CENSUS OF INDIA 1981
SERIES- 22
UlTAR PRADESH
PARTX-B TOWN SURVEY REPORT UNNAO
Drafted by
s.c. Tripathi Statistical Assistant
SupelVised by
R.M. Singh Assistant Director
Edited by
R.K. Singh Deputy Director
Guided by
CHANDAN GOPAL Of the Indian Administrative Service DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS UTTAR PRADESH
FOREWORD
Apart from the decennial enumeration of population, the Indian Census IS steeped in the tradition of undertaking a variety of studies of topical Interest. In fact, the publications brought out in connection with the earlier censuses contained veritable mines of Information on racial, cultural, lingUistic and a number of other aspects of life of the people of this country. With the advent of freedom, however, the scope and dimension of these special studies had to be restructured In a manner that would provide the basIc feedbacks cn the processes of development taking place In different spheres of life of the people especl(.llly under planned development
Thus, In connection with the 1961 Census, a massive programme was launched inter alia to conduct SOClo-economlC survey of about 500 villages selected from different parts of the country The main objective of this study was to know the way of life of the people liVing In Indian Villages whIch accounted for 82 per cent of the total population as per the 1961 Census There was, however, an imperative need to extend the area of the study to urban centres as well, to provide a complete coverage of the people liVing In diverse socio-economic conditions It was with this objective in view ancillary studies on towns were launched as part of the socIal studIes programme In connection with the 1971 Census.
The programme of social studies taken up in connection with the 1971 Census, was contInued wIthout any major change at the 1981 Census as well. A study on traditIonal rural based handIcrafts was, however, added as a new item under the social study projects of the 1981 Census For the conduct of urban study, 64 small and medium towns were selected from different parts of the country following the criteria such as (a) Size, (b) demographic features, (c) functional characteristics, (d) specific Industry or occupation dominating the economy, (e) location, (f) concentration of different castes and commu nities, and (g) other social and cultural phenomenon like temple town, health resort etc
The research design, tools for data collection and formats for data tabulation and report writing reqUired for urban studies were originally formulated by Dr. B K Roy Burman, the then Deputy Registrar General, Social Studies Division HIS successor, Dr. N G Nag took conSiderable pains to revise all the formats to make them more comprehensive Dr. K.P. Ittaman, the present Deputy RegIstrar General headIng Social Studies DIVISion, coordinated these studies at dIfferent levels as well as rendered necessary gUidance to the DIrectorates of Census OperatIons for their successful consummation. Shn M K Jain, Senior Research Officer and Smt. Suman Prashar, ASSistant Director With the able assistance of Investigators, Shn V.M Tamahne and Shn Sudesh Madan did a commendable Job In scrut,nlsmg the reports and communicating tne comments thereon to the Directorates I am grateful to all of them
The present report IS the out-come of a study on the Unnao town undertaken by the Directorate of Census Operatiors, Uttar Pradesh. I am Indebted to Shn Chandan Gopal, Director and hiS colleagues in the Census Directorate for their painstaking efforts In bringing out this report
New Deihl, V S. VERMA 1 st June, 1988 REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA
PREFACE
The developed world has nearly reached the zenith of urbanization while developing socIetIes are stIli marching towards that goal. In that context one important social change of crucial significance for the sociologists and general public alike is review of progress of urbanization in the light of sub-human living conditions, coupled with excessive migration from village to tow level and subsequent squalor created due to pressure of population.
The Indian Census Organisation has been coming-up with sociological studies of selected Villages since 1961 Census, as an ancillary to the regular census work. The intensive Urban studies of selected towns, was for the first time undertaken by this Directorate at the 1971 Census_Following this tradition in the 1981 Census also, five towns were selected In Uttar Pradesh Unnao IS one of them Others are Fatehpur Sikri (Agra), Vrindavan (Mathura), KopaganJ (Azamgarh) and Ballia.
These five towns In the state were selected by taking into consideration certain para meters such as size, demographic features, functional characteristics, location and con centration of ethniC groups etc In the first three chapters of the survey report, an attempt has been made to highlight the evolution of the town Economic, social and demographic characteristics of the people, migration trends, neighbourhood pattern, family-life, housing condition, socia-political organization, social or religious-participation or aloofness and ab erration, as well the extent and conflicts underlying the urbanization of fringe areas are the other aspects which have been dealt in the rest of the chapters.
Considering the area and population, Unnao was a town of medium size upto 1971 Census, the population rise had been like the rest of the towns in the state. But dUring the decade 1971-81, both its area and population had gone-up abnormally, due to Increase In the statutory limits of the town. Although, the town is about eight centuries old, yet it came Into lime-light at the time of MutinY in 1857. In 1856 the town was made district headquarters. It was declared municipality in the year 1869. By and large, the town has remained a monofunctional service town upto 1971 Census. In fact, Unnao town is situated In the middle of the Gangetic upland plains between the cities of Kanpur and Lucknow of Uttar Pradesh.
The prescnbed schedules (Household schedule and Town schedule) for conducting the survey were provided by the Office of the Registrar General, India. A sample of 215 households was selected from the town and canvassing of the schedule in the field was taken up In April 1987
Shn R.M. Singh, Assistant Director supervised and got completed the field work and tabulation I appreciate the work of Sarvashri V.K. Nigam and Devendra Singh (Investigators), S.C. Tnpathi, 0 I. Lyall and Ajay Awasthi (Statistical Assistants), Chhabeel Singh and Balbeer Singh (Computors) and Ganga Ram (AsSistant Compiler) in carrYing-out field-work.
Apart from the data collected through the schedules, the information available in various census volumes and district gazetteers and interviews with the knowledgeable persons of different walks of life has been used. Sarvashri R.M. Singh (Assistant Director) and S.C. Tnpathl (Statistical Assistant) prepared the first draft of the report and revised the same on the basIs of comments/suggestions received from the Office of the Registrar General, India The report was thoughtfully edited by Shri R.K. Singh, Deputy Director.
(v) I am thankful to all of them for undertaking this strenuous job.
Art-work relating to the cover-design, maps and diagrams were prepared by the Map Unit, under the supervision of Shri J.C. Srivastava, Research Officer (Map).
I am grateful to Shri V.S. Verma, the Registrar General, India for the encouragement a!:ld guidance received from time to time. Shri M.K. Jain, Senior Research Officer and Smt. Suman Prashar, Assistant Director scrutinized the report and tables under the over all guidance of Dr. K.P. Ittaman, Deputy Registrar General (SOCial Studies) and provided valuable suggestions for the improvement of the Survey Report.
In the end, I would also like to place my deep sense of appreciation to Shri. B.P.Jain, Deputy Director Printing who assisted in the job of timely printing of this Report.
