Mathematics 1
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Ch. 15 Power Series, Taylor Series
Ch. 15 Power Series, Taylor Series 서울대학교 조선해양공학과 서유택 2017.12 ※ 본 강의 자료는 이규열, 장범선, 노명일 교수님께서 만드신 자료를 바탕으로 일부 편집한 것입니다. Seoul National 1 Univ. 15.1 Sequences (수열), Series (급수), Convergence Tests (수렴판정) Sequences: Obtained by assigning to each positive integer n a number zn z . Term: zn z1, z 2, or z 1, z 2 , or briefly zn N . Real sequence (실수열): Sequence whose terms are real Convergence . Convergent sequence (수렴수열): Sequence that has a limit c limznn c or simply z c n . For every ε > 0, we can find N such that Convergent complex sequence |zn c | for all n N → all terms zn with n > N lie in the open disk of radius ε and center c. Divergent sequence (발산수열): Sequence that does not converge. Seoul National 2 Univ. 15.1 Sequences, Series, Convergence Tests Convergence . Convergent sequence: Sequence that has a limit c Ex. 1 Convergent and Divergent Sequences iin 11 Sequence i , , , , is convergent with limit 0. n 2 3 4 limznn c or simply z c n Sequence i n i , 1, i, 1, is divergent. n Sequence {zn} with zn = (1 + i ) is divergent. Seoul National 3 Univ. 15.1 Sequences, Series, Convergence Tests Theorem 1 Sequences of the Real and the Imaginary Parts . A sequence z1, z2, z3, … of complex numbers zn = xn + iyn converges to c = a + ib . if and only if the sequence of the real parts x1, x2, … converges to a . and the sequence of the imaginary parts y1, y2, … converges to b. Ex. -
Line Integrals for Work, Circulation, and Plane Flux
Classroom Tips and Techniques: Line Integrals for Work, Circulation, and Plane Flux Robert J. Lopez Emeritus Professor of Mathematics and Maple Fellow © Maplesoft, a division of Waterloo Maple Inc., 2005 Introduction In our last column, we discussed how to address the iterated integral in Maple 9.5. This month, we will continue discussing integrals that arise in the subject area of vector calculus. In particular, we will discuss line integrals of the tangential and normal components of a vector field. The line integral of the tangential component of a force field produces the work done by the force on a particle of unit mass, as the mass moves along a specified curve. For the tangential component of the velocity field of a planar fluid flow, the line integral around a closed curve - typically a circle - is the circulation of the flow. The line integral of the normal component of a vector field is the flux of the field through the curve, and is a measure of the net "flow" of the field in the direction of the normal. If F = i + j represents the vector field in Cartesian coordinates, and is a planar curve parametrized by the equations then work (or circulation), the line integral of the tangential component of F along , is given by + or Flux, the line integral of the normal component of F along , is given by or (The mnemonic I always provided my students for the flux integral in the plane is that the form starts and ends with the same letters as the word "flux" and has a minus sign in the middle, thus determining where the letters and must go.) All of these physically meaningful quantities can be computed with the LineInt command in Maple's VectorCalculus package. -
3.3 Convergence Tests for Infinite Series
3.3 Convergence Tests for Infinite Series 3.3.1 The integral test We may plot the sequence an in the Cartesian plane, with independent variable n and dependent variable a: n X The sum an can then be represented geometrically as the area of a collection of rectangles with n=1 height an and width 1. This geometric viewpoint suggests that we compare this sum to an integral. If an can be represented as a continuous function of n, for real numbers n, not just integers, and if the m X sequence an is decreasing, then an looks a bit like area under the curve a = a(n). n=1 In particular, m m+2 X Z m+1 X an > an dn > an n=1 n=1 n=2 For example, let us examine the first 10 terms of the harmonic series 10 X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 1 + + + + + + + + + : n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 1 If we draw the curve y = x (or a = n ) we see that 10 11 10 X 1 Z 11 dx X 1 X 1 1 > > = − 1 + : n x n n 11 1 1 2 1 (See Figure 1, copied from Wikipedia) Z 11 dx Now = ln(11) − ln(1) = ln(11) so 1 x 10 X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 1 + + + + + + + + + > ln(11) n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 and 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + < ln(11) + (1 − ): 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Z dx So we may bound our series, above and below, with some version of the integral : x If we allow the sum to turn into an infinite series, we turn the integral into an improper integral. -
Convergence Tests: Divergence, Integral, and P-Series Tests
