Index Nominum

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INDEX NOMINUM

Abbt, Thomas, 802–803 Anselm, 712, 735, 746 Abernethy, John, 718 Aquinas, Thomas, 86, 428, 647, 667, 738, Achilles, 183 739, 989 Adam, 15 , 200, 426, 454, 466, 477–479 Arbuthnot, John, 189, 1118 Adams, John, 210 Argens, Jean-Baptiste de Boyer d’, 125, 126 Adams, William, 699–700, 701 Argus, 485 Adanson, Michel, 906, 907 Aristotle, 35, 86, 100, 113, 141, 142, 143, 196, Addison, Joseph, 29, 55, 216, 509, 526–527, 211, 252, 275, 278, 320, 324, 344, 368, 531, 532, 718 389, 480, 497, 509, 516, 530, 539, 559, Aikenhead, Thomas, 685 631, 819–820, 854, 856, 859, 874, 903, Aikin, John, 110 908, 914, 919, 1029–1030, 1051 Albertus Magnus, 1088 Arnauld, Antoine, 234, 243–244, 245, 498, Aldrich, Henry, 265, 838, 840 500, 1113, 1114 Aldrovandi, Ulysses, 903 Arndt, Hans Werner, 141 d’Alembert, Jean le Rond, 35–36, 46, 64, Arthur, Archibald, 720–721 127, 249, 336–337, 399, 434, 499–500, Astell, Mary, 202, 210, 216–217 507–508, 512, 557, 622, 759, 793, 817, Atkey, Anthony, 715 818, 820, 821–822, 824, 826, 832, 833, Augustine, 516, 736, 1117 925, 973, 1078 Augustus, 454 on ideas, 249 Austen, Jane, 510 on the imagination, 259 Austin, John, 1057 on knowledge and sciences, 857, 861, 863, Azpilcueta, Martinus de (Navarro), 1072, 867–868, 873–874, 875, 877, 889, 898, 1073 899, 904–905 on philosophy, conception of, 35–36 Bacon, Francis, 3, 7, 11, 26, 28, 36, 47, 48, Alexander, 464 106, 140, 141, 145, 148, 445, 505, 526, Alexander VI, pope, 670 646, 838, 839, 843, 859–860, 861, 864, Alison, Archibald, 542–543, 552 867, 904, 932, 1070, 1085, 1089–1090 Alison, Francis, 114 Bailly, Jean Sylvain, 881 Allestree, Richard, 218 Balfour, James, 943, 971 Alsted, Johann Heinrich, 111 Balguy, John, 100, 943, 959–960, 961, 1001, Althusius (Althaus), Johannes, 1029 1002, 1003–1005 Amory, Thomas, 108 Balguy, Thomas, 103 Ancillon, Fred´ eric,´ 438 Ballantyne, John, 726 Anderson, George, 720–721 Banks, Joseph, 907 Andre,´ Yves-Marie, 519 Barbeyrac, Jean, 70, 86, 782, 785 Annet, Peter, 692–693 Baron, Robert, 101, 102

1343

1344 Index nominum

Barrow, Isaac, 827 on judgement, 262, 263–264, 276 Barthez, Paul Joseph, 925 on language, 276, 453, 454, 455, 456, 719 Barton, Benjamin Smith, 906 on mathematics, 818, 824–826, 827 Bartram, William, 906 on moral philosophy, 581, 1007–1008, Basedow, Johann Bernhard, 623–624, 627, 1009–1010, 1014 631 on perception, 248, 254, 262, 263–265 and Rousseau, 623–624 on personal identity, 299 Batteux, Charles, 517, 519–520 on power, 893 Baumeister, Friedrich Christian, 395 reaction to, French, 433 Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb, 41, 63, 346, on reason, 328–329 395, 521–523, 533, 535, 552, 660, 755 on religion, 53, 653–654, 693, 718–719, Baxter, Andrew, 105, 713 1009–1010 Bayle, Pierre, 17, 34, 49, 53, 123, 131, and Rousseau, 437 161–162, 165, 238, 327, 369, 391, 392, and scepticism, 426, 429 426, 427–429, 430, 432, 433, 438, 439, on the self, 298–299 440, 444, 445, 658, 667, 668, 670–671, on signs, 374 672, 673, 732–733, 735, 749–751, 752, on space, 350, 827, 828 753, 761, 763, 766, 782, 791–792, 796, on substance, 52–53, 349–350 798, 801, 823, 945–946, 1109–1110, Berlin, Isaiah, 5, 1073 1115, 1127, 1139 Berman, David, 790–791 reaction to, 429, 749–750, 753, 754, 755, Bernier, François, 185 758, 765–766, 797–798 Bernini, Gianlorenzo, 539 Beattie, James, 56, 99–100, 196, 251, 262, Bernoulli, Daniel, 883, 889–890, 895, 1115 303–304, 305, 440, 1078–1079 Bichat, Marie-François Xavier, 925 Beausobre, Louis de, 438 Bilfinger, Bernhard, 395, 755 Beauzee,´ Nicolas, 464–465, 470, 475, 482 Black, Joseph, 894 Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, 56, 82, 126, 504 Blacklock, Thomas, 445 Beck, Lewis White, 15 Blackstone, William, 787, 1058 Belsham, Thomas, 108 Blair, Hugh, 469, 480, 500, 501 Benezet, Anthony, 193 Blair, James, 113 Bentham, Edward, 99, 267 Blount, Charles, 653, 685 Bentham, Jeremy, 51, 56–57, 176–177, 203, Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 179, 181, 212, 213, 614, 632, 988, 999, 1007, 191, 192–193, 198, 199, 201, 905, 925, 1011–1013, 1014, 1026, 1027, 931, 1080 1057–1058, 1062–1063, 1073, 1103 Boate, Gerard, 903 Bentley, Richard, 53, 718, 791 Bodin, Jean, 1072, 1076, 1096, 1101 Bergk, Johann Adam, 1036, 1043–1044 Bodmer, Johann Jacob, 532 Berkeley, George, 7, 11, 17, 31 , 56, 101, 103, Boehmer, Justus Henning, 783, 796 105, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 164, Boerhaave, Hermann, 162, 168, 893, 905 235, 237, 241, 246, 247, 251, 255, 351, Boileau, Nicolas, 47, 456, 502, 517, 518–519, 353, 363, 390, 427, 435, 438, 439, 440, 525–526 445, 508, 578, 580, 594, 724, 914, 991, Boindin, Nicolas, 124 1007, 1088 Boissier de Sauvages, François, 906 on agency, 581 Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Lord, 701, 720, on causality, 370, 373–375 758, 1102, 1111–1112 on consciousness, 288–289, 299 Bolzano, Bernard, 390 on ideas, 182, 240–241, 246, 247, 249, 258, Bonnet, Charles, 170–171, 172, 179, 260, 261, 272, 276, 373–375, 581, 893 293–294, 305, 306, 363, 593, 906, 911, on ideas, association of, 254 930 on ideas and words, 242, 455 Bonneville, Nicolas de, 128

Index nominum 1345

Bordeu, Theophile´ de, 507, 925 529, 530, 532, 541–542, 789, 1058–1059, Boscovich, Ruggero Giuseppe, 887, 889, 1075–1076, 1077 890, 897 Burnet, Gilbert, 943, 958–959, 960, 961 Bossuet, Jacques-Benigne,´ 502, 1117 Burnet, Thomas, 912, 919, 926 Boswell, James, 513 Burnett, James, See Monboddo Bott, Thomas, 943 Burrow, Robert, 942 Bougainville, Louis, 910 Bury, J. B., 1070 Bougeant, Guillame-Hyacinthe, 169, 176 Butler, Joseph, 54, 100, 102, 108, 209, 244, Bouiller, David, 169–170, 171, 172, 175 270, 298, 323, 571–572, 581, 582, 585, Boulainvilliers, Henri de, 124–125, 131 586, 589, 653, 654–655, 660, 715, 722, Boullier, David R., 253 758–759, 763, 943, 996, 1001, 1002, Duc de Bourgogne, 218 1003, 1007, 1014 Bourguet, Louis, 906, 918 Bowman, Walter, 715 Cabanis, Pierre Jean George, 127 Boyle, Robert, 28, 101, 110, 111, 162, 711, Caesar, Julius, 327, 964 717, 858, 889, 988, 1069, 1087, 1088, Calas, Jean, 786 1095 Calle, Saravia de la, 1073 Bracken, Harry, 181 Calvert, George, Lord Baltimore, 643 Bradley, James, 881 Calvin, John, 648, 731, 732 Bramah, Joseph, 843 Camden, William, 903 Bramhall, John, 580 Campbell, Archibald, 943 Breitinger, Johann Jacob, 532 Campbell, George, 500, 503, 701–702, 704, Brisson, Mathurin Jacques, 930 839, 1137 Brissot (de Warville), Jean-Pierre, 434–435 Campe, Johann Heinrich, 623 Brockliss, L. W. B., 74, 86, 87 Camper, Peter, 180, 191, 192, 199 Brougham, Henry, Lord, 726 Cantillon, Richard, 1070 Brown, John, 619, 802 Carmichael, Gershom, 105, 265, 867 Brown, Thomas, 247 Carnot, Lazare, 826 Browne, Peter, 289, 698 Cassirer, Ernst, 420, 522 Brucker, Johann Jacob, 8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 18, Castel, Louis-Bertrand, 755–756, 757 70, 448 Castillon, Friedrich, 841 Brunet, Pierre, 866 Catherine II, 619 Brunfels, Otto, 903 Cauchy, Augustin-Louis, 833 Bruno, Giordano, 123 Cavendish, Henry, 882 Brutus, 327, 963 Cesalpino, Andrea, 903, 908, 909 Budde, Johann Franz, 40, 398, 756, 790 Chambers, Ephraim, 864 Bufﬁer, Claude, 262, 337, 734 Changeux, Pierre-Nicolas, 433 on common sense, 251 Chapone, Hester, 218, 223 Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de, Charlemagne, 704 59, 85, 146, 162, 164, 165, 177–178, 179, Charron, Pierre, 46, 130, 426 180, 181, 183–184, 188–189, 190, 191, Chartier, Roger, 72 192, 193, 199, 200, 201, 212, 835, 836, Chatelet,ˆ Gabrielle-Emilie Le Tonnelier de 861, 862, 874, 883, 904, 907, 918, 924, Breteuil, marquise du, 125, 857, 877, 926, 927, 930, 931, 1137 916, 917 and Leibniz/Wolff, 914–918 Cherbury, Edward Herbert, lord, 28, reaction to, 928 644–645 Bulkeley, John, 715 Cheseaux,´ Jean de, 884 Burgersdijk, Franco, 102 Cheselden, William, 181 Burke, Edmund, 47, 51, 57, 145, 203, Cheyne, George, 102, 718, 897–898 204–205, 206, 218, 221, 410, 527–528, Childrey, Joshua, 903

1346 Index nominum

Chladenius, Johann Martin, 1135 on reason, 336, 832 Chubb, Thomas, 943 on rhetoric and writing, 498, 500, Cicero, 100, 102, 106, 113, 457, 471, 480, 501–503, 504 485, 496, 497, 500, 505, 506, 509, 513, on the self, 299–300 613, 653, 800, 1117 on sensation, 354–356, 463–464 Clairaut, Alexis-Claude, 882, 914 on the understanding, 236, 832 Clap, Thomas, 111–112 Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas, marquis Clarke, Desmond, 1085–1086 de, 37, 60–61, 76, 127, 128, 193–194, Clarke, John (d. 1757), 711 203, 221, 222, 223, 433, 435–437, 617, Clarke, John (d. 1741), 716 629, 631, 786, 817, 831, 837, 1096, 1099, Clarke, John (of Hull), 942 1101, 1126 Clarke, Joseph, 716 Confucius, 186 Clarke, Samuel, 53, 54, 101, 102, 109, 111, Constantine, Emperor, 704 167, 298, 305, 578–581, 585, 587, 588, Cook, James, 198, 817, 907, 910 589, 596, 600, 644, 648, 651, 653, 654, Cooper, Myles, 114 691, 711, 712, 713, 714–716, 719, 720, Cooper, Thomas, 307 722, 724, 738, 740, 790, 946, 949–951, Copleston, Frederick, 8, 9 1001, 1003–1005, 1115 Coulomb, Charles Augustin de, 897 and Berkeley, 581 Cousin, Victor, 4, 9, 10, 12 and Hume, 581–582 Coyer, G. F., 617 and Kames, 582 Craig, John, 1115 and Leibniz, 579, 914 Cramer, Gabriel, 463 and Newton, 578 Crimmins, James E., 799, 802 reaction to, 581–585, 715–716 Croce, Benedetto, 1127 Cohen, Hermann, 154 Crombie, Alexander, 726 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 4, 9, 10, 259, 538, Cromwell, Oliver, 643 928 Crousaz, Jean-Pierre de, 427, 519, 520, 524, Colliber, Samuel, 716 751, 757, 839 Collier, Arthur, 53 Crusius, Christian August, 40, 62, 347–348, Collins, Anthony, 30, 122, 123, 129, 166–167, 362, 384, 398, 399, 558, 596, 599, 600, 298, 299, 305, 322, 568, 650, 652, 757, 759, 972–973, 977, 979, 980, 689–690, 692, 693, 751, 780 1017–1018, 1022, 1115–1116 Comte, Auguste, 1093, 1098 on causality, 372–373 Condillac, Etienne´ Bonnot de, 7, 12, 36, 58, on power, 589–593 179, 181, 182, 243, 249, 255, 258, 270, on religion, 756 271, 336, 363, 433, 470, 593, 898, 914 on will, 589–593, 756 on consciousness, 288 Cudworth, Ralph, 49, 287, 583, 753, 924, on education, 69, 87, 614–615, 616, 618 942, 945, 992, 996, 1001 and Herder, 475, 476 Cuentz, Gaspard, 124 on ideas, 244, 249, 261, 264 Cullen, William, 162, 925 on ideas, origin of, 254, 255, 354–356 Cumberland, Richard, 57, 988, 991, 993, on judgement, 262, 264, 268–269 994, 1003, 1011, 1015 on knowledge, 354–356, 399–400, Cush, 184 463–464 Cuvier, Georges, 929 on language, 20, 50, 164, 165, 177–178, 181, 453–455, 469, 470, 474, 476, 479, Dalton, John, 890 480, 482, 483, 484, 485, 488, 898 Daphne, 464 on memory, 256–257 Darius, 464 on perception, 268–269 Darnton, Robert C., 72 on personal identity, 299–300 Darwin, Charles, 199, 657

Index nominum 1347

Darwin, Erasmus, 113, 487 on genius, 537 Daubenton, Louis Jean-Marie, 861, 865, 907, on human nature, 160–161, 167–168, 182, 920, 930 206–208 Dauphin, 220 on knowledge, 842 David, Gabriel, 169 on language, 465, 472, 474, 475, 488 David, King, 457 on mathematics, 822, 843, 874–875 Dean, Richard, 171 on personal identity, 305–306 Defoe, Daniel, 216, 218, 621 on reason, 337 De Malynes, Gerald, 1073 on religion, 739–740, 760 de Man, Paul, 511 on sciences and natural philosophy, Demosthenes, 457 167–168, 874–875 Dennis, John, 525–526 on the senses, 533–534 De Pauw, Cornelius, 189, 190 on women, 206–208 Derham, William, 53, 718, 843 Dillenius, Johann Jacob, 906 Desaguliers, John, 842, 856 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 518, 543 Descartes, Rene,´ 3, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15 , 16, 18, Dionysius Halicarnassus, 1110–1111 26, 34, 37, 46, 48, 50, 52, 58, 65, 86, Dioscorides, 903 111, 132, 139, 141, 142, 147, 149, 153 , Doddrige, Philip, 108–109, 110, 112, 115 172, 174, 236, 237, 240, 242, 243–244, Dodwell, Henry, 656 246, 249, 262, 290, 323, 356, 358, 369, Dohm, Christian Wilhelm, 785, 796 370, 371, 390, 395, 402, 426, 428, 430, Domat, Jean, 86 438, 439, 445, 465, 498, 502, 504, 505, Doublet, Marie-Anne Legendre, 127 507, 519, 520, 557, 560, 562, 572, 583, Drake, Judith, 202 712, 717, 732, 736, 752, 753, 759, 821, Drummond, Colin, 105 838, 839, 843, 867, 876, 878, 882, 883, Du Bos, Jean-Baptiste, 189–190, 195, 457, 894, 895, 898, 909, 918, 924, 1070, 466, 467–468, 485, 524–525, 536–537, 1085–1087 541, 544, 545, 1117–1118 on action, 559 Du Chatelet.ˆ See Chateletˆ on animals, 47, 161–162 Duclos, Charles Pinot, 45 on human nature, 161, 162, 163, 169–170, Dudgeon, William, 719–720 210 du Fay, Charles-François de Cisternay, 897, on judgement, 264 907, 913 on knowledge and belief, 391, 400, 739 Duff, William, 538 and language, 451 Dufresnoy, Lenglet, 131 on natural history, 912 Dulmen,¨ Richard van, 85 on rhetoric, 498, 509 Du Marsais, Cesar´ Chesneau, 35, 125 on substance, 343, 351 Dunbar, James, 160 Desmahis, Joseph-François-Edouard´ Duncan, William, 99, 113, 114, 115, 265, Corsembleu, 204 839 Des Maizeaux, Pierre, 122, 123, 127 Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude, Eberhard, Johann August, 363, 675, 975 comte, 127 Edelmann, Johann Christian, 126 Dewey, John, 628 Edwards, Jonathan, 52, 580, 648–649 Diderot, Denis, 35, 45, 46, 59, 60, 64, 127, Ellys, Anthony, 700–701 128, 132, 168, 182, 185, 186, 195, 203, Enfield, William, 9 210, 211, 217, 294, 354, 399, 429, 433, Engels, Friedrich, 1102 507, 508, 535, 557, 657, 658, 672, 817, Epicurus, 511, 750, 760, 980 905, 920–921, 925, 973, 1077, 1078 Epinay,´ Louise-Florence Esclavelles, on arts, 842, 844 Madame d’, 203, 217, 219, 220 on education, 624 Erdmann, Johann Eduard, 9

1348 Index nominum

Euclid, 139, 141, 148, 818, 822–823, 824, Forster, Joseph, 943 827, 828-829, 832, 843 Foucault, Michel, 632 Eugene, Prince of Savoy, 126, 131 Foucher, Simon, 426, 428 Euler, Leonhard, 348, 818, 831, 832–833, 834, Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, 881 835, 841, 842, 876–877, 882, 884, 887, Francke, August Hermann, 80, 89, 629 888, 896–897, 899 Franklin, Benjamin, 128, 193, 836–837, 842, Eve, 15 897 Frederick III of Prussia, 89 Fabricius, J. A., 426 Frederick II of Prussia (the Great), 64, 72, 83, Feder, Johann Georg Heinrich, 91, 150 , 363, 84, 92, 125, 126, 619, 661, 819–820 976 Frederick William I of Prussia, 84, 90 Feijoo y Montenegro, Benito Jeronimo,´ 187, Frege, Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob, 390 188, 190 Freret,´ Nicolas, 124–125, 760, 1112–1113, Felice, Fortunato Batholomeo, de, 126 1128 Fenelon,´ Franc¸ois de Salignac de la Mothe-, Froebel, Friedrich, 628, 632 217, 218, 219, 221, 456–457, 468, 500, Furly, Benjamin, 123 630, 735 Furneaux, Philip, 783, 784, 787 Ferguson, Adam, 56, 77, 106, 178–179, 183, 186, 200, 484, 1131–1134 Gabler, Johann Philipp, 659 Fermat, Pierre de, 878 Galilei, Galileo, 48, 451, 874, 877, 885, 891, Ferrier, James Frederick, 15 894, 1088 Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm, Galvani, Luigi, 897 1037–1038 Gartner,¨ Joseph, 906, 930 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 65, 153 , 287, 311 , Garve, Christian, 8, 14, 41, 363 364, 420, 443, 602, 790, 1036 Gassendi, Pierre, 131, 140, 240, 426, 430, criticism of Reinhold, 311 –312 433 on education, 628 Gastrell, Francis, 100 on intellectual intution, 312 Gateau, Citizen, 844 on method, 155 Gatterer, Johann Christoph, 90, 1130 on the origin of ideas, 253 Gaultier, Abraham, 131–132 on religion, 667, 677–678, 743–744 Gaultier of Niort, 124 on the self, 286, 312 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 822 on self-consciousness, 287, 311 –312 Gay, John, 166, 255, 572–573, 943, 991, 994, Fiddes, Richard, 712, 942 1007, 1008, 1009 Filleau de la Chaise, Nicolas, 1113 Gay, Peter, 71 Fisher, Kuno, 8 Geddes, Alexander, 704–705 Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, 17, 34–35, Genlis, Stephanie-F´ elicit´ e´ du Crest, Madame 86, 127, 168–169, 181, 182, 190, 433, de, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222 506–507, 508, 671, 672, 752, 820, 1076, Geoffrin, Marie Ther´ ese` Rodet, 127 1077, 1128 Gerard, Alexander, 57, 113, 529–530, 531, Forberg, Friedrich C., 744, 790 538–539, 549, 702 Fordyce, David, 102, 106, 111, 113, 114, 145, Gerdil, Giacinto Sigismondo, Cardinal, 253 222 Gesner, Conrad, 903 Forge, Louis de la, 287 Giannone, Pietro, 126 Formey, Jean Henri Samuel, 14, 18, 84, 124, Gibbon, Edward, 51, 127, 166, 820, 1121 427, 438 Gibson, Edmund, 691, 692 Forster, Johann Georg, 193, 198–199, 201, Girtanner, Christoph, 184, 197–198 927, 1039 Gisborne, Thomas, 223–224 Forster, Johann Reinhold, 922 Giucciardini, Francesco, 1096

Index nominum 1349

Gleig, George, 703, 724 on selﬁshness, 573 Glover, Phillips, 716 on the understanding, 236–237 Godwin, William, 216 Harvey, William, 162, 914 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 546, 641, Hays, Mary, 203, 204, 205 662 Hazlitt, William Carew, 9, 166, 487 Gottsched, Johann Christoph, 41, 49, 63, Heath, Benjamin, 716 395, 532, 755, 757 Heereboord, Adriaan, 103, 110 Gouan, Antoine, 906 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 4, 5–7, 9, Gouges, Olympe de, 203, 220–221, 222, 223 10–11, 12, 65, 75, 153 , 313 , 364, 390, Gowan, Thomas, 110 420, 441, 443, 539, 641, 733, 887, 1127, Gracian, Baltasar, 398, 972 1131 Grafton, Augustus Henry FitzRoy, duke of, on knowledge, 420–421 133 on political philosophy, 803–804 ’sGravesande, Willem van, 111, 856, 865, on religion, 666, 678–680, 745–746, 868–869, 875, 877, 896 803–804 Gravina, Gian Vincenzo, 82 Heidegger, Martin, 754 Green, Joseph Henry, 928 Helvetius,´ Anne-Catherine de Ligneville, Green, Robert, 102 127 Gregory, George, 864–865 Helvetius,´ Claude Adrien, 37, 45, 46, 48, 52, Gregory, John, 218, 222, 223 58, 59, 127, 132, 166, 167, 168, 186, 195, Gretton, Phillips, 716 209, 220, 294, 470, 571, 573, 615–616, Grew, Nehemiah, 717 617, 618–619, 620, 623, 624, 629, 631, Grimm, Fred´ eric-Melchior,´ baron de, 128 658, 973, 1007, 1010–1011 Grosseteste, Robert, 1088 Henrich, Dieter, 976 Grotius, Hugo, 14, 102, 108, 114, 209, 210, Henry IV, 643 613, 711, 945, 988, 990, 1027, 1028, Heraclitus, 389 1030, 1121–1122, 1127 Herbart, Johann, 628 Grove, Henry, 108, 109 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 5, 50, 63, 64, 160, Guenee,´ Antoine, 187 178, 179, 180, 198, 199, 200–201, 400, 469, 479, 539–540, 545, 641, 745, Hale, Stephen, 913 925–926, 927, 930, 1081–1082, 1090, Haller, Albrecht von, 59, 162, 427, 755, 905 1091, 1092, 1093–1094 Halley, Edmond, 884 Hero of Alexandria, 878 Halyburton, Thomas, 687, 688, 695 Herschel, John Frederick William, 862, Ham, 184 881–883, 1093 Hamann, Johann Georg, 63, 400, 417–419, Herz, Marcus, 380, 381 442, 445, 539, 663 Hey, John, 103 Hamilton, Alexander, 1055–1056 Hildrop, John, 176 Hamilton, Hugh, 723–724 Hissmann, Michael, 307 Harrington, James, 115, 800, 801 Hoadly, Benjamin, 694 Harris, John, 854 Hobbes, Thomas, 7, 46, 49, 50, 54, 102, 130, Hartley, David, 166–167, 254–255, 256, 616, 132, 140, 172, 205, 209, 216, 248, 290, 1008, 1089 343, 371, 395, 498, 568, 569, 570, 571, on assent, 267 573–582, 584, 645, 648, 655, 684, 941, on dreams, 259 944–945, 948–949, 973, 974, 988, 991, on education, 614 993–994, 1006, 1027, 1028, 1029–1030, on ideas, 241 1032, 1033–1034, 1038, 1039, 1041, on ideas and words, 242 1042, 1044, 1046, 1048, 1049, 1051, on madness, 260 1056, 1072, 1087, 1122, 1127

1350 Index nominum

Hochstrasser, T. J., 8 on belief, 262, 269–270, 271, 272–277, Høffding, Harald, 9 377–379, 400–405, 410–411, 432, 442, Hoffmann, A. F., 398 575, 697, 698, 702, 724, 1113–1114 Hofmann, Daniel, 668 on Berkeley, 350 Hogarth, William, 552 on causality, 195, 250, 301–303, 331–332, d’Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry, baron, 37, 48, 353, 368, 369, 370, 375–379, 384, 402, 52, 59, 127, 128, 130, 132, 133, 166, 167, 410–411, 430, 576–578, 581–582, 586, 235, 294, 305, 655, 658, 734, 740, 750, 720–721, 821, 839–840, 1120–1121 762, 766–767, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, and Clarke, 581–582 821, 973, 1010 on consciousness, 290–291 on consciousness, 294 and convention, 453 on ideas, 244–245 in the curriculum, 103, 105, 109 Holland, Georg Jonathan, 841 on custom, 378, 577–578 Holyoke, Edward, 111 on desire, 574 Home, Henry, See Kames and determinism, 576–578 Homer, 457, 537, 539, 544, 547, 704 on economy, 837 Hooke, Robert, 1069, 1088, 1095 education of, 104–105 Hooker, Richard, 115, 646 and empiricism, 585 Hooper, George, 1115 on free will, 576–578 Hopfner,¨ Ludwig Julius Friedrich, 1034 on the good, 574 Horace, 457, 464, 465, 482, 524 on history, 1107, 1121 Houtteville, Claude-François, 734, 751 and history of philosophy, 9–10, 11, 16 Howard, George S., 868 on human nature, 31 –32, 49–51, 55, 143, Howell, Wilbur Samuel, 500–501 160, 173–174, 176, 195–197, 204, 209, Hudde, Johannes, 714 213–214, 352, 403, 430, 432, 573–574, Huet, Pierre-Daniel, 426, 427, 428, 429, 898, 930, 962, 964, 966, 969, 981, 432, 438, 439, 444, 445, 1113 1069, 1077, 1078–1079, 1112, Humboldt, Alexander von, 78, 922, 1119–1121, 1139–1140 1038–1039 on ideas, 143, 241, 244–246, 247, 256, Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 465, 623–624, 628 258–259, 351, 353–354, 376–377, Hume, David, 7, 11, 17, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 401–402, 429–430, 828, 893, 962–963, 54, 55, 56, 63, 64, 65, 100, 124, 127, 965 145, 146, 164, 166, 172, 187, 193, 199, on ideas, association of, 254–255, 269–270, 208, 211, 214, 216, 242, 246, 250, 251, 376 253, 262, 272, 319 , 328, 338, 356, 358, on ideas, general, 261 360, 363, 373, 384–385, 390, 395, 417, on ideas, innate, 249–250 433, 443, 444, 453, 460, 484, 512, 584, on the imagination, 403–404 585, 589, 594, 688, 718, 733, 931, 974, on impressions, 241, 353–354, 376–377, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 988, 995, 1003, 836 1026, 1027, 1063, 1072, 1076, 1088, on judgement, 269–270, 272–277, 371 1096, 1098, 1101, 1110–1111, 1115, 1118, on justice, 943, 964, 967–971, 999–1000, 1131 1015 on action, 576–578 and Kant, 16, 597, 601 on agency, 573–578, 580, 581–582, 583, Kant’s critique of, 380, 382–385, 413, 441 584, 585, 587, 966 on knowledge, 400–405, 430–431, 823 on animals, 173–174, 176 on knowledge and reason, 31 –32, 142–144, on artificial/natural virtues, 966–971 173–174, 178, 858–859, 899, 919, 1090, articifice vs. nature, 196–197, 209, 213–214 1091, 1113–1114 on arts, 844 on language, 963

