black body radiation. Whether black holes will also release black body radiation, but what is the mechanism of release? Hawking radiation explains the mechanism of black body radiation. According to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, many particle-antiparticle (virtual particle) pairs are generated in a vacuum instantly and naturally out of thin air, and they are annihilated in pairs in a very short time, and there is no mass production in the macroscopic view. Physicists such as Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich, Jacob Bekenstein, and Stephen Hawking combined quantum me- chanics and general relativity, and the results showed that the temperature of the horizon is not zero, but also Glow, although extremely weak. This kind of light is the so-called "Hawking radiation"; when two pairs of particles-such as electrons and positrons, or a pair of photons-are created in a strong gravitational field, one of the particles will fall into the black hole, and the other One will flee, thus generating this radiation. If a pair of particles is formed near a black hole, due to the strong gravitational field of the black hole, the paired positive and negative particles are torn apart. It is possible that one of them will fall into the event horizon, and the other will not, thereby being lifted to reality by the black hole's gravity. particle. But this violates the law of conservation of energy, so the mass of another particle must come from the mass of the black hole itself-this is a simplified explanation of the radiation emitted by the black hole. Basically, massive black holes can survive longer. Generally, black holes produced by the death of stars can live for 1066 years, while supermassive black holes can live for 1090 years. Hawking radiation can also explain why we cannot observe the micro-black holes produced when the universe was born because they have evaporated. Absolute vacuum violates the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, so it does not exist. When the space moves towards an absolute vacuum, a pair of virtual particles will be produced, and the two particles will disappear after colliding, so that neither quantum mechanics nor the conservation of matter will be violated. When this quantum phenomenon occurs at the edge of the black hole's horizon, the virtual particles outside the horizon can be observed because they are outside the horizon, and thus become real particles, while the virtual particles within the horizon are within the horizon, so Will be swallowed by black holes and will not be observed. Because the particles outside the horizon are real particles with mass, according to the law of conservation of mass and energy, the particles swallowed by the black hole within the horizon have negative mass, so the mass of the black hole will be reduced due to this effect. From the outside, it seems that the black hole is slowly evaporating. The smaller the black hole, the faster the evaporation rate, until the black hole is completely evaporated. In 1972, Press and Teukolsky[18] proposed that it is possible to create a black hole bomb by adding a mirror to the outside of the black hole (a scattering process that, according to current interpretations, involves classical and quantum mechanics)[1,3, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19]). When a bosonic wave is impinging upon a rotating black hole, the wave reflected by the event horizon will be 3 amplified if the wave frequency ! lies in the following superradiant regime[13, 14, 18, 20, 21] a 0 < ! < mΩH ; ΩH = 2 2 ; (1) r+ + a where m is azimuthal number of the bosonic wave mode, ΩH is the angular velocity of black hole horizon.This amplification is called superradiant scattering.Therefore, the rotational energy of the black hole can be extracted by the superradiation process.If there is a mirror between the event horizon of the black hole and the infinite space, the amplified wave will scatter back and forth and grow exponentially, which will cause the superradiation of the black hole to become unstable. Associate Professor Hasegawa Yuji of the Vienna University of Technology and Professor Masaaki Ozawa of Nagoya University and other scholars published empirical results against Heisenberg's uncertainty principle on January 15, 2012[10]. They measured the spin angle of neutrons with two instruments, and calculated the neutrons with a smaller error than the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which proved that the limit of the measurement method created by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is wrong. But due to the inherent quantum nature of particles. In that paper[8], the method of my research on superradiation is adopted to relate the uncertainty principle to the superradiation effect. It is found that under the superradiation effect, the measurement range of the uncertainty principle can be reduced. In the paper[5],when ∆x∆p < ~=2 happens at the same time when the entropy reaches its maximum value, the boson will condense, and if there is a potential well but it does not explode, then the boson will gain high energy (more than normal).This article is to illustrate the possibility of a kind of Bose particle to obtain high energy. There is an inference there, quantum radiation cannot produce thermal effects. In the article[5], under super- radiation, first preset the boundary conditions of the boson, it is possible to get a larger energy than the conventional quantum effect, and that extra energy belongs to the classical domain, that is, heat. In this article, it mainly discusses that when the scalar field equation presets boundary conditions, the effective action form of Hawking radiation is consistent with the effective action form of superradiation. From this I conclude that Hawking radiation may be a form of superradiation. II. THE SUPERRADIATION EFFECT OF BOSON SCATTERING We find the Klein-Gordon equation[2] ;µ Φ;µ = 0 ; (2) µ where we defined Φ;µ ≡ (@µ − ieAµ)Φ and e is the charge of the scalar field.We get A = fA0(x); 0g,and eA0(x)can be equal to µ(where µ is the mass). 8 < 0 as x ! −∞ A0 ! : (3) : V as x ! +1 With Φ = e−i!tf(x), which is determined by the ordinary differential equation d2f + (! − eA )2 f = 0 : (4) dx2 0 4 We see that particles coming from −∞ and scattering off the potential with reflection and transmission amplitudes R and T respectively.
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