DOCSLIB.ORG

An Analysis of Wallpaper Fragments in the Red Bedchamber and Cloisters of Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Analysis of Wallpaper Fragments in the Red Bedchamber and Cloisters of Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 1-1-2007 An Analysis of Wallpaper Fragments in the Red Bedchamber and Cloisters of Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England. Sarah Vukovich University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Vukovich, Sarah, "An Analysis of Wallpaper Fragments in the Red Bedchamber and Cloisters of Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England." (2007). Theses (Historic Preservation). 91. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/91 A Thesis in Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Historic Preservation 2007. Advisor: Gail Caskey Winkler This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/91 For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Analysis of Wallpaper Fragments in the Red Bedchamber and Cloisters of Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England. Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments A Thesis in Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Historic Preservation 2007. Advisor: Gail Caskey Winkler This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/91 AN ANALYSIS OF WALLPAPER FRAGMENTS IN THE RED BEDCHAMBER AND CLOISTERS OF STRAWBERRY HILL, TWICKENHAM, ENGLAND. SARAH VUKOVICH A THESIS In Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2007 _______________________________ ______________________________ Advisor Program Chair Gail Caskey Winkler Frank G. Matero Lecturer in Historic Preservation Professor of Architecture University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to our professor Robin Letellier (1944-2007) whose dedication to Heritage Conservation was an inspiration. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To: My advisor, Gail Caskey Winkler, for her patience and encouragement. My reader, Cassie Myers for her guidance and generous time; Kevin Rogers, for answering endless questions and cooking fabulous meals; Anna Chalcroft, for her patience and unflagging interest in the site; My talented and supportive classmates especially Amanda Casper, Fon Wang, Ashley Hahn, Megan Schmidt, Lauren Hall, whose support and skills helped greatly; to my family, for their love and understanding; And lastly, to Jack, for being wonderfully supportive and loving. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents iv List of Figures vii 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Context 7 2.1 Location 7 2.2 History 8 2.2.1 Introduction to the History 8 2.2.2 Pre-Walpole 9 2.2.3 Walpole 10 2.2.4 Damer 12 2.2.5 Waldegrave 13 2.2.6 de Stern 20 2.2.7 Saint Mary’s College 21 2.3 Lady Waldegrave’s Restoration of Strawberry Hill 26 3.0 Cloister 31 3.1 Location 31 3.2 History of the Cloister 31 3.2.1 Walpole 31 3.2.2 Damer/Waldegrave 37 3.2.3 Strawberry Hill Trust 42 3.3 Description of the Wallpapers 42 3.3.1 Sampling 45 4.0 Red Bedchamber (Green Bedchamber) 46 4.1 Location 46 4.2 History of the Cloister 46 4.2.1 Walpole 46 4.2.2 Lady Waldegrave 49 4.2.3 Strawberry Hill Trust 52 iv 4.3 Description of the Wallpapers 53 5.0 Wallpaper 57 5.1 Introduction 57 5.2 Material History and Use 58 5.2.1 Manufacturing History 58 5.2.2 Patterns 62 5.2.3 Substrate 64 5.3 Analysis and Conservation Methods 68 5.3.1 Examination In-Situ and Sampling 68 5.3.2 Microscopy 70 5.3.3 Instrumental Analysis 72 5.3.4 Deterioration 74 5.3.5 Conservation 75 5.4 Conclusion 79 6.0 Examination and Analysis 81 6.1 Testing Methodology 81 6.2 In-Situ Examination