Index nominum 1351

on liberty, 844, 1060 on reason, 329–334, 353, 375–376, 384–385, and Locke, 143, 576, 696, 697–698 400, 403–404, 430–431, 575–576, 583, on logic, 839–840 584, 585 on madness, 259 on reﬂection, 290–291 on mathematics, 818, 826–828, 836 and Reid, 273, 379–380, 409, 438–440, on memory and imagination, 256, 258, 585 301–302 on religion, 185–186, 404–405, 432, 641, Mendelssohn’s critique of, 381 645, 647, 655–656, 657, 660, 698, 710, and metaphysics, 351, 377 712, 718, 720–723, 749, 750, 765–766, on method, 142–144, 1091, 1095, 791, 796, 798–799, 1139–1140 1113–1114 on rhetoric, 508–511, 512 on the mind, 301–303 and Rousseau, 437 on miracles, 53, 379, 404–405, 695–698, and scepticism, 9–10, 21, 196, 246, 1116 303–304, 329, 332–334, 350, 351, 353, on money, 1094–1095 356, 375–376, 402, 419, 420, 429–432, on moral philosophy, 16, 31 –32, 55, 174, 444–445, 510, 548, 658, 697, 710, 725, 176, 193, 204, 209, 213–214, 334, 765, 821, 899, 1112 575–578, 858–859, 942–943, 962–970, on the self, 291, 301–303, 304–305 991, 996, 999–1000, 1001, 1006, 1007, on self-love, 574 1015, 1113–1114 on the soul, 351–352, 354 on national character, 195–197, 1119–1121 on space, 823, 824 on nature, 375–376, 431–432, 439, on substance, 52, 351–354 573–574, 655, 656, 757, 898 Sulzer’s critique of, 381, 382 and Newton, 574 on sympathy, 55, 452, 457, 576, 967–970, on order, 576–578, 655, 656, 720, 722, 999, 1120 725 on taste, 518, 547–548, 549, 550 on origin of ideas, 254 on testimony, 698, 1116, 1136, 1137 and Paley, 725–726 and Tetens, 411–412 on the passions, 173–174, 574–576 Hunter, John, 178, 191, 907, 925 on passions, calm, 576 Hutcheson, Francis, 16, 17, 49, 54, 56, 100, on perception, 237, 247, 248 102, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109–110, 114, on personal identity, 301–303, 304–305, 115, 174–177, 193, 209, 212–213, 214, 306, 308, 351–352 236, 250, 265, 268, 334, 527–529, 552, on philosophy, conception of, 31 –32 581, 583, 589, 597, 698, 715, 763, on pleasure, 143, 152 , 965–967, 970 941–942, 943, 945, 954–961, 970, 974, on political philosophy, 32, 186, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 988, 991, 1056–1057, 1059–1061, 1094–1095 995, 996, 998–999, 1001–1002, 1003, on power, 893 1006, 1011, 1015, 1019, 1026, 1062 on pride and love, 574–575 on beauty and morality, 521, 527–528, and Price, 702–703 718 and Priestley, 723 on benevolence, 571 on property, 969 on ideas, 250 on race, 193, 195–197, 1078–1079 on judgement, 265–266 reaction to, 698–705, 720–726, 970–971 on judgements vs. propositions, 266 reaction to, Common Sense philosophers’, and Mandeville, 954–955, 956–957 303–305 and moral sense, 572, 957–958, 998–999 reaction to, French, 432–433, 434, 435–437 reaction to, 962 reaction to, German, 418–420, 434, Hutton, James, 881, 893, 906 437–438, 442, 444–445 Huygens, Christiaan, 858, 876, 896

1352 Index nominum

Illyrius, Matthias Flacius, 668 1026, 1027, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1056, Immerwahr, John, 1079 1057, 1059, 1061, 1091, 1131, 1132 Isaiah, 455 on abstraction, 260 Iselin, Isaac, 77, 90 on agency, 602, 1015–1016, 1017–1022 Israel, Manasseh Ben, 785 on anthropology, 930, 931 Itard, Jean, 182 on apperception, 308–31 0 on beauty and taste, 51, 65, 518, 532, 533, Jackson, John, 692, 716, 720, 943 534–536, 540–541, 545–546, 549–551, Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, 63, 385, 418–419, 552 420, 662, 733, 795 on belief, 413–417 Jacquin, Nicolas-Joseph, 906 on causality, 51, 274, 338–339, 369, 380, Jakob, Ludwig Heinrich, 363 382–385 Jansen, Cornelius, 734 on certainty, 65, 152 , 414, 442 Jaquelot, Isaac, 751, 753 Copernican revolution, 441, 444 Jaucourt, Louis de, 204, 1078 on cosmology, 883–884, 926 Jay, John, 1055–1056 criticism of Leibniz, 239 Jefferson, Thomas, 113, 189, 202, 629, 630, and Crusius, 596, 599, 600 784, 819–820, 840, 842 on desire, 597–601 Jennings, John, 108–109 on education, 69, 90, 91–92, 608, Jenyns, Soame, 171–172, 173, 653, 760 624–626, 627, 632 Jerome, St., 187 and Fichte, 744 Jerusalem, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm, on freedom, 51, 309–31 0 , 558, 596–601, 657–658, 659 602, 1017–1022, 1040–1047, 1125 Jesus, 666, 671, 672, 678, 679, 690, 704 on genius, 540–541 Joachim of Fiore, 764 on happiness, 416, 598, 770, 978, Job, 426 1035–1036 Jodl, Friedrich, 8 and Hegel, 678–680, 745–746, 803–804 Johnson, Samuel (American), 111, on history, 1124–1125 113–114 and history of philosophy, 7, 8, 9–10, 12, Johnson, Samuel, 171–172, 237, 241, 513, 13, 14, 15 , 16, 18, 21 646, 749, 750, 760 on human nature, 51, 65, 160, 175–176, Johnson, Thomas, 103 196–197, 200, 977, 1079–1081 Jones, Samuel, 108 and Hume, 441, 598, 601 Joseph II, 785 on idealism, 350–351 Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de, 906, 929 on ideas, 142, 241–242, 253, 260, 545–546, Jussieu, Bernard de, 906, 907 981 Jussieu, Joseph de, 906 on the imagination, 259, 551 Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlieb von, 88, 617, on judgement, 263, 267–268, 273–274, 1029 276, 277–279 on judgements, table of, 277–279 Kames, Henry Home, Lord, 56, 57, 115, 184, on knowledge, 7, 9–10, 18, 42, 51, 64–65, 199–201, 212, 223, 303, 480, 503, 142, 150 –155 , 358–362, 382–384, 530–532, 542, 548–549, 582, 715, 721, 413–417, 441, 822, 873, 885–889, 899, 860, 930, 971, 1131 1139 Kant, Immanuel, 3, 5–7, 41, 52, 62, 64–65, on laws of nature, 382–384 76, 129, 149, 165, 213, 215, 240, 260, and Leibniz-Wolff, 596–597, 599, 600, 287, 301, 311 , 319 , 332, 336, 345, 381, 741, 742 382, 390, 395, 411, 439, 527, 533, 552, on logic, 838 589, 623, 628, 733, 735, 745, 750, 764, on madness, 260 793, 819–820, 843, 930, 988, 995, 1002, on mathematics, 817, 824, 828–831, 832

Index nominum 1353

and metaphysics, 152 , 358–360, 361, 362, on the understanding, 237, 239, 241–242, 363, 413, 441, 982 277–278, 338, 339, 359, 413 on method, 141, 150 –155 on unity of experience, 369, 382 on morality and education, 624–626, 628 on will, 65, 558, 596–601, 979, 1017–1022 on moral philosophy, 16, 51, 65, 155 , 163, and Wolff, 152 , 153 , 980 175–176, 206, 213, 340–341, 416–417, on women, 206 550, 596–601, 661, 742–743, 768–770, Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton Graf von, 82 787, 803, 971, 976–982, 991, 995, 996, Keckermann, Barthold, 857 1003, 1015–1016, 1017–1022 Keill, John, 912 on nature and natural history, 863, Kenrick, William, 218 926–928 Kepler, Johannes, 48 on obligation, 996, 1017–1022 King, William, 102, 114, 690, 698, 713, on opinion, 414–415 753–754, 755, 765, 768 on origin of ideas, 252, 253 Kirwan, Richard, 703, 724 on passions, 598–599 Klein, Ernst Ferdinand, 1036 on philosophy, conception of, 40, 42 Klein, Jacob Theodor, 906 and Plato, 980–981 Klugel,¨ Georg Simon, 824 on pleasure, 596, 597 Knowles, Thomas, 716 on political philosophy, 1035–1036, Knutzen, Martin, 41 1039–1047 Koenig, Johann Friedrich, 646 on practical reason, 340–341, 768–770 Koenig, Samuel, 916 on a priori synthetic principles, 369, Kolreuter,¨ Joseph Gottlieb, 906, 885 930 on race, 184, 190, 196–197, 200, 1078, Kors, Alan Charles, 790 1079–1081 Kristeller, Paul, 516 reaction to, 197–199, 363–364, 417, Kuhn, Thomas, 905 442–444, 982 on reason, 338–341, 363, 599, 742–743, La Bruyere,` Jean de, 509 759, 823, 996, 1125 Lacep´ ede,` Bernard de, 907 on religion, 415, 442, 651, 660–662, 677, La Chalotais, Louis-Rene´ de Caradeuc de, 678–680, 787, 803 617, 618, 623, 629 on rhetoric, 499 Laclos, Choderlos de, 206, 217 and scepticism, 9–10, 153 –154 , 440–442, Laﬁtau, Joseph Franc¸ois, 185–186 444–445, 982, 1124 La Fontaine, Jean de, 172 on sciences, 873, 875, 883–884, 885–889, La Forge, Louis de, 1086 899 Lagrange, Joseph-Louis de, 822, 831, on the self, 308–31 0 833–834, 878, 879, 889 on self-consciousness, 286, 294, 296, Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de Monet, chevalier 308–31 0 de, 863, 907, 922, 928–929 and Shaftesbury, 571 Lambarde, William, 903 on the soul, 347–348 Lambert, Anne-Ther´ ese` de Marguenat de on space and time, 151 , 346, 347–348, Courcelles, marquise de, 127, 160, 350–351, 359, 360–361, 823, 828–831, 205–206, 217, 218, 220, 221 835, 886, 887–889 Lambert, Johann Heinrich, 62, 141, 149–150 , on substance, 347–348, 358–362, 363 252, 295–296, 817, 824, 828, 829, 835, on taste, See on beauty 838, 841–842, 884–885, 926 on testimony, 1124, 1136, 1139 La Mettrie, Julien Offray, 37, 48, 49, 58–59, and Tetens, 50, 413, 593, 596, 599 64, 125, 126, 130, 131–132, 162, 167, on theology, 660–662, 715, 733, 736–737, 168–169, 180, 181, 182, 260, 658, 739, 741–743, 744, 750, 763, 767–770 760, 762, 792, 821, 843, 973

1354 Index nominum

La Mothe le Vayer, Franc¸ois, 426, 444, 1109, on ideas, cause of, 253 1110 on ideas, innate, 252 Lamy, Bernard, 456, 457, 500, 501 on judgement, 266, 275 Lamy, Franc¸ois, 498 and King, 753–754 Lamy, Guillaume, 130 on knowledge, 266, 370–371, 395–396, Lange, Joachim, 61, 186, 398 668–670 Laocoon,¨ 543–544 and Locke, 560, 566, 568 Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de, 820, on mathematics, 817, 822, 835 879–881, 882, 883, 884, 895 on memory, 257 La Riviere,` Mercier, 617, 618 on moral philosophy, 162–163, 996–998, Latham, Ebenezer, 108 999, 1000, 1004, 1006, 1017 Laud, William, 98 on necessity, 563–564 Laudan, L. L., 1088–1089 and Newton, 915 Laurent, Antoine, 906 on perception, 238–239, 243, 255–256, La Varenne, 126 263–264, 345 Lavoisier, Antoine, 469, 873, 890–892, 894, on philosophy, conception of, 39 895 on pleasure, 562, 565 Law, Edmund, 98, 102–103, 114, 299, 580, and Pope, 757–758 693–694, 716, 724 and the problem of evil, 326–327, 750, Law, William, 105, 656, 693 751–755 Le Cat, Claude Nicolas, 188, 190–191 reaction to, 163, 326, 658, 755–760, 1000 Le Clerc, Jean, 99, 101, 426, 751, 753 on reason, 323–327, 339, 667–670, 671, Lee, Henry, 58, 166 735–736, 841 Leechman, William, 17 on religion, 186, 666, 667–670, 671, 676, Lefevre,` Lucien, 9 735–736, 737–738, 749, 750, 751–755, Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 7, 10, 11, 15 , 18, 764, 1004 26, 39, 40, 47, 49, 62, 64, 129, 139, 142, on sciences, 876, 877, 887, 914–918 148, 151 , 172, 174, 181, 198, 238–239, on the self, 300 247, 253, 266, 290, 293, 319 , 331, 345, on the soul, 300 363, 364, 370, 391, 395, 426, 428, 445, on space, 829, 915 518, 521, 522, 561, 563, 578, 579, 584, on substance, 345 585, 589, 598, 599, 600, 675, 737, 741, and Tetens, 593 743, 751, 765, 768, 819, 832, 857, 926, on truth, 275, 323–327, 370–371, 667–670, 988, 992, 1008, 1015, 1027 677, 918 and aesthetics, 520–521 on will, 557, 558, 559, 560, 563–564, on animals, 47, 162–163 753–754 on apperception, 243, 255–256, 292–293 Leigh, R. A., 801 and Bayle, 327, 750–751, 752, 753, 755 Leland, John, 701, 720 and the Berlin Academy of Sciences, 72, Le Roy, George, 161 83–84 Leslie, Charles, 652, 685 on causality, 370–371, 411 Lespinasse, Julie de, 127, 507 and Clarke, 579, 914 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 5, 51, 63, 64, on consciousness, 238, 292–293, 300 126, 129, 418, 543–544, 545, 659, 662, and Crusius, 590–593 667, 675–677, 678, 763, 764–765, 780, on descriptions, 268 787, 795, 1123–1124, 1125, 1127, on desire, 580 1131–1132 and determinism, 560 Lessius, Leonard, 1073 on the good, 565, 567–568, 820 Levesque´ de Pouilly, Louis-Jean, 1111, 1112 on human nature, 161, 162–163, 752 Lewes, George Henry, 9 on ideas, 239–240, 245–246, 253, 257, 345 L’Herminier, Nicolas, 734, 735

Index nominum 1355

L’Huilier, Simon-Antoine-Jean, 826 344–345, 368, 392–394, 400–402, 687, Limborch, Philippus van, 714 696, 858, 1115 Lindsey, Theophilus, 133 on language, 20, 242, 400, 451, 453–454, Linne,´ Carl von, 19, 59, 179–180, 181, 185, 469, 473, 479, 486, 498–499 192, 904, 905, 907, 908, 909–911, 913, and Leibniz, 560, 566, 568 918, 919, 920, 926, 928, 931, 1080 on liberty, 566–569, 611 Linneaus. See Linne´ on logic, 30, 99, 839 Livy, 792, 1110–1111 on madness, 259 Locke, John, 7, 10, 11, 26, 29–30, 46, 48, 50, on method, 140, 141, 145, 146 52, 54, 56, 57, 123, 124, 126, 132, 143, on moral philosophy, 100, 193, 211–212, 149, 172, 182, 209, 210, 213, 216, 219, 568–569, 948–949, 990, 991–993, 994, 221, 222, 236, 239, 240, 241, 242, 245, 1008, 1009, 1014 246, 248, 255–256, 257, 258, 263, 266, on obligation, 991–993, 1007 267, 268, 270, 273, 276, 290, 301, 319 , on the passions, 564–565, 568–569 326, 331, 332, 334, 336, 350, 354, 355, on perception, 235, 243, 263, 344 356, 358, 370, 373, 374, 384, 390, 395, on personal identity, 20, 297–301, 305, 398, 399, 402, 411, 420, 426, 428, 433, 306, 307, 308, 351 435, 439, 440, 441, 445, 480, 498, 500, on philosophy, conception of, 29–30 502, 509, 527–529, 558, 560, 570, 578, on political philosophy, 609, 610, 781–782, 589, 592, 593, 597, 600, 602, 616, 631, 783, 784, 785, 786, 788 688, 689, 690, 691, 699, 713, 763, 829, on power, 369, 559, 560, 565–566, 586, 893 842, 898, 913, 914, 975, 988, 991, 992, on powers of the mind, 557, 611 1028, 1036, 1039, 1048, 1051, 1056, and Price, 583 1072, 1088 and Priestley, 616 on action, 566–569, 610–611 on property, 613, 785 on belief, 391, 393–394 reaction to, 30–31 , 164–166, 249–254, on causality, 369, 713 255–256, 298–301, 320–322, 323, 345, Condillac’s critique of, 264, 453–454, 362, 486 458 reaction to, British, 250–252, 298–299, on consciousness, 287–288, 298, 898 569–570, 687–688 in the curriculum, 73, 77, 86, 99, 100, reaction to, French, 57–58, 253, 288, 105, 108–109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115 299–300, 399–400, 433–434 on desire, 565, 566–568, 580, 589, 610–611 reaction to, German, 252–253, 300–301 on education, 77, 217–218, 609–614, 620, on reason, 237, 320–322, 323–324, 327–328 623, 624, 625, 627, 629, 632 on reﬂection, 58, 250, 287–288, 614, 687 on the good, 564–565, 566–568, 589 on religion and theology, 30, 53, 394, 642, on happiness, 567–568 644, 648, 650, 685–688, 711, 712, on human nature, 161, 163–164, 173–174 713–714, 715, 781–782, 783, 784, 786, and Hume, 143 788, 997 on ideas, 141–142, 146, 182, 234, 240, 241, on revelation, 322, 649–650, 685–688, 244, 392–393, 504, 565–566, 572, 581, 711 610, 998 on rhetoric, 498–499 on ideas, association of, 254, 898 and Rousseau, 620 on ideas, general, 260, 261 and scepticism, 394, 948–949 on ideas, innate, 242–243, 611, 713 and Shaftesbury, 569–570 on ideas and words, 242 and Stillingﬂeet, 687–688 on judgement, 142, 263, 265, 271, on substance, 344–345, 351, 354, 393 320–326 on testimony, 685–688, 696, 697–698, on knowledge, 29–30, 140, 163–164, 1115, 1136 173–174, 182, 262, 265, 320–322, on thinking matter, 131, 165–166, 297

1356 Index nominum

Locke, John (cont.) Manning, James, 115 on the understanding, 237, 320, 557, Marais, Matthieu, 125 611–612 Marchant, Prosper, 123, 126, 127, 130 on will, 557, 558, 564–569, 576, 587, Marie-Antoinette, Queen, 203 610–611 Marsden, William, 1082 Logan, John, 1131 Marx, Karl, 1048, 1098, 1102, 1131, 1134 Lomonosov, Mikhail, 500, 842, 891 Mary II, Queen of England, 643 Long, Edward, 192, 193, 196 Masham, Lady Damaris, 671 Longinus, 456, 517, 526 Mather, Cotton, 110, 218 Louis IV, 33 Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis, 50, 188, 190, 433, Louis XIV, 33, 218, 643 438, 462, 756–757, 762, 770, 836, 857, Lucian, 468 876, 878–879, 884, 916 Lucretius, 167, 892 Maurice, Frederick Denison, 9 Lukacs,´ Georg, 804 Medicus, Friedrich Casimir, 925 Luther, Martin, 658, 673, 731, 733 Meier, Georg Friedrich, 41, 241, 267, 395, Lycurgus, 1055 522–523, 546, 552 Meinecke, Friedrich, 5 Mably, Gabriel Bonnot, de, 186, 803 Meiners, Christoph, 186, 197–198 Macaulay, Catharine, 161, 203, 218, 221–222, Meister, Jacques-Henri, 128 614, 616, 617, 619, 631 Melanchthon, Philipp, 89 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 1103 Mendelssohn, Moses, 41, 63, 64, 126, 129, Machiavelli, Niccolo,` 1051, 1054, 1070, 1096 363, 381, 382, 397, 410–411, 418, 438, Mackintosh, James, 8 442, 524, 532, 535, 544–545, 547, 552, MacLaurin, Colin, 718, 826 662, 741, 745, 757, 763–764, 770, 780, Madelaine, Philipon de la, 617 784, 785, 795, 975–976, 977–978, 982 Madison, James, 783–784, 789, 1055–1056 Mercury, 485 Maillet, Benoˆıt de, 125, 911 Merian, Johann Bernhard, 294–295, 438 Maimon, Solomon, 278, 442–443, 841, 1056 Meslier, Jean, 57, 125, 734–735, 766, 767 Maimonides, Moses, 428 Michaelis,¨ Johann David, 472–473, 475 Malebranche, Nicolas, 7, 11, 34, 58, 86, 102, Michelangelo, 539 131, 162, 170, 209, 235, 236, 244, 245, Michelet, Jules, 1125–1127 246, 250, 259, 289, 374, 391, 411, 428, Middleton, Conyers, 101, 650, 652, 430, 433, 434, 439, 509, 560, 567, 579, 694–695 753, 757, 759, 896 Migazzi, Christoph Anton Graf, 89 on causality, 53, 370, 559 Mill, James, 487, 488, 614, 1103 on ideas, 243–244 Mill, John Stuart, 4, 13, 1013, 1093, 1101 on judgement, 272 Millar, John, 56, 193, 208, 211, 214–216, 503, on power, 559 1131 on self-consciousness, 287, 288 Milton, John, 482, 525, 537, 548 on substance, 53, 344, 349 Mirabeau, Honore´ Gabriel Ricetti, comte Mallet, Edme, 204 de, 193, 786, 1098 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 818, 837, 1102 Misselden, Edward, 1073, 1097 Mandeville, Bernard, 49, 53–54, 57, 172–174, Mohammed, 125, 671 176, 185, 187, 202, 208–209, 216–217, Mole, Thomas, 943 570–571, 629, 653, 688–689, 693, 796, Molesworth, Robert, 106 797–798, 942, 944–945, 951–954, 964, Molina, Luis de, 1073 973, 974, 980, 1007, 1011, 1026, 1070, Molyneux, William, 182, 533 1072 Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord, 56, and Hutcheson, 954–955, 956–957 180–181, 182–183, 196, 479, 930 and Shaftesbury, 951 Monk, Samuel, 526

Index nominum 1357

Montaigne, Michel, 46, 161, 167, 172, 173, Noah, 184 185, 426, 432, 439, 444, 609, 945, 962, Nollet, Jean-Antoine, 864 980 Norris, John, 53, 102, 289 Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat de, 37, North, Dudley, 1073, 1097 46, 60, 127, 160, 185, 186, 194–195, Numa, 1055 196, 199, 204, 211, 214, 215, 537, 671–672, 795–796, 1026, 1051–1054, Ogilby, John, 548 1055, 1056, 1070–1071, 1072, 1076, Olaso, Ezequiel, 433, 437 1078, 1095–1096, 1101, 1118–1119 Oldﬁeld, Joshua, 108 More, Hannah, 223 Ossian, 696 More, Henry, 110, 111, 685, 712 Oswald, James, 56, 251 Moreri, Louis, 1109 Oswald, John, 177 Morgan, Joseph, 124 Owen, Robert, 628, 1069 Morgan, Thomas, 693, 701 Moritz, Karl Philipp, 546–547, 552 Paine, Thomas, 649, 780–781 Morton, Charles, 110 Paley, William, 56, 103, 174–175, 641, 657, Morveau, Guyton de, 469 703, 725–726, 799, 817, 843, 991, 1007, Moser,¨ Justus, 1130 1009, 1013 Moses, 671 Pallas, Peter Simon, 906 Moyle, Walter, 800 Palm, Etta, 220 Mun, Thomas, 1073, 1097 Pappus, 141 Munchhausen,¨ G. A. von, 75 Pardies, Ignace, 169 Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, 82 Paris,ˆ Franc¸ois de, 694 Musschenbroek, Pieter van, 856, 858, 865, Parma, Prince of, 462, 500, 501 868, 869, 896 Parmenides, 389 Pascal, Blaise, 47, 369, 391, 430, 432, 433, Naigeon, Jacques-Andre,´ 794 435, 734 Napoleon Bonaparte, 87 Passmore, John, 798 Naude,´ Gabriel, 130 Patrick, Simon, 711 Needham, John Turberville, 906 Paul, the apostle, 455 Neef, Joseph, 628 Pennington, Sarah, 218 Neptune, 472 Perelman, Cha¨ım, 506 Newcomen, Thomas, 843 Periam, Joseph, 112 Newton, Isaac, 28, 29, 48, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, Perrault, Charles, 517 78, 101, 105, 111, 113, 123, 140, 144, Pestalozzi, Heinrich, 626–628, 629, 631, 632 145, 151 , 328, 350, 428, 435, 441, 508, reaction to, 628 559–560, 578, 579, 602, 644, 646, 648, Petty, William, 1073 717–718, 738, Part IV passim, 818, 821, Peyrere,` Isaac de la, 932 822, 825, 858, 868, 873, 875–876, 877, Pfaff, Christoph Matthaus,¨ 783 885, 888, 890, 894, 895–896, 897, 898, Philip, Duke of Orleans,´ 33 904, 909, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 924, Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 1084 927, 988, 1069, 1087–1088, 1090, 1093, Pinto, Isaac de, 187 1095 Pitt, William, 221 and Clarke, 578 Platner, Ernst, 440 reaction to, 890–891, 896–898 Plato, 212, 252, 253, 389, 390, 457, 487, 496, Nicholls, William, 210 516, 608, 619, 622, 647, 763, 819, Nicolai, Friedrich, 126, 129 980–981 Nicole, Pierre, 234, 498, 1113, 1114 Pliny, 903 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 443 Plot, Robert, 903 Nieuwentijt, Bernard, 718 Ploucquet, Gottfried, 841