Lucknow CHANDAN GOPAL Dated : June 20, 1989 Director of Census Operations Uttar Pradesh
(VI) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Field Survey and Tabulation Shri V.K. Nigam, Investigator Shri Devendra Singh, Investigator Shri S.C. Tripathi, Statistical Assistant Shri 0.1. Loyall, Statistical Assistant Shri Ajay Awasthi, Statistical Assistant Shri M.B. Khan, Computor Shri Chhabeel Singh, Computor Shri Balbeer Singh, Computor Shr; Ganga Ram, AssIstant Compiler
Typing Work Shn Suresh Singh, Computor Smt. Shobha Srivastava, Typist
Maps/Sketching Shri Dashrath Singh, Semor Geographer Shn V.K. Jain, Senior Artist Shri N.C. Bose, Artist Shri R.P. Ram, Draughtsman
Printing Shn R.K. Saxena, Senior Technical Assistant Shri Raj Bahadur, Printing Inspector Shri K.G. Awasthi, Statistical Assistant Shri R.P. Srivastava, Computor
CONTENTS
Pages
Foreword (III)
Preface (v)
Acknowledgement (vii)
Maps (xIIi)
Diagrams (XXI)
CHAPTER Introduction 1-20
CHAPTER II History of Growth of the Town 21-40
CHAPTER III Amenities and Services-History of Growth and present position 41-72
CHAPTER IV Ecorc01lc life of the Town 73-112
CHAPTER V Ethnic and Selected Soclo-Demographlc Characteristics of the population 113-145
CHAPTER VI Migration and Settlement of Families 146-180
CHAPTER VII Neighbourhood pattern 181-195
CHAPTER VIII Family LIte in the Town 196-217
CHAPTER IX Housing and Matenal Culture 218-244
CHAPTER X Slums, Blighted and other Areas with Sub standard living conditions 245-249
CHAPTER XI Organization of Power and Prestige 250-255
CHAPTER XII Leisure and Recreation, SOCial PartiCipation, SOCial Awareness, Religion and Cnme 256-290
CHAPTER XIII Linkage and Contmua 291-330
CHAPTER XIV Conclusion 331-334
APPENDICES (I to XXVIII) 335-404
(IX)
MAPS AND DIAGRAMS
MAPS Location of Unnao town II Unnao Municipal Board--Urban Land Use III Unnao Municipal Board--Ward-wlse Concentration of Religions IV Unnao MUnicipal Board--Average Land Value by Wards
DIAGRAMS Sex-Ratio In the town II Mantal Status by Sex and Age-group 111 Sex and Age Structure IV Workers In the Total Population
V Trends In the Main Ethnic Groups In the Census Years VI Migrants by Place of Last Residence at the time of 1971 Census and at the time of Survey 1987
(XI)
LOCATION OF UNNAO TOWN N
o
BOUNDARY, DISTRICT " TAHSIL " VIKAS KHAND ..., ------" VILLAGE HEAD QUARTERS DlSTRICT " TAHSIL URBAN AREA ROAD RAILwAy LINE BROAD GAUGE " METRE GAUGE RIVER AND STREAM. UNNAO MUNICIPAL BOARD URBAN LAND USE (NOT TO SCALE) '\ 1989 -'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-~~l-l\ II \. II \ II \. •••••••• 1'\ \.
" \.
"I', \ \
" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0"°" \ ,/ / / / / t} / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / \ / \ (iAOAN KHERA \. _._._._._._._._._._._._._._._ _._._._._._._._. HUSAINNAGAR BUSINESS AREA B ANIGANJ ~ INDUSTFlIAL AREA - PUBLIC SERVICE AREA , N 8 OFfiCE [ill] 2 6U'S STATION 3 A a INTER COLLEGE EDUCA110NAL AREA RECREATIONAL. AREA MUNICIPAL BOARD BOUNDARY ••• ~ AS RS RAILWAY LINE WITH 5TATION:SROAD GAUGE,METRE GAUGE ••• ~,,*,,,,,- - RESIDENTIAL AREA HIGHWAY NATIONAL,STATE •• ... NH2S ,~ ~ ROAD •• , ~ ADMINISTRATIVE AREA CANAL •• DOPE N AR'A / ARABlE LAND U PONDS UNNAO MUNICIPAL BOARD AVERAGE LAND VALUE BY WARDS BASED ON SURVEY DATA (SAMPLE) - 1987 (NOT TO SCALE) ._._. \. /\1' \. / .~ I . . \\ \ '. . . \ .I \ \. I. /. \ \. / \'v---- \ / \ \ I j/ \ CIVIL LINES I / ./ \ / \ I / ').. I / I \ \ / \ GANDHI NAGAR \ i\ / ./ \ / I \, .I \. CD I \ \ CIVil LINES II \ , \ / / V \~~ \S< .~~~~~~~~~~ _// W \ \ ,_ h x ~"~. '"'/",... L ) J . \. L_ -,\ -- 11'""., 7 @~ 'I~, /__ - :-_---"-:_ / \\ \ <:"'-- - \~l" "~~A~~/'" ./--- -- /1 \ .. ® . \, <»'\ JJ~r~CiP //------77 '\ AKRAMPUR' - A I@ I W . \ ,~ iL_ -::::: II 1~ \-= \- ---- 7' \\. . \_ ® _ _~ __:s _ _ _ _ _I/"'--.I""'-..)_-_ - _ - _ - _ - -I? \ . \ - - --- 7 L ---- - ~ ------. \ ~----~------~---I \ I _ - ADARSH NAGAR - ", ------_ .I .' ~-----,~------_-----/ \\ . .1 ______\-- _ _ __ _ TALIB SARAI _ _ _ _ ~/ \ .i------\------/ \. i----_------\--;------_-_ - __-- -_- -.II \. \------~ ------I \~------\\------~/I LAND VALUE \------~------I. \ . (Per Square Metre In Rupees) \------'r-----/. , . 156 AND ABOVE \\. . . . . :=..-=--=._._\..=-=-....:::::-._._._j ~ ~146 165 TOWN BOUNDARY WARD BOUNDARY [ill 126 145 NAME AND NUM BER OF WAR 0 CIVIL LINE I ® D 106 - 125 D 105 AND BELOW UNNAO M.B. 1000 SEX RATIO 900 800 (Jl W ..J « 700 ~ 0 0 0 600 ~ w a.. rJ) w ..J 500 « 2: w I.L.. u.. 400 0 '~ w m ~ 300 :::> z 200 100 o C\I 0'1 CENSUS YEARS o o o CD 0 a.. to w ::> _J o ·0 ~ 0 ~ Q: · w · . u.. C) 0 -W · ·0 . -l ~ a.. o 0 UJ • ·0 ~;P C) « « (/) 0 ..._ C'\I ~ « I- x « a. m w 0 .;3 0 0 (j) en en en en ~ -::r en ..;r L 0 ...:r en .- >- cr: + to In ..;r M C'\I C\I I I I I I I I I >- UJ c.!> In 0 In 0 I.t') 0 0 I 0 0 0 In 0 m > r-- to tn M M C'\I N « 0: w Z c.!> (./) ::J Z (f) « :::> .....::> z 0 « 0 . C\I ..... o • · . o . • (j) 0 · . o ·• UJ · . • 0 · 0 . · ·. _J (/) 0 « « ..;r t- en w . _J Q: 0 4: « w · . 0 ~ a: · . to ~ ·. . a: o 0 0 . « 0 0 ~ 0 w w o • w w .... u a: .... ~ « a: ~ ··0 . w 0 a: 0 0 > c::r 0 a. CD w <{ - w :>- · ·. Z ~ ~ en 0 ·· . o · 0 . 0 ~ 0 I I 0 0 co r--- -0 -0 w ..J I~ < ~ w u. w 0:: ::> f- 0- u j :::> 0 ~ 0 m 0' ~ 0. ~ 0 ~ 0. ~ oa 0' ~ a- 0 a: ['.. a:: C) C) ~ ,.., ,.., N .... . - + an an ~ 0 I- (!) I I I I , f , , J -I , en 0 '" I .. ~ (/) 0 an 0• ." 0 an an 0 an 0 II) 0' 0 Z ..... cD C) ~ ,.., ,.., N N - an an ~ at} W - 0 W C!) <{ <.!) -< z -U) Z « en ::::> 0 - z « x w (/) W ..J < ~ UNNAO M.B. WORKERS IN THE TOTAL POPULATION 80 . . 70 . . .. D . TOTAL POPULATfON . . . WORKERS 60 50 o o ...o . . . z 40 (/) . Z . . . o (/) 0:: 30- W Q. · . . · . . . . . 20 ·· .. . . · . . · . . 1 0 o 1961 1971 ~ 9 81 CENSUS YEARS UNNAO M.B. TRENDS IN THE MAIN ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE CENSUS YEARS 50 • • ·• • • • • ~: .:. j HINDU • • • 40 • • MUSLIM • • • ~ • • • • ·• • • • 0 • • 0 0 30 • • ... • · Z • · • • c.J> Z • • 0 c.J> 0:: 20 W • Q.. • • • • • ·• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ·• • • 10 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ·• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • 1981 1971 1961 Y E ARS ~ 0 ~ 0 0 0 - :-: ;>. 0'1 r- lJJ t':'- c 0'1 -:3 ~ 0'1 u0 I-- t--.. 41 ex) .c UJ 0' -c: '0 -41 0 ::r:: lII- 0 - r- l- Q1.B .e .~ 11'1 0 ..,_ 241 >- - > 0 <{ W ... - - ...41 -0 ell > -c u a:= c UJ ell ell .-5 .r:. U ::J c- "0 (J) ::::> ell Z ...... '0 '"r- LU C _041 0 lL 0>- _41 -'"0 -l/l 0 c./).J:l ...J UJ a:= UJ ~ ...... - (/) IJ) I « w I- _J z ...... ai J: .c( CS) ...... - 0 r- 0:: 0'1 0' ..... u.. l!) ... 11'1 - '"U III 0 - > ~ ~ ...... 11'1 0 c: W 0 '0- U Z III .r:.