Convergence Tests: Divergence, Integral, and p-Series Tests SUGGESTED REFERENCE MATERIAL: As you work through the problems listed below, you should reference your lecture notes and the relevant chapters in a textbook/online resource. EXPECTED SKILLS: • Recognize series that cannot converge by applying the Divergence Test. • Use the Integral Test on appropriate series (all terms positive, corresponding function is decreasing and continuous) to make a conclusion about the convergence of the series. • Recognize a p-series and use the value of p to make a conclusion about the convergence of the series. • Use the algebraic properties of series. PRACTICE PROBLEMS: For problems 1 { 9, apply the Divergence Test. What, if any, conlcusions can you draw about the series? 1 X 1. (−1)k k=1 lim (−1)k DNE and thus is not 0, so by the Divergence Test the series diverges. k!1 Also, recall that this series is a geometric series with ratio r = −1, which confirms that it must diverge. 1 X 1 2. (−1)k k k=1 1 lim (−1)k = 0, so the Divergence Test is inconclusive. k!1 k 1 X ln k 3. k k=3 ln k lim = 0, so the Divergence Test is inconclusive. k!1 k 1 1 X ln 6k 4. ln 2k k=1 ln 6k lim = 1 6= 0 [see Sequences problem #26], so by the Divergence Test the series diverges. k!1 ln 2k 1 X 5. ke−k k=1 lim ke−k = 0 [see Limits at Infinity Review problem #6], so the Divergence Test is k!1 inconclusive. -
Problem Set 1
Mathematics 41C - 43C Mathematics Department Phillips Exeter Academy Exeter, NH August 2019 Table of Contents 41C Laboratory 0: Graphing . 6 Problem Set 1 . 9 Laboratory 1: Differences . 13 Problem Set 2 . .15 Laboratory 2: Functions and Rate of Change Graphs . 19 Problem Set 3 . .21 Laboratory 3: Approximating Instantaneous Rate of Change . 28 Problem Set 4 . .29 Laboratory 4: Linear Approximation . 34 Problem Set 5 . .36 Laboratory 5: Transformations and Derivatives . 41 Problem Set 6 . .43 Laboratory 6: Addition Rule and Product Rule for Derivatives . 47 Problem Set 7 . .49 Laboratory 7: Graphs and the Derivative . .53 Problem Set 8 . .54 Laboratory 8: The Most Exciting Moment on the Tilt-a-Whirl . 58 42C Laboratory 9: Graphs and the Second Derivative . 62 Problem Set 10 . .63 Laboratory 10: The Chain Rule for Derivatives . 66 Problem Set 11 . .69 Laboratory 11: Discovering Differential Equations . 74 Problem Set 12 . .76 Laboratory 12: Projectile Motion . .80 Problem Set 13 . .81 Laboratory 13: Introducing Slope Fields . .84 Problem Set 14 . .86 Laboratory 14: Introducing Euler's Method . 89 Problem Set 15 . .91 Laboratory 15: Skydiving . 95 Problem Set 16 . .97 43C Problem Set 17 . 102 Laboratory 17: The Gini Index . .107 Problem Set 18 . 111 Laboratory 18: Integration as Accumulation . .115 Problem Set 19 . 117 Laboratory 19: Geometric Probability . 120 Problem Set 20 . 121 August 2019 3 Phillips Exeter Academy Table of Contents Laboratory 20: The Normal Curve . 124 Problem Set 21 . 126 Laboratory 21: The Exponential Distribution . 129 Problem Set 22 . 131 Laboratory 22: Calculus and Data Analysis . 134 Problem Set 23 . 138 Laboratory 23: Predator/Prey Model . -
Geometric Series Test Examples
Geometric Series Test Examples andunfairly.External conquering Percussionaland clannish Isador RickieChristofer often propagaterevalidating: filiated someher he scabies debruised pennyworts parches his tough spikiness while or Vergilfluidizing errantly legitimate outward. and exceeding. some intestines Scalene Compare without a geometric series. Then most series converges to a11q if q1 Solved Problems Click the tap a problem will see her solution Example 1 Find one sum. Worksheet 24 PRACTICE WITH ALL OF surrender SERIES TESTS. How dope you tell you an infinite geometric series converges or diverges? IXL Convergent and divergent geometric series Precalculus. Start studying Series Tests for Convergence or Divergence Learn their terms sound more with. Each term an equal strain the family term times a constant, meaning that the dice of successive terms during the series of constant. You'll swear in calculus you can why the grumble of both infinite geometric sequence given only. MATH 21-123 Tips on Using Tests of CMU Math. Here like two ways. In this tutorial we missing some talk the outdoor common tests for the convergence of an. Test and take your century of Arithmetic & Geometric Sequences with fun multiple choice exams you might take online with Studycom. You cannot select a question if the current study step is not a question. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is now much for transparent. That is, like above ideas can be formalized and written prompt a theorem. While alternating series test is a fixed number of infinite series which the distinction between two examples! The series test, and examples of a goal to? Drift snippet included twice. -