and Sampling 83 6.2.1 Sampling 83 6.2.2 Preparation of Samples 84 6.2.3 Dispersion Samples 86 6.2.4 Examination 86 6.3 Microscopy 87 6.3.1 Optical Microscopy 87 6.3.2 Polarized Light Microscopy 87 6.3.2.1 Pigment Morphology 88 6.3.2.2 Fiber Identification 90 6.4 Testing Methods 91 6.4.1 Micro-chemical Spot Testing 91 6.4.2 Fiber Identification 92 6.5 Wallpaper Pattern Evolution 92 7.0 Results of Wallpaper Sample Examination and Analysis 93 7.1 Great Cloister 93 v 7.1.1 Blue Foliate Paper 94 7.1.2 Geometric Pattern 97 7.1.3 Bird Pattern 99 7.2 Red Bedchamber 101 7.2.1 Brown on Brown Foliate 101 7.2.2 Brown and Cream Arabesque Trellise with Ivy 103 7.2.3 Blue Paper with Blue and Metallic Foil Leaf Pattern 105 8.0 Recommendations and Conclusions 107 8.1 Recommendations 107 8.2 Conclusions 109 Bibliography 111 Appendices Appendix A: Images 120 Appendix B: Plans 180 Appendix C: Tables 187 Appendix D: Chronology 190 Appendix E: Transcriptions 219 Index 304 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Strawberry Hill Looking Northwest. 120 Figure 2: Strawberry Hill in 1764, East and South Fronts 121 Figure 3: Aerial View of Strawberry Hill 121 Figure 4: Painting of Strawberry Hill, Muntz 122 Figure 5: Image Drawn by Horace Walpole of Chopp’d Straw Hall 123 Figure 6: Image Drawn by Horace Walpole of Chopp’d Straw Hall 123 Figure 7: Drawing of Early Incarnation of Strawberry Hill, circa 1750 124 Figure 8: Horace Walpole by Joshua Reynolds 125 Figure 9: Anne Seymour Damer 126 Figure 10: Lady Frances Waldegrave by Alcide Ercole 127 Figure 11: Strawberry Hill During the Great Sale 128 Figure 12: Caricature of Chichester Fortescue 129 Figure 13: Baron Hermann de Stern 130 Figure 14: Entrance Attributed to Lady Waldegrave 131 Figure 15: Strawberry Hill North Entrance 132 Figure 16: View of the Little Cloyster 133 Figure 17: Strawberry Hill, Seat of Mr. Horace Walpole (1772) 134 Figure 18: Strawberry Hill, The Seat of Honourable Mr. Walpole 134 Figure 19: South Front of Strawberry Hill (1784) 135 Figure 20: The Great Cloister Looking West 136 Figure 21: View of South and East Elevations 137 Figure 22: South Elevation of Strawberry Hill (1800-1830 137 Figure 23: Break in the Baseboard, Beauty Room, 138 vii Figure 24: Closet Found in the Great Cloister 139 Figure 25: Block Printed Wallpaper with Birds and Foliate Pattern 140 Figure 26: Wallpaper Sample Book of Cowtan and Sons 141 Figure 27: Wallpaper Sample Book of Cowtan and Sons 142 Figure 28: Block Printed Wallpaper Purple with White Geometric Pattern 143 Figure 29: First and Second Layers of Wallpaper with Borders 143 Figure 30: Bottom Layer of Paper and Border, Great Cloister 144 Figure 31: Sample Location, North Interior Wall, Cloister Closet 145 Figure 33: The Red Bedchamber with Closet 145 Figure 34: Cowtan and Sons Wallpaper Sample Book 146 Figure 35: Topmost Wallpaper in the Red Bedchamber Closet 147 Figure 36: Second Wallpaper Attributed to Lady Waldegrave, Red Bedchamber 148 Figure 37: Bottom Wallpaper, Red Bedchamber 149 Figure 39: Sample Location, Red Bedchamber 149 Figure 40: Wallpaper Stratigraphy in Cross Section, Red Bedchamber 150 Figure 41: Example of Stenciled Wallpaper 151 Figure 42: Hand Block Printing of Wallpaper 152 Figure 43: Wood Printing Blocks 153 Figure 44: Example of Wood Block-Printed WallPaper 154 Figure 45: Roller Printing Machine c. 1850 155 Figure 46: Cylinder for Machine Printing, mid-19th century 155 Figure 47: Example of Roller-Printed Wallpaper 156 Figure 48: Cupping, Cleavage and Loss, Deterioration of Wallpaper 157 Figures 49: Characteristic Cupping, Cracking, Cleavage and Loss 158 viii Figure 50: Extant Pieces of Historic Wallpaper during Consolidation 159 Figure 51: Japanese Paper used in the Consolidation of Paper 160 Figure 52: Deteriorated Wallpaper Surface 161 Figure 53: Deteriorated Wallpaper Surface after Consolidation and In-painting. 