1358 Index nominum

Plutarch, 1110–1111 Ray, John, 53, 717, 909 Pluto, 472 Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas, 186, 193 Poiret, Pierre, 751 Reaumur,´ Rene´ Antoine, 906, 930 Polybius, 1117 Reid, Thomas, 3, 32–33, 53, 56, 105, 106, Pompadour, Madame de, 33 112, 145–146, 172, 246–249, 251, 268, Pope, Alexander, 33, 46, 205, 209, 210, 216, 363, 411, 412, 419, 420, 573–582, 702, 219, 221, 222, 268, 326, 749, 757–758, 724–725, 839, 1001, 1014, 1115 761 on apprehension, 271–273 Popkin, Richard, 8 on beauty, 528–529 Popper, Karl, 390, 1086 on belief, 271–273, 405–409 Poulain de la Barre, Franc¸ois, 202, 203, 206, on causality, 379–380, 586–588, 713 222 on consciousness, 165, 291 de Prades, Jean-Martin, abbe,´ 71, 87 and history of philosophy, 7, 8, 9–10, Prevost, Pierre, 12 11–12, 14, 16, 21 Price, Richard, 54, 107, 108, 133, 222, 307, on ideas, 11, 235, 245–249, 250, 271, 273, 580, 582–585, 586, 589, 596, 702–703, 355–356, 405, 485, 828 781, 784, 788, 943, 961–962, 971, 1001, on ideas, innate, 250 1003–1005, 1014 on judgement, 262–264, 266, 267, and Locke, 583 271–273, 409 Priestley, Joseph, 56, 108, 110, 132–133, on knowledge, 7, 9–10, 11–12, 164–165, 166–167, 190, 222, 235, 250, 254, 255, 356–358, 405–409, 1088 256, 500, 501, 503–504, 505, 648, 690, on language, 357, 406–408, 484–485 781, 784, 787, 788, 789, 792 on laws of nature, 380 on consciousness, 287, 306–307 on mathematics, 817, 828, 837 on education, 616–617, 619, 629, 631, 632 on method, 145–146, 335–336, 356, 1088 on personal identity, 306–307 on moral philosophy, 164–165, 176 on religion, 723 on moral sense, 250, 409 and scepticism, 440 on perception, 247–249, 356, 405–408 on science, 874, 892, 893, 897 on personal identity, 291, 299, 303 Primatt, Humphrey, 176 on philosophy, conception of, 32–33 Pringle, John, 106 on power, 380, 579, 585–589, 893 Proteus, 539 on quantity, 837 Pufendorf, Samuel, 14–15 , 19, 20, 54, 89, reaction to, 12 102, 106, 108, 113, 115, 209, 211–212, reaction to, in the United States, 440 214, 613, 674, 781–782, 785, 786, 945, on reason, 334–336, 356, 357–358, 586 972, 988, 991–993, 994, 996, 997, and scepticism, 165, 356, 357, 438–440 1007, 1014, 1027–1030, 1032–1033, on the self, 291, 358 1034, 1037, 1044, 1048, 1072, 1127 on sensation, 263, 271–273, 379, Pyrrho, 441 405–408 on theory of ideas, 248–249 Quensted, Andreas, 646, 647 Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, 41, 649, 659, Quesnay, Franc¸ois, 1096–1097, 1098 673, 676 Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques, 1101 on animals, 48 Quintilian, 457, 480, 497, 500, 501 Reinhard, A. F., 757 Reinhold, Karl Leonhard, 252, 253, 278, Racine, Jean, 502, 537 31 0 –311 , 385, 419, 420, 863, 982 Radicati di Passerano, Adalberto, 123–124 Ricardo, David, 1102 Rameau, Jean-Philippe, 537 Rivarol, Antoine Rivaroli, 465, 482 Ramsay, Andrew Michael, 429 Robertson, William, 200, 1075–1076, 1077, Ramus, Petrus, 111, 497 1098, 1121

Index nominum 1359

Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore, de, on taste, 547 803 on women, 207, 210, 218, 219–221, Robinet, Jean-Baptiste-Rene,´ 759 630–631 Robison, John, 856 Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul, 12 Roche, Daniel, 72 Rudiger,¨ Andreas, 40, 61, 141, 148, 398, Roger, Jacques, 919 828 Rohault, Jacques, 111 Rufﬁni, Paolo, 834 Romulus, 1055 Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, count, Rondelet, Guillaume, 903 894–895 Rorarius, Hieronymus, 161 Rush, Benjamin, 191, 631 Rotheram, Caleb, 108 Russell, Bertrand, 9, 389, 390 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 36, 37, 47, 50, 60, Rutherforth, Thomas, 103, 699, 863, 943 65, 81, 181, 186, 201, 203, 218, 299, 440, 443, 444, 470, 520, 662, 750, 793, Saccheri, Girolamo, 823–824 910, 930, 996, 1026, 1027, 1038, 1039, Sack, August Friedrich Wilhelm, 659 1044, 1054, 1055, 1061, 1077, 1124, Sade, Donatien-Alphonse-Franc¸ois, marquis 1125–1127, 1131, 1132 de, 49, 169, 207, 208, 219, 443, 792 and Basedow, 623–624 Saint-Hyacinthe, Themiseul´ de, 127 on education, 60, 195, 218, 219–221, 609, Saint-Pierre, Charles-Iren´ ee´ Castel, abbede,´ 614, 619–623, 625, 627, 628, 629, 1071, 1103 630–631, 632 Sampson, R. V., 1076 on free will, 51, 60, 621–622, 623, 802, Saunderson, Nicholas, 182 1016–1017, 1048–1051 Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, 1059 and Helvetius,´ 620 Say, Jean-Baptiste, 1102–1103 on human nature, 49–50, 61, 177–181, Schaffer, Simon, 1087 182–183, 195, 204, 207, 210, 763, Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, 11, 12, 770–771, 931, 974–975, 1076–1077, 65, 153 , 155 –156 , 313 , 364, 420, 441, 1122–1123 926, 928 on ideas, 146–147 Schiller, Friedrich, 518, 551–552 on knowledge, 36–37, 146–147 Schlegel, Johann Elias, 49 on language, 181–183, 458, 474, 480, 481 Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 641, 642, 660, and Locke, 620 662–663, 733 on method, 146–147, 739 Schlozer,¨ August Ludwig von, 90, on moral philosophy, 173, 177–181, 204, 1031–1034, 1130 974–975, 1016–1017 Schmid, Heinrich, 313 on passions, 60, 599 Schmidt, James B., 5 on philosophy, conception of, 36–37 Schneewind, J. B., 8 on political philosophy, 51, 60, 177, Schneider, Ulrich Johannes, 9 801–802, 803, 1016–1017, 1036, Schopenhauer, Arthur, 602 1042–1043, 1047–1051, 1074, Schulze, Gottlob Ernst, 313 , 385, 419–420, 1122–1123 442, 443 and Priestley, 616 Scott, James, 860 reaction to, 220–224, 624, 631 Scott, William, 105 on reason, 337–338 Seddon, John, 108, 110 on religion, 658, 672, 739, 750, 762, Segner, Johann Andreas, 841 770–771, 799, 800, 801–802 Selden, John, 991, 1127 on rhetoric, 511–513 Semler, Johann Salomo, 659, 675 and scepticism, 437, 442 Senebier,´ Jean, 906 on the self, 295, 512 Seneca, 115, 656 on self-consciousness, 295 Sergeant, John, 235, 298

1360 Index nominum

Sextus Empiricus, 426, 427, 429, 430, 444, and Rousseau, 974–975 445 and Dugald Stewart, 483–484 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl, on sympathy, 452, 457, 483, 578, 17, 30–31 , 49, 51, 54, 105, 106, 108, 1091–1093 209, 501, 508, 518, 552, 585, 589, 597, on value, 836 653, 693, 699, 758, 763, 945–949, 951, Smith, Samuel Stanhope, 188, 201–202 954, 955, 957, 974, 975, 976, 977, 988, Smith, William, 114–115 993, 994–996, 998, 1000, 1003, 1004, Socrates, 496, 678 1006, 1007, 1015, 1019, 1026 Soemmering, Samuel Thomas, 191, 198, on beauty and morality, 521 199, 201 and Hobbes, 948–949 Solander, Daniel, 907 and Locke, 948–949 Solla, Francesco, 504 and Mandeville, 951 Solomon, 426 and moral sense, 569–570 Solon, 1055 reaction to, 570–572, 951, 998–1000, Sonnenfels, Joseph von, 88, 617 1007–1008 Sophocles, 544 on religion, 688–689, 758, 763 Soto, Domingo de, 1073 on will, 569–570 Spalding, Johann Joachim, 659, 675, Shakespeare, William, 525, 526, 537 762–763, 764 Shapin, Stevin, 1087 Spallanzani, Lazzaro, 906, 930 Sharp, Granville, 193 Spener, Philipp Jakob, 674, 733 Shelburne, William Petty, earl of, 133 Spinoza, Baruch, 7, 11, 17, 34, 46, 48, 125, Sher, Richard B., 72 126, 130–131, 140, 250, 343–344, 351, Sherlock, Thomas, 651, 652, 693 364, 370, 391, 411, 445, 562, 578, 659, Sidney, Algernon, 115 662, 672, 684, 740, 760, 791–792, Sieyes,` Emmanuel Joseph, 1052–1053, 1073 794–795, 916, 1127 Sigaud de La Fond, Joseph-Aignan, 861–862 Sprat, Thomas, 47, 498 Simson, John, 104, 716 St. Hilaire, Etienne Geoffroy, 922, 929 Skelton, Philip, 698–699 Stael,¨ Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker, Skene, Francis, 113 Madame de, 220, 222, 1101 Sloan, Hans, 907 Stahl, Georg Ernst, 890, 891, 925 Sloan, Phillip, 19 Stanﬁeld, J., 863 Small, William, 113 Stanley, Thomas, 427 Smellie, William, 183, 184, 193, 212 Statius, 645 Smith, Adam, 17, 51, 56, 65, 106, 144–145, Staudlin,¨ Carl Friedrich, 440, 441–442, 153 , 211, 453, 468, 818, 943, 944, 971, 443–444, 445 972, 978, 996, 1006, 1026, 1027, Stebbing, Henry, 716 1061–1062, 1063, 1098, 1131 Steele, Richard, 29, 216 and determinism, 578 Stegmann, Joachim, the Elder, 670 on economy, 55, 836, 843 Stensen (Steno), Niels, 912 on education, 618 Sterne, Laurence, 297 and Hutcheson, 941–942 Steuart, James, 1077 on moral philosophy, 55, 193, 212, Steuart, Robert, 104 214–215, 941–942, 978, 1091–1093 Stevenson, John, 105 on moral sense, 250 Stewart, Dugald, 8, 9, 12, 56, 106, 147, 170, on philosophers, 843 258–259, 725, 1074, 1131 and political economy/philosophy, 186, on consciousness and the self, 291–292 193, 212, 1100 on language, 479, 483–484, 487 on rhetoric and language, 479, 480–484, on reason, 237 500, 501, 503 and Adam Smith, 483–484

Index nominum 1361

Stillingfleet, Edward, 235, 684, 700–701, 711, Tooke, Horne, 487 712 reaction to, 487–488 Stuart, Charles Edward, 429 Torricelli, Evangelista, 885 Sturm, Johann Christoph, 148 Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, 907, 908, Suard, Amelie´ Panckoucke, Mme, 127 909 Suarez,´ Francisco, 993 Tournemine, Rene´ Joseph, 735, 755 Sulzer, Johann Georg, 63, 381, 382, 438, 533, Trembley, Abraham, 167, 906 534, 547 Trenchard, John, 645, 655 Sussmilch,¨ Johann Peter, 473–474, 475 Tribe, Keith, 75 Svarez, Carl Gottlieb, 1029 Trotter, Catherine, 943 Swift, Jonathan, 216, 297, 840, 843 Tschirnhausen, Ehrenfried Walter, 48 Sydenham, Thomas, 858 Tulp, Nicolas, 180 Sykes, Arthur Ashley, 694 Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 433, 434, 485, 786, 1070, 1096, 1097–1099, 1126 Taylor, John, 108, 110 Turnbull, George, 100, 106, 110 Taylor, Thomas, 176 Turner, Matthew, 723, 792 Templer, John, 102 Tyson, William, 180, 192 Tennemann, Wilhelm Gottfried, 8, 9, 10 Ueberweg, Friedrich, 8, 9, 14 Tetens, Johann Nicolaus, 50, 252, 255, 278, 363, 596, 599 Vaillant, Sebastien,´ 907 on agency, 593–596 Vandermonde, Alexandre-Theophile,´ on consciousness, 50, 294 835–836 on ideas, association of, 255–256 Vanini, Giulio Cesare, 130 on knowledge and belief, 411–412 Varro, Marcus Terentius, 646 on the self, 307, 308 Vattel, Emerich de, 757 on will, 558, 593–596 Vaucanson, Jacques de, 162, 594 Theophrastus, 903 Venturi, Franco, 83 Theseus, 1055 Verri, Pietro, 126, 837 Thomas, Antoine-Leonard,´ 202–203, 206, Vickers, Brian, 497, 501 207, 210, 211 Vico, Giambattista, 20, 50, 63, 141, 147, 258, Thomasius, Christian, 14–15 , 39–40, 42, 61, 500, 504–506, 509, 511, 513, 818, 74, 75, 80, 89, 90, 147–148, 397–399, 819–820, 828, 843, 1071–1072, 1084, 674, 756, 780, 972, 973, 974, 979, 1027, 1090–1091, 1092, 1102, 1127–1130 1030 Virey, Jules Joseph, 932 school of, 41, 396 Virgil, 464, 537, 544, 548, 549, 903 Thucydides, 621 Volney, Constantin François de Chasseboeuf, Thummig,¨ Ludwig Wilhelm, 395 comte de, 127 Tillotson, John, 111, 689, 690 Volta, Alessandro, 897 Tindal, Matthew, 30, 53, 109, 129, 645, 649, Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, 35, 36, 650–652, 656, 662, 670, 690–691, 692, 46, 49, 57–58, 64, 71, 125, 128, 131, 141, 693, 701, 719, 720 165–166, 170, 181–182, 186, 187, 188, Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), 167 189, 190, 193, 198, 234–235, 249, 255, Tocqueville, Alexis de, 1054 327, 399, 428, 429, 433, 508, 512, 537, Toland, John, 30, 53, 109, 122, 123, 129, 561, 629, 641, 648, 649, 657–658, 670, 130–131, 132, 322, 649, 650, 652, 670, 671, 672–673, 738–739, 749, 750, 757, 689–690, 751, 791, 792, 794, 796–797, 760–762, 770, 789, 793–794, 877, 898, 800–801 973, 1070, 1076, 1077, 1110–1111, 1121 Tollner,¨ Johann Gottlieb, 675 Vorlander,¨ Karl, 9 Tonelli, Giorgio, 433–434 Vroesen, Jan, 130

1362 Index nominum

Walch, Johann Georg, 40 and Crusius, 373, 589, 590–593 Walker, John, 906 and education, 75–76, 90, 91, 629 Wallace, George, 193 on ideas and notions, 241, 562–563 Wallis, John, 102 on judgement, 275–276, 561 Walpole, Catherine Shorter, Lady, 129 on judgements vs. propositions, 266 Warburton, William, 466–467, 757, and Kant, 152 , 153 , 741 787–788, 793, 801 on knowledge, 40–41, 148–149, 395–397, Ward, John, 97 413, 467, 828 Waterland, Daniel, 101–102, 695, 716 on logic, 61, 153 , 838 Watt, James, 843 on mathematics, 817, 819–820, 828, 832, Watts, Isaac, 99, 108, 109, 112, 114, 115, 166, 834–835 688, 839 on method, 40, 140, 148–149, 153 , 819, Weber, Alfred, 9 828, 832, 834–835, 864 Webster, Noah, 631 on moral philosophy, 163, 186, 567–568, Wedberg, Anders, 9 973, 980, 1000, 1017 Weishaupt, Adam, 129 on passion, 163, 560–564 Wesley, John, 656–657, 838 onperfection,561–564, 567–568, 973, 1000 Whichcote, Benjamin, 996 on philosophy, conception of, 40–41 Whiston, William, 101, 912, 919 on political philosophy, 785, 1030–1031, Whitby, Daniel, 102 1033, 1035 White, Charles, 180, 181, 186, 191, 192–193, reaction to, 152 199, 201, 202 on reason, 371, 674–675 Whiteﬁeld, George, 111 on religion, 186, 674–675, 741, 755, 793 Whitehead, John, 307 on the self, 300–301, 346 Whytt, Robert, 162 on self-consciousness, 287, 293, 346 Wild, Jonathan, 1070 on the soul, 300–301, 347, 560–563 Wilkins, John, 100, 685, 711 on space, 346–347, 359 William III, King of England, 103, 643 on substance, 345–348 Williams, Roger, 643 on sufﬁcient reason, 371–372 Willughby, Francis, 909 and Tetens, 593 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 523–524, Thomasians’ reaction to, 397–398 539, 543–544 on the understanding, 239, 561 Windelband, Wilhelm, 9 on will, 560–564 Winkopp, Peter, 784, 785 Wollaston, William, 53, 102, 110, 716–717 Wissowatius, Andreas, 676 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 203, 206, 218, 221, Witherspoon, John, 112–113, 500 222–223, 529, 631 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 468 Woodward, John, 919, 926 Wolff, Caspar Friedrich, 925, 926 Woolman, John, 193 Wolff, Christian, 7, 10, 11, 18, 36, 45, 47, 52, Woolston, Thomas, 650, 652, 691–692, 693 61–63, 64, 75, 124, 129, 141, 165, 236, Wootton, David, 790, 791 240, 243, 253, 268, 294, 326, 339, 359, Wright, Thomas, 884 362, 363, 381, 390, 409, 411, 466, 558, Wynne, John, 99 584, 589, 599, 617, 658, 666, 756, 785, 821, 896, 915–918, 971, 972, 974, 976, Young, Edward, 57, 537–538 977, 979, 980, 1027, 1032 Young, Matthew, 867 on animals, 47, 163 on beauty, 521 Zedler, Johann Heinrich, 45, 149, 860 on belief, 396–397 Zedlitz, Karl Abraham von, 92 on causality, 369–370, 371–372 Zimmermann, Eberhard August Wilhelm on consciousness, 293, 294 von, 198, 922, 930 on cosmology, 917–918 Zoroaster, 761

INDEX RERUM

Abhandlung vom Criterium veritatis (Lambert), Leopoldina, 85 149, 828, 829 Linnean Society, London, 906 abolitionists, 193–195, 221 Lunar Society, 113 absolutism, 38, 618 Montagsclub, 84 enlightened, 1027–1035 and natural history, 906 Kant and, 1040 Prussian Academy of Sciences (and welfare-state, 1028, 1036, 1039 successors), 64, 72, 80, 83, 124, 125, Abstract of ...A Treatise of Human Nature 129, 427, 437–438, 462, 465, 472–474, (Hume), 376, 431 475, 534, 757, 829, 830, 916 Academies and Societies. See also Universities Ritterakademien, 80, 90 and Schools Royal Society, London, 79, 80, 105, 428, Academie´ de Chalons-sur-Marne,ˆ 81, 906, 909 217 Russian Royal Academy of Sciences, 80 Academie´ de Dijon, 81, 512 Select Society, Edinburgh, 127 Academie´ (Royale) des Sciences, 79–80, Societ´ e´ des amis des noires, 194 127, 190, 879, 906, 913 Society of Alethophiles, 129 Academie´ Franc¸aise, 79, 436, 502, 506 Society of Apothecaries, London, 906 Academie´ royale des inscriptions et belles St. Petersburg, 906 lettres, 79, 125, 1111, 1112 Temple House Botanic Club, 906 Academy of Geneva, 12, 906, 914 Warrington, 110, 500 Academy of Sciences, Munich, 91 Account of the Regular Gradation of Man Accademia dei Pugni, 82 (White), 191, 192–193 Accademia di Medinaceli, 82 Account of Sir Isaac Newton’s Philosophical American Philosophical Society, 906 Discoveries (MacLaurin), 718 Arcadia, 82 Acta Eruditorum, 89, 755 Berlin. See Prussian action(s). See also agency Berliner Mittwochsgesellschaft, 84, Berkeley on, 581 129 Butler on, 582 Cercle Social, 128 Clarke on, 578–581 dissenting academies, 80, 107–110 Crusius on, 589–593 Dublin Philosophical Society, 101 Descartes on, 559, 560 Edinburg Philosophical Society, 906 grounds for/motivation, 167, 467, 563, growth of Academies, 79–85 566–569, 579–582, 584–585, 587–588, Imperial and Royal Academy of Sciences 593, 595, 600–601, 947, 948–949, and Literature, Belgium, 82 951–954, 955, 956–957, 958, 964–970, informal and clandestine, 72, 82, 121–133 990–991, 1001, 1002–1005, 1009, Lantern, the, 123 1012–1013, 1014–1016, 1021–1022

1363

1364 Index rerum

action(s) (cont.) and the subject, 524–536 Hume on, 401, 576–578, 581–582, 584, Sulzer on, 63, 534 585, 966 Wolff on, 63, 521 Kames on, 582 Africans Kant on, 155 , 600–601 and national character/race, 184, 185, 188, Leibniz on, 564 189, 191, 192–195, 200–201, 202 Locke on, 566–569 Against the Current (Berlin), 1073 Mandeville on, 570–571 Age of German Idealism (Beck), 15 and passion, 559 agent(s)/agency, 558, 560, 991, 994, Price on, 582–585 1002–1005 and scepticism, 437 Berkeley on, 581 Shaftesbury on, 569–570 Butler on, 582 Wolff on, 560–563, 564 Clarke on, 580–581 Additional Observations (Price), 784 Crusius on, 590 Adele` et Theodore´ (Genlis), 218, 220 Hume on, 573–578, 696, 1005, 1015 Advancement of Learning (Bacon), 106, Kames on, 582 859–860, 864, 867 Locke on, 557, 610–611 Advancement and Reformation of Modern Poetry moral, 997, 1001, 1015–1022 (Dennis), 525 Price on, 582–585 Advice to a Young Student (Waterland), Reid on, 585–589 101–102 Rousseau on, 1016–1017 Aenesidemus (Schulze), 384–385, 419–420, Tetens on, 594 442 use of term historically, 580 Aesop Dress’d (Mandeville), 172 albinism/albinos, 188, 190–191 Aesthetica (Baumgarten), 63, 521, 522 Alciphron (Berkeley), 31 , 53, 299, 455, aesthetics, 14, 47, 63, 469, Chapter 18 653–654, 693, 719, 1007–1008 Addison on, 526–527 Allegemeine Naturgeschichte (Kant), 883–884 as a science, 521 Allegories of Reading (de Man), 511 Baumgarten on, 63, 521–522 Allgemeine Deutsche Bibliothek, 126 Boileau on, 518–519 Allgemeine Geschichteswissenschaft British, 54–55, 57, 521 (Chladenius), 1135 Burke on, 528 Allgemeines StatsRecth und StatsVerfassungsLere causal account of, 530–531 (Schlozer),¨ 1031–1034 and critique of reason, 50 Allgemeine Theorie der schonen¨ Kunste¨ (Sulzer), Crousaz on, 519 534 German, 49, 62–63, 521 Alliance between Church and State (Warburton), Gottsched on, 63 787–788 Hutcheson on, 527–528, 718 altruism Kames on, 530–532, 542, 548–549 Shaftesbury on, 570 Kant on, 51, 65, 518, 534–536, 545–546, L’ameˆ materielle´ (anon.), 130 549–551 Amusement philosophique sur le langage des bestes Mendelssohn on, 63 (Bougeant), 169, 176 and morality, 517, 547–552 Anabaptism, 643 and moral sense, 49 Analogy of Religion (Butler), 323, 572, and national character, 196 654–655, 722, 758–759 and political society, 551–552 Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind and rationalism, 518–524 (Mill), 487 and rhetoric, 497 Analysis of the Principles of Natural Philosophy sensibility, 518, 525–536 (Young), 867

Index rerum 1365

Analyst (Berkeley), 824–826 Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht (Kant), anatomy, 192, 199, 643 142, 197, 206, 259, 260, 598–599, Anatomy of a Pygmy compared with that of a 1080–1081 Monkey, an Ape, and a, Man (Tyson), 192 anthropology, 60, 344, 904, 909, 932. See also Anfangsgrunde¨ aller schonen¨ Wissenschaften human nature (Meier), 522–523 Kant on, 926, 930 Anglia Libera (Toland), 800 Antient Metaphysics (Monboddo), 196 Anglicanism, 28, 107, 113, 643, 648, Anti-Hobbes (Feuerbach), 1037–1038 683–684, 689, 690, 698, 788 Anti-Machiavel (Frederick II), 83 animal(s), 48, 131, 132, 160–183, 203, 212, antinomies, 362 948, 952, 953, 1123, 1125 Anti-Scepticism (Lee), 58, 166 and Cartesianism, 161–162, 163, 168–170, Anton Reiser (Moritz), 546 173, 176 Anweisung vernunftig¨ zu leben (Crusius), 589, and classiﬁcation, 909 590–593, 1017–1018 Condillac on, 164, 165 Apologie de Raimond Sebond (Montaigne), 172 cruelty, 162, 170, 176, 177 Apologie oder Schutzschrift fur¨ die vernunftigen¨ Descartes on, 47, 50, 161–162 Vereher Gottes (Reimarus), 673 Diderot on, 167–168 Apologie pour la nation Juive (de Pinto), 187 Helvetius´ on, 168 Appeal to Common Sense in Behalf of Religion Herder on, 179 (Oswald), 251 Hume on, 173–174, 176 Appeal to the Men of Great Britain in Behalf of Hutcheson on, 174–177 Women (Hays), 204, 205 Kant on, 175–176 appearances and language, 50, 164, 169, 177, 180, Kant on, 239, 359–361 182–183, 455, 458, 473, 475–476, 478 apperception, 162, 292–294 Leibniz on, 47, 162–163 Kant on, 308–31 0 Locke on, 163–164 Leibniz on, 243, 292–293, 345 machines, 162, 170 original, 294 Mandeville on, 172–174, 176 vs. perception, 243, 292–293 and morality, 162–166, 169, 174, 196–197, Wolff on, 293–294 409 appetition, 238 and passions, 164, 174, 177 apprehension, 236, 264 psychology, 48, 162–166 and comprehension, 237 and reason, 47–48, 164–165, 166, 178, 183, Leibniz on, 238–239 237, 292, 476, 1095 Reid on, 271–272 Reid on, 164–165, 176 objects of, 240–243 rights, 174–177 Arianism, 648, 710 Rousseau on, 177–181, 182–183 Aristotelianism, 40, 41, 78, 89, 98, 99, 113, soul, 168, 169–170, 179–180 144, 148, 161, 248, 329, 343, 352, 439, vivisection, 162, 177 506, 734, 738, 792, 818, 838, 867, 972, Wolff on, 47, 163 989, 1027, 1028, 1031, 1032, 1037 Anlage zur Architectonic (Lambert), 149, 835, and causality, 384 841 and natural philosophy, 854, 855–858, 875, Anmerckungen uber¨ die vernunfftigen¨ Gedancken 894, 895, 908, 909, 913 von Gott, der Welt, und der Seele (Wolff), Arithmetique´ morale (Buffon), 1137 371–372 Arminianism, 649, 710 Annual Review, 487 Art d’ecrire´ (Condillac), 501–503 Answer to Dr. Priestley’s Letters (Turner), Art de parler (Lamy), 501 792 Art poetique´ (Boileau), 47, 518–519

1366 Index rerum

Artis logicae compendium (Aldrich), 265, 838, astronomy, 820, 885 840 Athanasianism, 710 art(s). See also aesthetics atheism, 31 , 39, 57, 122, 128, 132, 177, 186, decorative vs. functional, 501 351, 418, 426, 428–429, 578, 585, 653, expression and meaning, 541–547 655, 658, 662, 711, 723, 732–733, fine, distinguished from other, 516–517 734–735, 739–740, 743, 744, 749, 750, Herder on, 539–540, 545 758, 760, 762, 766–767, 780, 789–795, history, 539–540 796–798, 801, 802, 843, 946, 1006 Hume on, 547–548 Hume on, 791 imitation theory of, 523, 541 ‘Of Atheism’ (Bacon), 47 Kant on, 545–546 Atheism in France (Kors), 790 and language, 452, 456–457, 458, 459, 461, Auch eine Philosophie der Geschichte (Herder), 467–468, 469, 470, 474 1130–1131 Mendelssohn on, 544–545 Augsburg, Peace of, 643 and the passions, 541–547 Augustinianism, 734, 736, 751 purpose of, 505 Ausubung¨ der Sittenlehre (Thomasius), 398 the seven liberal, 516–517 Aussubung¨ der Vernunftlehre (Thomasius), 398, stages theory of, 539 674 artifice vs. nature, 206–214, 465, 473, 523, Auszug aus der Vernunftlehre (Meier), 267 Chapter 28 passim. See also language; automata, 594. See also animal(s); machine nature; sign(s) autonomy, 979, 981, 1003 Balguy on, 959–960 Aventures de Tel´ emaque´ (Fenelon),´ 217, 218, and beauty, 519 219 Burke on, 145 Avis d’une mere` a` son fils (Mme Lambert), 160, Diderot on, 206–207 205, 218 and education, 616–617 Avis d’une mere` a` sa fille (Mme Lambert), 205, and human nature, 164–178, 185, 206–214, 218 220 Avis public sur les parricides imputes´ aux Calas et Hume on, 196–197, 209, 213–214, aux Sirven (Voltaire), 793–794 966–971 Linne´ on, 908 Bangorian Controversy, 783 Mandeville on, 208–209 baptism/baptists, 107, 782 Montesquieu on, 196–197 Bayes’s theorem, 702 Priestley on, 616–617 Beantwortung der Frage von dem Einfluss der Rousseau on, 147, 337–338, 619–623 Meinungen in die, Sprache (Michaelis),¨ and virtue, 206–214, 959–960, 472–473 967–971 beauty, 516, 519. See also aesthetics Asians Burke on, 204–205 and national character/race, 185, 189 definition of, 521 assent Hume on, 547–548 Locke on, 609–611, 686, 687 intellectual, 529 rational vs. practical, 267 Kant on, 206, 518, 546 association, laws of, 574 and morality, 518, 521, 546, 547–552 associationism, 56, 578, 898 natural vs. artificial, 519 and the arts, 543 and perfection, 524, 546–547 and benevolence, 572–573 Reid on, 528–529 Hartley on, 166, 573, 616 and the sexes, 528–529 Hume on, 55, 376, 429, 574 and the sublime, 527, 528–529, 530–531, and Mill ( James), 487 537