~ « > ...... _J « 0 "- - 0 Q_ c: (/) ell 41 :::> .r:. u -.: (/) -c: >- Z - CD '0'"- W 41... III .... f./) U .c: III ~ .c t- III -0 ['.. Z - w'" c: « O'l - 0: - C)- u.. ~ 0 ~ ~ CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Unnao town is situated on the Lucknow km. at the 1971 Census had been extended to Kanpur road, about 57 km., in the South-west 15.54 sq. km. before 1981 Census, vide State of the former and 18 km. towards north-east of Government's notification no. 1089/11/3/79-316/ the latter. It is almost in the middle of the 66 Lucknow dated March 1, 1979. Accordingly Gangetic plains of the state of Uttar Pradesh. In three villages, Le. Sheikhpur, Singrausi and the north-east side of the town, the river Ganga Ibrahimabad were wholly merg~d into the town flows at a distance of 15 km. The town is the and part of the areas of villages Unnao (rural), district headquarters since 1856 and a munici Akrampur, Gadankhera, Husain Nagar and pality since 1869. At the 1981 Census, it's area Bazidpur alias Rajepur were also brought with was 15.54 square kilometres and the population in the boundaries of the town. stood at 75,983 persons. The population of the town at the 1981 Most Important Characteristics of the town Census was 75,983 resulting in the elevation of the town's status from class III to Class II. The The town was made the district headquarter population of Unnao town was 20,107 in 1941, in place of Purwa ;n 1856, considering it's 25,240 in 1951, 29,780 in 1961 and 38,195 in strategic pOSition between the cities of Kanpur 1971. During the decade 1971-81, there had and Lucknow. It soon gained the status of a been an abnormal increase of 98.93 per cent in municipal board in 1884. At present it IS one of the population of the town. It was partly due to the oldest municipality in the state of Uttar its location between the two developed cities of Pradesh. In the latter part of nineteenth century Uttar Pradesh namely Lucknow and Kanpur and it was connected by railways with Kanpur and also on account of inclusion of a few village in Lucknow as the rail link from Kanpur extended the town. On the basiS of its population Unnao upto Lucknow. All the important district level stood at the 41 st pOSition among all towns of offices of the state and central governments are Uttar Pradesh at the 1981 Census. at arm's length from the RaIlway Station. Most of these are located in the collectorate com Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes pound Till 1961 the town was having only a Population handful of industries. DUring the period 1975-80 a few important big and small industries have The scheduled caste population at the 1981 comeup. However, Unnao stili remains a Census was 9,371 constituting 5,058 males and monofunctional service town. 4,313 females. The proportion of scheduled castes population was 12.33 per cent to the total Total Population of the town population as against 9.00 per cent at the 1971 Census. Unnao town was placed under the govern ance of a Municipal Committee in the year 1869, At the 1911 Census, there was return of which was sUbsequently converted into a Municipal scheduled tribe population in the town. However, Board in year 1884. This indicates that the town at the 1981 Census, 7 persons (5 males and 2 was having a sizeable population during those females) were returned as belonging to sched decades- The area of town which was 5.65 sq. uled tribes. 1 Topography, Flora and Fauna buf, flycatcher, warbler, sunbird and several varieties of partridges, ducks and pigeons are The town lies on the upJand formed by the also found in the town. Quails are fairly common river Ganga. In the upland, the surface is gently during the cold weather. undulating. Here, the water-tabJe is low. The upland is mainly made of fertile stiff-loam, at The commonly found reptile in the town is places converted into the usar wastes and shal the Russel's viper. It is viviparous and nocturnal low depressions. In the depressions, the clay in it's habits. Fishes found in the tanks are rohu predominates. Several tanks and ponds in the (Labeo calbaru) I katla (Cat/a catla). singhai town are formed due to such deeper depres (Hateropneustes fossllis) and bam (Mastacem $ions. belus aramatus). On the sfte of the present town of Unnao, CLIMATE extensive forests grow in early times. However, at present the town has only an Insignificant (a) Temperature vegetative cover. Common plants found around the town are the babu/, bamboo, ber, khair, The climate of the town is Similar to the sissoo and munj on the clay soil and the kanji, adjoining areas which varies from hot and dry arru, sema!, bamboo, khair and teek on the in summer to pleasant cold in winter. In summer sandy soil. There are groves of mango and the temperture shoots up to 46.1 ° Celsius, while mahua also. Other common trees found in these in the wjnter it drops to 4.1 °C. The mean daily groves are the jam un, bel guava, neem and temperture in summer and winter is about 27°C sissoo. and BOC respectively. May and June are the hottest months while January and first fortnight Monkey and squirrel can be spotted at of February are the coldest. In both the seasons, places in the town. Ordinary varieties of birds gust of westernly winds lead to hottest noons common to the plains Le. the grabe, cormorant, and coldest mornings. The table no. 1.1 shows darter, heron, vulture, cuckoo, owl, kingfisher, the monthly maximum and minimum tempera hornbill, woodpeker, parrot, crow, sparrow, bul- ture of the town for the year 1983~84:-- Table 1."1 : Monthwise variation in maximum and minimum temperature (in degrees celsius from July 1981 to June "1984) Year 1983 July August September October November December 1 2 3 4 5 6 Maximum ~9.5 36.2 35.5 36.0 31.7 27.4 Minimum 24.0 24.0 23.5 14.0 B.8 5.2 2 Year 1984 January February March April May June Average for 1983-84 (monthly) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Maximum 26.5 27.0 40.4 42.8 34.8 43.1 44.8 Minimum 3.4 3.4 9.3 15.9 20.6 22.0 3.4 The climate of the town during the year may (b) Rain-fall oe dIvided into four seasons. The summer season is from March to the middle of the June, The average rainfall of the town is 74.19 followed by rainy season from mid of June to ems. The table 1.2 shows the data relating to September. From October to the first fortnight rainfall by months for the years 1983 to 1987. of the November the weather is pleasant and this The table ),2 shows that the average rainfall period constitutes the post-monsoon season. per annum during 1983-87 was 1969.32 mm as The cold season starts from middle of the against 1324.5 mm and 1327.1 mm in 1983 and November and lasts upto the end of February. 1985 respectively. It appears ~hat there is a tendency of decrease in rainfall in subsequent The monsoon period is relatively humid, but years. from post-monsoon season humidity drops to 2 5 per cent in summer. During the monsoon Further, the table indicates that most of the season, sky is cloudy and in the months of July rainfall occurs during the period of June to and August there are dark clouds occassionally. September. During the period 1983-87 the In rest of the year except raIny season, sky maximum rainfall recorded was for the month of remains clear but for a brief spell during cold July in year 1986, whereas for the years 1983, season cloudy conditions recur yielding to rains 1985 and 1987 it was the month of September caused by winds of western distrubances. During and for 1984 it was August. No ramfall occured the monsoon season rains or heavy rains are during the month of November during the pe usually followed by thunder-storms. From Octo riod 1983-87. ber to April wind blows in moderate pace and the directIon IS from the west and north-west, Communication with other places which changes its course and flows from north east and south-east in the months from May to Several important places within and outside August. There are few thunder-storms or dust the State are connected With the town through storms in the months of May and June. Sometimes metalled roads as well as by railway lines. The they are followed by light rains. In t;le cold sea old Badshahi road from Delhi to Allahabad son, specially in the month of January occasion passing through Hardoi dIstrict and Safipur tahsil ally there occurs fog. It persIsts usually upto 8 of Unnao goes through thiS town. It passes in the mornings. through tahsi!s Unnao and Purwa and crosses 3 ~ ..c co - ..