162 Figure 54: Wallpaper Samples Embedded in BioPlast. 163 Figure 55: Buehler Isomet. 163 Figure 56: Three-Part Sandpaper Grinding and Polishing System 164 Figure 56: The Flax Plant 165 Figure 57: Field Hands Retting Flax, c. 1919. 166 Figure 58: Flax Fiber from the Cloister Blue Paper in Plane Polarized Light 167 Figure 59: Flax Fiber from the Cloister Blue Paper in Cross-Polarized Light 167 Figure 60: Flax Fibers in Cross-Polarized Light 168 Figure 61: Cotton Plant Print 169 Figure 62: Mature Cotton Bolls (Seed Case) 170 Figure 63: Cotton Fiber from the Great Cloister, Blue Paper 171 Figure 64: Cotton Fiber from the Great Cloister, Blue Paper 172 Figure 65: Blue Pigment Dispersed Slide from the Cloisters, Blue Wallpaper 173 Figure 66: Cotton Fiber, Cloister Blue Paper 174 Figure 67: Cotton Fiber, Cloister Blue Paper 175 Figure 68: Cotton Fiber, Cloister Blue Paper 176 Figure 69: Mechanically Prepared Wood-pulp particle found in the Great Cloister, 177 Figure 70: Fiber Sample from Brown on Brown Foliate 178 Figure 71: Pigment Dispersion from Brown on Brown Foliate Paper 179 ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION From small tenement house to grand villa, Strawberry Hill has changed greatly over the past three centuries. Best known for its connection to the man of letters, Horace Walpole (1717-1787), Strawberry Hill has been the subject of extensive scholarly research. The house is highly noted for its role in the Gothic Revival style and 18th- century interior spaces. The writing of this thesis comes at a time of great change and opportunity for the site. English Heritage listed the site on its Building at Risk Register in 2004. The building was listed on the Secretary of State’s List of Buildings of Historic and Architectural Importance as Grade I.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Strawberry Hill Forever
    Spring 2010 Spring monumentum Strawberry Hill Forever Peter Inskip on the challenge of restoring Horace Walpole’s gothic pile 3 Making light work: St George’s adopts a classic chandelier 9 Project updates: from the Pella tombs to St Paul’s Cathedral Plus: Spring lecture: Kevin McCloud on new lives for old buildings WMF Britain Chairman James Hervey-Bathurst Peter Stormonth Darling has concluded an invaluable role as Acting Chairman of WMF Britain for which he Message from the Chief Executive deserves our enormous gratitude. His ultimate aim was to secure a Chair of the best calibre, which has 2010 is an auspicious year for World Monuments will be speaking for us at the RGS in October. Our been realized in James Hervey-Bathurst. Fund: it’s the organisation’s forty-fifth anniversary and fundraising for Stowe is yet to be completed, and James is heavily involved in the heritage the fifteenth year of WMF Britain’s mission to secure we would welcome any help. sector and was President of the Historic Houses a vital future for historic sites in, or related to, the UK. In July of this year, the Strawberry Hill House Association from 2003–2008. He is also a Vice We mark the occasion with the first annual summer project will be complete, presenting the restored President of European Historic Houses. party on 9 June thanks to the wonderful support Horace Walpole interiors six years after Watch James runs his family business in the Midlands, of Radisson Edwardian hotels; and we present an listing and with a WMF investment of a million centred on Eastnor Castle in Herefordshire: www.