Index rerum 1367

Beaux-arts reduits´ aunm` emeˆ principe (Batteux), Biographical History of Philosophy (Lewes), 9 517, 519–520 blind, the/blindness, 160, 161, 168, 181–182, beavers, 183 452, 533–534 belief(s), 236, 256–258, Chapter 14, 645. See blue, missing shade of, 258 also judgment blue-stockings, 630 Berkeley on, 262 body(-ies), 235 causes of, 401–402 active and passive, 559 Descartes on, 391 Berkeley on, 349 Hamann on, 417–418 causal power of, 235 Hegel on, 420–421 Crusius on, 348 Hume on, 262, 269–270, 272–277, and extension, 347, 348 377–379, 400–405, 410–411, 432, 442, Leibniz on, 371 575, 697, 698, 702, 724, 1113–1114 and mind, 235, 253, 345, 351 Kant on, 413–417 Rousseau on, 437 Locke on, 391, 393–394 Wolff on, 347 Mendelssohn on, 410–411 Bon sense du cure´ Meslier (d’Holbach), 767 vs. reason, 63, 402–405 Book of Common Prayer, 455 Reid on, 271–273, 405–409 botanical gardens, 905–906 Tetens on, 411–412 Bourbon, House of, 643 Thomasius on, 398–399 Boyle Lectures, 711 Wolff on, 396–397 Bentley, 718 belles-lettres, 500 Clarke, 578–581, 653, 654, 713 benevolence, 54, 166, 209, 521, 949, 954, Derham, 718 1005, 1006, 1015 Brief Account of Aristotle’s Logic (Reid), 839 and associationism, 572–573 Briefe, die neueste Litteratur betreffend Hutcheson on, 571, 572, 999 (ed. Nicolai), 126 Beobachtungen uber¨ das Gefuhl¨ des Schonen¨ und Briefe uber¨ die kantische Philosophie (Reinhold), Erhabenen (Kant), 196, 206, 1079–1080, 419 1083 British Museum, 907 Berlin Academy. See Academies Berliner Mittwochgesellschaft, 84, 129 calculus, 824 Berlinische Monatsschrift, 92, 129 Calumny no Conviction ( Jackson), 943 Betrachtung uber¨ die Bestimmung des Menschen Calvinism, 38, 74, 107, 643, 648, 684, 687, (Spalding), 762–763 711, 732, 782, 786, 793 Betrachtungen aus der spekulativen Weltweisheit Cambridge Platonists/-ism, 53, 916, 996, (Herz), 381 1004 Bible, the, 30, 175, 184, 322, 428, 454, 473, cameralism, 70–71, 80, 86, 88, 89, 92, 617, 644, 646, 649–650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 629 659–660, 675, 677, 683, 684, 688, 690, Candide (Voltaire), 327, 560–561, 738, 691–692, 698, 699, 701, 704 760–761 and education, 1123–1124 Cartesianism, 7, 29, 49, 52, 58, 65, 73, 77, Geddes transl., 704 78, 86, 87, 105, 110, 111, 142, 145, and language, 454, 455, 457, 465, 466–467 150 –151 , 222, 272, 321, 326, 336, 350, Bibliotheque` raisonnee´ , 123 419, 428, 453, 501, 507, 734, 735, 820, Bibliotheque` britannique, 123 1085–1087, 1107, 1113 Bijoux indiscrets (Diderot), 207 and aesthetics, 518, 519 Die Bildsaule¨ (Mendelssohn), 533 and causality, 368–369 Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom and human nature, 161–162, 166, 173 ( Jefferson), 784 and language, 452, 453, 468, 477

1368 Index rerum

Cartesianism (cont.) and necessity, 369, 383 and natural philosophy, 855–856, 865, 867, physical inﬂux theory, 345, 370, 373, 398, 875–876, 883, 893, 909, 912, 913, 925 399, 410–411 and personal identity, 297, 298 and power, 380 and problem of knowledge, 391–392 Reid on, 379–380, 586–588, 713 reaction to, 34, 56, 57, 169–170, 301, 451, and social science, 1074, 1134 463, 485, 504–506 Spinoza on, 250, 370 and scepticism, 439 Tetens on, 594 Wolff and, 397 and time, 368, 383–384 The Case of Reason, or Natural Religion, Fairly Wolff on, 369–370, 371–372 and Fully Stated (W. Law), 656 censorship, 83 Catechism Founded upon Experience and Reason Cercle Social, 128 (Dudgeon), 719–720 certainty, 142, 391–392, 436, 501, 505 categories Condorcet on, 435–437 Kant on, 277–278, 339, 359, 360, 363, 364, Hume on, 400 380, 382–384, 413, 443, 660 Kant on, 65, 152 , 414, 442 table of, 360, 382, 383 Locke on, 687 Catholic Church, the, 82, 86, 123, 428, 645, chain of being, 170–172, 173, 180, 337, 753, 683, 684, 694, 695, 789, 793 760, 761, 911 Catholicism, 28, 34, 38, 643, 648, 684–685, character, 722. See also human nature; race 689, 698, 705, 710, 711, 733–734, 793, Hume on, 186, 195–197, 577, 1119–1121 800 Kames on, 542 and toleration, 782, 789 Kant on, 197 causality/cause(s), 56, 250, 254, Chapter 13, Montesquieu on, 1101, 1118–1119 430. See also occasionalism; harmony, national, 160, 183–202, 210, 211, 1101, pre-established 1117–1121, 1130–1131, 1134 and active power, 369, 377 and the passions, 542 Bacon on, 860 Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Berkeley on, 329, 373–375 Times (Shaftesbury), 54, 501, 521, causal judgment, 368–370 569–570, 758, 946–949, 951, 993–996 as cognitive principle, 369, 373 Charity School Movement, 629 Crusius on, 372–373, 592 Chartres, 461 and custom, 376, 402 child/children. See also education ﬁnal, 51, 757, 820, 878, 899 wild, 161, 181–182 general vs. special laws of, 368 childhood Hume on, 195, 250, 301–303, 331–332, Rousseau on, 60 353, 368, 369, 375–379, 384, 402, 430, Chinese, 186 576–578, 581–582, 586, 821, 839–840, Chrestomathia (Bentham), 487 1120–1121 Christian Institutes (Gastrell), 100 Kames on, 721 Christianisme devoil´ e´ (d’Holbach), 734 Kant on, 51, 274, 338–339, 369, 380, Christianity 382–385 and aesthetics, 525 law of, 65, 383–385 Christianity as Old as the Creation (Tindal), 53, Leibniz on, 370–371, 411 650–652, 670, 691 Locke on, 369, 713 Christianity not Founded on Argument Malebranche on, 250, 370, 559 [Dodwell], 656 Mendelssohn on, 410–411 Christianity not Mysterious (Toland), 53, 322, Montesquieu on, 1118–1119 650, 670, 689, 751 moral, 195, 196 Christliche Glaube (Schleiermacher), 733

Index rerum 1369

chronometer, 910 comprehension, See apprehension Church of England, 107, 129 conception, 236. See also idea(s) Church and University in the Scottish concepts, 150 Englightenment (Sher), 72 Hegel on, 745–746 Cicero illustratus (Toland, ed.), 800 Kant on, 278, 737 City of God (Augustin), 1117 vs. sensations, 239, 355–356 Civil Society and Government Vindicated transcendental, 242 (Burrow), 942 of the understanding, 240, 242, 345, 359 Civil War, English, 107, 122 Wolff on, 149, 239, 345, 561 clandestine literature/networks, 57, 72, Conduct of the Understanding (Locke), 102, 121–133 108, 609, 613, 614 class, 220 Confessions (Rousseau), 762 Berkeley and, 1008 Confucianism, 186 Paley and, 1009 Wolff on, 61 classification, 15 , 192, 857–859, 862–864, Conjectures on Original Composition (Young), 869, 904–905, 908–911, 918, 928. See 537–538 also Linne´ Conjugal Lewdness (Defoe), 218 d’Alembert on, 35–36 conscience, 112, 209, 691, 763, 1002 Buffon on, 919 Butler on, 572, 582 Clavis Universalis (Collier), 53 Crusius on, 592 climate, 60 and religion, 646, 658, 780, 782, 784 and character/race, 187, 188–191, 194, consciousness. See also apperception; personal 199–200, 201–202, 1117–1121, 1137 identity; perception; self-consciousness and genius, 537, 539 Berkeley on, 288–289 Montesquieu on, 194–195, 211 Condillac on, 236, 288 college(s). See also Universities faculties of, 50 American, 480 Fichte on, 311 , 312 colour, 534, 561 Hume on, 290–291 Comentario resolutorio de usuras (Azpilcueta), immediacy of, 289 1029–1030 infinite regress of, 289–290 Commentaire philosophique (Bayle), 732 Leibniz on, 238, 292–293, 300 Commentaries on the Laws of England Locke on, 287–288, 298, 898 (Blackstone), 1058 vs. reflection, 289, 290–291, 292 common sense philosophy, 8, 12, 29, 32–33, Reid on, 165, 291 55, 64, 251–252, 262–263, 271, 341, 363, Reinhold on, 31 0 –311 , 419 429, 440, 702, 724–725, 963, 964, 965 Schleiermacher on, 663 Hume and, 32, 508–509, 548 Stewart on, 291–292 Kames and, 548 Tetens on, 50 and language, 484 Wolff on, 293, 294 and personal identity, 303–305 consequentialism, 1007 Reid and, 32–33, 248, 334–336, 408–409, conservation, principle of, 876–879, 884, 439, 484, 528, 585–589 891–892 and religion, 585 Considerations´ du corps organiques (Lamarck), and scepticism, 439, 444 929 community, See sociability Considerations on the State of the World with compatibilism Regard to the Theory of Religion (E. Law), Hume and, 576–578 693 Complaint, or: Night Thoughts on Life, Death Considerations´ sur le gouvernement de Pologne and Immortality, (Young), 57 (Rousseau), 622

1370 Index rerum

Considerations´ sur les causes de la grandeur des Curious Thoughts on the History of Man Romains et de leur decadence´ (Adams), 210 (Montesquieu), 1070–1071, 1119 curriculum, Chapter 5, 840–841 Considerations´ sur les moeurs de ce sciecle` in America, 110–116, 480 (Duclos), 45 in England, 98–103 contract, theory of, 785, 987–1022, and history, 1113 1026–1051, 1056–1060. See also political in Ireland, 98–101, 103 philosophy and natural history, 905–906 Hume and, 452 and natural sciences, 854–856, 867, 868 and language, 452 and philosophy, 38, 97–116 Adam Smith and, 452 and rhetoric, 500–501 contradiction, principle of, 325, 326, 370, in Scotland, 103–107 395, 738, 887 and social sciences, 1100–1101 Crusius on, 372, 373 custom, 173, 176, 1095 Kant on, 360 and aesthetics, 529 Leibniz on, 667, 668–670, 751, 754 and causality, 376, 378 Wolff on, 371, 396, 819 Hume on, 376, 401–402, 577–578, 1048 Contrat social (Rousseau), 60, 147, 512, 513, Kant and, 413 621, 623, 771, 801–802, 1016–1017, and language, 453, 466 1036, 1048–1051 Locke on, 612 Conversations d’Emilie´ (d’Epinay), 206, 219 Cyclopaedia (Chambers), 864 Copernican Revolution, 441, 444 Corporation Act, 498, 783, 788 dance, 457, 461, 468, 469, 545. See also art(s) Correspondance litteraire´ (Grimm and Meister), Lucian on, 468 128 Darwinism, 725 Correspondence avec Arnauld (Leibniz), 238 David Hume uber¨ den Glauben ( Jacobi), 418 Correspondence (Reid), 11 De anima (Aristotle), 143, 908 cosmology, 885, 912–913, 915–916, De antiquissima Italorum sapientia (Vico), 258, 917–918 505–506, 1127, 1129–1130 Buffon on, 919–920, 922–924 De curvis elasticis (Euler), 899 Kant on, 362, 883–884, 926–928 De l’education´ des ﬁlles (Fenelon),´ 217, 218, Leibniz and Wolff on, 917–918 630 Wolff on, 371 De l’education´ publique (anon.), 617 Cours de philosophie positive (Comte), 1093 De l’egalit´ e´ des deux sexes (Poulain de la Cours d’etude´ pour l’instruction du prince de Barre), 203 Parme (Condillac), 462, 465–466, De l’esprit (Helvetius),´ 37, 132, 168, 615–616, 501–503 1010–1011 Course of Experimental Philosophy De l’esprit des lois (Montesquieu), 46, 60, (Desaguliers), 842 194–195, 211, 795–796, 1051–1054, Course of Lectures on Oratory (Priestley), 1070, 1078, 1095–1096, 1119 503–504 De generis humani varietate native Cratylus (Plato), 487 (Blumenbach), 192–193 Critical Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian De l’homme (Helvetius),´ 45, 58, 132, 615–616, (Blair), 469 617, 619 Critical Remarks on the Hebrew Scriptures De l’inﬂuence des passions sur le bonheur des (Geddes), 704–705 individus et des nations (Stael),¨ 1101 Critische Abhandlung von der Natur, den De l’interpretation de la nature (Diderot), 59 Absichten und dem Gebrauche der De iure belli ac pacis (Grotius), 988, 990 Gleichnisse (Breitinger), 532 De iure naturae et gentium (Pufendorf ), 786, Cry of Nature (Oswald), 177 988, 991–993, 1027–1030, 1032

Index rerum 1371

De judice et norma controversarium fidei Deist Controversy, the, 645 (Stegmann), 670 Delineation of the Nature and Obligation of De legibus naturae (Cumberland), 988, 994 Morality (Balfour), 943 De libero arbitrio (Augustine), 736 Delphic oracle, 466 De Motu (Berkeley), 288–289 democracy De mundi sensibilis (Kant), 152 –153 , 239, 380, Humboldt on, 1038 829–830 Rousseau on, 623 De la nature (Robinet), 759 demonstration De nostri temporis studiorum ratione (Vico), 504, Hume and, 330–331 828 Leibniz on, 324–325 De officiis (Cicero), 106 Locke on, 393–394, 713–714 De officio hominis et civis (Pufendorf ), 101, Wolff on, 675, 722, 733 211–212 Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God De optimismi macula diserte nuper Alexandro (Clarke), 714–716, 790, 949, 1004 Popio (Gottsched), 757 Denmark/Danes (incl. Great), 192, 199 De oratore (Cicero), 457, 471, 496 desire(s), 558 De l’origine de fables (Fontenelle), 671, 672 Butler on, 571–572 De origine mali (King), 102, 713, 753–754 Clarke on, 580–581 De plantis libri xvi (Cesalpino), 908 Crusius on, 590–592 De la recherche de la verite´ (Malebranche), 272, Hume on, 574 287, 344, 370 Kant on, 558, 597–601 De la sagesse (Charron), 46 Leibniz on, 580 De universi iuris (Vico), 1127 Locke on, 565, 566–568, 580, 589, De veritate (Herbert of Cherbury), 645 610–611 De veritate religionis Christianae (Grotius), 711 vs. love, 565 de la verit´ e´ (Brissot), 434–435 ordering of, 558, 582–583, 589 Des Andreas Wissowatius Einwurfe¨ wider die Reid on, 585–586, 589 Dreieinigkeit, (Lessing), 676 and will, 566–568, 576, 601–602, Des epoques´ de la nature (Buffon), 922–924 1002–1003 Declaration of Independence, 840 Wolff on, 561, 562 Declaration of Rights and Form of Government of determinism, 132, 166, 195, 558, 560, 585, Virginia (Madison), 783–784 690, 754, 756, 820, 1003 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Crusius on, 593 (Gibbon), 1121 Hume and, 576–578, 581–582, 585 deduction Leibniz on, 326–327, 563 Locke on, 321 and religion, 578–582 transcendental, 339 Smith and, 578 Defence of his Discourses on the Miracles of our Deutsche Logik (Wolff). See Vernunfftige¨ Saviour (Woolston), 692 Gedancken von den Kraften¨ ... Defence of Mr. Locke’s Opinion concerning devil, 426 Personal Identity (E. Law), 299 dialectic, 497 In Defence of Rhetoric (Vickers), 497 Dialogues concerning Education (Fordyce), 113 Defense´ du systeme` Leibnitien (Vattel), 757 Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (Hume), deism, 18, 28, 49, 53, 55, 109, 122, 125, 126, 49, 55, 103, 143, 429, 432, 440, 442, 127, 186, 322, 641, 642, 644, 645, 646, 508, 511, 647, 655–656, 657, 660, 710, 647, 648–654, 656, 658, 659, 663, 666, 718, 721–723, 725, 749, 750, 765–766, 670–671, 673, 675, 677, 678, 684, 695, 827 698, 701, 704, 712, 719, 720, 762, 767 Dialogues des morts (Fontenelle), 35 and Lessing, 675–677 Dialogues sur l’eloquences´ en gen´ eral´ (Fenelon),´ use of term, 649 456–457

1372 Index rerum

Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (Gregory), dissent/dissenters, 107–110, 222, 643, 688, 864–865 701, 702, 780, 781, 782, 783, 784, 787, Dictionary of the English Language ( Johnson), 788–789 237, 646 dissenting academies, 80, 107–110 Dictionnaire historique et critique (Bayle), 49, Dissertatio philosophica (Crusius), 372 123, 131, 161–162, 327, 426, 427, 429, Dissertation concerning the Fundamental Principle 672, 732, 750, 766, 791–792, 794, 823, of Virtue or Morality (Gay), 943, 994 1109–1110 Dissertation on the Influence of Opinions on Dictionnaire philosophique (Voltaire), 35, 71, Language and of Language on Opinions 234–235, 657, 670, 671, 672–673, 761 (Michaelis),¨ 472–473, 475 Discours anatomiques (Lamy), 130 Dissertation (Stewart), 9, 12, 147, 483, 484 Discours sur le bonheur (La Mettrie), 169 Dissertation on Miracles (Campbell), 702 Discours sur les differentes´ figures des astres Dissertation on Miracles (Craig), 1137 (Maupertuis), 884 Dissertation physique a` l’occasion du negre` blanc Discours sur l’histoire universelle (Bossuet), 1117 (Maupertuis), 190 Discours sur la maniere` d’etudier´ et de traiter Dissertation physique (Camper), 191 l’histoire naturelle (Buffier), 337 Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy Discours de metaphysique´ (Leibniz), 300 (Mackintosh), 8, 440 Discours de la methode´ (Descartes), 34, 50, 153 , Dissertations on Subjects relating to the Genius 498 and the Evidences of Christianity (Gerard), Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de 702 l’inegalit´ e´ parmi les hommes (Rousseau), Dissertation sur la mort (Radicati), 123 60, 81, 146–147, 177–181, 619, 770, Dissertation on Virtue (Butler), 270, 1014 771, 931, 1048, 1076–1077, 1122–1123 distance Discours preliminaire´ (d’Alembert), 35–36, 249, visible vs. tangible, 254 259, 336, 399, 499, 507, 557, 822 Diversions of Purley (Tooke), 485, 487, 488 Discours sur les sciences et les arts (Rousseau), Divine Legation of Moses (Warburton), 36–37, 60, 81, 511, 619, 771, 466–467 1047–1048 divorce, 211, 212, 216 Discours preliminaire´ (La Mettrie), 792 18 floreal´ An II (Robespierre), 803 Discours sur l’universalite´ de la langue française Doctrinae orthodoxae de origine mali (Budde), (Rivarol), 465 756 Discourse concerning the Being and Attributes of Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated God (Clarke), 1004 (Priestley), 568 Discourse of Free-Thinking (Collins), 30, 123, Dr. Clarke’s Notion of Space Examin’d (Anon.), 690, 780 716 Discourse of the Grounds and Reasons of the dreams, 259 Christian Religion, (Collins), 690 dualism, 13, 58, 253, 313 , 354 Discourse on Miracles (Locke), 687 Cartesian, 52, 86, 343, 350, 351, 468 Discourse on the Miracles of our Saviour Hume and, 351 (Woolston), 691–692 Dublin Philosophical Society, 101 Discourse concerning the Unchangeable Du contrat social (Rousseau), See Contrat social Obligations of Natural, Religion (Clarke), Du peu de certitude qu’il y a dans l’histoire 54, 949–951 (La Mothe le Vayer), 1109 discursivity, 451, 458, 468, 476 duration. See time Discursus praeliminaris de philosophia in genere (Wolff), 395–396, 741, 834–835, 864 Eclaircissement´ sur les Pyrrhoniens (Bayle), 751 Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit eclecticism, 12, 18–19, 41, 147–148 (Priestley), 133, 306–307 Ecoles´ centrales, 497

Index rerum 1373

economics, 838, 1006, 1072–1073, and the state, 72–73, 76–77, 83, 84–85, 1096–1099, 1102. See also political 88–90, 92–93, 617–619, 629 economy subjects of, 613–614, 616, 617, 840–841 Smith on, 1098 in the United States, 618 Hume on, 1094–1095 Wollstonecraft on, 222–223, 631 stages theory of, 1097–1098 egoism, 54, 558, 569–573, 941–942, 956, 959, Edict of Nantes, 782, 786 964, 973–974, 980, 990 Edict of Toleration ( Joseph II), 785 Gay on, 240 Edinburgh Philosophical Society, 906 Helvetius´ on, 573 Edinburgh Review, 479, 974 Leibniz and, 562 education, 45–46, 195, Chapter 20. See also Mandeville on, 570–571 curriculum Eigene Lebensbeschreibung (Wolff), 675 child, 217–218, 219–221, 610, 611–613, Eighteenth Century Short Title Catalogue, 904 616–617, 618, 619–628, 632 Einige Gesprache¨ (Herder), See Gott: Einige and citizens, 77, 114, 220, 617–619, 622, Gesprache¨ 631 Einleitung zur Sittenlehre (Thomasius), 398 and civil servants, 38–39, 70–71, 77, 80, Einleitung zur Vernunftlehre (Thomasius), 398, 82–83, 88, 89, 617 674 Condillac on, 614 Einzig mogliche¨ Beweisgrund zu einer Condorcet on, 617 Demonstration des Daseins Gottes (Kant), Diderot on, 624 733, 736–737, 743 and equality, 614, 629–630 electricity, theories of, 897 female, 217–224, 609, 630–631 Elemens´ de botanique (Tournefort), 908 Fenelon´ on, 218 Elements´ de philosophie (d’Alembert), 873–874, Fichte on, 628 898 in France, 85–87 El´ ements´ de la philosophie de Newton (Voltaire), of gentleman, 97, 613–614 35, 57, 181–182, 255, 762 in Germany, 38–39, 88–93 El´ emens´ de physique theorique´ et experimentale´ Hartley on, 616 (Sigaud de La Fond), 861–862 Helvetius´ on, 58, 615–616, 617, 618–619 Elementa Philosophica ( Johnson), 114, 241 Kant on, 91–92, 151 , 624–626 Elementa physicae (Musschenbroek), 856, 858 Lessing on, 1123–1124 Elements of Criticism (Kames), 57, 115, 503, and liberty, 611, 621–622, 623, 625, 626 530–532, 542, 548–549 Locke on, 77, 217–218, 609–614, 620, Elements (Euclid), 818, 823 623, 624, 625, 627, 629, 632 Elements of Logick (Duncan), 99, 265 C. Macaulay on, 221–222, 616, 617, 619, Elements of Moral Philosophy (Fordyce), 102, 631 106, 145 and morality, 615, 617, 618, 621, 624–626, Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind 628 (D. Stewart), 237, 483–484, 1030 and motivation, 612, 615 eloquence, See language national, 609, 617–619, 622, 628–629 Emile´ (Rousseau), 60, 203, 210, 218, Pestalozzi on, 626–628 219–221, 295, 337, 437, 512, 547, for the poor, 627–628, 629–630 619–623, 625, 630–631, 658, 672, 739, Priestley on, 616–617, 619 771, 1074 Rousseau on, 60, 195, 218, 219–221, 609, empiricism, 7–8, 10, 11, 18, 48, 65, 249–250, 614, 619–623, 625, 627, 628, 629, 359, 363, 368, 399, 441, 445, 823, 991. 630–631, 632 See also rationalism Smith on, 618 and aesthetics, 520 and social order, 92, 114, 614, 629 and Condillac, 58, 433–434

1374 Index rerum

empiricism (cont.) Enquiry concerning Political Justice (Godwin), and Hume, 354, 585 216 Kant on, 64, 252 Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals and moral philosophy, 1014 (Hume), 55, 143, 437, 943 and political philosophy, 987, 1059–1061 Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent Reid on, 145, 585 Executions at Tyburn (Mandeville), 1070 Reinhold on, 419 Enquiry into the Duties of the Female Sex and Thomasius, 61 (Gisborne), 223–224 and Wolff, 395–397 Enquiry into the Duties of Men (Gisborne), 223 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 12, 45, 183, 184, 188, Enquiry into the Original of Moral Virtue 193, 703, 724, 856, 858, 860–861, 862, (Campbell), 943 865, 866 Enquiry into the Origin of Honour (Mandeville), Encyclopedie´ methodique.´ Grammaire et litterature´ 797 (Beauzee´ and Marmontel), 465, 470 Enstehung des Historismus (Meinecke), 5 Encyclopedie´ ou Dictionnaire raisonne´, (Diderot enthusiasm, 27, 30, 35, 322, 363, 645, 668, and d’Alembert), 33, 35, 36, 45, 59, 79, 803 82, 86, 125, 127, 128, 132, 160–161, and aesthetics, 525 167–168, 169, 170, 188, 190, 193, Locke on, 30, 649–650, 686 203–204, 337, 399, 434, 464–465, enthymeme, 501 469–470, 479, 482, 499, 500, 506, 507, Entresol, Club de, 124 557, 608, 641, 657, 759, 793, 818, Entretiens sur la pluralite´ des mondes 819–820, 821, 822, 842, 844, 857, 861, (Fontenelle), 34–35, 507, 508, 752 862, 865, 867–868, 875, 898, 904–905, Entwurf der nothwendigen Vernunft-Wahrheiten 920–921, 925, 1078 (Crusius), 347–348, 372–373, 589–593, encyclopedists, the, 336 756 England’s Treasure by Forraign Trade (Mun), epicureanism/epicureans, 131, 132, 166, 167, 1073 168, 205, 389, 398, 717, 823 English Cyclopaedia (ed. Knight), 869 Epicuro-Cartesianism, 168–169 Enlightenment epistemology, 52–53, 58, 234 British, 51, 52–57 Condillac on, 58, 249 conservative, 48 Kant, 51, 64–65 French, 4, 51–52, 57, 71–72, 88 and language, 451 German, 4–5, 52, 61–66 Locke on, 57–58 history of, 3–6 Thomasian, 399 national, 51–52 equality/inequality, 177, 183, 202, 210–217, project, 469 221, 1057, 1078, 1080, 1083, 1092, 1134 Radical, 48 Condorcet on, 60–61, 221 and revolution, 51–52 and education, 614, 629–630 Scottish, 55, 72 Hume on, 213–214 and universities, 61 Hutcheson on, 212–213 Enquiry concerning Human Understanding Kant on, 1125 (Hume), 31 –32, 53–54, 55, 109, 143, Pufendorf and, 1028 144, 241, 247, 249–250, 254, 255, 258, Rousseau on, 60, 1048 269, 290–291, 333, 350, 376, 377, 379, Vico on, 1129 380, 381, 400–401, 402–403, 404–405, Eris Scandica (Pufendorf ), 1030 418, 429, 433, 437, 438, 457, 479, Erster Entwurf eines System der Naturphilosophie 508–511, 512, 655, 656, 698, 710, (Schelling), 928 720–721, 723, 725, 765, 791, 827, 919, Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts (Lessing), 999, 1077, 1096, 1116, 1136 676, 677, 764–765, 1123–1124

