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Priručnik Za Zaštitu Mora I Prepoznavanje Živog Svijeta Jadrana Urednici: Mosor Prvan Zrinka Jakl

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Priručnik Za Zaštitu Mora I Prepoznavanje Živog Svijeta Jadrana Urednici: Mosor Prvan Zrinka Jakl priručnik za zaštitu mora i prepoznavanje živog svijeta jadrana urednici: Mosor Prvan Zrinka Jakl “Ni riječi pred veličanstvom mora, pred mudrim šumorom vječnosti.” — Dragutin Tadijanović Split, svibanj 2016. Priručnik za zaštitu mora i prepoznavanje živog svijeta Jadrana II. prošireno izdanje 2016. godina Izdavač: Udruga za prirodu, okoliš i održivi razvoj Sunce ([email protected] / www.sunce-st.org) Urednici: Mosor Prvan i Zrinka Jakl Autori tekstova: Mosor Prvan (Zaštita Jadrana, prijetnje Jadranskom moru, održivo ribarstvo, opisi vrsta), Buga Berković (Mehanizmi zaštite i očuvanja); Zrinka Jakl, Ante Žuljević, Irena Bitunjac, Ivana Plepel, Branko Dragičević, Grgur Pleslić i Draško Holcer (opisi vrsta). Fotografije: Hrvoje Čižmek, Zrinka Jakl, Jelena Belamarić, Petar Kružić, Ante Žuljević, Piotr Stós, Goran Šafarek, Antonio Rossetti, Dalibor Andres, Filip Bukša, Donat Petricioli, Danijel Frka, Draško Holcer, Duje Bulaja, Vedran Nikolić, Mosor Prvan, Pero Tutman, Branko Dragičević, Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli, Jelena Kurtović, R. A. Patzner, Vesna Petešić, Igor Karasi, Toni Font, Laboratorij za bentos – Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, Institut Plavi svijet, Greenpeace, NP Mljet. Grafičko oblikovanje, prijelom i dizajn naslovnice: Ivan Milas, studio Locastic Tisak: Jafra print d.o.o. Naklada: 600 primjeraka ISBN: 978-953-7810-03-0 Umnožavanje ove publikacije ili njezinih dijelova u bilo kojem obliku, kao i distribucija, nije dozvoljena bez prethodnog pismenog odobrenja izdavača. Prvo izdanje priručnika pod naslovom „Priručnik za inventarizaciju morskih vrsta Jadra- na“ izrađeno je u sklopu projekta „Jačanje sektora civilnog društva za zaštitu mora u Hrvatskoj“ financiranom od strane Europske unije u okviru CARDS programa. Projekt je proveden u partnerstvu s Institutom za istraživanje i zaštitu mora Plavi svijet, a u suradnji s Državnim zavodom za zaštitu prirode i Udrugom studenata biologije BIUS. Izrada i tisak drugog proširenog izdanja ovog priručnika provedeni su u okviru projekta „Kartiranje, monitoring i upravljanje prekograničnom Natura 2000 mrežom na moru – 4 M“ (IPA Program prekogranične suradnje Hrvatska – Crna Gora 2007 – 2013). U ovom, drugom izdanju, uvršteno je poglavlje o mehanizmima i alatima zaštite mora od posto- jećih prijetnji, zamijenjene su fotografije vrsta gdje su nađene bolje te su uvedene nužne promjene vezane uz aktualnu nomenklaturu i opis vrsta. Projektom 4M upravljaju delegacija Europske unije u Crnoj Gori i Agencija za regionalni razvoj Republike Hrvatske, a provode ga Udruga Sunce, Javna ustanova za upravljanje zaštićenim prirodnim vrijednostima Dubrovačko – neretvanske županije, Green Home i Agencija za zaštitu životne sredine Crne gore. CIP zapis dostupan u računalnom katalogu Sveučilišne knjižnice u Splitu pod brojem 160525027. priručnik je proizveden u okviru projekta: karti- ranje, monitoring i upravljanje prekograničnom urednici: mosor prvan i zrinak jakl natura 2000 mrežom na moru - 4m split, svibanj 2016. partneri priručnik za zaštitu mora i prepoznavanje živog svijeta jadrana donatori financirano od strane europske unije ovaj priručnik tiskan je uz pomoć europske unije i ureda za udruge vlade rh. za sadržaj priručnika odgovorna je udruga sunce i ni na koji se način ne može smatrati da sufinancirano od strane odražava gledišta europske unije i ureda za udruge vlade rh ureda za udruge vlade rh. Sadržaj zahvale ............................................................................ 6 predgovor ....................................................................... 7 naša mora i zašto ih trebamo čuvati? .......................... 8 zaštita jadrana ............................................................. 10 osnovna obilježja jadranskog mora .......................... 11 geopolitika i demografija ........................................................ 11 ekologija ........................................................................................ 12 morfološke i fizikalno-kemijske karakteristike ........... 13 produktivnost .............................................................................. 14 morsko dno i obala ..................................................................... 15 prijetnje jadranskom moru ......................................... 16 prelov .............................................................................................. 18 degradacija i uništavanje obalnih i morskih staništa ....... 20 onečišćenje .................................................................................... 23 Eutrofikacija .................................................................................... 