    [Show full text]
  • HORACE WALPOLE and the NEW TASTE for GOTHIC by RONALD
    HORACE WALPOLE AND THE NEW TASTE FOR GOTHIC by RONALD BARRY HATCH B.A., University of British Columbia, 1963 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of ENGLISH We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September, 1964 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that per• mission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publi• cation of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission- Department of The University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada ii ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to examine Horace Walpole's contribution to the reawakening taste for Gothic in the eighteenth century and to relate his curiously ephemeral art forms to the broad historical development of the Gothic. No attempt has been made, except in an incidental way, to treat the initial flourishing of Gothic architecture; that the reader has at least a passing acquaintance with the architecture of the Middle Ages is assumed. Instead, the emphasis has been placed upon the Gothic survival of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; as Gothic architecture was virtually eclipsed during this period, many readers may feel that this emphasis is unwarranted.
    [Show full text]
  • Obsessing About the Catholic Other: Religion and the Secularization Process in Gothic Literature Diane Hoeveler Marquette University, [email protected]
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette English Faculty Research and Publications English, Department of 1-1-2012 Obsessing about the Catholic Other: Religion and the Secularization Process in Gothic Literature Diane Hoeveler Marquette University, [email protected] Published version. "Obsessing about the Catholic Other: Religion and the Secularization Process in Gothic Literature," in L'obsession à l'œuvre: littérature, cinéma et société en Grande-Bretagne. Eds. Jean- François Baiollon and Paul Veyret. Bourdeaux: CLIMAS, 2012: 15-32. Publisher Link. © 2012 CLIMAS. Used with permission. Obsessing about the Catholic Other: Religion and the Secularization Process in Gothic Literature Perhaps it was totally predictable that the past year has seen both the publication of a major book by Lennard Davis entitled Obsession!, as well as a new two player board game called "Obsession" in which one player wins by moving his ten rings along numbered slots. Interest in obsession, it would seem, is everywhere in high and low cultures. For Davis, obsession is both a cultural manifestation of what modernity has wrought, and a psychoanalytical phenomenon: in fact, he defines it as a recurring thought whose content has become disconnected from its original significance causing the dominance of repetitive mental intrusions (Davis 6). Recent studies have revealed that there are five broad categories of obsession: dirt and contamination, aggression, the placing of inanimate objects in order, sex, and finally religion2 Another recent study, however, claims that obsessive thoughts generally center on three main themes: the aggressive, the sexual, or the blasphemous (qtd. Davis 9). It is that last category - the blasphemous - that I think emerges in British gothic literature of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, particularly as seen in the persistent anti-Catholicism that plays such a central role in so many of those works (Radcliffe's The italian, Lewis's The Monk, and Maturin's Melmoth the Wanderer being only the most obvious).
    [Show full text]
  • GIPE-002686-Contents.Pdf (1.505Mb)
    THE ilcttcrG of ~orate malpolt VOLUJIE I. HORACE WALPOLE, 'TO FRANCES COUNTESS OF WALDEGRAVE, THE RESTORER OF STRAWBERRY HILL, 'Ctbfs JEMtton of tbe :!Letters or HORACE WALPOLE IS WITH PERMISSION ll\SCRIBED BY HER OBLIGLD ANII OBEDIENT SERVANT, PETER CVNNL~GHAM. YO!,(. MR. CUNNINGHAM'S PREFACE. __..;... T:a:E leading features of this edition may be briefly stated :- I. The publication for the first time of the Entire Correspondence of Walpole (2665 Letters) in a chronological and uniform order. II. The reprinting greatly within the compass of nine volumes the fourteen, far £rom uniform, volumes, hitherto commonly known as the only edition of Walpole's Letters. III. The publication for the first time of 117 Letters written by Horace Walpole ; many in his best mood, all illustra­ tive