Index rerum 1375

Esprit de Spinoza (anon.), 126, 130 392–394, 433, 453–454, 458, 469, 486, Esquisse d’un tableau historique des progres` de 499, 557, 564–569, 609–611, 626, 648, l’esprit humain, (Condorcet), 37, 61, 1126 649–650, 685–687, 689, 713–714, 839, Essai analytique (Bonnet), 306 858, 1009, 1019, 1115 Essai sur l’application de l’analyse a` la probabilite´ Essay concerning the Reason of Faith des decisions´ rendues a` la pluralite´ des voix (Halyburton), 687 (Condorcet), 837, 1099 Essay concerning the Use of Reason (Collins), 689 Essai sur le beau (Andre),´ 519 Essay on Consciousness (Anonymous), 287, Essai sur le caractere,` les moeurs et l’esprit des 289–290 femmes (Thomas), 202, 206 Essay on the First Principles of Government Essai sur les causes qui peuvent affecter les esprits (Priestley), 619, 784, 787 et les caracteres` (Montesquieu), 1101 Essay on the Future Life of Brute Creatures Essai de cosmologie (Maupertuis), 756–757, (Dean), 171 878–879 Essay on Genius (Gerard), 57, 538–539 Essai d’education´ nationale (La Chalotais), 617 Essay on the History of Civil Society (Ferguson), Essai sur l’etude´ de litterature´ (Gibbon), 51 178–179, 1131–1134 Essai sur les moeurs et l’esprit des nations Essay on Man (Pope), 33, 46, 171, 209, 326, (Voltaire), 190, 1070, 1121 756–757 Essai sur la nature du commerce (Cantillon), Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions 1070 and Affections (Hutcheson),54, 999, 1001 Essai sur l’origine des connaissances humaines Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth (Condillac), 58, 236, 244, 249, 256–257, (Beattie), 99, 196, 251, 303, 305, 440, 264, 269, 288, 336, 399, 451–452, 466, 1078–1079 472, 473, 475, 476, 482, 483, 502 Essay on the Nature and Obligations of Virtue Essai de philosophie morale (Maupertuis), (Rutherford), 943 756–757, 836 Essay on the Nature and Principles of Taste Essai philosophique sur les probabilites´ (Laplace), (Alison), 542–543 820 Essay on Original Genius (Duff ), 538 Essai de psychologie (Bonnet), 293–294 Essay on the Principle of Population (Malthus), Essai sur la societ´ e´ des gens lettres et des grants 837 (d’Alembert), 507–508 Essay on the Principles of Human Action Essai d’un systeme` nouveau concernant la nature (Hazlitt), 166 d’etresˆ spirituels (Cuenz), 124 Essay on Quantity (Reid), 837 Essais sur les el´ ements´ de philosophie Essay on the Roman Government (Moyle), 800 (d’Alembert), 36, 46 Essay on Taste (Gerard), 529–530, 549 Essais de theodic´ ee´ (Leibniz), 325, 326–327, Essay on Toleration (Furneaux), 783 563–564, 666, 735, 736, 749, 750–755, Essay towards the Improvement of Reason 820 (Oldﬁeld), 108 Essay on the Causes of the Variety of Complexion Essay towards a New Theory of Vision and Figure in, the Human Species (Berkeley), 240–241, 262 (Stanhope Smith), 201–202 Essay towards the Theory of the Ideal or Essay concerning the Effects of Air on Human Intelligible World (Norris), 289 Bodies (Arbuthnot), 189, 1118 Essays on the Active Powers of Man (Reid), 145, Essay concerning Human Understanding (Locke), 335, 409, 585–589 29–30, 46, 58, 99, 102, 105, 108, 111, Essays on the History of Mankind (Dunbar), 115, 140, 141–142, 146, 234, 235, 237, 160 239, 241, 242, 245, 249, 254, 257, 259, Essays (Hume), 195–197, 213–214, 381, 508, 260–261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 287–288, 547–548, 844, 1056–1057, 1059–1061, 297, 298, 321, 328, 344–345, 369, 1078–1079, 1094–1095, 1096

1376 Index rerum

Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (Reid), Examination of Dr. Burnet’s Theory of the Earth 32–33, 145, 235, 247, 248–249, 266, (Keill), 912 267, 271, 272–273, 291, 299, 303, 334, Examination of Dr. Reid’s Inquiry (Priestley), 405, 484–485, 1089 56, 250, 440 Essays and Observations on Natural History Examination of P. Malebranche’s Opinion (Hunter), 191 (Locke), 559 Essays on Philosophical Subjects (A. Smith), Experiments and Observations on Electricity 452, 479, 484 (Franklin), 897 Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural explanation, 713. See also method Religion (Kames), 304–305, 582, 721 causal, 713 essence, nominal historical, 1117–1121, 1134 Locke on, 345, 354 Hume on, 1120–1121 Estratto della letteratura europea (Felice), 126 teleological, 375 Etat´ de la France (Boulanvilliers), 1071 explorers/exploration, 182–183, 907–908, eternity 910–911, 922, 931, 1082, 1108 Condillac on, 356, 358 Exposition du systemeˆ du monde (Laplace), 879 ether, 875 extension Kant on, 888–889 mathematical conception of, 347–348 Ethica ordine geometrico demonstrata (Spinoza), and touch, 355 126, 130, 344, 370 external world, 58, 419, 420, 434 Ethices compendium (Whitby), 102 Hume on, 402–403, 431 ethics, See philosophy, moral Leibniz on, 240 etymology, 485, 488 Reid on, 357 Euclides vindicatus (Saccheri), 823–824 Wolff on, 346 eugenics, 190 Extract from a Representation of the Injustice and Europeans Dangerous Tendency of Tolerating Slavery and national character/race, 185–186, 194, (Sharp), 193 196 Extraits des sentiments de Jean Meslier (ed. evidence, 322, 323, 335, 336, 498, 693, 694, Voltaire), 766 700, 703, 719 Hume on, 696–698 Fable of the Bees (Mandeville), 54, 172–174, Locke on, 322, 1136 185, 208, 570–571, 797, 942, 951–954, evil, problem of, 49, 326–327, 715, 719, 724, 1007 Chapter 26 faculty, moral, 558, 582–583. See also moral Bayle on, 750–751 sense philosophy; philosophy, moral; Crusius on, 756 sense(s) Hume on, 722–723, 765–766 faith. See also religion Kant on, 155 , 750, 767–770 and natural history, 474 Leibniz on, 326–327, 750, 751–755 and reason, 750 Rousseau on, 750, 770–771 vs. reason, 322–323, 404–405 Voltaire on, 760–762 and scepticism, 442 evolution/evolutionism, 59–60, 883, 904 Fall, the, 48, 399, 695, 731, 735, 972, 1048 Buffon and, 922–924 and language, 451, 457, 458, 467, 478 Diderot and, 59 Falsche Spitzﬁndigkeit der vier syllogistischen social, 1029, 1056, 1059–1061, 1071–1072 Figuren (Kant), 838 Examen de la religion (anon.), 123, 125, 126, Family Instructor (Defoe), 218 132, 671 Father’s Legacy to his Daughters (Gregory), 218, Examen du pyrrhonisme ancien et moderne 223 (Crousaz), 427 Federalist Papers, 1055–1056

Index rerum 1377

feeling(s) free will, 51, 103, 167, 344, 369, 558, 648, aesthetic vs. moral, 534–535 649, 857, 1003. See also Liberty and aesthetics, 516, 518, 531–536 Butler on, 572 moral, 583–584, 585 Clarke on, 579–581 Felicite´ (Leibniz), 997–998 Crusius on, 372, 589–593, 756 Female Tatler, 216 empirical evidence of, 593–596 femininity, 528–529 Hume on, 51, 576–578 feminism, See education; equality; rights; Kant on, 65, 596–601, 602, 1125 marriage; women Leibniz on, 563–564, 566, 753–754 Fernere Darstellungen aus dem System der Locke on, 566–569 Philosophie (Schelling), 155 –156 Price on, 582–585 fideism, 398, 418, 428–429, 650, 655–657, Reid on, 585–589 668, 670–671, 733, 735, 750, 765, Tetens on, 593–596 766 Wolff on, 561, 563–564 Fifteen Sermons (Butler), 54, 244, 571–572, French Higher Education (Brockliss), 87 582, 1002, 1003 Freyheit und Eigenthum (Klein), 1036 finches, 199 Fundamenta juris naturae et gentium Flore françois (Lamarck), 928 (Thomasius), 1030 fluxion, 825–826 Fundamenta botanica (Linne),´ 910 forms, See species Foundation of Moral Goodness (Balguy), 943, Gedanken von der wahren Schatzung¨ der 959–960, 961, 1001, 1002, 1003, lebendigen Krafte¨ (Kant), 150 –151 1004 Geist des Christentums und sein Schicksal Foundation of Morality ( J. Clarke), 942 (Hegel), 679–680, 803–804 Foundation of Moral Virtue Consider’d (Mole), General Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (Scott), 943 860 Foundation of Moral Virtue Re-consider’d General Treatise of Morality (Fiddes), 942 (Mole), 943 general will, 60, 65, 623, 1016–1017, 1038, Four Dissertations (Price), 702 1042, 1043, 1049–1051, 1058 Fourth Defense (Clarke), 298 Genera plantarum (Linne),´ 910 Fragmente (Herder), See Uber¨ die neuere genius, 46, 459, 468, 469, 470, 484, 519, 525, Deutsche Litteratur 533, 536–541, 543 Fragmente uber¨ Volksreligion und Christentum and climate, 537, 539 (Hegel), 679, 803 Diderot on, 182, 470–471, 537 Fragment on Government ( J. Bentham), Helvetius´ on, 470, 615 1057–1058 Herder on, 540 Francis Bacon’s Philosophy of Science (Urbach), and imagination, 538 1089–1090 Kant on, 540–541, 546 Free Discussion of the Doctrines of Materialism and national character, 189–190 and Philosophical Necessity (Priestley), and progress, 537 287 Voltaire on, 537 freedom, See free will; liberty Gentleman Farmer (Kames), 860 Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil Geographische Geschichte des Menschen ( Jenyns), 171–172, 760 (Zimmermann), 198, 928 Freemasons/Freemasonry, 72, 85, 123, 124, geometry, 822–824, 840 128–129, 429, 789 and causality, 368 Free Thoughts on Religion, the Church, and and truth, 451 National Happiness (Mandeville), Geschichte der Bohmnischen¨ Deisten (Winkopp), 797 785

1378 Index rerum

Geschichte der Ethik in der neueren Philosophie good, the, 39, 989, 1007, 1015 ( Jodl), 8 Crusius on, 591 Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums Hume on, 574 (Winckelmann), 524, 539, 543 Leibniz on, 565, 567–568, 820 Geschichte der Philosophie (Tennemann), 8 Locke on, 564–565, 566–568, 589 Geschichte und Geist des Skepticismus Reid on, 589 (Staudlin),¨ 441, 443–444 Shaftesbury on, 570, 947 Girondists, 435 Tetens on, 595–596 Glauben und Wissen (Hegel), 420–421 Wolff on, 567–568 God good, general/public, 949, 953, 954, 957, attributes of, 103, 691, 692, 712, 713–715, 969–970, 1005, 1007, 1010, 1033 717, 718, 721, 723, 724, 738, 740, 750, Rousseau on, 1050 752, 757, 765–766, 767, 768–770, 991, good, highest, 340, 416, 661 1004 Kant on, 769–770 and beauty, 519, 528 Locke on, 143, 567 Berkeley on, 374–375, 1009–1010 Mendelssohn on, 763 as causa sui, 369 good, moral, 958–959, 970 as cause, 370, 371, 374–375, 380, 416, 467, Hutcheson on, 956 578–579, 586, 713, 740 Gott: Einige Gesprache¨ (Herder), 745 Clarke on, 1004 Gottingische¨ Anzeigen von Gelehrten Sachen, 89 cosmological argument, 712–717, 718, grammar, universal, 50, 487 719, 722, 723, 724, 741–742 Grand dictionnaire historique (Moreri), 1109 Crusius on, 589–593 grandeur, 517, 530–531 Descartes on, 343 gravitation, 875, 882, 883, 914 and design (teleological) argument, 657, Grecian Coffee House, the, 122 713, 715, 717–726, 738–739, 741, Grosses vollstandiges¨ Universal-Lexikon 765–766 (Zedler), 45, 860 existence of, 103, 124, 130, 325, 363, 375, Ground and Foundation of Morality Considered 393, 402, 416–417, 434, 647, 653, 691, (Chubb), 943 Chapter 24, Chapter 25, 750, 754, 758, Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre 765–766, 820, 857, 998 (Fichte), 155 , 312 , 313 Hegel on, 745–746 Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (Kant), Hume on, 696, 765–766 16, 153 , 599, 600, 601, 978–981, Hutcheson on, 1001 1018–1021 Kant on, 416–417, 660–662, 768–770 Grundsatze¨ des Natur- und Volckerrechts¨ and language, 478 (Wolff), 1030 Leibniz on, 737–738, 997, 998 Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (Hegel), ontological argument, 712–713, 715, 735, 75 741–742, 744–746 guillotine, 844 physico-theological argument, 742 Gypsies, 184, 186, 201 as substance, 343–344, 347, 349, 370, 371, 646 habit, See custom as teacher, 452, 473 Halley’s comet, 882 universal consent argument, 713, happiness, 37, 39, 49, 171, 175, 176, 691–692, 732–733 757, 760–761, 785, 998, 1010, 1011, Voltaire on, 761–762 1012, 1027, 1030, 1103 Wolff on, 40–41, 372, 561, 741 Butler on, 572 Golden Age, the Crusius on, 591 and language, 451 Helvetius´ on, 573

Index rerum 1379

happiness (cont.) and morality, 1108 Kant on, 416, 598, 770, 978, 1035–1036 and mythology, 1128–1130, 1134 Locke on, 567–568 national, 1122, 1130–1131 and pleasure, 49 philosophical, 1117–1121 Price on, 583 philosophies of, 1121–1134 Priestley on, 723 philosophy of, 1107, 1108 Shaftesbury on, 569 providential, 1107, 1116, 1117, 1121, 1125 Hapsburgs, 38, 82 Rousseau on, 1122–1123 harmony, 764 sacred, 1111–1112, 1115, 1116, 1122, 1125 Wolff on, 561–564 and scepticism, 1108–1117, 1135 harmony, pre-established, 253, 254, 327, 345, and social sciences, 1070–1071, 1102, 1130 370, 371, 373, 395, 398, 399, 411, 560, stages theory of, 179, 200, 215, 884 1097–1098, 1131 hearing. See sense(s) D. Stewart on, 1131 heat, theories of, 895 universal, 1108, 1111, 1116, 1122–1134 hedonism, 49, 54, 59, 722, 999, 1062–1063 Vico on, 147, 1091, 1127–1130 hedonistic calculus, 836 Voltaire on, 1110–1111, 1121 hermeneutics, 523, 546, 552 history of man Histoire abregee´ de la philosophie (Formey), 438 Buffon on, 920 Histoire de l’Academie´ Royale des Sciences, Rousseau on, 931 835–836 history, natural, 859–864, 865, Chapter 31 Histoire de l’astronomie (Bailly), 881 in America, 906 Histoire de la guerre de 1741 (Voltaire), Buffon on, 924 1110–1111 and development theories, 863, 911, 915, Histoire naturelle (Buffon), 183–184, 188–189, 917–918, 922–926, 929 212, 835, 836, 862, 913, 914, 918–924, and history of nature, 911 926 Kant on, 863, 926–928 Histoire naturelle de l’ameˆ (La Mettrie), 130 and method, 859 Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres` and religion, 911–912 (Lamarck), 929 History of America (Robertson), 1098 Histoire des oracles (Fontenelle), 34–35, 671, History of Atheism in Britain (Berman), 791 672 History of Charles V (Robertson), 1121 Histoire universelle (Turgot), 1070 History of England (Hume), 55, 696, 1112, Historia animalium (Aristotle), 919 1121 Historia critica philosophiae (Brucker), 13, 70, History of Philosophy (Copleston), 8 448 History of Philosophy (Stanley), 427 historicism, German, 1130–1131 History of the Present State of Electricity history, Chapter 36 (Priestley), 874 as a discipline, 1102, 1113 History of the Royal Society (Sprat), 47, 498 Bayle on, 1109–1110 History of Scotland (Robertson), 1121 Burke on, 1075–1076 History of Sumatra (Marsden), 1082 conjectural, 53, 199, 1123, 1124–1125 Homelie´ sur l’atheisme´ (Voltaire), 762 conjectural, Scottish, 1131–1134 Homelies´ (Voltaire), 738 and experimentalism, 1117, 1121 L’homme machine (La Mettrie), 37, 58, 180, Herder on, 63–64, 179, 1091, 1130–1131 260, 762, 843 Hume on, 1112 L’homme de Rene´ Descartes (La Forge), 1086 Kant on, 1124–1125 Hottentots, 190 Locke on, 1136 Huguenots, 33, 84, 122–124, 126, 643, 782 and method, 141, 1117, 1137 humanism, Renaissance, 504

1380 Index rerum

human nature, 6, 21, 31 , 33, 49–51, 106, active and passive, 241 Chapter 8, 320, 821, 898, 932, 957, aesthetic, 540–541, 546 1055, 1063, 1103, 1107, 1114, 1118–1119, d’Alembert on, 249 1122. See also character; race; women Arnauld on, 243–244 Bayle on, 752 association of, 254–256, 262, 269–270, Condillac on, 165, 451 376, 487, 502, 504, 527, 529, 898 Condorcet on, 1126 Berkeley on, 240–241, 244–246, 247, 249, Diderot on, 182, 470, 624 254, 260, 261, 263, 276, 349–350, 374, Ferguson on, 1131–1134 455, 581 Helvetius´ on, 58 Brown on, 247 and history, 1122–1134 Butler on, 244 Hume on, 31 –32, 49–51, 55, 143, 160, causal relation of, 374 173–174, 176, 195–197, 204, 209, clear and distinct, 141–142, 149, 391–392, 213–214, 352, 403, 430, 432, 573–574, 562–563 898, 930, 962, 964, 966, 969, 1069, complex, 254, 255, 345, 393, 453 1077, 1078–1079, 1112, 1119–1121, Condillac on, 244, 249, 255, 261, 264, 1139–1140 502 Hutcheson on, 176, 212–213, 999 Descartes on, 243–244, 343 Kant on, 51, 65, 160, 175–176, 196–197, existence of, 247–249 200, 977, 1079–1081 Fichte on, 253 La Mettrie on, 168–169, 821 general/abstract, 146, 260–261 Leibniz on, 161, 162–163, 752 Hartley on, 241, 254–255 Locke on, 163–164, 173–174 d’Holbach on, 244–245 Mandeville on, 172–174 Hume on, 143, 241, 244–246, 247, and morality, 945, 948, 949 249–250, 254–255, 256, 258–259, 261, and perfection, 61, 762–765, 1027 269–270, 351, 353–354, 376–377, Pufendorf on, 211–212, 1028 401–403, 429–430, 828, 893, 962–963, Reid on, 164–165, 356, 357–358, 409 965 Rousseau on, 49–51, 61, 177–181, Hutcheson on, 250 182–183, 195, 204, 207, 210, 763, vs. images, 240, 241, 247, 248–249 770–771, 931, 974–975, 1076–1077, vs. impressions, 241 1122–1123 innate, 99, 108, 242–243, 249–250, 252, science of, Part II, 166, 167, 181, 214 257, 270–271, 320, 327, 343, 344, 452, Shaftesbury on, 54, 948, 949 458, 591, 611, 713 Smith on, 193, 483 intellectual, 239 and social sciences, 1069, 1071–1072, Johnson on, 241 1075–1084, 1096, 1103 vs. judgments, 263–264 Vico on, 64, 1127–1130 Kant on, 142, 241–242, 253, 260, 545–546, Wolff on, 1030 981 human species and language, 242, 249, 453, 455, 456, 470, Linne´ on, 911–912 488, 499, 502–506 origin of, 184–185, 188, 191, 197, 199, Leibniz on, 239–240, 245–246, 253, 257, 920, 1128–1130 345 Hunterian Museum, 907 Locke on, 141–142, 146, 234, 241, 242, Hydrodynamica (Bernoulli), 889–890 244, 249, 254, 256, 260–261, 263, 271, hyperbaton, 456 344–345, 392, 565–566, 610, 611, 614, 898, 998 iatromechanism, 162 Malebranche on, 244 Idea of Progress (Bury), 1070 measurement of, 836 idea(s), 234–261 Meier on, 241 abstract, See idea(s), general moral, 583–585

Index rerum 1381

idea(s) (cont.) Beattie on, 303, 305 nature of, 234–235, 237, 243–247 Berkeley on, 298–299 vs. notion(s), 241, 244, 581 Clarke on, 298 origin of, 181–182, 249–254, 288, 349, Condillac on, 299–300 374, 583, 610, 614, 616, 998 and consciousness, 297–299, 300–301, and perception, 56, 236, 247–249 305, 307 Price on, 583 Cooper on, 307 Reid on, 11, 235, 238, 245, 246, 247, Diderot on, 305–306 248–249, 250, 271, 273, 355–356, 405, and German idealism, 308 485, 828 Hissmann on, 307 Reinhold on, 252–253 Hume on, 301–305, 351–352 relations of, 269, 330, 351, 400–401 and the imagination, 301–302 vs. sensations, 244 and immaterialism, 296–297, 298–299, simple, and moral judgment, 54 300 simple vs. complex, 142, 258–259, 351, Kames on, 304–305 393 Law on, 299 Tetens on, 255–256, 412 Leibniz on, 300 theory of, 55, 58, 243–244, 248, 273 Locke on, 20, 297–300, 301, 306, 307, vs. thoughts, 245–246 308, 351 transcendental, 339–340 and materialism, 296–297, 305–307 unconscious, 345 and memory, 296–297, 298, 299–301, usage of term, 240–243 306 Voltaire on, 234–235 Priestley on, 306–307 Wolff on, 241, 562–563 Reid on, 291, 299, 303 idealism and the soul, 296, 297, 299–300 absolute, 312 , 313 , 419 Tetens on, 307 Condillac on, 354 Wolff on, 300–301 Descartes and, 65 Il Caffe,` 126 German, 5, 11, 12, 42, 91, 286, 795, 1127 Illuminati, 129 Kant on, 64, 350–351 imagination, 237, 257–260, 561 material, 350–351 and aesthetics, 516, 518, 519, 523, 525, metaphysical, 443 526–527, 529, 532, 536, 540–541 Reid on, 356 Coleridge on, 259 transcendental, 359–360, 362 Condillac on, 356, 358, 459–460, 464 Wolff and, 61 d’Alembert on, 259 ideal presence, 532 and error, 352, 356, 358, 403–404 Ideen fur¨ eine Philosophie der Natur (Schelling), and genius, 538 928 Hartley on, 259 Ideen zu einem Versuch die Grenzen der Hume on, 256, 258, 259, 301–302, 352, Wirksamheit des Staats zu bestimmen 403–404 (Humboldt), 1038–1039 Kant on, 259, 536, 540–541 Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Locke on, 257, 259, 322 Menschheit (Herder), 63, 179, 200–201, and madness, 259–260 479, 540, 925–926, 1081–1082, 1091, and personal identity, 301–302 1093–1094 Stewart on, 258–259 Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in Vico on, 504, 505 weltburgerlicher¨ Absicht (Kant), 1124–1125 imitation, Chapter 18 passim, 520–521, identity, law of, 324–325 522–523, 524, 525, 530, 533, 536, 541, identity, personal, 109, Chapter 10. See also 542–543, 544 self immaterialism, 53, 350 and accountability, 299 Berkeley on, 53, 719

1382 Index rerum

immortality, 131, 757, 763, 792, 998 Institutiones logicae (Burgersdijk), 102 Kant on, 415, 769 Institutiones medicae (Boerhaave), 162 Wolff on, 347 Institutiones oratoriae (Vico), 504 impartial spectator, 483, 1102 Institutions de physique (Chatelet),ˆ 877, 916, impressions 917 and aesthetics, 63 Introductio in analysin infinitorum (Euler), 833 cause of, 376–377 Introduction to Logick, Scholastick and Rational Hume on, 241, 254, 256, 353–354, (E. Bentham), 28, 267 376–377, 401–402, 836, 962–963, 965 Introduction to Moral Philosophy (E. Bentham), Locke on, 241 100 sense, 58 intuition(s) Wolff on, 62 vs. concept, 242, 253, 274 inclinations, 65 intellectual, 312 , 769 Kant on, 599 Kant on, 274, 278, 769, 829 Indians, American, 184, 185–186, 188–189, sensible, 339 193, 215, 643, 1079, 1080, 1127 intuitionism, 1014 individualism, 6, 19–20, 1028, 1029, 1038 and moral philosophy, 1005, 1012, 1014, induction, problem of, 270–271, 1090 1015 Hume and, 331–332, 378–379, 430 Invention of Autonomy (Schneewind), 8 Kant on, 383 inventions, 842 Reid on, 1090 Smith on, 843 infanticide, 209 inversion, See language, word order infinite, the/infinity, 830–831 Investigation of the Essence of the Deity (Anon.), Condillac on, 356, 358 794 infinitesimals, 826 invisible hand, the, 453, 818 inner sense, 238, 287. See also consciousness, Islam, 129 self-consciousness Condillac on, 288 Jacobinism, 177, 198, 1043, 1059 Kant on, 535 Jansenism, 34, 86, 87, 648, 698, 734, 735, Locke on, 287–288 789 Malebranche on, 287, 288 Jardin du Roi, Paris, 907, 908, 911, 913, 922, Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit (Shaftesbury), 928 946–949 Jasche¨ Logik (Kant), 10, 260, 268, 276, 838 Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Jerusalem (Mendelssohn), 764, 780, 785 Common Sense (Reid), 56, 112, 145, Jesuits, 34, 72–73, 87, 88, 91, 428, 497, 498, 262–263, 271, 291, 334, 335, 356, 358, 499, 500, 507, 573, 734, 735 405–409, 439, 484–485, 585 Journal litteraire´ , 123 Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty Judaism/Jews, 84–85, 129, 186–187, 671, and Virtue (Hutcheson), 54, 521, 679, 690, 704 527–528, 571, 691, 718, 942, 954–961, and toleration, 785, 789, 796–797 998–999, 1006 Voltaire on, 187 Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy judgment, 142, 209, 237, 279, 320–326 (Steuart), 1077 act of, 236, 264–265 insanity, See madness aesthetic, 535, 550, 552 Institutes of Natural Law (Rutherforth), 103 Aldrich on, 265 Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion analytic vs. synthetic, 278–279, 338 (Priestley), 723 Beattie on, 262 Institutio christianae religionis (Calvin), 648 Bentham (E.) on, 267 Institutiones iurisprudentiae divinae Berkeley on, 262, 276 (Thomasius), 674 Buffier on, 262