-- q <0 0 0 v C\I N 0 V CO C - c: .....- LD (Y') La T- V C") 0 en <.0 I"- 0 °cu ..-- ,_ (\J 0) Q') ..-- 0) LO ~ 0: C'\I LO ...... CO ,,_0) >...... -0 (/) c >- 0 ..-- C\I ...- (\J a:> I"- ..-- CO) ..- CO en <1:l CO ..-- ..-- C') E 0 a: "'0 E z c: >- .. en CO - c or- ,.- 0) ,.._ ..,.... >- ..- C\l ~ C\J CO en (\5 ,_ ,- 0 CO (") 0: "0 M• Z ~ ,- >- ..c ~ l{) T- CO '¢ CO ,_ CI) ...... Lq C c a (Q f"..- co f"..- eD 1'- co 0 om C\.I C") ~ co C") ill N -(I) C') ~ C') C") ~ LO ~ a: ,- co L- tD 0 ..- 0 >- en - t:: "<;;f' 0) >- I'- ..-- I'- N - . (/) m - ..c...... a co 0 0) co 0 Table 1.3 • Names of the important roads connecting the town from tahsils and other places Name of the road Length in the district (in kms) 1 2 1. Metalled roads (I) Unnao-Maurawan(1) 40.23 (II) Unnao-Hardoi 58.00 (Ill) Unnao-Allahabad (3) 52.00 (IV) Unnao-Husainnagar-Jamka 9.6 (v) Unnao-Rallway station feeder number-5 2.1 2. Un-metalled roads (i) Unnao-Badarka-Panar 22.4 (II) Unnao-Resu!abad 17.6 (III) Unnao-Banthar 6.4 3. National Highway (i) Jhansi-lucknow road via 48 km. Kanpur(2} (passes through Unnao) (1) It passes via tahsil Purwa. (2) It passes from Ajgain from where another road leads to Hasanganj Tahsil. (3) The old Badshahi road (from Deihl to Allahabad) comes from District Hardoi and after traversing tahsil Saflpur reaches the town of Unnao. 5 The information about government and non routes leading from the town is given in the government agencies plying buses on various following table:-- Table 1.4 Details of buses run by U.P.S.R.T.C. and private owners (referrent year April 1986 to March 1987) Route Distance Frequency of service From To Onward Return Trips Trips 1 2 3 4 5 (a) U.P.S.R.T.C. 1. Unnao (Via-KNP) Bahraich 248 2 2 2. Unnao (-do) Gorakhpur 392 2 2 3. Unnao (-do-) Beloha 390 1 1 4. Unnao (-do-) Barhaj 472 2 2 5. Unnao (-do-) Delhi 470 1 1 6. Unnao (-do-) Klthawar 232 2 2 7. Unnao (-do-) Pratapgarh 235 2 2 8. Unnao (-do-) Sultanpur 232 2 2 9. Unnao (-do-) Chitrakut 248 2 2 10. Unnao (-do-) Rae Bareli 140 8 8 11. Unnao (-do-) Maurawan 101 34 34 12. Unnao (-do-) Lucknow 115 12 12 13. Unnao (-do-) Munshlganj 64 10 10 14. Unnao (-do-) Bhawaniganj 232 2 2 15. Unnao (-do-) Sarani 109 6 6 16. Unnao (-do-) BholPur Padri 104 26 26 17. Unnao (-do-) Buxar 128 11 11 18. Unnao (-do-) Mallhabad 118 10 10 19. Unnao (-do-) Padri 87 4 4 20. Unnao (Via-KNP) Mirri 79 4 4 21. Unnao (Via-Akohri) Maurawan 59 4 4 22. Unnao (Via-HJlaull) Maurawan 59 4 4 23. Unnao (Vla-Tnpurapur) Purwa 51 4 4 24. Unnao (Via-Assaindha) Maurawan 95 2 2 25. Unnao (Vla-Asoha) Maurawan 62 7 7 26. Unnao (Vla-Maurawan) Buxer 92 6 6 27. Unnao (Vla-Rajhai) Purwa 54 4 4 28. Unnao (Vla-Dhannithera) Buxar 71 4 4 29. Unnao (Via-KNP) Buxar 128 8 8 (Hired bus service) 6 1 2 3 4 5 (b) Private Owners 30. Unnao Maurawan 45 9 9 31. Unnao Bhojpur 60 9 9 32. Unnao Hardoi 114 14 14 33. Unnao Sandi\a 72 15 15 (KNP for City of Kanpur) (Based on th~ SUNey information) The above table shows that the town's road In 1951, the railways were nationalized. tra~sport if largely subservient to its needs Now the broad-gauge railway system of the town centred at the city of Kanpur. The first 20 routes is under the Northern Railway zone. The metre given in the said table, whether east or west gauge raHway system is under the North-East I bound and proceeding to the distant cities, as ern Railwayzone. Above description shows that far-off as Delhi. Gorakhpur, Bahraich etc; go by the end of the nineteenth century the bulk through Kanpur city. of the traffic going through the town had shifted in favour of roads and railways instead of the As in the case of communication with rest traditional methods of transportation. of the country, the town owes greatly to railways for transportation. The town is connected by It is worth noting that neither a local train/ broad-gauge and meter-gauge tracks with Kanpur, shuttle passes through the town, nor a single Lucknow and districts of Hardoi and Rae BarelL train originates from here. Under the aegis of the It was in 1864, when a scheme was drawn to Northern Railways, eleven pairs of trains pass extend the then Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway through the town on Kanpur-Lucknow broad gauge between the cities of Kanpur and Lucknow section. Between these cities, on the metre through the town. Eventually, in 1867 the rail gauge section (which is under the control of route was opened. The East Indian Railway North-Eastern Railways) seven pairs of up and Station at Kanpur was connected in 1875 to this down trains run in a day. Under the management newly opened route. A meter-gauge line was of the Northern Railways are also the following opened for taffic in 1897. Both the lines were routes, all passing through the town and are managed by the then Oudh and Rohilkhand broad-gauge sections--one is Kanpur-Rae-Bareli Railway. Further, the town was connected with (Via Oalmau) I and yet other is Kanpur-Balamau Dalmau in district Rae Sareli by a broad-guage (in district Hardoi). On these sections three, one line between 1902 and 1911. Balamau in district and two pairs of passenger trains run daily. The Hardoi was connected with the town in year average number of outgoing and incoming 1930 by the then East Indian Railway. In the passengers through aU these pajrs of trains from same, year, the East Indian Railway took control the Unnao Junction during 1986-87 has been 86 over all the broad-gauge lines passing through and 27 thousand per month. Annual sale pro the town. The Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway ceeds from tickets sold at the Unnao Station was continued managing the metre-gauge line passing from 6 to 7 lakhs of rupees in a month. through the town. 7 Post and Telegraph Services tions upto February 1980 was 540. The number of total calls made during 1986-87 was 200,000. During the sixties of the last century, there In that year {1986-87}; 1,133 trunk calls were had been an imperial post in the town. Those made. Total revenue accrued was Rs. 1,500,000 were the years, when police stations were involved in 1986-87. The number of applicants seeking in sending and collecting postal articles. Properly connection in the waiting list was 17. speaking, the imperial postal system in the town started from the year 1892. Spread and Morphology Ther_e is one head post-office alongwith The physical setting of different localities several other post-offices in the town. The main and the morphology of the town are lntimatety head office was set-up in year 1913. It is situated related to historical evolution of it's various parts. between the railway station and the collectorate. It's total staff-strength is 91. The office of the sub The National Highway divides the town into divisional offices, telegraphs has been set-up in two zones viz., the northern and southern zones. 1987. The staff-strength is 80 including three In the northern zone, there are offices of district women. In year 1986-87, the number of postal administration, railway station, head post-office, stationery sold in the town at the head post office district jail and district hospital. In the southern was 1,528,770; of that 588,900 were post cards, portion, there are densely populated localities. 