of ·walpole's period; while others reveal matter of moment connected with the man himself. IV. The introduction for the fust time into any collection of Walpole's Letters, of 35 letters hitherto scattered over many printed books and papers. The letters hitherto unprinted are addressed to the following persons:- Duo OJ' GLOUOEBTER, ED!o!U!ID MALONE, MR. PELHA!o!. RoBERT DoDSLEY. M&. Fox (LoRD HoLLAND}. Is.uo REED. HoRACE WALPOLE, BEN, GROSVENOR BED!IORD. SIR EDWARD WALPOLE. CHARLES BEDFORD. LO.RD ORFORD. HENDERSO!I THE AcTOR. LoRD HARCOURT. EDMUND LODGE. LORD HERTFORD. DucHESS oF GLouoxsTER. LoRD Buoa.ur. LADY LYTTELTO!I. GEO.RGE MoNTAGO. LADY CEciLIA Joa:t<STON. Sis HoucE MANN, lUll. WDY BROWNII. FISH C.RA Wi'URI>. ETO. liTO, JOSEPH W ARTOJI, vi MR. CUNNINGHAM'S PREFACE.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Catalogue 21
    Special Catalogue 21 Marbling OAK KNOLL BOOKS www.oakknoll.com 310 Delaware Street, New Castle, DE 19720 Special Catalogue 21 includes 54 items covering the history, traditions, methods, and extraordinary variety of the art of marbling. From its early origins in China and Japan to its migration to Turkey in the 15th century and Europe in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, marbling is the most colorful and fanciful aspect of book design. It is usually created without regard to the content of the book it decorates, but sometimes, as in the glorious work of Nedim Sönmez (items 39-44), it IS the book. I invite you to luxuriate in the wonderful examples and fascinating writings about marbling contained in these pages. As always, please feel free to browse our inventory online at www.oakknoll.com. Oak Knoll Books was founded in 1976 by Bob Fleck, a chemical engineer by training, who let his hobby get the best of him. Somehow, making oil refineries more efficient using mathematics and computers paled in comparison to the joy of handling books. Oak Knoll Press, the second part of the business, was established in 1978 as a logical extension of Oak Knoll Books. Today, Oak Knoll Books is a thriving company that maintains an inventory of about 25,000 titles. Our main specialties continue to be books about bibliography, book collecting, book design, book illustration, book selling, bookbinding, bookplates, children’s books, Delaware books, fine press books, forgery, graphic arts, libraries, literary criticism, marbling, papermaking, printing history, publishing, typography & type specimens, and writing & calligraphy — plus books about the history of all of these fields.
    [Show full text]
  • French Scenic Wallpaper in the American House Museum
    FRENCH SCENIC WALLPAPER IN THE AMERICAN HOUSE MUSEUM: A PANORAMIC VIEW OF ITS HISTORY, PRODUCTION, ROLE IN THE ARTS, SELECTION, INSTALLATION, CARE, AND CONSERVATION, WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON LINDENWALD AND VIZCAYA A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Historic Preservation Planning by Jessica Ann Follman February 2016 ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to explore the history and current state of French scenic wallpaper in the United States, along the way correcting several misconceptions that have formed over the years. The author has conducted research, interviews, and site visits in an effort to explore all relevant aspects of the history and use of scenic wallpaper, including how it developed to reach its nineteenth-century heyday, how it was produced, how it related to other art forms (and what its own artistic merits are), who selected the wallpaper for purchase and why, and how it is cared for and conserved. Case studies are used herein to illustrate specific issues. In its entirety, the thesis attempts to demonstrate the utility of historic house museums as a vehicle for the interpretation and care of scenic wallpaper, and also to bring to light little-known facts about the wallpaper. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Jessica Follman is a graduate of the University of Florida, and with this thesis seeks to complete her Master of Arts degree in Historic Preservation Planning at Cornell University. Ms. Follman has been involved with a number of professional and student organizations, including the Preservation Studies Student Organization and the Organization of Cornell Planners, and was elected as President of the Cornell University Chapter of the Association for Preservation Technology.