Index rerum 1383

judgment (cont.) Knights of Jubilation, 791 categorical vs. hypothetical, 275–276, 278 knowledge, 6, 106, Chapter 14. See also causal, 368–370, 374, 376, 377–379, epistemology 384–385 aesthetic, 521–524 causal vs. ideas of the imagination, 377 d’Alembert on, 249 Condillac on, 262, 264, 268–269 and belief, 29–30, 389–421, 795 Descartes on, 262, 264, 272 Condillac on, 262, 336, 354–356, 399–400, Duncan on, 265 433–434, 458–464, 898 forms of, 274 conditions of, 309, 359, 384, 413, 441, Hartley on, 267 451 Hume on, 262, 269–270, 276–277 deﬁnition of, 262, 401 Hutcheson on, 265, 266 Descartes on, 391, 452 Kant on, 263, 267, 273–274, 276–279 Hamann on, 417–418 Leibniz on, 266, 275 Hegel on, 420–421 Locke on, 142, 263, 265, 271, 320–326 historical, 1108–1117 Malebranche on, 272 Hume on, 31 –32, 400–405, 430–431, Meier on, 267 696–698, 919, 1113–1114 Mendelssohn on, 381 intuitive vs. demonstrative, 265, 393 modality of, 275 Kant on, 7, 9–10, 18, 42, 64–65, 142, vs. perception, 262 150 –155 , 358–362, 382–384, 413–417, a priori, 339, 360 441, 822, 873, 885–889, 1139 vs. proposition, 266–267 Leibniz on, 266, 370–371, 395–396, quality of, 275 668–670 Reid on, 262–263, 266, 267, 271–273, 409 and liberty, 48 vs. sensation, 268–274 limits of, 42, 249, 359, 362, 368, 374, synthetic, 339 392–394, 399, 401, 404, 433–434, synthetic a priori, 361, 363, 382, 829, 885, 435–437, 443, 586, 656, 668, 733, 767, 1091 768, 898 table of, 263, 274–278, 339, 360, 382 Locke on, 29–30, 140, 142, 262, 265, theory(-ies) of, 264–268 320–322, 344–345, 368, 392–394, 402, Wolff on, 266, 275–276, 561 687, 696, 858, 1115 Jugements d’un anonyme (Leibniz), 997 moral, 950–951 Julie, ou La nouvelle Helo´ ¨ıse (Rousseau), 219, practical, 842–844 512 probable, 323 jurisprudence, 115, 1061, 1130 Reid on, 7, 9–10, 11, 164–165, 356–358, Bentham on, 56 405–409, 1088 in the curriculum, 89–90 Reinhold on, 31 0 Jus naturae (Wolff), 1031 sources of, 58, 139, 354–356, 391, 433–434, justice, 990 463–464 divine, 163, 170, 751, 752, 755–756, 997 Tetens on, 411–412 Hume on, 943, 964, 967–971, 999–1000, theory of, 6, 30 1015 Thomasius on, 397–399 Kant on, 1040–1047 transmission of, 48 Leibniz on, 997–998 Wolff on, 40–41, 148–149, 395–397, 413, Rousseau on, 1051 467, 828 Kosmologische Briefe uber¨ die Einrichtung des Kamchatkan sea-cat, 182 Weltbaues (Lambert), 884–885 Kantianism, 65–66, 418 Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (Kant), 65, 154 , Kindergarten, 628 340, 416–417, 600, 661, 677, 769, 978, kingdom of ends, 340 980, 1021–1022

1384 Index rerum

Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Kant), 10, 42, 62, Hartley on, 242 64, 91–92, 153 –155 , 239, 242, 252, 267, Herder on, 474–479 273, 274, 277–279, 308–310 , 339–340, historical particularity of, 454 350–351, 358–362, 363, 369, 382–385, Hume on, 453, 963 413–415, 417, 418, 420, 441, 443, 535, and individuality, 470–472, 488 546, 550, 593, 596, 599, 600, 601, and knowledge, 453, 458–464, 467 659–660, 661, 736–737, 742–743, 759, learning, 453, 481 829–831, 885, 899, 927, 981, 1091, 1124 and the liar example, 456 Kritik der theoretischen Philosophie (Schulze), Locke on, 20, 242, 400, 451, 453–454, 469, 420 473, 479, 486, 498–499 Kritik der Urtheilskraft (Kant), 65, 206, 384, and mind, 452 499, 534–536, 540–541, 546, 550–551, moral, 963 596, 597, 661, 764, 768, 1124 of music, 467 Kritische Betrachtungen (Bodmer), 532 and national character, 468, 472–473 Kritische Walder¨ (Herder), 545 natural, 407, 451, 465, 484–485 nature of, 50, 451, 465, 470, 472, 475 labour, division of, 153 , 483, 843 and oratory, 456–457, 480, 496, 499, 500, Ladies Calling (Allestree), 218 501, 505, 511 Langue des calculs (Condillac), 462, 469 origin of, 50, 56, 451–454, 458–467, language, Chapter 16 472–474, 475–479, 480, 485 and accent, 471–472 and passion, 451, 454, 458 and accessory ideas, 455 philosophy of, 20 of action, 455, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462, and progress, 480, 481–482, 1129 464, 465, 466–467, 468, 469–470, 475, and rationalism, 464, 475 476, 479, 485, 488 and reason, 474 Adamic, 451, 454, 464, 466–467, 477–479 Reid on, 357, 406–408, 484–485 and analogy, 462 Rousseau on, 181–183, 458, 474, 480 and animals, 50, 164, 169, 177, 180, Smith on, 452, 479–483, 484, 501, 975 182–183, 455, 458, 475–476, 478 and sociability, 452, 456, 457, 458, 477, artiﬁcial, 50, 164–220, 473 479, 482, 485, 488 and art(s), See art(s) D. Stewart on, 483–484, 487–488 as an organism, 462 Tooke on, 485–488 Augustinian view of, 452 and truth, 456 Berkeley on, 242, 374, 455–456, 719, 724 universal, 457, 469, 1126 Condillac on, 20, 164, 181, 261, 400, use, 455, 456 451–452, 453–454, 458–470, 476, 832, wild children and, 181–182, 461–462, 467, 898 476, 478 as convention, 453 Wolff on, 467 Descartes on, 50 and word order, 460, 466, 468, 470, descriptive, 451 474–475, 482, 488 Diderot on, 469–472 Lantern, the, 123 eloquence, 451, 452, 454, 457, 468, 470, Laokoon¨ (Lessing), 543–544 498, 499, 500, 507, 508, 513, 783 Laplanders, 184, 199 emotive theory of meaning, 455 latitudinarianism, 28, 101, 643–644, 645 and ‘energy’, 465, 470, 474 law(s) and epistemology, 451 of association, 574 and gesture(s), 454–458, 460, 461, 467, of causality, 368, 369, 376, 379, 383, 470, 474, 484 384–385 God’s, 478, 653 of conservation, 874

Index rerum 1385

law(s) (cont.) Leibnizianism, 52, 198, 329, 363, 399, 558, customary, 1130 920 divine, 163, 592, 678, 691–692, 1122 Leibnizo-Wolfﬁan school, 52, 62, 63, 64, general, 1114 384, 395–396, 397, 560–564, 763, Godwin on, 216 914–915, 918, 975 of gravitation, 873, 882, 883, 914 and Crusius, 590–593 Herder on, 1093–1094 and Kant, 596–597, 599 Hume on, 1045–1047 and moral philosophy, 1000 Kant on, 1039–1047 reaction to, 293–294, 347 Locke on, 611 and Tetens, 593 Montesquieu on, 195 Leopoldina, 85 moral, 348–349, 350, 416, 550, 590, 592, Letter concerning Toleration (Locke), 644 625, 677, 678, 679–680, 744, 768, 769, Letter to the Rt. Hn. Sir James Eyre (Bramah), 779, 793, 803–804, 979, 980–981, 987, 843 991, 1017, 1019–1022, 1040 Letter from a Gentleman to his Friend in of motion, 873, 877, 881, 920 Edinburgh (Hume), 970, 1113–1114 natural, 86, 89–90, 102, 175, 176, 674, 757, Letter to Mersenne (Descartes), 237 770, 781, 785–786, 793, 796, 799, Letter on Toleration (Locke), 783 988–992, 993–994, 997, 999, 1000, Letters (Burnet and Hutcheson), 943 1003, 1014, 1026–1031, 1051, Letters on Education (C. Macaulay), 161, 218, 1057–1058, 1078, 1117, 1121–1123, 1127 221–222, 616, 617, 619, 631 of nature, 46, 65, 145, 152 , 219, 359, 435, Letters of David Hume, 434 672, 692, 696, 697, 699, 700, 760, 868, Letters on the Improvement of the Mind 880, 881, 898, 912, 991, 1093–1094, (Chapone), 218, 223 1099 Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever (Priestley), of nature, Berkeley on, 374–375 166, 723 of nature, Kant on, 382–384, 550 Letters to Serena (Toland), 130, 132 of nature, Reid on, 380 Letters on the Study and Use of History Newtonian, 873, 883, 890 (Bolingbroke), 1102, 1111–1112 Rousseau on, 60, 1016–1017 Lettre a` M. d’Alembert (Rousseau), 512, social, 1093–1099, 1101–1102 622–623 Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (Hooker), 646 Lettre sur les aveugles (Diderot), 182, 471 Leben Jesu (Hegel), 679 Lettre a` Christophe de Beaumont (Rousseau), Lec¸ons de physique experimentale´ (Nollet), 512 864 Lettre sur les sourds et muets (Diderot), 470, Lectures (Doddridge), 109, 115 474 Lectures on Ethics (Kant), 176 Lettre a` M. Voltaire (Rousseau), 512, 770 Lectures on the Fine Arts (Reid), 528–529 Lettres sur les Anglaises (Voltaire), 165–166, Lectures on Jurisprudence (Smith), 212, 1098, 170, 671 1131 Lettres inedites´ a` Gabriel Cramer (Condillac), Lectures on Jurisprudence (Austin), 1057 462–463 Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind Lettres ecrites´ de la montagne (Rousseau), 512, (Brown), 246–247 513 Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Letters (Blair), Lettres juives (d’Argens), 126 480 Lettres persanes (Montesquieu), 185, 211, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres (Smith), 671–672, 796 144, 480–484, 501 Lettres philosophiques (Bourguet), 918 Lehrsatze¨ von der Atheisterey (Budde), 790, Lettres philosophiques (Voltaire), 35, 46, 57, 131, 792–793 141, 249

1386 Index rerum

Lettres a` une princesse d’Allemagne (Euler), 348 Lithuania, 461 Lettres de quelques Juifs portugais et allemands Livre de trois imposteurs (anon.), 671 a` M. de Voltaire (Guenee),´ 187 logic, 140, 234–235, 324, 500, 832, 838–842. Leviathan and the Air Pump (Shapin and See also Port-Royal Schaffer), 1038 d’Alembert on, 557 Leviathan (Hobbes), 645, 993–994, Aristotelian, 113, 838 1032–1034, 1042 in the curriculum, 99, 101, 106–107, 115 Lexicon technicum (Harris), 854 Euler on, 841 Leyden jar, 897 Kant on, 838 Liaisons dangereuses (Laclos), 206 Leibniz on, 841 liberalism, 55, 194, 1032 Locke on, 30, 99, 839 Smith and, 1062 and mathematics, 841 and democracy, 1038 and psychologism, 838–839 German, 1036–1039 Reid on, 839 libertarianism, 558, 589, 602. See also free will and scepticism, 430–431, 443 libertinism, 792 symbolic, 841–842 liberty, 1030. See also free will textbooks, 236, 396, 397 and causality, 369 Thomasius on, 61 civil vs. political, 784 Wolff on, 61, 153 , 838 Clarke on, 578–581 Logicae compendium (Hutcheson), 236, 265, and contractarianism, 1036–1039 266 Crusius on, 589–593 Logick (Kirwan), 703 Diderot on, 1031 Logick (Watts), 99, 688 divine, 578–579 Logik Blomberg (Kant), 268 and education, 611, 621–622, 623, 625, Logique (Condillac), 244, 255, 261, 262, 269, 626 462 Hume on, 51, 576–578, 844, 1060 Logique: ou L’art de penser (Arnauld and individual, 48, 60 Nicole), 140, 275, 455–456, 498, 685, Kant on, 51, 31 0 , 340, 415, 558, 596–601, 827, 839, 1113, 1114, 1116 602, 625, 626, 780, 1017–1022, London Journal, 958, 960 1040–1047 Loose Hints upon Education (Kames), 223 Leibniz on, 327, 753–754 love Locke on, 566–569, 611 vs. desire, 565 Montesquieu on, 60 Hume on, 574–575 Price on, 584–585 lumen naturale, 320 Reid on, 585–589 Lunar Society, 113 religious, 804 Lutheranism, 38, 398, 643, 646, 793 Rousseau on, 51, 60, 621–622, 623, 802, luxury, 187, 208 974, 1016–1017, 1048–1051 Schiller on, 551–552 machines/mechanism, 162, 166 and technology, 844 La Mettrie and, 168–169 Toland on, 800–801 madness, 259–260 Wolff on, 560, 564 Hartley on, 260 Lienhard und Gertrud (Pestalozzi), 626 Hume on, 259 Life of Johnson (Boswell), 513 Kant on, 260 The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of La Mettrie on, 260 Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 621 Locke on, 259 Linnean´ Society, London, 906 magnitude Literary Journal, 487 apparent vs. real, 247, 254

Index rerum 1387

Manichaeism, 428, 732, 750, 758, 759, 761 Kant on, 885–889 Manuscript Introduction (Berkeley), 261, 276 Locke on, 165–166 marriage, 210–217 organic vs. physical, 59 Smith on, 214–215 sentient, 165 Astell on, 216–217 thinking, 165–166, 344 Bentham on, 212 Wolff on, 347 Hume on, 213–214 matters of fact, 269, 400–401, 402, 430 Hutcheson on, 212–213 measurement, See quantity Kant on, 213 Mecanique´ analytique (Lagrange), 822, 831, Locke on, 211–212 879 Pufendorf on, 211–212 mechanics, 821–822, 879, 889. See also Maryland, 643 machine masculinity, 528–529 medicine, 647 materialism, 11, 37, 48, 56, 58, 74, 122, 124, Meditationes de cognitione, veritate et ideis 130, 131, 162, 165–221, 237, 245, 255, (Leibniz), 245, 246, 669 658, 690, 739, 760, 762, 792, 794, Meditationes de prima philosophia (Descartes), 800–801, 973 343, 369, 735–736 British, 166–167 melancholy, Hume and, 431–432 Clarke on, 578–581 Memoire´ des pensees´ et des sentiments (Meslier), and consciousness, 294 57, 125, 766 Diderot and, 167–168 Memoires´ de l’Academie´ royale (Berlin), 438 French, 57–58, 59, 167, 578 Memoires´ de l’Academie´ royale des sciences, 914 d’Holbach and, 59 Memoires´ de Trevoux´ , 507, 755–756 Hume on, 354 Memoire´ sur la chaleur (Laplace and Lavoisier), La Mettrie and, 58–59, 168–169 895 Locke on, 58 Memoire´ sur l’apperception de sa propre existence mathematics, 75, 330, 336, 338, 817, 866–869, (Merian), 294 874 Memoirs of my Life (Gibbon), 820 d’Alembert on, 821–822, 867–868, 875 Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious algebra, 831–834, 840, 841 Assessments (Madison), 783–784, 789 Berkeley on, 824–826 memory, 237, 243, 256–258 and causality, 368 Condillac on, 256–257, 355–356, 459–460, Condillac on, 832 476 Condorcet on, 435–437, 837 and consciousness, 293, 294, 296–297 Diderot on, 822, 874–875 Hartley on, 256 Euler on, 832–833, 834, 835 Hume on, 256 Hume on, 143–144, 826–828 and imagination, 257–258, 459–460 Kant on, 151 , 152 , 824, 828–831, 835–836, Leibniz on, 257 873, 885 Locke on, 257, 288 Lagrange on, 833–834 and personal identity, 296–297, 298 Lambert on, 835 Vico on, 258 and religion, 820, 824 Wolff on, 293, 561 and scepticism, 430–431, 434, 435–437, 443 metaphor, 503, 504, 509, 532 and social science, 456, 836 Metaphysica (Baumgarten), 346, 660, 755 topology, 835–836 metaphysics, 26, 29, 31 , 33, 36, 343, 759–760, Wolff on, 817, 819, 828, 832, 834–835 859, 860, 875, 918, 1127 matter, 434, 875–878, 889–893 Cartesian, 343 Berkeley on, 349, 893 in the curriculum, 74, 78, 89, 101, 102, Descartes on, 559, 912 105, 106–107, 112

1388 Index rerum

metaphysics (cont.) transcendental, 152 Hume and, 32, 351, 377 Vico on, 147, 504–506 Kant and, 152 , 358–360, 361, 362, 413, 441, Wolff on, 40, 140, 148–149, 153 , 819, 828, 982 832, 834–835, 864 Leibniz on, 749, 997 Methodological Heritage of Newton (Butts and Leibnizian, 345 Davis, eds.), 1088–1089 and scepticism, 444 Methodo scientiﬁca pertractatum (Arndt), 141 Wolff on, 345, 369–370, 413, 674 Method to Science [Sergeant], 235 Metaphysik der Sitten (Kant), 213, 597, 598, metric system, 817 600, 1040, 1080–1081 Militaire philosophe (Anon.), 671 Metaphysische Anfangsgrunde¨ der mimes, 454 Naturwissenschaft (Kant), 384, 873, mind(s) 885–888 act(s) of, 264–265 method, Chapter 7 act of vs. object of, 246, 247, 248 Aristotelian, 144 d’Alembert on, 336 axiomatic-deductive, 62 divine, 349 Bacon and, 48, 1085, 1089–1090 faculties of, 58, 63, 236, 238, 274, 321, Burke on, 145 557 Cartesian, 1085–1087 Hume on, 143, 301–302, 722 Condillac on, 832, 858 and language, 485–486, 487 Descartes and, 141, 391, 498, 504–506, 739 Locke on, 297, 321, 557 Diderot on, 337 and materialism, 305–307 eclecticism, 147–148 mechanist view of, 305 Euler on, 834 Mill ( James) on, 487 experimental, 78, 335–336, 1087, 1117, nature of, 296–302, 313 , 356, 358 1121 objects of, 251 Fichte on, 155 others’, 306, 357, 719, 724 genetic/historical, 141, 146, 1127 Price on, 582–583 geometrical/mathematical, 40, 41, 108, Reid on, 11–12, 145, 164–165, 356, 357, 139–140, 141, 504–506, 818–819, 874, 358, 485 1137 Rousseau on, 146 Hume on, 142–144, 508–511, 899, 1048 Smith on, 452 hypothetical, 146–147 powers of, 236, 246, 270–271, 355–356, hypthetico-deductive, 144, 1088–1090 443, 452, 503, 593–596 inductive, 1090 miracles, 53, 473, 653, 657, 683, 684, 689, Kant on, 150 –155 , 899 692–695, 705, 1114 Lambert on, 149–150 Berkeley on, 374 Locke on, 140, 141–142, 145, 146 Hume on, 53, 379, 404–405, 695–698, and natural philosophy, 898–899 1116 of nature, 145, 146 Locke on, 686–687 Newton on, 140, 1087–1088 Voltaire on, 672–673 Newtonian, 144, 145 Miracles no Violations of the Laws of Nature Reid and, 145–146, 335–336, 356, 1088 (Blount), 684–685 Rousseau and, 146–147, 739 Miscellanea Berolinensia, 84 Schelling on, 155 –156 Miscellaneous Observations relating to Education scientiﬁc, 498 (Priestley), 616–617 Smith on, 144–145 Mississippi Company, the, 427 the social sciences and, 1075, 1083, Modest Defence of Publick Stews [Mandeville], 1084–1093, 1137 208

Index rerum 1389

Moeurs des sauvages ameriquains´ (Lafitau), Museum´ national d’histoire naturelle, Paris, 185–186 908, 922, 928, 929 Monadologie (Leibniz), 238, 243, 370–371, music, 530, 545 666, 736, 738, 764 ‘My Own Life’ (Hume), 52 monad(s), 238–239, 326, 345, 354, 371, 560, mythology, Vico on, 1128–1130 877, 916 Monita quaedam ad Samuelis Pufendorfii name(s), naming, 261, 451 Principia (Leibniz), 1027 Berkeley on, 276 Montagsclub, 84, 129 Herder on, 477–479 Morale universelle (d’Holbach), 1010 Locke on, 454 morality, 558, Chapter 32. See also philosophy, Nantes, Edict of, 33, 643 moral Naples, 500, 504 and animals, 162–166 Napoleonic Wars, 73 as public discourse, 1012–1014 Narcisse (Rousseau), 771 and education, 615, 617, 618, 621, Nathan der Weise (Lessing), 780 624–626, 628 Natural History of Oxfordshire (Plot), 903 foundations of, Chapter 32 Natural History of Religion (Hume), 438, 645, Hegel on, 803–804 647, 655, 798–799, 1131, 1139–1140 Helvetius´ on, 615 Natural History of Superstition (Trenchard), Leibniz on, 563–564 645 and reason, 942 natural law tradition, 175, 988–992, 993, Reid on, 588–589 1003, 1019, 1022, 1026–1044, and religion, 742–744, 758, 793, 797–798, 1121–1123, 1127 803–804, 946–951, 998 naturalism, 51, 975 Wolff on, 563–564 Hume and, 375 and women, 204–224 Reid and, 358 Morality, Founded in the Reason of Things Natural Rights ...The Writings of Gershom (Bott), 943 Carmichael, 867 moral judgement Natural Theology (Paley), 657, 725–726, 843 Butler on, 270 nature, Chapter 29 Hume on, 964 and aesthetics, 516, 517, 520 Kames on, 548–549 and artifice, See artifice Mendelssohn on, 975 Buffon on, 920–921 moral sense philosophy, 49, 54, 114, 166, 176, conception of, 916–917, 920–921, 926 250, 521, 569–573, 653, 948–949, d’Holbach on, 740 959–962, 995–996, 1001, 1003. See also Hume on, 375–376, 431–432, 439, sense(s), moral 573–574, 655, 656, 757, 898 German, 410, 975–976 Kant on, 863, 926–928 Hume and, 334, 999–1000 Leibnizo-Wolff school and, 918, 920 Hutcheson and, 572, 957–958, 998–999 Rousseau on, 437 Kant and, 978 and scepticism, 375–376, 431–432, 437, Reid on, 250, 409 439 Shaftesbury and, 31 , 569–570, 948–949 Shaftesbury on, 946–947 Morgenstunden (Mendelssohn), 363, 533, 795 state of, See state of nature motion, 876–879, 883, 889 study of, Chapter 29, 917 Crusius on, 348 and time, 915–916 Kant on, 150 –151 , 886–889 Wolff on, 467 motive(s)/motivation. See action, grounds for Nature of Virtue (Butler), 943 Muses, the, 258 Naturrecht (Hopfner),¨ 994–996, 1034

1390 Index rerum

Natur und Wesen des Staates als Nouvelles de la Republique´ des Lettres, 123 Grundwissenschaft der Staatskunst ( Justi), Nouvelles lettres de Mr. P. Bayle, 427 1029 Nouvelles libertes´ de penser [anon.], 35, 130 necessitarianism, 166 Nova dilucidatio (Kant), 769 necessity Nova theoria lucis et colorum (Euler), and causality, 331–332, 369, 379, 581–582 896–897 Clarke on, 579 Novissima Sinica (Leibniz), 186 Crusius on, 592 Novum organum (Bacon), 140, 904, 1085 Hume on, 581–582 Kames on, 582 obligation, 950, 987–1022 Kant on, 413, 737 Bentham on, 1011–1013 Leibniz on, 563–564 Berkeley on, 1009–1010 Mendelssohn on, 381 Hume on, 999–1000, 1057, 1061 moral, 994, 997, 1001, 1002, 1003 Hutcheson on, 176, 998–999 Tetens on, 411–412, 413 Kant on, 1015–1016, 1017–1022 negroes. See Africans Leibniz on, 996–998 neo-Kantianism, 9 Locke on, 991–992, 993, 1007 neology, 659, 667, 673, 675, 676, 763 and natural law, 988–993, 1031 Neptune, 472 Pufendorf on, 991–993 Neuer Lehrbegriff der Bewegung und Ruhe Wolff on, 1000, 1030–1031 (Kant), 151 Observations (Price), 784 Neues organon (Lambert), 149, 295–296, 841 Observations on Man (Hartley), 166, 236–237, Neveu de Rameau (Diderot), 537 242, 254, 255, 256, 259, 260, 267, 573, New Atlantis (Bacon), 47 616, 1089 New Royal Cyclopaedia (Howard), 868 occasionalism, 53, 253, 254, 255, 344, 345, New Royal Encyclopedia (Hall), 864 370, 411, 602, 906 Newtonianism, 49, 64, 91–92, 99, 110, 111, Berkeley on, 375 143, 160, 210, 255, 350, 384, 519–520, Malebranche and, 370, 559 578, 585, 649, 655, 656, 842, 856, 865, Occult Powers and Hypotheses (D. Clarke), 867, 868, 909, 913, 914, 916, 917, 920, 1085–1086 925, 1035, 1069, Part IV, passim Oceana (Harrington), 800 in the curriculum, 78, 89, 101, 115 Oeuvres diverses (Bayle), 429 Hume and, 574 ‘Of Miracles’ (Hume), 53, 404–405, 656, Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 142 695–698, 765, 1116 nominalism, 320 Olber’s paradox, 884 non-contradiction, principle of, 370 ontology norm/normativity, Chapter 33 Crusius on, 373 Notes on the State of Virginia ( Jefferson), 193 Wolff on, 371, 396 notion(s) Ophiomaches (Skelton), 699 Berkeley on, 241, 581 Opticks (Newton), 140, 825, 896, 1088 Locke on, 241 optics, 519–520, 878–879, 897–898 Meier on, 241 Newton on, 895–896 Wolff on, 241 Opus postumum (Kant), 888–889 noumenon, 278, 359 Oraculo` manual y arte de prudencia (Gracian), Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain 398 (Leibniz), 239–240, 243, 245–246, 252, Orakel, Die Bestimmung des Menschen betreffend 257, 263–264, 266, 268, 292, 300, (Mendelssohn), 763 323–324, 565, 566, 568 orangutans, 161, 179–181, 182–183, 192 Nouvelle bibliotheque` germanique, 124 Oratio de hominis dignitate (Pico della Nouvelle Helo´ ¨ıse (Rousseau), 219, 512 Mirandola), 1084

Index rerum 1391

Oratio de Sinarum philosophia practica (Wolff), parallelism, psycho-physical, 345 61, 186, 398 Parasceve ad historiam naturalem et Oratio de telluris habitabilis incremento (Linne),´ experimentalum (Bacon), 904 911, 926 Parite´ de la vie et de la mort (Gaultier), 131–132 oratory, See language passion(s), 560 order, natural, 31 , 178, 558, 717, 719, 739, and the arts, 541–547 740, 757, 880, 920, 929 associationist theory of, 572–573 Berkeley on, 719 Butler on, 571–572 Clarke on, 579 calm, 576 and God, 579, 655, 656 and character, 542 Hume on, 575–576, 655, 656, 720, 722, Condillac on, 458 725 dist. emotion, 531 Kant on, 884 and error, 454, 499 Reid on, 585 Hartley on, 573 order, providential, 717, 718, 880, 920. Hume on, 174, 176, 214, 574–576, 1095 See also providentialism Kames on, 542 order, social, 614, 762, 991, 999 Kant on, 598–599 Hume on, 576–578 Locke on, 564–565, 568–569 and morality, 912–913 Mandeville on, 952 and religion, 779, 780, 787, 804 and morality, 952 Organon (Aristotle), 86, 140 order(ing) of, 568–569, 573, 575–576, Origin of the Distinction of Ranks (Millar), 598 214–216, 1131 particular, 571–572 Origines sacrae (Stillingﬂeet), 684 and personal identity, 304–305 Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful Price on, 583–584, 585 (Burke), 57, 204–205, 410, 528, 532, Reid on, 164, 585–586 542 Rousseau on, 60, 599 Origin and Progress of Language (Monboddo), Shaftesbury on, 569–570 180–181, 182–183, 479 Smith on, 578 Ornaments of the Daughters of Zion (Mather), Wolff on, 163, 560–564 218 Passions de l’ameˆ (Descartes), 559 Oronooko plays, 193 Passive Obedience (Berkeley), 1009–1010 Ossian (McPherson), 480 paternalism, 1027, 1039 Outline of the Rational System of Society patriotism (Owen), 1069 and education, 618 Outlines of Moral Philosophy (Stewart), 170, and religion, 802–803 258–259 peace, Kant on, 1045–1047 Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Sextus), 426, 427 pedagogy, 48. See also education Oxford English Dictionary, 580 Pensees´ diverses sur la comete` (Bayle), 672, 732, 1139 painting, See aesthetics; art(s); poetry Pensees´ (Pascal), 47, 435 Panopticon ( J. Bentham), 632 Pensees´ philosophiques (Diderot), 672, 760 pantheism, 130, 344, 662, 689, 794, 795, Pensees´ sur l’interpretation´ de la nature 800–801 (Diderot), 337, 740 Pantheismusstreit, 418–419, 662, 795 perception, 235–243, 263–264, 270, 1114. See Pantheisticon (Toland), 130, 689, 791, also apprehension; understanding 800–801 Berkeley on, 254, 262, 264–265, 349 pantomime, 467, 468, 469, 474, 485 Condillac on, 243, 264, 269, 288 Parallele` des anciens et des modernes (Perrault), direct vs. indirect, 248 517 d’Holbach on, 244