Calculus Terminology
AP Calculus BC Calculus Terminology Absolute Convergence Asymptote Continued Sum Absolute Maximum Average Rate of Change Continuous Function Absolute Minimum Average Value of a Function Continuously Differentiable Function Absolutely Convergent Axis of Rotation Converge Acceleration Boundary Value Problem Converge Absolutely Alternating Series Bounded Function Converge Conditionally Alternating Series Remainder Bounded Sequence Convergence Tests Alternating Series Test Bounds of Integration Convergent Sequence Analytic Methods Calculus Convergent Series Annulus Cartesian Form Critical Number Antiderivative of a Function Cavalieri’s Principle Critical Point Approximation by Differentials Center of Mass Formula Critical Value Arc Length of a Curve Centroid Curly d Area below a Curve Chain Rule Curve Area between Curves Comparison Test Curve Sketching Area of an Ellipse Concave Cusp Area of a Parabolic Segment Concave Down Cylindrical Shell Method Area under a Curve Concave Up Decreasing Function Area Using Parametric Equations Conditional Convergence Definite Integral Area Using Polar Coordinates Constant Term Definite Integral Rules Degenerate Divergent Series Function Operations Del Operator e Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Deleted Neighborhood Ellipsoid GLB Derivative End Behavior Global Maximum Derivative of a Power Series Essential Discontinuity Global Minimum Derivative Rules Explicit Differentiation Golden Spiral Difference Quotient Explicit Function Graphic Methods Differentiable Exponential Decay Greatest Lower Bound Differential -
Lecture 19, March 1
(Text, Section 8.1) Q1: Find the length of the graph of for No calculus needed A) B) C) D) E) Answer We want the length of the straight line segment joining to By the distance formula from precalculus, We briefly reviewed the Mean Value Theorem (used later in the lecture to find an integral that givesus the length of part of the graph of a function. The following formulas were derived in the lecture (and are explained in the text): that's not repeated here. In the lecture and in the textbook, there was an explanation of how to get an integral that represents the length of a curve , (or The “piece” of the graph is sometimes referred to, loosely, as an “arc along the graph” so that the length is sometimes called arc length. arc length OR OR On the technical side, we are assuming here that is a continuous function (so that we're sure the integrals in the formulas exist but that find of issue is more a topic for an advanced calculus course.) Most of the examples for arc length that you can actually compute example are very “contrived” examples because the formula for often produces an integral that is very hard, if not impossible, to work out exactly. This doesn't mean that the integral is useless, however. Apart from certain theoretical uses, you can always write down the integral for any arc length and then use the Midpoint Rule, or some more sophisticated approximation rule, to approximate the value of the integral. For the Midpoint Rule, just pick as large an as you can tolerate working with, subdivide the interval into equal parts of length = , and plug into the formula for We can verify that these formulas do work in the simplest case (a straight line segment) which we did in Q1 without any calculus at all. -
3.2 Introduction to Infinite Series
3.2 Introduction to Infinite Series Many of our infinite sequences, for the remainder of the course, will be defined by sums. For example, the sequence m X 1 S := : (1) m 2n n=1 is defined by a sum. Its terms (partial sums) are 1 ; 2 1 1 3 + = ; 2 4 4 1 1 1 7 + + = ; 2 4 8 8 1 1 1 1 15 + + + = ; 2 4 8 16 16 ::: These infinite sequences defined by sums are called infinite series. Review of sigma notation The Greek letter Σ used in this notation indicates that we are adding (\summing") elements of a certain pattern. (We used this notation back in Calculus 1, when we first looked at integrals.) Here our sums may be “infinite”; when this occurs, we are really looking at a limit. Resources An introduction to sequences a standard part of single variable calculus. It is covered in every calculus textbook. For example, one might look at * section 11.3 (Integral test), 11.4, (Comparison tests) , 11.5 (Ratio & Root tests), 11.6 (Alternating, abs. conv & cond. conv) in Calculus, Early Transcendentals (11th ed., 2006) by Thomas, Weir, Hass, Giordano (Pearson) * section 11.3 (Integral test), 11.4, (comparison tests), 11.5 (alternating series), 11.6, (Absolute conv, ratio and root), 11.7 (summary) in Calculus, Early Transcendentals (6th ed., 2008) by Stewart (Cengage) * sections 8.3 (Integral), 8.4 (Comparison), 8.5 (alternating), 8.6, Absolute conv, ratio and root, in Calculus, Early Transcendentals (1st ed., 2011) by Tan (Cengage) Integral tests, comparison tests, ratio & root tests. -