    [Show full text]
  • FALL 2021 ADULT CALENDAR Ages 16+ IN-PERSON CLASSES | IN-PERSON WORKSHOPS
    FALL 2021 ADULT CALENDAR Ages 16+ IN-PERSON CLASSES | IN-PERSON WORKSHOPS IN-PERSON CLASSES at MAM MONDAYS TUESDAYS WEDNESDAYS THURSDAYS SATURDAYS Digital Photography* Beginning Watercolor Art for the Nonartist/ Intermediate/Advanced All Levels 9:30 a.m.–12 p.m. 9:30 a.m.–12 p.m. Newbie Portraiture Wheel Throwing Ellen Denuto Karen DeLuca 9:30 a.m.–12 p.m. 9:30 a.m.–12:30 p.m. 10 a.m.–12:30 p.m. Nanci Iovino Gary Godbee Steve Jaskowak Intermediate/Advanced Intermediate/Advanced Painting with Soft Pastels Intermediate/Advanced Landscape Oil Painting Landscape Oil Painting 9:30 a.m.–12:30 p.m. Wheel Throwing 9:30 a.m.–12:30 p.m. 9:30 a.m.–12:30 p.m. Sarah Canfield 10 a.m.–12:30 p.m. Gary Godbee Gary Godbee Steve Jaskowak Collage Beginner Wheel Throwing Atelier: Painting and Surface Design* 1–3:30 p.m. 10 a.m.–12:30 p.m. Drawing Short Course Judy Gould Steve Jaskowak 1–3:30 p.m. 6:30–9 p.m. Robert Kogge Miriam Jacobs On and Off the Wheel Printmaking Intensive* Drawing Abstract Functional Ware 7–9:30 p.m. Short Course 1:30–4 p.m. 7–9:30 p.m Deborah Guzman Meyer 10 a.m.–3 p.m. Marion Held Steve Jaskowak Dorothy Cochran Introduction to Drawing Introduction to Painting 1–3:30 p.m. 7–9:30 p.m. Caitlin Kohl Kirk Maynard Understanding Art: New Narratives* 7–8:30 p.m. Lynne Toye Advanced Wheel Throwing 7–9:30 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Wallpaper and More
    wallpaper and more INFO [email protected] / www.studioditte.nl STYLING Stylecookie / Studio Ditte MODELS Milo / Hilde / Puck PHOTOGRAPHY Alexander van Berge / Stylecookie / Masha Bakker / Studio Ditte STUDIO DITTE / WALLPAPER AND MORE Studio Ditte is a Dutch design label founded in 2005. We have a wallpaper collection with high quality non-woven wallpaper, digitally printed in the Netherlands. In addition to the wallpaper we have other products like bedding, cushions, wall stickers, trays and paper products. Studio Ditte wants to add something to the user’s perception of the environment by giving everyday life an extra touch. A hidden story, an element from another culture or a twist that makes you think about things. We do not believe in heavy philosophy or in design movements. However, we do believe in people and their emotions, desires and dreams. CONTACT Studio Ditte Marieke Dirks / Natasja Heesbeen / Endry van Zwam [email protected] AGENT UK Brand Angels Paola Coraggio [email protected] AGENT JAPAN Dutch Design Yuki Onishi / Michele Colombrino WORK VEHICLES WALLPAPER / 6 m x 48,5 cm [email protected] ROCKET WALLPAPER / 2 drops of 3 m x 48,5 cm Wallpaper with rockets for all aspiring astronauts! Take an adventurous space journey into the infinite universe with these old school rockets. RIGHT Cars duvet cover / 140 x 220 cm and 120 x 150 cm GIRAFFE WALL STICKER BLOSSOM / 27 x 25 cm and 13 x 12 cm There are three different animals: an elegant giraffe, a sweet elephant and a friendly lion. The wall stickers are made ​​from high quality matte vinyl.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodefense and Constitutional Constraints
    Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2011 Biodefense and Constitutional Constraints Laura K. Donohue Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] Georgetown Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 11-96 This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/677 http://ssrn.com/abstract=1882506 4 Nat'l Security & Armed Conflict L. Rev. 82-206 (2014) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons BIODEFENSE AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS Laura K. Donohue* I. INTRODUCTION"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" & II. STATE POLICE POWERS AND THE FEDERALIZATION OF U.S. QUARANTINE LAW """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 2 A. Early Colonial Quarantine Provisions""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 3 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 4 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""&)
    [Show full text]
  • Horace Walpole's Letters