1392 Index rerum

perception (cont.) and Hume, 434 Hume on, 247, 301–303, 353–354, and Rousseau, 60 402–403 and scepticism, 432–433, 434–437 and ideas, 56, 236, 247–249 Philosophia aulica (Thomasius), 39, 148 Kant on, 267 Philosophia botanica (Linne),´ 910 Leibniz on, 238–239, 243, 255–256, Philosophia eclectica (Sturm), 148 263–264, 345 Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica Locke on, 235, 243, 344 (Newton), 29, 328, 644, 890, 897, 915, Malebranche on, 272 1093 objects of, 247 Philosophiae Newtonianae institutiones Reid on, 247–249, 356, 405–408 (’sGravesande), 856 vs. sensation, 238 Philosophia prima, sive ontologia (Wolff), 345, theory of, 248 371–372, 819 Wolff on, 239, 243 Philosophia rationalis sive logica (Wolff), 153 , perfectibility/perfection, 37, 51, 177–181, 236, 266, 275–276 213, 398, 762–765, 786–787, 878, 989, Philosophical Commentaries (Berkeley), 1008 1017, 1027, 1031, 1035, 1038–1039, Philosophical Essays (D. Stewart), 487–488 1099, 1124, 1126. See also progress Philosophical Inquiry concerning Human Liberty Condorcet on, 60–61, 436 (Collins), 167, 568 Crusius on, 591 Philosophical Orations (Reid), 246 Diderot on, 167–168 Philosophical Principles of Religion (Cheyne), Herder on, 179 102, 897–898 Kant on, 1126 Die Philosophie der Aufklarung¨ (Cassirer), Leibniz on, 997–998 522 Mendelssohn on, 763–764 Philosophie rurale (Mirabeau and Quesnay), Rousseau on, 61, 770–771, 974 1098 Wolff on, 561–564, 567–568, 973, 1000 Philosophie zoologique (Lamarck), 929 person Philosophische Gesprache¨ (Mendelssohn), 795 Locke on, 610–611 Philosophische Religionslehre (Kant), 660–661 personality, See identity, personal Philosophische Schriften (Mendelssohn), 381 perspective, 263 Philosophisches Journal, 744 persuasion, 451, 452, 456, 496, 499, 503, 505, Philosophische Versuche (Sulzer), 381–382 506, 512 Philosophische Versuche (Tetens), 294, 411–412, Phadon¨ (Mendelssohn), 763–764 593–596 Phanomenologie¨ des Geistes (Hegel), 745 philosophy phenomenalism, 55, 164 in the curriculum, 9, 69–93, 97–114, 116 philology, 488 as a discipline, 93, 496 Philosophe dans le boudoir (de Sade), 219 early-modern, history of, 6–8, 19–20 Philosophe [Du Marsais], 35, 125 eighteenth century, history of, Chapter 1 philosopher and religion, 26–27, 28, 30, 34, 40–41 conception of, 16, 33–34, 35–37, 42 and science, 26, 28, 34, 37 Rousseau on, 36–37 Wolff’s deﬁnition of, 396, 397 philosopher, role of, 505, 506–513 philosophy, concept of, Chapter 2 Hume and, 508–511 d’Alembert and, 35–36 Rousseau and, 511–513 Kant and, 41, 42 Smith on, 843 Leibniz and, 39 philosophes, les, 4, 19, 33–34, 35–37, 48, 59, Reid and, 32–33 71–72, 86, 126, 132, 190, 294, 326, 399, Rousseau and, 36–37 437, 506, 732, 789–790, 793, 794, 802, Thomasius and, 39–40 925 Wolff and, 40–41

Index rerum 1393

philosophy, history of, Chapter 1, 439 and religion, 398, 661, 677, 769–770, in the curriculum, 12 958–962 Eurocentricity of, 13 Rousseau on, 173, 177–181, 204, 974–975, Kant and, 7, 9–10, 12, 14, 21 1016–1017 Reid and, 7, 9–10, 11–12, 14, 21 and science, 988 philosophy, moral, 712, Chapter 32, Shaftesbury and, 569–570, 688–689, Chapter 33. See also morality 946–949, 994–996, 1019 d’Alembert on, 557 Smith on, 55, 941–942 Bentham on, 1011–1013, 1062–1063 and social order, 953–954, 991 Berkeley on, 581, 1007–1008, 1009–1010 Tetens on, 595–596 British, 53–54, 64 Wolff on, 163, 186, 398, 973, 980, 1000, Butler on, 582, 722 1017 Clarke on, 581 Wollstonecraft on, 222–223 Crusius on, 590–593 philosophy, natural, Part IV in the curriculum, 89–90, 101, 105, 106, Aristotelian, 113, 185 112, 114–115, 145 Berkeley on, 328–329 d’Holbach on, 1010 in the curriculum, 70, 105, 115 and ethics of duty, 988, 989, 1005, 1019 and experiment, 105, 864–869 and ethics of virtue, 1000, 1001, 1019 and the history of philosophy, 15 , 19 Fichte on, 155 Kant on, 873, 875, 883–884 Gay on, 572–573 Locke on, 29–30 Hartley on, 573 and mathematics, 855 Helvetius´ on, 573, 1010–1011 and method, 145, 898–899 and history of philosophy, 8, 14, 15 –16 and natural history, 859–864, 903, 905 Hobbes on, 944–945, 948–949 Newton on, Part IV, passim Hume on, 16, 54, 55, 209, 334, 575–578, and observation, 859–864 584, 585, 858–859, 942–943, 962–970, use of term historically, 855–859 999–1000, 1001, 1015 Philosophy of Natural History (Smellie), 183, Hutcheson on, 571, 572, 941–942, 212 945, 998–999, 1001–1002, 1015, philosophy, political, See political philosophy 1019 Philosophy of Rhetoric (Campbell), 503, 839 Kant on, 16, 51, 65, 155 , 163, 175–176, 206, phlogiston, 891–892 213, 340–341, 416–417, 550, 596–601, Physica conciliatrix (Sturm), 148 624–626, 661, 769–770, 976–982, 996, Physica electiva sive hypothetica (Sturm), 148 1003, 1015–1016, 1017–1022 Physices elementa mathematica (’sGravesande), and language, 963 868–869 Leibniz on, 996–998 Physiciens Hollandais et la methode´ experimentale´ Locke on, 100, 193, 211–212, 568–569, en France au XVIIIe siecle` (Brunet), 866 948–949, 990, 991–993, 1008, 1009, Physics (Aristotle), 141 1014 Physiocrats, 1096–1097 Mandeville on, 570–571, 944–945, physiology, mechanistic (Cartesian), 162 951–954 Pia desideria (Spener), 674 natural law tradition, 175, 988–992, 993, pietism/pietists, 61, 76, 80, 89, 397, 398, 497, 1003, 1019, 1022, 1121–1123, 1127 629, 658, 666, 668, 673, 674, 733, 756, Price on, 585 782, 804, 971–972 as public discourse, 1012 pity, 173, 177 and reason, 960–962, 972–973, Plan de deux discours sur l’histoire universelle 977–982 (Turgot), 1097–1099, 1126 Reid on, 409 Platonism, 30, 242, 647, 757

1394 Index rerum

pleasure, 171–172, 176–177, 958, 1062–1063 Montesquieu on, 60, 1051–1054 and aesthetics, 517, 519, 520, 521, 549, 550 natural law theory, 987–1022, 1027–1051, Crusius on, 591 1056, 1058 disinterested, 528, 531–532, 534–535, 552, rationalist, 987–1022 596 Rousseau on, 51, 60, 177, 801–802, Helvetius´ on, 573 1016–1017, 1036, 1042–1043, Hume on, 143, 152 , 965–967, 970 1047–1051, 1074 Kant on, 596, 597 Smith on, 212, 452, 1061–1062, Leibniz on, 562, 565 1122–1123 Locke on, 564–565 Wolff on, 1030–1031, 1033, 1035 and measurement, 836 Wollstonecraft on, 222–223 Reid on, 837 political science sexual, 528 rational vs. empirical, 46–47 Wolff on, 561–562 Politics (Aristotle), 1051 Pluto, 472 polygamy, 204, 211, 212, 213, 215 pneumatology, 106 Port-Royal grammarians, 50, 505 Poemes` sur la religion naturelle, et sur la Port-Royal logic, 48, 234, 236, 240, 275, 375. destruction de Lisbonne (Voltaire), 761 See also Logique (Arnauld and Nicole) Poeme` sur le desastre´ de Lisbonne (Voltaire), 761, Port-Royal vivisectionists, 162 770 positivism, logical, 9, 443 poetics Positivitat¨ der christlichen Religion (Hegel), 679 Boileau, 47, 504, 518–519 possibility Du Bos, 467–468, 524–525 Kant on, 737 Gottsched, 63 Leibniz on, 268, 669, 754–755 Poetics (Aristotle), 98 Wolff on, 40–41, 396 poetry, 459, 460, 461, 469, 470, 474, 475, power, 893 504, 517, 539, 545. See also art(s) Berkeley on, 893 and history, 1128–1130 causal, 369, 370, 559 vs. painting, 541–542, 545 Clarke on, 579, 715 and rhetoric, 499 Hume on, 893 Poetry and Experience (Dilthey), 518 Locke on, 369, 559, 560, 565–566, 586, 893 politeness, 508, 510 Price on, 582–583 political economy, 1100, 1102–1103 Reid on, 380, 579, 893 Smith on, 1057 Wolff on, 560–564 political philosophy, 28, Chapter 34 powers, active, Chapter 19 Bergk on, 1036, 1043–1044 Hume on, 573–578 Berkeley on, 1008 Locke on, 559, 611 Condorcet on, 194 Malebranche on, 559 contract theory, 785, 987–1022, Newton on, 559–560 1026–1051, 1056–1060 Reid on, 585–589 in the curriculum, 106 powers, of the mind, Chapter 19. See also empiricist, 987, 1026 powers, active enlightened absolutism, 1027–1035 Leibniz on, 557 Godwin on, 216 Locke on, 557, 611 and the history of philosophy, 14–15 Reid on, 164–165 Hume on, 32, 55, 186, 452, 1056–1057, Tetens on, 593–596 1059–1061, 1094–1095 Practical Ethics (Reid), 176, 358 Kant on, 1035–1036, 1039–1047 Preface´ sur l’utilite´ des mathematiques´ et de la Locke on, 609, 610, 783 physique (Fontenelle), 820

Index rerum 1395

prejudice, 27, 34, 48, 59, 320, 321, 323, 389, Condorcet on, 60–61, 435–437 398–399, 548, 796 Ferguson on, 1133–1134 Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Herder, 63–64 Philosophy (Herschel), 862, 1093 Hume on, 434, 436, 844 Preliminary Dissertation concerning the ideal of, 48, 551 Fundamental Principle of Virtue or Morality and language, 480, 481–482 (Gay), 572–573 Voltaire on, 537 Presbyterianism, 103, 107, 112, 648 Progress in the Age of Reason (Sampson), 1076 pride, Hume on, 574–575 Prolegomena (Kant), 154 , 267, 273–274, 380 Pride and Prejudice (Austen), 510 proof Principe (Machiavelli), 1070 Hume on, 400, 401 Principes de la nature et de la grace (Leibniz), Locke on, 1115 238–239, 243, 292, 520–521, 666 property, 174, 175, 216, 1098 Principes philosophiques (Diderot), 132 Hume on, 968, 969 Principia mathematica. See Philosophia naturalis Locke on, 613, 785 Principi di una scienza nuova (Vico), 64, 147, Rousseau on, 60 504–505, 828, 1071–1072, 1127–1130 proposition(s) principle content of, 561 of contradiction/non-contradiction, See existential, 276–277 contradiction Leibniz on, 266 of sufﬁcient reason, See sufﬁcient reason Proslogion (Anselm), 735 principles, synthetic prosody, 467, 471 Kant on, 360, 362, 369 Protestantism, 34, 84, 124, 643, 648, Principles and Duties of Natural Religion 683–684, 689, 710, 711, 731, 733, 800, (Wilkins), 100 972 Principles of Human Knowledge (Berkeley), 53, and science, 854 246, 261, 288, 299, 328–329, 348–349, and toleration, 782 350, 373–375, 455 Protogaea (Leibniz), 917, 926 Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy providence/providentialism, 16, 64, 164, 168, (Paley), 56, 103, 174–175, 1008–1009, 169, 170–172, 174–177, 178, 207, 210, 1013 213, 358, 512, 1070, 1121, 1129. See also Principles of Morals and Legislation history; order ( J. Bentham), 56, 176–177, 212, Prussian Academy. See Academies 1011–1013, 1062 Psychologica rationalis (Wolff), 253, 301, probability, 100, 499, 501, 505, 699, 703, 467 834–835, 837 Psychologische Versuche (Hissmann), 307 Condorcet on, 436, 498 psychology and historical fact, 1113–1114 empirical, 46, 174, 293, 344 Hume on, 400, 401, 402, 696, 702, 703 empirical, Wolff on, 346 Locke on, 393–394 faculty, 363 Mendelssohn on, 410–411 Kant on, 362 and social reform, 1099 Leibniz on, 162–163 Procedure, Extent, and Limits of Human Locke and, 174 Understanding (Browne), 289 rational, 162, 309, 362 Procope, the, 124 social, 60 progress, 27, 37, 58, 59–60, 200, 451, Puritanism, 107, 110, 643, 648 843–844, 899, 1070, 1097, 1099, 1117, pyrrhonism, 327, 426–438, 442, 444, 445, 1125–1134. See also perfectibility/ 1108–1117. See also scepticism perfection Pyrrhonisme raisonnable (Beausobre), 438

1396 Index rerum

Qaestiones philosophicae (T. Johnson), 103 theological, 668 Quadratura curvarum (Newton), 825 Wolff, 62, 319 Quakers, 187, 193 Realschulen, 497 qualities, 235 reason, Chapter 11. See also understanding Berkeley on, 350 d’Alembert on, 336 Hume on, 352–353 and animals, 47–48, 164, 183, 1095 Locke on, 344–345 vs. belief, 63, 413–417 occult, 352 Berkeley on, 328–329 primary and secondary, 53, 344–345, 350, vs. cause, 371 353, 357–358, 428, 874 vs. common sense, 335–336, 402 Reid on, 356, 357–358 Condillac on, 336 quantity, 836, 866–867, 876, 878 constructive vs. analytical, 46–47 Reid on, 837 critical, 34, 322, 323, 333, 338–341, 732, Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes, 517, 885–889 518, 525, 536, 1117 criticism of and aesthetics, 50 Qu’est ce que le Tiers Etat (Sieyes),` 1052–1053 Crusius on, 62, 347–348 divine, 320, 561, 580–582, 751, 752 race, 63, 160, 161, 183–202, 203, 210, 653, faculty of, 237, 330 931, 1078 and faith, 322–323, 327, 394 Beattie on, 1078–1079 Hume on, 329–334, 353, 375–376, 384–385, Buffon on, 188–189 400, 402–405, 575–576, 583, 585 Herder on, 200–201, 1081–1082 and the imagination, 332, 519, 540–541 Hume on, 193, 195–197, 1078–1079 Johnson on, 237 Jefferson on, 193 Kant on, 337–341, 363, 384–385, 416–417, Kames on, 199–201 742–743, 767–770, 787, 1125 Kant on, 184, 196–197, 1079–1081 Leibniz on, 323–327, 339, 667–670, 671, Linne´ on, 185 676, 735–736, 737–738, 749, 750, Maupertuis on, 190 751–755, 764, 1004 and science, 187–202 limits of, 327–328, 337–341, 363, Voltaire on, 187, 190 384–385 racism, 13, 180 Locke on, 237, 320–322, 323, 327–328 Hume and, 440 and morality, 323, 327–328, 334, 340–341, Rainbow Coffee House, 122 398, 583–585, 596, 942, 960–962, ranks, See equality/inequality 977–982 Rapport et projet de decret´ sur l’organisation de natural, 194 l’instruction publique (Condorcet), 617, and nature, 337–338, 341, 1036 631 and passion, 47, 49–50, 57, 456, 512–513, Rapports et memoires´ sur le Sauvage de l’Aveyron 519–524, 575–576, 598, 599 (Itard), 182 practical, 340–341, 667, 677, 742–743, Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia ( Johnson), 750, 769–770, 996, 1002, 1003, 1005, 760–761 1017, 1018, 1039–1047 rationalism, 6, 7–8, 10, 11, 18, 34, 322, 363, Price on, 583–585 441, 445, 823, 991, 996 as principle of action, 25, 47, 49, 334, and aesthetics, 520, 524 580–582, 586 dangers of, 327 pure, 323, 338, 340 vs. empiricism, 48, 520 Reid on, 334–336, 356, 357–358, 586 Leibniz and, 326 and religion, 26, 34, 53, 322–323, and moral philosophy, 1005, 1014 646–647, 648–657, 663, Chapter 22, and political philosophy, 987–1022, 1026, Chapter 23, Chapter 25, 749, 750, 1030 767–770, 787, 793–794, 803

Index rerum 1397

Rousseau on, 337–338 Reflexions´ sur la metaphysique´ du calcul seventeenth-century conception of, 320–322 infinitesimal´ (Carnot), 826 Stewart on, 237 Reflexions´ nouvelles sur les femmes (Mme vs. understanding, 237 Lambert), 206 Wolff on, 371, 674–675 reform, social Reasonableness of Christianity (Locke), 109, and social science, 1073–1074 644, 687 Reformation, the, 642, 666, 683, 731 reasoning, 236, 237 Refutation suivie de l’ouvrage d’Helvetius´ Condillac on, 502–503 (Diderot), 470–471, 624 Hume on, 329–333, 334, 375–376, 430–431 Reign of Terror, 551 Locke on, 320, 323 relativity, principle of, 886 Reid on, 357–358, 408 La religieuse (Diderot), 206 rules of, Hume and, 332–333 religion, Part III rules of, Newton’s, 328 and aesthetics, 525, 537 Reasons for Naturalizing the Jews in Great in America, 802 Britain and Ireland (Toland), 796–797 Berkeley on, 31 , 653–654, 718–719 Recension des Aenesidemus (Fichte), 312 Butler on, 654–655, 758–759 Recensionen von I.G. Herders Ideen (Kant), and clandestine literature/networks, 200 121–133 Recherche de la verite´ (Descartes), 507 Clarke on, 653, 654, 714–716 Recherches philosophiques sur les Americains´ (De and common sense philosophy, 56 Pauw), 189 Diderot on, 739–740 Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles de quadrupedes` Fichte on, 677–678 (Cuvier), 929 Hegel on, 666, 678–680, 745–746, Rechtsphilosophisches aus Leibnizens 803–804 ungedruckten Schriften, 998 and history, 667, 684 Reden an die deutsche Nation (Fichte), 628 d’Holbach on, 767 Reden uber¨ die Religion an die Gebildeten unter Hume on, 185–186, 404–405, 432, 645, ihren Verachtern,¨ (Schleiermacher), 642, 647, 655–656, 698, 720–723, 765–766, 662–663 791, 798–799, 1139–1140 reflection, 209, 238 Jewish. See Judaism Condillac on, 288, 354, 459, 460–461, 476, Kant on, 415, 442, 660–662, 667, 677, 490 733, 750, 780, 787, 803 Herder on, 476–477 and language, 454 Locke on, 58, 250, 287–288, 614, 687 Leibniz on, 186, 666, 667–670, 671, 676, Reid on, 164–165, 166 735–736, 737–738, 749, 751–755, 764, and self-consciousness, 286 1004 Wolff on, 163, 293, 561 Lessing on, 675–677 Reflections upon Marriage (Astell), 210, Locke on, 30, 53, 394, 644, 685–688, 711, 216–217 781–782 Reflections on Poetry (Baumgarten), 522 and morality, 742–744, 758, 793, 797–798, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 803–804, 946–951 145, 789, 1058–1059 and moral philosophy, 398, 661, 677, Reflexions´ critiques sur la poesie´ et sur la peinture 688–689, 691, 769–770, 794 (Du Bos), 189–190, 457, 467–468, and nationalism, 802 524–525, 536–537, 1117–1118 natural, 26, 101, 106, 115, 122, 647–648, Reflexions´ sur l’esclavage des negres` (Condorcet), 650–652, 658, 663, 673, 688, 690, 691, 193–194 692, 701, 710–712, 717, 723, 724, 734, Reflexions´ sur l’espace et le temps (Euler), 787, 799 876–877 and patriotism, 802–803

1398 Index rerum

religion, Part III (cont.) Bergk on, 1043–1044 and philosophy, 26–27, 28, 30, 34, 40–41 Kant on, 1045 Pufendorf on, 781–782 Smith and, 1062 and reason, 34, 53, 404–405, 646–647, Republic of Letters, 77, 82, 84, Chapter 6 648–657, 658, 663, Chapter 22, Republic (Plato), 212, 622 Chapter 23, 710, Chapter 25, 750, Restoration, the, 643 767–770, 787, 793–794, 803 Rettung der Juden (Israel), 785 revealed, 26–27, 30, 100, 644, 646–647, Reveˆ de d’Alembert (Diderot), 127, 132, 207, 648–650, 652–657, 658, Chapter 22, 470–471, 507 Chapter 23, 712, 787, 1114 revelation, 711, 712 Rousseau on, 658, 672, 739, 750, 762, Lessing on, 1123 770–771, 799, 800, 801–802 Locke on, 322, 649–650, 685–688, 711 and scepticism, 428–429, 432, 442 and reason, 26, 323, 649–657, 658, as obstacle to science, 48 683–705, Chapter 23, Chapter 24 and science, 53, 55, 101, 644, 654, 717–718, Reveriesˆ du promeneur solitaire (Rousseau), 437 817, 824, 843, 897–898, 911–912 Review of a Free Enquiry into the Nature and Shaftesbury on, 688–689, 758, 763 Origin of Evil ( Johnson), 760 and society, Chapter 27 Review of the Principal Questions in Morals Voltaire on, 187, 657–658, 672–673, (Price), 54, 585, 943, 961–962, 1003, 738–739, 760–762, 793–794 1005 Wolff on, 186, 674–675, 741, 755, 793 Revolution Religion, Secularization, and Political Thought American, 112, 115, 780, 783, 982 (Crimmins), 799 English, 1688–9, 788 Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen French, 4, 33, 37, 73, 76, 77, 78, 127, 128, Vernunft (Kant), 598, 599, 600, 601, 651, 133, 155 , 161, 216, 217, 219, 221, 222, 660–661, 677, 783, 787 497, 779, 780, 784, 786, 789, 803, 804, Religion of Nature Delineated (Wollaston), 982, 1027, 1039, 1044, 1051 716–717 Industrial, 842 Remarks on an Essay concerning Miracles [Ellys], Kant on, 1044–1045 700–701 Scientiﬁc, 855, 856 Remarks upon ...the Controversy concerning the revolutionary theory, 1063 Foundations of, Moral Duty (Trotter), 943 rhetoric, 469, Chapter 17, 517. See also art(s) Remarks upon the Principles and Reasonings of as a discipline, 496–497, 500–501, 504–506 Dr. Rutherforth’s, Essay (Trotter), 943 Ciceronian, 500, 501 Remarques sur le Livre de l’origine du mal Condillac on, 501–503 (Leibniz), 557 critique of, 497–500 reminiscence, See memory in the curriculum, 75, 97 Renaissance, 504 dangers of, 451, 454, 513 Reponse aux questions d’un provincial (Bayle), Descartes on, 498 751 Hume and, 508–511 representation(s), 236. See also idea(s) Locke on, 498–499 aesthetic, 521–524 new, 500–501, 502, 506 Crusius on, 590–591, 592 parts of, 497 Fichte on, 311 , 312 vs. philosophy, 506–513 Kant on, 239, 240, 241–242, 253, 273, 274 Rousseau and, 511–513 Leibniz on, 238, 239–240 Smith on, 480, 501 Reinhold on, 31 0 –311 rhetorical expressivism, 452, 453, 454–458, Wolff on, 163, 561–564 468, 488 republicanism, 223, 779, 784, 786 Rhetoric (Aristotle), 98 American, 1055–1056 Rhetorique,´ ou l’art de parler (Lamy), 456, 457

Index rerum 1399

Rhode Island, 643 Hume and, 9–10, 21, 196, 246, 303–304, Richerche intorno alla natura dello stile 329, 332–334, 350, 351, 353, 356, (Beccaria), 504 375–376, 402, 419, 420, 429–432, ridicule, 30, 529 444–445, 510, 548, 658, 697, 710, 725, right 765, 821, 899, 1112 Kant on, 1039–1047 Kant and, 9–10, 153 –154 , 440–442, rights, animal, 174–177 444–445, 982, 1124 rights, natural/human, 174–177, 783–787, Lee on, 57–58, 59 788–789, 988, 1026, 1028, 1035, Locke and, 394, 948–949 1036–1039, 1040, 1044, 1057–1058, moral, 1127 1060, 1061, 1063, 1130 and morality, 428, 443, 444 in America, 786, 788–789 Reid and, 165, 356, 357, 438–440 Condorcet on, 194 and religion, 428–429, 432, 444, 654–657, de Gouges on, 220–221 658, 732 Hobbes on, 1122 Rousseau and, 437, 442 Locke on, 785 Scottish anti-, 438–440 Smith on, 214–215 and social order, 443–444 Wolff on, 1031 scholasticism, 26, 27, 29, 30, 38, 73, 74, 77, Wollstonecraft on, 222–223 98, 110, 115, 132, 235, 248, 255, 320, rights, political, 203 499, 647, 666, 734, 749, 818, 823, 863, Wollstonecraft on, 223 909 rights, women’s, 220–221 and natural philosophy, 854–858, 859, 867 Wollstonecraft on, 222–223 and personal identity, 297, 298 Rights of Man (Paine), 780–781 Schools, See Universities and Schools romanticism, 5, 319 , 443, 469, 497, 904 schools/sects, 17–18, Chapter 3 German, 65 Schriften zur Asthetik¨ und Poetik (Moritz), Robinson Crusoe, See The Life . . . of Robinson 546–547 Crusoe Schulphilosophie, 673, 674 Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques (Rousseau), 512 science(s). See also method Royal Society of London, 80, 105, 498, 906, d’Alembert on, 35–36, 857, 863, 867–868, 909 873–874, 877, 889, 898 vs. arts, 540 Salon de 1767 (Diderot), 471–472 biology, 863 salons, 72, 80, 121, 127–128, 129, 132 chemistry, 865, 873, 893 Salter’s Hall conference, 108 in the curriculum, 76, 78, 87, 101 scepticism, 6–7, 8, 10, 52, 65, 74, 167, 172, Diderot on, 337 173, 246, 251, 319 , 327, 338–339, 359, foundation of, 62, 391, 395 389, 394, Chapter 15 , 982, 1006, 1107. of government, 1103 See also Pyrrhonism of human nature, Part II, 166, 167, 181, 214 attempts to refute, 426–427 Hume on, 402, 858–859 Bayle and, 34, 427–429 Kant on, 873, 885–889, 899, 926–928 Berkeley and, 429, 433 Leibniz on, 876 the Berlin Academy and, 437–438 of man, 46, 143–144, 160–161, 185, 203, and causality, 369, 430 352, 503, 509, 557, 578, 617, 817–844, Condillac and, 165 858–859, 930, 962, 1099, 1103, 1107. Condorcet and, 435–437 See also human nature French reaction to, 432 of man, a priori, 46 German reaction to, 440–444 mathematical, 337, 338 and history, 1108–1117 moral, 211–212, 436, 1117 Hobbes and, 948–949 natural, 167, Chapter 29