142,600 were inland-covers and 797,270 were The approach to these localities is through envelopes. The stamps sold during that year streets, lanes and by-lanes. amounted to Rs. 945,824. The sale proceeds during that year w~re Rs. 88,335 in respect of Upto 1979, in the north-east, the town was post-cards, Rs.85,556 and 50 paise in respect limited upto meeting point of broad-guage rail of inland-covers and Rs. 279,044 and 50 paise way line and lr..ucknow and Rae-Barel! roads. In in respect of envelops. The total sale proceeds the south-west and in the south, it extended upto in that year including stamps wereworth Rs. old Badshahi road. But now, the town extends 1,398.760. 1/2 km. on either side of old Badshahi road and along the Unnao By-pass road. During 1986~87, about 18 thousand tele grams were received and 13 thousand were Functional areas sent. Money orders numbering 134.969 were received in the town amounting to Rs. 35,416,001. Unnao, a medieval town, was functioning In turn, money orders numbering 62,520 worth was a small bustee upto the middle of the Rs. 10,573,609 and 99 paise were issued from eighteenth century. With the IaYll19 out of the old the town. The postal department received a Oudh Trunk road during the Nawabi rule, it's commission of Rs. 325]086 in lieu of the money communicational value further got enhanced. orders issued. Before the initiation of the above road, it's sole importance lay in it's being situated alongside Previously, the town was served by an old the old Badshahi road. OUdh-Truck road is telephone exchange. It was further expanded in present-day National Highway number-25, while year 1969. From that year, the town was connected the old Badshahi road is now known as the State with Kanpur City through direct-dialling system. Highway number-38. Thus, after the annexation Now, the town owns an automatic telephone of Oudh in 1856, the British made this town the exchange. The number of telephone connec- district headquarters in place of Purwa in the 8 year 1856 itself, considering the strategic loca shops, cloth shops and shops dealing in build tion of this town. In the year 1869 it was put ing materials, agricultural implements, petrol under the governance of a Municipality. pump and shops for repairing cars, trucks, tyres, and other miscellaneous shops~ These shops In the wake of establishment of the district cater to the needs of town dwellers as well as headquarters here, the present collectorate came the rural folks occasionally visiti~g the town. into the shape. Being located in the shadow of Kanpur city the town could not achieved full Apart from the various assorted shops the advantages of it's location and remained an office of Sadar Tahsil, Kotwali, Roadways Bus industry-zero area till late sixties of this century. Stand, Municipal Board Office, halting-stand for Consequently, it served only the administrative private lorries (vehicles) (carrying the passengers purposes for the native district and has been of the various routes and to tahsils of the district) repeatedly returned as a monofunctional service are located alongside the National Highway No. town by subsequent Census counts since the 25. There are catering shops, restaurants, fruit 1961 Census. Various functional areas viz., and vegetable shops and other eateries as well. residential. commercial, industrial, etc. which The other business area is situated all along the grew in significance with it's growth as an Dhawan Road. This area is adjacent to the com administrative and communication centre are de mercial areas along the National Highway-25. A lineated below. number of 5hops selling cosmetic articles and goods of niceties are also situated here. Administrative area Yet other such area is situated just opposite The administrative offices of the town provide Dhawan Road and goes all along the D.N. Kaul the most significant aspect of it's life. The ad Road. It comprises of many pharmaceutical ministrative offices of the town generally have ju shops, tea stalls and other miscellanious small risdiction over the entire native district, and are shops. Near the Collectorate, there are many mostly situated in Civil Lines. District Collector's small tea stalls, restaurants and paan shops or office, Police Superintendant's office. Civil court, kiosks. Office of Chief Medical Officer, District Supply Office etc. are located in close proximity of one At the 1981 Census, there were 137 grocery another. All these offices constitute a distinct shops, 83 cloth shops, 96 tea stalls, 24 bakeries administrative zone. From generations the people 58 sweetmeat shops, 32 restaurants and 64 of the native district have been coming here to tailoring shops in the town. seek the redress of their grievances. Industrial area Business areas There is no distinct industrial area inside the In the town there are three distinct business town. A few of the isolated workshops are areas viz, area on either Side of National High located in different wards. The distillary owned way (in ward nos. 7,8,9 and 10), areas of Civil by the Thaper Brothers is located on the fringe Lines (ward numbers 2 and 3) and on either side of the municipal limits. Rest of industrial units of Dhawan Road in ward nos. 8 & 9 again, in are scattered all over the town.' The industrial which the commercial activities have f!ourished. area inside the town has little visual impact over Among these areas, shopping complexes along the functional land-scape. A large number of roads located in the heart of town are most workshops and establishments of automobile important locally. There are number of grocery spare parts are located on either side of National 9 Highway-25 in the" north-eastern part of the town. Residential areas Of late, some factories have come-up on the outskirts of the town, along the National Highway At the 1981 Census, there were 12,870 25. A considerable number of factory workers occupied residential houses in the town, accom drawn from rural areas of the adjoining villages modating 13,311 households including 75 insti work in various units established at the Akram tutional households. The wardwise details about pur industrial estate of the town. residential houses alongwith their population at the 1981 Census are provided below:-- Table 1.5 : Ward-wise details of residential houses and their population at the 1981 Census Name of ward Residential Population Population houses per residential houses 1 2 3 A 1. Moti Nagar 1,277 6,953 5.44 2. Civil Lines I 1,319 7,831 5.94 3. Civil Lines II 1,015 5,072 4.99 4. Gandhi Nagar 1,310 7,336 5.60 5. Adarsh Nagar 1,119 5,293 4.73 6. Akrampur 833 4,645 5.58 7. Atal Behari Nagar 1,158 6,872 5.93 8. Jawahar Nagar 910 5,453 5.99 9. Sheikhwara 456 3,226 7.07 10. Gaddiyana 658 4,687 7.12 11. Kaithiyana 584 3,981 6.82 12. Chaudhariyana 747 4,974 6.70 13. Ram Nagar 562 3,898 6.93 14. Talib Sarai 922 5,762 6.25 Total 12,870 75,983 6.45 (Based on Census data) The above table shows that the least burden Lines II wards are still to be developed fully. of population over a residential house was found Modern type of housing units are now being in ward Adarsh Nagar, followed by Civil Lines constructed in these wards. Much depressed II, Moti Nagar and Akrampur. It is to be noted housing condition was found in the case of ward that wards Adarsh Nagar and Akrampur came Gaddiyana, followed by wards Sheikhwara, Ram into the existence as new wards on account of Nagar, Kaithiyana