    The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 1 by Horace Walpole The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 1 by Horace Walpole editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we usually do not keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. The "legal small print" and other information about this book may now be found at the end of this file. Please read this important information, as it gives you specific rights and tells you about restrictions in how the file may be used. *** This etext was produced by Marjorie Fulton. For easier searching, letters have been numbered. Only the page numbers that appear in the table of contents have been retained in the text of letters. Footnotes have been regrouped as endnotes following the letter to which they relate. THE LETTERS of HORACE WALPOLE, EARL OF ORFORD: page 1 / 793 INCLUDING NUMEROUS LETTERS NOW FIRST PUBLISHED FROM THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPTS. IN FOUR VOLUMES VOL. 1. 1735-1748. CONTENTS OF VOL. 1. PREFACE--25 Advertisement--33 Second advertisement--40 Sir Charles Grey's Letter connecting Walpole with Junius--41 Sketch of the Life of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, by Lord Dover--47 REMINISCENCES OF THE COURTS OF GEORGE THE FIRST AND SECOND. CHAPTer 1.--67 page 2 / 793 Motives to the Undertaking-Precedents-George the First's Reign-a Proem to the History of the Reigning House of Brunswick-The Reminiscent introduced to that Monarch-His Person and Dress-The Duchess of Kendal-her Jealousy of Sir Robert Walpole's Credit with the King-the
    [Show full text]
  • List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 – 2007
    Library and Information Services List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 – 2007 A - J Library and Information Services List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 - 2007 A complete listing of all Fellows and Foreign Members since the foundation of the Society A - J July 2007 List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 - 2007 The list contains the name, dates of birth and death (where known), membership type and date of election for all Fellows of the Royal Society since 1660, including the most recently elected Fellows (details correct at July 2007) and provides a quick reference to around 8,000 Fellows. It is produced from the Sackler Archive Resource, a biographical database of Fellows of the Royal Society since its foundation in 1660. Generously funded by Dr Raymond R Sackler, Hon KBE, and Mrs Beverly Sackler, the Resource offers access to information on all Fellows of the Royal Society since the seventeenth century, from key characters in the evolution of science to fascinating lesser- known figures. In addition to the information presented in this list, records include details of a Fellow’s education, career, participation in the Royal Society and membership of other societies. Citations and proposers have been transcribed from election certificates and added to the online archive catalogue and digital images of the certificates have been attached to the catalogue records. This list is also available in electronic form via the Library pages of the Royal Society web site: www.royalsoc.ac.uk/library Contributions of biographical details on any Fellow would be most welcome.
    [Show full text]
  • “[America] May Be Conquered with More Ease Than Governed”: the Evolution of British Occupation Policy During the American Revolution
    “[AMERICA] MAY BE CONQUERED WITH MORE EASE THAN GOVERNED”: THE EVOLUTION OF BRITISH OCCUPATION POLICY DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION John D. Roche A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2015 Approved by: Wayne E. Lee Kathleen DuVal Joseph T. Glatthaar Richard H. Kohn Jay M. Smith ©2015 John D. Roche ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT John D. Roche: “[America] may be conquered with more Ease than governed”: The Evolution of British Occupation Policy during the American Revolution (Under the Direction of Wayne E. Lee) The Military Enlightenment had a profound influence upon the British army’s strategic culture regarding military occupation policy. The pan-European military treatises most popular with British officers during the eighteenth century encouraged them to use a carrot-and-stick approach when governing conquered or rebellious populations. To implement this policy European armies created the position of commandant. The treatises also transmitted a spectrum of violence to the British officers for understanding civil discord. The spectrum ran from simple riot, to insurrection, followed by rebellion, and culminated in civil war. Out of legal concerns and their own notions of honor, British officers refused to employ military force on their own initiative against British subjects until the mob crossed the threshold into open rebellion. However, once the people rebelled the British army sought decisive battle, unhindered by legal interference, to rapidly crush the rebellion. The British army’s bifurcated strategic culture for suppressing civil violence, coupled with its practical experiences from the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715 to the Regulator Movement in 1771, inculcated an overwhelming preference for martial law during military campaigns.
    [Show full text]