24 Nafta i opasne tvari ........................................................................ 25 Morski otpad ................................................................................... 28 Balastne vode .................................................................................. 29 Marikultura .................................................................................... 30 Podvodna buka ................................................................................ 30 invazivne vrste ............................................................................. 31 klimatske promjene ..................................................................... 33 4 mehanizmi za zaštitu i očuvanje jadrana ........................ 36 održivi ribolov ............................................................................. 37 održivi i odgovorni turizam .................................................... 38 zaštićena područja i ekološka mreža - natura 2000 .............. 41 integrirano upravljanje obalom ........................................... 48 priručnik za prepoznavanje živog svijeta jadranskog mora ................................................................... 50 kratko o morskim staništima ................................................. 50 invazivne vrste ............................................................................ 51 izabrane morske vrste jadrana ........................................ 58 tumač simbola ............................................................................... 59 algae / alge .................................................................................... 60 angiospermae / morske cvjetnice .......................................... 82 porifera / spužve .......................................................................... 88 cnidaria / žarnjaci .................................................................... 112 mollusca / mekušci .................................................................... 142 polychaeta / mnogočetinaši .................................................. 192 crustacea / rakovi ..................................................................... 202 bryozoa / mahovnjaci .............................................................. 212 echinodermata / bodljikaši ................................................... 218 tunicata / plaštenjaci ............................................................. 244 pisces / ribe .................................................................................. 252 chelonia / kornjače .................................................................. 288 cetacea / kitovi .......................................................................... 290 kazalo pojmova ................................................................... 298 literatura ............................................................................ 304 5 Zahvale Da smo kojim slučajem imali još samo malo više vremena…ovaj priručnik bi imao puno više strana (i puno manje grešaka). Na žalost nismo. Projekti koje financira Europska unija ne trpe kašnjenje pa smo u ograničenom vre- menu koje smo imali uspjeli izmrcvariti pozamašan broj kolega i prijatelja tražeći savjete, fotografije, a bome i riječi ohrabrenja. Stoga im prije svega svima hvala na strpljenju, ažurnosti i doprinosu u izradi ovog Priručnika. Neizostavan dio Priručnika su fotografije vrsta i podmorja koje mi nismo imali. Nismo imali ni sredstva da ih kupimo pa se ronilačka solidarnost i ljubav prema moru iskazala u punoj snazi. Apsolutno nitko nije odbio do- nirati fotografije, a neki su se zaputili pod more samo da pribave što nam nedostaje. Na tome smo kolegama neizmjerno zahvalni i želimo im sjajna ronjenja i još bolje fotografije živog svijeta i podmorja našeg Jadrana. Posebne zahvale idu dragom kolegi Anti Žuljeviću koji se, uz doniranje fo- tografija, napregledavao, napreprepravljao i nasugerirao te kolegi Hrvoju Čižmeku čije su fotografije najviše korištene u Priručniku. Na koncu hvala Europskoj uniji koja financira projekt „Kartiranje, monito- ring i upravljanje prekograničnom Natura 2000 mrežom na moru – 4M“. Zahvaljujući njihovoj donaciji ovaj priručnik je besplatan i svim zaljubljeni- cima u more dostupan (do isteka zaliha :)). — Mosor Prvan i Zrinka Jakl 6 Predgovor „Na kraju ćemo sačuvati samo ono što volimo, volit ćemo samo ono što razumijemo, a razumjet ćemo samo ono što smo naučeni.“ — Baba Dium, senegalski znanstvenik Često se pitamo koliko je u jadranskim okvirima istinita gornja rečeni- ca. Kod nas je puno toga naopako, pa je možda čak tako i s našim od- nosom prema Jadranu. Svi mi volimo naše more, hranimo se iz njega, plovimo njime, pišemo mu pjesme... Naša tradicija i kultura su čvrsto usidrene u našem moru. Naš vlastiti identitet je duboko utkan u Jadran i Jadran u njega. Ali koliko ga razumijemo i koliko znamo o njemu? Ne koliko mislimo da znamo,
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