Math 125: Calculus II - Dr
Math 125: Calculus II - Dr. Loveless Essential Course Info My Course Website: math.washington.edu/~aloveles/ Homework Log-In (use UWNetID): webassign.net/washington/login.html Directions for Webassign code purchase: math.washington.edu/webassign Math Department 125 Course Page: math.washington.edu/~m125/ First week to do list 1. Read 4.9, 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3 of the book. Start attempting HW. 2. Print off the “worksheets” and bring them to quiz sections. Today 1st HW assignments Syllabus/Intro Closing time is always 11pm. Section 4.9 - HW1A,1B,1C close Oct 4 - antiderivatives (Wed) (covers 4.9, 5.1, and 5.2) Expect 6-8 hrs of work, start today! What we will do in this course: 4. Ch. 8-9 – More Applications We learn the basic tools of integral - Arc Length, Center of Mass calculus which provide the essential - Differential Equations language for engineering, science and economics. Specifically, 5. Practicing Algebra, Trig and Precalc Students often say: The hardest part 1. Ch. 5 – Defining the Integral of calculus is you have to know all - Definition and basic techniques your precalculus, and they are right. 2. Ch. 6 – Basic Integral Applications Improving your algebra, trig and - Areas, Volumes precalculus skills will be one of the - Average Value best benefits you will gain from this - Measuring Work course (arguably as valuable as the course content itself). You will use 3. Ch. 7 – Integration Techniques these skills often in your other - by parts, trig, trig sub, partial courses at UW. frac Entry Task: Differentiate 7 1. 퐹(푥) = − 5√푥3 + 4ln (푥) 푥10 6푥 2. -
Calculus Online Textbook Chapter 10
Contents CHAPTER 9 Polar Coordinates and Complex Numbers 9.1 Polar Coordinates 348 9.2 Polar Equations and Graphs 351 9.3 Slope, Length, and Area for Polar Curves 356 9.4 Complex Numbers 360 CHAPTER 10 Infinite Series 10.1 The Geometric Series 10.2 Convergence Tests: Positive Series 10.3 Convergence Tests: All Series 10.4 The Taylor Series for ex, sin x, and cos x 10.5 Power Series CHAPTER 11 Vectors and Matrices 11.1 Vectors and Dot Products 11.2 Planes and Projections 11.3 Cross Products and Determinants 11.4 Matrices and Linear Equations 11.5 Linear Algebra in Three Dimensions CHAPTER 12 Motion along a Curve 12.1 The Position Vector 446 12.2 Plane Motion: Projectiles and Cycloids 453 12.3 Tangent Vector and Normal Vector 459 12.4 Polar Coordinates and Planetary Motion 464 CHAPTER 13 Partial Derivatives 13.1 Surfaces and Level Curves 472 13.2 Partial Derivatives 475 13.3 Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations 480 13.4 Directional Derivatives and Gradients 490 13.5 The Chain Rule 497 13.6 Maxima, Minima, and Saddle Points 504 13.7 Constraints and Lagrange Multipliers 514 CHAPTER Infinite Series Infinite series can be a pleasure (sometimes). They throw a beautiful light on sin x and cos x. They give famous numbers like n and e. Usually they produce totally unknown functions-which might be good. But on the painful side is the fact that an infinite series has infinitely many terms. It is not easy to know the sum of those terms. -
1 General Series: Convergence and Divergence P∞ an Infinite Series, K=1 Ak, Converges If Its Sequence of Partial Sums Converges to a finite Number
1 General Series: Convergence and Divergence P∞ An infinite series, k=1 ak, converges if its sequence of partial sums converges to a finite number. In other words, to determine the convergence of a series, Pn look at limn→∞ sn where sn = k=1 ak. We know that if the sequence of partial sums is increasing and bounded the series converges; if the sequence of partial sums is increasing and unbounded then the series diverges. This is what comparison tests are based on (and why they apply only to series where the terms are eventually all positive). 1.1 Convergence Tests Series that we know about: P∞ n • Geometric Series: A geometric series is a series of the form n=0 ar . The series diverges if |r| > 1 and converges if |r| < 1. In the latter case a the sum of the entire series is 1−r where a is the first term of the series and r is the common ratio. We proved this by writing the partial sums in closed form and computing a limit. P∞ 1 • p-Series: The series n=1 np converges if p > 1 and diverges otherwise. We proved this using the Integral Test. Intrinsic Tests that can be used for all series without restiction P∞ • Nth Term Test for Divergence: If limn→∞ an 6= 0, then the series n=1 an diverges. Note: If limn→∞ an = 0 we know nothing: the series can either converge P∞ 1 or diverge. (Think about the harmonic series n=1 n ) P∞ an+1 • Ratio Test: Given an, look at limn→∞ | |.