and Chaudhariyana. It is to be jurisdictional change in the boundary of the town noted, that these are older localities and are in 1979. These two wards still exhibit a glimpse devoid of any further scope of expansion in of rural housing pattern. Moti Nagar and Civil terms of new constructIons. As such these 10- 10 calities have buildings of typical old style. the house, usually there is a courtyard and verandah and living rooms, store and kitchen. The residential houses can be grouped into The main entrance may have a big door. There three categories with reference to materials used, is usually a compound in the front portion of the size and components. These categories are house (followed by a covered verandah). Cov bungalow-type houses, brick-built ordinary houses ered verandah, in fact, protects from rains and and mud or kachcha houses. The particulars of is usually used for leisure time activities during above types of houses are described below:- the day-time in summers and for a sun-bath during winters. Such houses generally have (1) Bungalow-type house service type of latrines. Middle-class families normally reside in such houses. The houses of bungalow type are mostly found in Civil Lines (ward nos. 2 and 3) along Kachcha Houses the D.N. Kaul road. Oldest of these bungalows were constructed during the British rule in the Kachcha houses are in preponderence in latter part of 19th century. These were alloted the areas merged in the town in 1979. During to high officials of the Bntish Government. that year three village were merged wholly and Presently, these are occupied by government four partly in the town. In these newly included officers. Besides, affluent businessmen, doctors areas, most of the houses are kachcha. These and advocates have constructed such type of merged areas are in ward nos. 5,6 and 14. In houses. kachcha houses, walls are made of mud or of bamboo twigs, and plastered with mUd. The roof The specific feature of a bungalow is that is thatched with sugarcane leaves. Houses are the building is invariably with a covered verandah inhabited by the people belonging to lower and in front portion and an open area or yard in the lower-middle classes. Usually, they are at a back. It usually consists of four or five rooms, distance from the main centres of the town or meant for sleeping, reading, storage and a from the main roads. These houses are generally separate kitchen (usually at the back of main adjacent to fields or lie on the outskirts of the building). It also comprises in cases, a room for town. The shape of these houses is almost the guest and a separate drawing-room. The rectangular. Roofs are thatched and sloped in walls and floors are made of burnt bricks with two sides and thus a central ridge occurs. There cement plaster. The roofs are commonly made are only two or three rooms in such houses. One of cement concrete and there are windows for is used as kitchen, other as a sleeping room or cross-ventilation. Windows usually have a slop for storing the grains, or tor storing household ing parapate to withstand heavy rainfall. goods. These houses may have a courtyard. Tu/si plant (Oscimum-sanctum) is usually grown Brick-built houses in the courtyard of a Hindu family. In almost all the localities most of the house Residential Pattern by Ethnic Groups are brick built. The predominent materials used for construction of these houses are bricks, mud, Caste-wise details (except for Scheduled lime or powder of burnt-bricks. The lime and castes and Scheduled tribes) are not collected powder of burnt-bricks or earth of kiln is mixed through Census. Hence, the information in this together and used as mortar for constructing the respect has been obtained during the survey by walls and floors. The material of roofs of houses convassing household schedules in each ward. are wood and earth or cement-concrete. Inside According to the 1981 Census, the Unnao (M.B.) 11 and 13,311 household with 40,965 males and these, 3 blocks were selected bY,random start for 35,018 females. More than 71 per cent house convassing the household-schedule meant for holds were of the Hindus. Muslims accounted the present town study. The allocation of sample for another 28.11 per cent. Household belonging households has been made in proportion to the to rest of the religious groups accounted for less total number of households in an enumeration than one per cent. In terms of population 65.52 block. Accordingly, 215 household-schedules per cent were Hindus, 34 22 per cent Muslims had been convassed. The sample covers 1.62 and less than one per cent were followers of per cent household and 1.68 per cent population other religious faiths. Others mclude the Sikhs, of the town. Therefore, the household data thus the Christians and the Jains. The sample derived has its own limitations. (population for the survey) consists of 215 house holds, accounting for 652 males and 618 females. The town comprises 14 wards. The table It is to be noted that there were 116 enumeration No. 1.6 shows the ward-wise distribution of blocks in the town at the 1981 Census. Out of householC:s by religion:-- Table 1.6 Number of selected households (for the survey) in different wards by religion Name of the ward No. of selected household Total Hindus Muslims Christians 1 2 3 4 5 1. Moti Nagar 32 28 4 2. Civil Lines I 20 18 2 3. Civil Lines II 16 15 1 4. Gandhi Nagar 19 17 2 5. Adarsh Nagar 18 17 1 6. Akrampur 13 10 3 7. Atal Bihari Nagar 18 18 8. Jawahar Nagar 18 14 3 1 9. Sheikhwara 13 7 6 10. Gaddiyana 5 2 3 11. Kaithiyana 12 6 6 12. Chaudhanyana 12 7 5 13. Ram Nagar 3 1 2 14. Tahb Sarai 16 12 4 Total 215 172 42 1 (Based on Survey data) 12 c According to the Survey, Hindus are 78.11 Lodhan Har, Daroga Khera, Kjsh~Jri Khera, Ram per cent of the total population (in year 1987), Bux Khera (Krishi-farm) and Prayag Narain Khera. as compared to 21.34 per cent Muslims and 0.55 Most of the dwellings in these areas are kachcha. per cent Christians. Older localities like Kaithiyana These dwellings have come-up in a haphazard and Chaudhriyana are typically settled by way. In rainy season, at places; these are Kayasthas (Hindus) and Muslims from the earliest become water-logged; while the administrative known period. During the Nawabl rule Sheikhwara part of the ward has all the amenities and and Gaddiyana localIties begun taking shape seldom suffers from water-logging. and presently these are primarily settled by Muslims. In the Jawahar Nagar locality domi Ward Number 3 (Civil. lines) nated by Vaishyas mixed nature of residential pattern is chief hallmark. Moti Nagar and Civil In this area, there are bungalows of lines areas are typically seWed by service-class administrative officers and high profesionals such consisting of every community tound in the as advocates. The area has almost all the town, however Brahmins and Kayasthas are the modern amenities and hygenic conditions pre two largest communities settled there among vail therein. The ward is served by sewer line. Hindus. In Adarsh Nagar, Akrampur and Talib Sarai localities Scheduled Castes and various Ward number 4 (Gandhi Nagar) so-called "backward caste" people inhabit. In Gandhi Nagar and Ram Nagar localities no The constituents of this ward ,are Lokaikhera, particularity in this regard is observable. Narendra Nagar, Gandhi Nagar, ColJectorganj, Dariyai Khera, Puran Nagar and Glass Factory Important localities of the town (Jorakhan-Khera). The railway line from Kanpur intersects the area of the ward into the two parts. Ward Number I (Moti Nagar) Almost all the area on the north-east of the railway track IS agricultural. Most of the houses Part at the ward has been developed by of this ward lie on the south-west of the railway Avas-Evam-Vlkas Parishad. This developed area line. The area IS largely unhygenic and at places is known as Ohandra Shekhar Azad Colony. All devoid of modern civic amenities. By the side the roads/streets of the Azad Colony are well of railway track them is a big tank called maintained and houses are well ventilated and Bastania Talab. Drain water of the ward leads connected with sewer line. Surroundrngs are to thiS tank and creates insanitary condition hygenic. The ward also comprises part of areas specially in rainy season. of Villages merged into the town. Houses in this newly merged area have ottenly dirty surround Ward No. 5 (Adarsh Nagar) ings. In the rainy season insanitary conditions prevail therein. It comprises mohallas Sheikhpur, Adarsh Nagar, Hiran Nagar, Patthar Colony and Gadan Ward No. 2 (Civil Unes I) Khera. Most of the area of the ward is mainly utilised for agricultural purposes. The basic It is situated on the out-skirts of the town. amenities such as drinking water, electriCity and It houses almost all the government offices of drainage are available only in parts of the ward. district administration Police Line, Jail and Police The houses by the sides of Kanpur~Lucknow hospital are 10catQd here It also include areas road and Rae Bareli road are pucca, whereas of eight merged villages namely Purab Khera, in the remaining part of the world there are Ram Dei Khera (Kablr Khera) , Gangeo Khera, kachcha. The access to the latter type of houses 13 is usually through lanes. multi-storeyed. In this area there are also houses of prominent persons of the town. The roads Ward number 6 (Akrampur) cross each other at right angle and the ward is well-served by streets and lanes. This is a new ward and is located on the outskirts of the extended municipal limits. The Ward Number 10 (Gaddiyana) ward is constituted from areas of two newly merged viUages, Le. Akrampur and SingrausL It It comprises five mohaUas name~y, Jagan consists of vast agricultural land. The pattern of nath Ganj, Untsar, Hakim Tala, Gaddiyana and the house resembles with the ones found in rural Taki Nagar. In the midst of the ward lies the areas. Almost all the houses have access only office of the MuniCipal Board and the Bus stand. through narrow lanes. The ward lacks enough These are situated along the south-west side of of the amenities and in rainy season the inhabi the Kanpur-Lucknow road. The railway station is ted portion becomes surrounded by filth. The en at an arm's length from the Bus stand in the tire area of the ward (except the inhabited area) north side. On both sides of Lucknow-Kanpur lies between Kanpur-Luknaw road and Unnao road, there are shops of agricultural implements by-pass road. and pumping sets, as also the offices of an insurance company and various banks. Near the Ward Number 7 (Atal Bihari Nagar) Bus stand, there is an vegetable market: There are multi-storeyed buildings too; in addition to It has two constituent mohallas viz; Atal shops, tea stalls and restaurants on either sides Bihari Nagar and Budhwari. In the former, the of roads, streets and lanes. cluster of house is located along-side the streets and in the latter mahalia, in a haphazard way. Ward Number 11 (Kaithiyana) The ward adjoins the old locality of Unnao. It has been developed mostly after 1950. Houses It is an old settlement. It comprises mohal~ are usually single-storeyed. las Girza 8agh. Kanji, Mullan-Taraf, Kanoan goyan. Kalthiyana and Padrain Tola. The nomen Ward Number 8 (Jawahar Nagar) clature of mohallas specially that of Kanoon goyan and Kaithiyana indicates that Kayasthas It is an old locality comprising the mohallas were dominant here. That is still true to some of Shahganj and Jawahar Nagar. Kanpur-Lucknow extent. The people of this community are usually road divides the area of the ward into two halves. well educated here and hold responsible posts On either side of the road there are shops of in government offices. During the period of all types of consumer goods. Many multi-storeyed Mughals they were also holding responsible ad buildings are found. In addition to this. there is ministrative posts. These mohallas are densely a public library, a park, a hospital and a dhar populated. There are multi-storeyed buildings on amsha/a. It is a business centre and caters the either side of roads. Almost all the houses have day-to-day needs of the town as well as of the good access through roads. Sanitary conditions adjoining rural areas of the district. in these are satisfactory. Ward number 9 (Sheikhwara) Ward number 12 (Chaudhariyana) It comprises the mohallas of Muharish Nagar, There are seven mohallas in this ward-QHa, Zerdhus and Sheikhwara. It is perhaps one of Kaiserganj, Darian Tola, Bucharan, Duprapur, the oldest locality in the town. Houses are mostly Chaudhariyana and Shuri Devi. Qila is perhaps 14 the oldest locality and has ruins of the old fort. comprises mohallas Kasif Ali Sarai, Pali Khera, The plinth of the ruined fort is more than 100 Qadir 8agh-urf-Hazira and Ibrahimabad. Streets ft. high from the ground. On the south of it, there in these areas are in a zig-zag fashion and there lies mohalla Qaiserganj. In this mahalia, there is are bends on the end-points. The area abounds a wholesale grain market of the town. MohalJas ,in groves. The area lacks sanitation and civic Chaudhariyana and Bhuri Devi have high density amenities. of population and many multi-storeyed buildings are found there. Most of the older buildings of Ethnic Distribution of Populaltion these mohall as are built of lakhori bricks. Mortar as used in these old buildings was specially As much as about 72 per cent of house prepared. It was made by mixing lime, pebbles, holds and about 66 per cent population of the pulse (of urd) and molasses. The outer walls of town were constituted by Hindus at the 1981 these buildings have ryo plaster, yet weather had Census. Muslims were about 28 per cent of total cast little effect on these buildings. The area is households and 34 per cent of total population. well seNed by roads and lanes. Water-logging Christians, Sikhs, Jains and others Constituted occurs quite often. Sanitary condition in the ward only below one per cent of the total population is not good. households in the town. Hindus were about 50 thousand and Muslim 26 thousand in a total Ward number 13 (Ram Nagar) population of about 76 thousand of the Unnao town. It' tS_ alSo an old area of the town. It comprises mohallas Zer Khirki, Hazari Tala, Thi In a total of 215 surveyed households, 172 gariyan Tala, Purani Bazar, Ram Nagar and belong to Hindus, and 42 Muslims; while only Kotwali. Roads are not straight (instead have a one household is Christian. The Survey reveals curve). Houses are situated along the roads, that Hindus are in preponderance in wards Moti streets and by~lanes. Sanitary condition is not Nagar, Adarsh Nagar, Akrampur and Atal Bihari satisfactory. The houses are not well-built. Nagar. While Muslims constitute majority in wards Gaddiyana, Kaithiyana and Ram Nagar. Ward number 14 (falib Sarai) Ward wise distribution of different ethnic groups is provided in table V.2 of Chapter V. It is an outgrowth of the town. The ward lies In the south of Unnao By-pass road. Most of the The distribution of caste/community wise area of the ward is used for cultivation. The ward population by sex is provided in the table 1.7. 