1400 Index rerum

science(s) (cont.) transcendental, 286, 296, 308–31 0 and philosophy, 28, 37, 39 Wolff on, 287, 293, 346 physical, 337, 338, 343, 434–436 self-evidence, 311 , 312 political, 1071, 1102 self-interest, 166, 169, 172, 176, 209, 558, a priori vs. empirical, 46–47, 330 948, 951, 952, 953, 955, 957, 964–970, and progress, 842 1011, 1103 and race, 187–202 Butler on, 571–572 Reid on, 380 Gay on, 572–573 and religion, 53, 55, 101, 642, 644, 654, Hume on, 942, 948, 949, 967–970 717–718, 817, 843, 897–898, 920 Hutcheson on, 999 Rousseau on, 1047–1048 self-love and scepticism, 434–435, 436 Butler on, 54 social, 57, 1069–1103, 1130 vs. egoism, 54 social, in the curriculum, 1100–1101 Helvetius´ on, 615 and social order, 47 Hume on, 574 and social reform, 435–437 sensation. See also sense(s), 237–238 Thomasius on, 61 Condillac on, 254, 354–356, 614–615 Wolff on, 61, 828, 864 Hartley on, 255, 616 Scienza nuova (Vico). See Principi di una scienza Helvetius´ on, 615–616 nuova d’Holbach on, 244 Scriptures. See Bible Kant on, 263 sculpture, 545 Leibniz on, 238 Select Society, Edinburgh, 127 Locke on, 58 selection, natural, 657 Reid on, 263, 271–273, 379, 405–408 self, Chapter 10. See also identity, personal Wolff on, 239, 561 Berkeley on, 298–299 sensationalism, 399–400 Clarke on, 298 sense(s), 182 Fichte on, 311 , 312 aesthetic, 549 d’Holbach on, 294 and aesthetics, 534 Hume on, 301–305, 402 Condillac on, 463–464 idea of, 58, 251 Diderot on, 167–168, 182, 533–534 Kant on, 64, 296, 308–31 0 direct vs. reﬂex, 250, 251 knowledge of, 291–292, 294–296, hearing, 461–462, 472 301–305, 358, 393, 402 Hume on, 402–405, 510, 583, 585 Leibniz on, 300 internal, 527–528, 529–530, 534 noumenal, 309–31 0 La Mettrie on, 181–182 Reid on, 291, 358 Locke on, 163–164 Rousseau on, 295, 512 material, 164 Shaftesbury on, 569–570 Mendelssohn on, 533, 975 Tetens on, 307 moral, 176, 196–197, 209, 213, 530, 549, Wolff on, 300–301, 346 572, 949, 957–958, 959–962, 975–976, self-consciousness, Chapter 10 995–996, 998–999, 1001, 1003, as condition for knowledge, 294–296 1008–1009, 1012 Berkeley on, 288–289 Reid on, 356, 358 Fichte on, 287, 311 , 312 smell, 356, 405 and free will, 594 Smith on, 250 Kant on. See apperception, Kant on spiritual, 164 Reid on, 272 touch, 58, 350, 355, 358, 433, 533–534 Reinhold on, 31 0 –311 Wolff on, 62, 561 Rousseau on, 295 sensus communis, 534, 535–536, 550

Index rerum 1401

sentiment Societ´ e´ des amis des noires, 194 and the arts, 547–548, 549 Societies. See Academies usage of term, 270 society Serious Proposal to the Ladies (Astell), 217 animal, 183 Sermon at the Rolls (Butler). See Fifteen Sermons dynamic conception of, 60 Sermon (Wesley), 656–657 and enlightened absolutism, 989 Seven Sisters Lodge, 128 and natural history, 56 Seven Years War, 91–92 and religion, Chapter 27 sexes, 160, 161. See also women Rousseau on, 147 sexuality, 49, 206–209 Society of Alethophiles, 129 Short and Easie Method with the Deists (Leslie), Society of Apothecaries, London, 906 652, 685 Society of the Enlightenment (van Dulmen),¨ 85 Siecle` de Louis XIV (Voltaire), 1121 socinianism, 646, 648, 668, 670–671, 673, signiﬁcation, 242 676 Locke on, 454 Sophists/sophism, 496, 513 signs, 336, 337, 466, 473, 474, 478, 486 soul, 434 and art, 541–543, 545 and animals, 168, 169–170, 179–180 Berkeley on, 374 animal vs. rational, 292 Condillac on, 164, 181, 256–257, 336, 400, Berkeley on, 288–289, 349 458–464, 488, 490 faculties (parts) of, 534 Diderot on, 337 Hume on, 351–352, 353, 354 Kames on, 542 Kant on, 348, 362 Locke and, 30 knowledge of, 288–289, 299–300, 301 Meier on, 523 Leibniz on, 292, 300, 371, 557 natural and artiﬁcial, 356–357, 451, 456, Malebranche on, 288 460, 463, 484–485, 523, 525, 541, 545 nature of, 131, 296, 300–301, 305, 307 Reid on, 356–357, 406–408, 484–485 and personal identity, 296, 299–300, 347 vs. symbols, 546 and place, 348 vs. things, 337 Reid on, 358 Siris (Berkeley), 114 Sulzer on, 534 Six livres de la republique´ (Bodin), 1076 Wolff on, 300–301, 347, 560–563 Sketches of the History of Man (Kames), South Sea Island bubble, 427, 1008 199–200, 212, 223 sovereignty slavery, 161, 188, 192–195, 435, 436, 1078 Kant on, 1040–1047 Beattie on, 196 Rousseau on, 1049–1051 Condorcet on, 193–194 Spaccio della bestia triomphante (Bruno), 123 Hume on, 1079 space, 822–824, 876–878, 916 Jefferson on, 193 absolute, 350, 887–889, 914 Montesquieu on, 194–195 Berkeley on, 350, 824, 827 Smith on, 193 Condillac on, 355–356 Snell’s Law, 878 Crusius on, 347–348 sociability, 209 Hume on, 824, 827–828 Condillac on, 462–464 Kant on, 151 , 345, 346, 348, 350–351, 359, Crusius on, 592 823, 829, 886, 887–889 Hume on, 576–578 Leibniz on, 829, 915 Kant on, 1125 Locke on, 345 and language, 452, 456, 457, 458, 477, 479, Newton on, 915 482, 485, 488 Newtonian conception of, 350 Pufendorf on, 1028 Wolff on, 345–347 Rousseau on, 801 species (and forms), 235–236

1402 Index rerum

Species plantarum (Linne),´ 910 Crusius on, 347–348 Specimen de usu observationum in mathesi pura Descartes on, 343 (Euler), 834 divine, 349 Specimen inventorum de admirandis naturae Hobbes on, 343 Generalis arcanis (Leibniz), 736 Hume on, 52, 351–354 spectator, impartial, 483, 1102 Kant on, 358–362 Spectator (Addison), 29–30, 55, 526–527, 718 Leibniz on, 345 speech. See language Locke on, 344–345, 351, 354, 393 speed, calculation of, 825–826, 876 Malebranche on, 344 Spinozism, 130–131, 662, 755, 756, 757, 760, and modes, 234, 351 792, 794–795 as nominal essence, 344, 345 spirit. See soul Reid on, 358 Spirit of the Age (Hazlitt), 487 self as, 298, 358 spontaneity Spinoza on, 343–344, 370 Kant on, 599 spiritual, 58 St. Petersburg, 500 Wolff on, 345–348 state, the sufﬁcient reason, principle of, 325–326, 395, Locke on, 783 398, 560, 756, 819, 822, 876, 917 and public good, 617–619 Crusius on, 372–373, 399, 593 and religion, 781–782, 785–786, 801–802 Leibniz on, 370–371, 738, 753–754 Wolff on, 785 Tetens on, 595 State-Anatomy of Great Britain (Toland), 800 Wolff on, 371–372 state of nature, 177, 182, 183, 479, 974, 1026, suicide, 756–757 1029–1030, 1032–1034, 1037, 1044, summum bonum, See good, highest 1061, 1122 superstition, 34, 671, 686, 689, 690, 697, Ferguson on, 1131–1132 791, 792–793, 796, 801 Kant and, 1041, 1125 Hume on, 510, 798–799 Rousseau on, 178, 1123, 1131–1132 Supplement´ au Voyage de Bougainville Wolff on, 1030–1031 (Diderot), 185, 206–207, 1077 statue, Condillac’s, 463–464 Sur les femmes (Diderot), 203, 206, 207 stoicism/stoics, 320, 389, 457, 646, 647, 909, Sur l’histoire (Fontenelle), 1076 979, 980, 989 Sur l’homme, et le developpement de ses facultes´ Streit der Fakultaten¨ (Kant), 90, 91–92, 441 (Quetelet), 1101 Sturm und Drang, 539, 927 syllogism, 86, 115, 139, 148, 236, 323, 325, Styx, 472 501, 818, 819, 838, 839–840, 841 sublime, the, 525–526, 527, 528–529, syllogistic, 453 532 symmetry, principle of, 822 and the beautiful, 528–529, 530–531, 536, sympathy, 65, 176, 219, 451, 452, 456 537 and aesthetics, 531 Burke on, 528 Herder on, 1091 Kant on, 206, 532, 533, 536 Hume on, 55, 452, 457, 576, 969–970, Mendelssohn on, 544 999, 1120 On the Sublime (Longinus), 456, 517 and language, 457–458, 462, 488, 490 substance(s), Chapter 12 as method, 1090–1093 and accident, 352, 360, 361 Smith on, 452, 457, 483, 578, Berkeley on, 52, 348–349, 350 1091–1093 and causality, 368–369, 370 Synopsis Metaphysicae (Hutcheson), 102, 718 conceptions of, Chapter 12 Systema naturae (Linne),´ 179–180, 185, Condillac on, 354–356 909–910, 913, 919, 931

Index rerum 1403

Systeme` de la nature (d’Holbach), 37, 59, 128, Voltaire on, 672–673 132, 133, 244, 294, 305, 658, 725, 740, Wolff on, 397 790, 792, 1010 textbooks, 9, 70, 73, 74–75, 76, 88, 90–91, Systemeˆ du monde (Laplace), 880–881 92, 99, 106, 109–110, 111, 149, 243, System of Experimental Philosophy (Desagulier), 261, 263, 274, 623, 838, 857, 863, 867 856 Hegel, 75 System of Logic (Mill), 1093 logic, 236, 396, 397 System of Moral Philosophy (Grove), 109 Wolff, 62, 75, 91, 236, 396–397, 915 System of Moral Philosophy (Hutcheson), 175, Theaetetus (Plato), 1085 193, 212–213 theism, 417, 647, 655, 657, 658, 659, System of Natural Philosophy (Rutherforth), 660–662, 673, 684, 710, 711, 719, 723, 863 732, 739, 843 System of the Principles of the Law of Scotland Hume on, 798 (Wallace), 193 Theodic´ ee´ (Leibniz), See Essais de theodic´ ee´ theodicy. See evil, problem of Tableau economique´ (Quesnay), 1097 Theologiae Christianae principia mathematica Tableau gen´ eral´ de la science (Condorcet), 1101 (Craig), 1115 tabula rasa, 252, 611, 646 Theologia naturalis (Wolff), 658, 741, 755 taste, 518, 520, 528, 530. See also aesthetics Theologia Speculativa (Fiddes), 712 Hume on, 547–548 Theologie´ portative (d’Holbach), 734 Kant on, 549–551 Theologische Jugendschriften (Hegel), 666 Locke on, 568 theology, 645–663, 1130. See also God; principles of, 519 religion Rousseau on, 547 d’Holbach on, 767 standard of, 547–552 and jurisprudence, 674 Sulzer on, 534 Kant on, 660–662, 677, 733, 741–743, and virtue, 536 750, 767–770 Tatler (Addison and Steele), 216 natural (rational), 49, 108, 109, 110, 399, Teatro cr´ıtico universal (Feijoo), 190 644, 660, 710–712, 731, 741, 746, 752, technology, 842–844 766, 767, 769, 820 and progress, 843–844 and science, 683, 843, 897–898 Telliamed (Maillet), 125, 911 use of term historically, 645–648 Telluris theoria sacras (Burnet), 912 Wolff on, 741 Temple House Botanic Club, 906 Theophrastus redivivus (anon.), 129 Teoria generale delle equazioni (Rufﬁni), Theoria philosophiae (Boscovich), 887, 889 834 Theory of the Earth ( James Hutton), 881 Test Acts, 782, 783, 788 Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith), 55, Testament (Meslier), 734 144–145, 482–483, 578, 941–942, 943, testimony, 19–20, 300, 684, 693, 694, 700, 1061–1062, 1091–1093 705, 1108 Theory of Vision (Berkeley), 262 Campbell on, 1137 thinking matter Crusius on, 1115–1116 Locke on, 297 and historical fact, 1108–1109, 1110–1117, Third Defense (Clarke), 298 1134 Thirty Years War, 38, 76, 643 Hume on, 698, 1116, 1136, 1137 Thoughts on Civil Liberty (Brown), 619 Kant on, 1124, 1136, 1139 Thoughts concerning Education (Locke), Locke on, 685–688, 696, 697–698, 1115, 217–218, 498–499, 609, 611–613 1136 Thoughts on the Education of Daughters Reid on, 406 (Wollstonecraft), 218

1404 Index rerum

Three Dialogues (Berkeley), 247, 264–265, Treatise of Human Nature (Hume), 52, 55, 105, 289, 426, 429 142–144, 174, 209, 254, 256, 259, 261, time 262, 269–270, 276–277, 290, 301–305, and causality, 368 330–331, 333, 334, 351–354, 356, Condillac on, 355–356 375–379, 400, 401–402, 403–404, Kant on, 345, 346, 359, 360–361 429–432, 435, 437, 438, 439, 440, 453, Locke on, 345 470, 508, 509, 573–578, 581–582, 696, Wolff on, 345–347 697, 826–828, 836, 839–840, 858–859, toleration, 34, 108, 643–645, Chapter 27 942, 943, 962, 999, 1001, 1005, 1069, in the American colonies, 643 1095, 1114 Locke on, 644, 781–782, 783, 786, trinitarianism, 648 788 troglodytes, 180, 185 Rousseau on, 801–802 True Intellectual System (Cudworth), 287 use of term historically, 781–782 truth Toleration Act, 643, 644, 782, 788 and aesthetics, 520 touch. See sense(s) Buffon on, 918–919 Tractatus theologico-politicus (Spinoza), 126, Clarke on, 950–951 659–660, 672 correspondence theory of, 399 Tracts Ethical, Theological and Political Crusius on, 373 (Cooper), 307 d’Alembert on, 899 Traite´ des animaux (Condillac), 164, 476 Hamann on, 417–418 Traite´ du beau (Crousaz), 519 Hume on, 919 Traite´ de la couleur de la peau humaine (Le Cat), Kant on, 413–414 190–191 Leibniz on, 275, 323–327, 370–371, Traite´ de dynamique (d’Alembert), 820, 821, 667–670, 677, 918 877 Lessing on, 676–677 Traite´ d’economique politique (Say), 1102–1103 by majority, 837 Traite´ el´ ementaire´ de chimie (Lavoisier), necessary, Leibniz on, 239–240 890–892 necessary vs. contingent, 325 Traite´ de l’esprit de l’homme (de la Forge), 287 primary vs. secondary, 325 Traite´ de la lumiere` (Huygens), 896 Wolff on, 371–372 Traitedem´ etaphysique´ (Voltaire), 198, 762 Tryal of the Witnesses of the Resurrection of Jesus Traite´ philosophique de la foiblesse de l’esprit (Sherlock), 693 humain (Huet), 426, 428, 429 Two Essays (Forster), 943 Traite´ des premieres` verit´ es´ (Bufﬁer), 251 Two Tracts on Civil Liberty (Price), 781 Traite´ des sensations (Condillac), 299–300, Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 101, 354–356, 463, 614–615 211–212, 610, 613, 784 Traite´ des sistemes` (Condillac), 58 Traite´ sur la tolerance´ (Voltaire), 780, 786, Uber¨ die allgemeine speculativische Philosophie 793–794 (Tetens), 411 Traite´ des trois imposteurs (anon.), 123, 130 Uber¨ die astetische¨ Erziehung des Menschen Traite´ de la vie heureuse par Sen´ eque` (La (Schiller), 551–552 Mettrie), 49 Uber¨ den Beweis des Geistes und der Kraft transcendental deduction, 64, 308, 382 (Lessing), 677 of taste, 550 Uber¨ die burgerliche¨ Verbesserung der Juden travel literature, 179, 182, 185 (Dohm), 785 Treatise of the Canker of Englands Common Ueber das Erhabene und Naive in den schonen¨ Wealth (Malynes), 1073 Wissenschaften (Mendelssohn), 532–533, Treatise of Fluxions (Maclaurin), 826 544–545

Index rerum 1405

Uber¨ das Fundament des philosophischen Wissens universities, 61 (Reinhold), 252–253, 31 0 , 419 Universities and Schools. See also curriculum Uber¨ das Kantische Prinzip fur¨ Naturgeschichte Berlin, 78, 103 (Girtanner), 197–198 Bologna, 1100 Ueber die korperliche¨ Verschiedenheit des Negers Cambridge, 28, 101–102, 107, 108, 110, vom Europaer¨ (Soemmering), 191 608, 617, 641, 644, 646, 716, 840, 1100 Uber¨ die Lehre des Spinoza ( Jacobi), 418, 795 Clare College, 102 Uber¨ die Methode die Metaphysik, Theologie und Corpus Christi College, 716 Moral richtiger zu, beweisen (Lambert), Edinburgh, 103, 104–105, 106, 480, 500, 150 906, 925, 1075 Uber¨ das Mizlingen aller philosophischen Versuche Frankfurt (Oder), 88 in der Theodicee (Kant), 767–769 Glasgow, 103, 104, 105, 106, 480, 500, Uber¨ die neuere deutsche Literatur (Herder), 843, 867, 1131 474–475 Gottingen,¨ 75, 77, 80, 88, 90, 92, 441, Uber¨ Padagogik¨ (Kant), 624–626 472, 925 Uber¨ den Ursprung der Sprache (Herder), 474, Gresham College, London, 97–98 475–479 Halle, 40, 74, 88, 89–90, 92, 186, 397, 398, Ubersicht¨ der vornehmsten Principen der 925 Sittenlehre (Garve), 8 Harvard College, 110–111, 112 Un Chretien´ contre six Juifs (Voltaire), 187 Jena, 40, 88, 90, 789–790 understanding, 209, 234–243, 327 Kiel, 426 act vs. object of, 236 King’s College, Aberdeen, 103, 106–107 act(s) of, 236–240, 263, 270 King’s College, New York/Columbia d’Alembert on, 557 University, 113–114 Berkeley on, 240–241 Konigsberg,¨ 88, 624, 628 Condillac on, 164, 236, 268–269 Leipzig, 40, 75 Crusius on, 590–591, 592 Leuven, 82 faculty of, 236–240, 277–278, 557 Leyden, 868 Hartley on, 236–237 Magdalene College, 101, 103 Hume on, 270, 656 Marischal College, Aberdeen, 103, 105, vs. imagination, 526–527 106–107, 113, 704 Kant on, 237, 239, 241–242, 277–278, 338, Montpellier, 925 339, 359, 413 College` de Navarre, 87 Leibniz on, 238–240, 557 College of New Jersey/Princeton Locke on, 237, 320, 557, 611–612 University, 112–113 objects of, 240 New Harmony, 628 pure, 240 Oxford, 28, 98–100, 101, 102, 107, 108, vs. reason, 237, 320 617, 646, 840, 906, 1100 Tetens on, 411–412 Paris, 74, 86–87, 1100 unity of, 338 College of Philadelphia/University of vs. will, 593 Pennsylvania, 114–115, 906 Wolff on, 239, 561 Philanthropinum (Dessau), 623 Unfortunate Mother’s Advice to her Absent Princeton. See New Jersey Daughters (Pennington), 218 Queen’s College/Rutgers University, 115 Uniformity Act, 643 Rhode Island College/Brown University, Unigenitus, 77, 87, 407 115 unitarianism, 108, 122, 133, 643, 648, 670, Royal College of Surgeons, London, 907 690 Salamanca, 76, 1072, 1100 United States, the, 440 Sorbonne, 71, 86–87

1406 Index rerum

Universities and Schools (cont.) Vernunftlehre (Reimarus), 41 St. Andrews, 103 Versuch einer allgemeinen Auslegungskunst Trinity College, Dublin, 101, 867 (Meier), 523 Tubingen,¨ 441 Versuch einigen Betrachtungen uber¨ den Uppsala, 910 Optimismus (Kant), 769 Vienna, 88, 1100 Versuch einer chritischen Dichtkunst (Gottsched), Warrington Academy, 617 63 College of William and Mary, 113 Versuch einer Kritik aller Offenbarung (Fichte), Yale College, 111–112 677–678, 743–744 Yverdon, 626, 628, 629 Versuch einer neuen Darstellung der Untersuchungen aus dem Natur-, Staats- und Wissenschaftslehre (Fichte), 311 –312 Volkerrechte¨ (Bergk), 1036, 1043–1044 Versuch einer neuen Theorie des menschlichen Untersuchung uber¨ der Deutlichkeit der Vorstellungsvermogens¨ (Reinhold), Grunds¨ atze¨ der naturlichen Theologie und 31 0 –311 der Moral (Kant), 151 –152 , 829, 977 Versuch eines Beweises (Sussmilch),¨ 473–474 utilitarianism, 56–57, 171–172, 176–177, 972, View of the Evidences of Christianity (Paley), 988, 991, 997, 998, 999, 1006, 1015, 657, 703 1026, 1058, 1059, 1062–1063, 1103 View of the Principal Deistical Writers (Leland), Leibniz and, 998 701 secular, 56, 1010–1014 Vindication of the Divine Attributes (Collins), theological, 56, 223, 1007–1010 690 Tooke and, 487 Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity Utilitarianism (Mill), 1013 (Locke), 642 utility, 143, 152 , 170, 171–172, 795–799, 836, Vindication of the Rights of Men 1059 (Wollstonecraft), 222 principle of, 212, 1012, 1013, 1026 Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Wollstonecraft), 221, 222–223, 529, 631 vacuum, 1087 Virgin Unmask’d (Mandeville), 216–217 validity vision. See sense(s) Kant on, 273–274 Berkeley on, 247 Vegetable Staticks and Analysis of the Air vitalism, 924–926, 929 (Hales), 913 vivisection, 162, 177 vegetarianism, 177 Volksreligion und Christentum (Hegel), 679, Venn diagram, 841 803 Vergleichung des vom Hrn Prof. Schmid Vollstandige¨ Anleitung zur Algebra (Euler), 833 aufgestellten Systems mit der voluntarism, 674, 991–992, 994, 996–997, Wissenschaftslehre (Fichte), 253 1007, 1014, 1030 Vernunfftige¨ Gedancken von dem Kant and, 1041 gesellschafftlichen Leben der Menschen theological, 991–992, 1000–1001, 1004, (Wolff), 1033 1014, 1017 Vernunfftige¨ Gedancken von der Menschen Thun voluptuousness, 549 und Lassen (Wolff), 1000 Von dem ersten Grunde des Unterschiedes der Vernunfftige¨ Gedanken von den Kraften¨ des Gegenden der Raume (Kant), 835 menschlichen Verstandes (Wolff), 62, 396 Vorlesungen uber¨ die Methode des akademischen Vernunftige¨ Gedancken von Gott, der Welt und Studiums (Schelling), 155 –156 der Seele (Wolff), 293, 301, 346–347, Vorlesungen uber¨ die Philosophie der Religion 371–372, 560–564 (Hegel), 745–746 Vernunftige¨ Gedanken von dem Wahrscheinlichen Vorlesungen uber¨ Metaphysik und (Chladenius), 1135 Rationaltheologie (Kant), 769

Index rerum 1407

Vorlesungen uber¨ Physische Geographie (Kant), Rousseau on, 1016–1017, 1049–1051 1080 Shaftesbury on, 569–570 Vorlesungsankundigen¨ (Kant), 151 Wolff on, 560–564 Vortrage¨ uber¨ Recht und Staat (Svarez), 1029 Wissenschaft der Logik (Hegel), 745, 746 Voyages de Montesquieu (Montesquieu), 537 wit, 522–523, 527, 538 Voyage round the World (Forster), 198 Wolfﬁanism, 8, 14, 41, 49, 308, 395, 397, 410, 421, 558, 659, 660, 673, 759, 976, 978 war, just, 193 women, 34, 161, 202–224 Warrington Academy, 110, 500 Burke on, 204–205 Was heisst: Sich im Denken orientiren? (Kant), and climate, 211 363, 416 Condorcet on, 221, 631 Was ist Aufklarung?¨ (Kant), 129, 780 Diderot on, 206–208 Wealth of Nations (Smith), 55, 186, 193, 483, education of. See education, female 836, 843, 1100 and the French Revolution, 221 Weg zur Gewissheit und Zuverlassigkeit¨ der de Gouges on, 220–221 menschlichen Erkenntnis (Crusius), 373, and history of philosophy, 13–14 1115–1116 Hume on, 209 welfare-state, 1028, 1032, 1035, 1039 Mme Lambert on, 205–206 Westminster Confession, 108 C. Macaulay on, 221–222, 631 Westphalia, Peace of, 38, 643 Mandeville on, 208–209 Whole Duty of Man (Allestree), 218 Millar on, 214–216 Whole Duty of Woman (Kenrick), 218 Montesquieu on, 211 Wie Gertud ihre Kinder Lehrt (Pestalozzi), 628 and morality, 204–224 Wiener Logik (Kant), 268, 1124, 1136, 1139 Rousseau on, 207, 210, 218–221, 630–631 will, 972, Chapter 19 passim. See also free will Wollstonecraft on, 222–223, 631 d’Alembert on, 557 world, best possible, 84, 172, 561–564, 658, Berkeley on, 581 754–759, 767, 820. See also evil, and causality, 375, 560, 576, 586–588, 595 problem of Clarke on, 578–581 Butler on, 758–759 corruption of, 398–399 Crusius on, 756 Crusius on, 589–593 Kant on, 769 Descartes on, 559 Leibniz on, 325–326, 563, 753–755, 756, vs. desire, 566–568, 576 820 faculty of, 557 Wolff on, 563, 755, 756, 819 Fichte on, 678 world, external, 58 and God, 589–593, 678, 980 Berkeley on, 52, 349 God’s, 559, 561, 563–564, 578–581, 674, Hume on, 353, 402 753–754, 992, 1004, 1009 Reid on, 246 Hume on, 576–578 Wolff on, 287 inﬁnite regress of, 566 writing, art of, 501–506 Kant on, 65, 558, 1017–1022 Leibniz on, 557, 558, 559, 560, 563–564, Zoonomia (E. Darwin), 487 753–754 Zum ewigen Frieden (Kant), 1045–1047, 1080 Leibniz-Wolff theory of, 562, 567–568, Zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophie 570 (Schelling), 11 Locke on, 557, 558, 564–569, 576, 587, Zweifel uber¨ die Bestimmung des Menschen 610–611 (Abbt), 763 Mandeville on, 570–571 Zweite Einleitung in die Wissenschaftslehre Reid on, 585–588 (Fichte), 312