15 Table 1.7 Distribution of household and population by sex and caste or community in the town Castel Number of Per cent community to total House~ Persons Males Females population holds 1 2 3 4 5 6 (a) Hindus 172 992 505 487 78.11 1. Sari 2 9 5 4 0.71 2. Bhujwa 2 9 6 3 0.71 3. Brahmin 62 407 214 193 32.05 4. Gadariya 2 11 4 7 0.87 5. Kahar 2 12 5 7 0.94 6. Kayastha 16 103 53 50 8.11 7. Khatri 2 8 4 4 0.63 8. Kshatriya 10 51 27 24 4.02 9. Kumhar 1 8 6 2 0.63 10. Kurmi 1 5 2 3 0.39 11. Lodh 10 45 18 27 3.54 12. Lahar 3 19 11 8 1.50 13. Mali 3 13 8 5 1.02 14. Nai 2 8 4 4 0.63 15. Sunar 1 3 2 1 0.24 16. Vaishya 13 80 39 41 6.30 17. Vishwakarma 2 5 4 1 0.39 18. Yadav 8 40 21 19 3.15 19. Chamar 9 38 17 21 2.99 20. Dhanuk 2 10 5 5 0.79 21. Dhabi 7 47 20 27 3.70 22. Khatik 1 4 2 2 0.31 23. Kori 4 13 8 5 1.02 24. Pasi 7 44 20 24 3,47 (b) Muslims 42 271 42 129 21.34 (c) Christians 1 7 5 2 0.55 Total 215 1270 652 618 100.00 (Based on the Survey data) 16 The table 1.7 exhibits, that 78.11 per cent 21.34 per cent of the total population and of the population consist of the Hindus. Among Christians only 0.55 per cent. It is to be re the Hinuds, Brahmins are found in largest number marked, that the Brahmins and the Kayasthas accounting for 32.05 per cent of the total sur are traditional Hindu castes associated with veyed population (1,270). After the Brahmins, the service occupations, that is why they are Kayasthas are found in largest number among numerically strong, as Unnao is a monofunc the Hindus; and they account for 8.11 per cent tional service town. Muslims are in higher pro of the total surveyed population. Sunars among portion vis-a-vis other Hindu castes individually, Hindus are least in number, accounting for except that of the Brahmins. It is so, because merely 0.24 per cent of the surveyed population. this town was a Muslim stronghold before the As the table shows, the Muslims account for advent of the British. 17 Kamla Bhawan Statue of Chandra Shekhar Azad at the Bye Pass Park Unnaa Chandra Shekhar Azad Statue at Bye Pass Park Unnao Chandra Shekhar Azad Statue Chandra Shekhar Azad Statue Nirala Bhawan (Under construction) CHAPTER II HISTORY OF GROWTH OF TOWN Circumstances in which the town was set up Unnao town was declared a district headquar ters. The size of the district was enlarged atter Prior to the 12th century A.D., the present 1869. In the year 1884, the town acquired the site of the town and its surroundings were status of Municipal Board. covered with dense forest. It is said that during i 156 to i 170 A.D., a Chauhan Rajput, Gada During the struggle for freedom, Unnao had Singh an officer in the army of Raja of Bengal got been a citadel of freedom-fighters. From 1880 to built a Sarai after clearing the forest and named 1920, due to severe drought, famine, plague, this place as 'Sarai Gada' after his name.* Gada cholera and endemic influenza, the town was Singh later-on moved else where from the place. severly affected, which retarded its growth. On After his departure from the place, a Chandra April 11, 1930, about a thousand volunteers were Bansi Kshatnya Raja Ajaipal of Kannauj, annexed arrested in the town in defiance of the Salt Act. this place and appointed one Khande Singh as Vishambbar Dayal Tripathi, a Congress worker Governor of the place. Later, his lieutenant of the district made Unnao centre of his activi Unwant Singh killed him and declared himself as ties. During the year 1937, the town was agog independent chief of the locality. He had built a with Kisan conferences under the presidentship fort here and renamed the place after his name of Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant and Rafi Ahmad as Unwantpur. However, in due course of time, Kldwai. It is a matter of pride that in 1939, the name of town changed into Unnao. After in Subhash Chandra Bose also visited this town. dependence it is spelled as Unnao. HIs descen dants ruled over the area upto 1450 A.D., in that The native district had contributed several year one of the descendent of Raja Unwant men of letters and freedom-fighters. The chief Singh (son of Jagdeo Singh) had objected that among them are Shri Gaya . Prasad Shukal Muslims should not offer prayers in open. It 'Sanehi', Shn Pratap Naram Mishra, Shri Surya infuriated the Muslims. One of their leader, Kant Tripathi 'Nirala', 8abu Bhagwati Charan Saiyid Baha-ud-din, a Zaidi SaiYld, organised the Verma, Shri Chandra Shekhar 'Azad' and Shri Muslims and entered into the fort of Raja by a V.D. Tripathl. stratagem dunng a feast alongwith his armed men. He managed to send his warnors in litters, Pre-urbanisation details of town in disguise of women to attend the feast. These warriors spread into the fort and everpowered Unnao is a town of madieval era. Authentic the army of the Raja and killed the Raja and took history of the town is little known. It is learnt that possession of his entire estate. The reign of upto the middle of eighteenth century Unnao Saiyids over the town lasted till annexation of was a small busti. It was located at the meeting oudh by the Bntishers. pOint of the two main roads-old Badshahi road and Oudh-Trunk road. The former road- ran from Unnao town with rest of Avadh passed Delhi to Allahabad via district Hardoi and the lat under the Bntish rule In early 1856. Unnao was a ter originated on the northern bank of Ganga in scene of ghastly massacre during the Mutiny. district Unnao and proceeded to Lucknow. The Atter the Mutiny, administration passed from the latter was constructed by the last ruler of Avadh, Company to the Bntish Crown. Soon after, Nawab Wazid Ali Shah, BeSides, it is near the *Source. The District Gazetteer--Unnao 21 city of Kanpur and has easy approach from scope for the development of Unnao town. In either of the cities of Kanpur or Lucknow. fact. this town has been eclipsed between these two bIg cities. It may be borne jn mind that As has already been mentioned, in Febru Lucknow was the most populous city of Uttar ary 1856, the area of Avadh region was annexed Praesh upto 1931. Thus dUring the 17th, 18th by Bntishers. Prior to that, the area under district and 19th centuries and upto te middle of 20th of Unnao was known as district Purwa. Soon, the century or before Independence, the factors dIstrict headquarters were shifted from Purwa to were unfavourable to the growth of Unnao town. Unnao and the name of district was changed After transfer of district headquarters from Purwa from Purwa to Unnao. DUring the Mutiny of 1857- to Unnao town, It became the headquarters of 58, there occured a fierce battle around Unnao district administration during the last quarter of town. The Bntishers had faced a tough resIs 19th century. The natural calamities such as tance from the freedom-fighters and had to famine, cholera and plague between 1880 and retreat and were driven away from Unnao Later 1920 had retarded its growth. There was a an, rallying their forces at Kanpur they entered spontaneous decrease In population at the Census the district. A deCISive battle was fought on July counts of 1911 and 1921 since 1901. 29, 1857 In Unnao Town, In which mutineers were defeated. Soon the law and order was As stated earlier a fort (qlla) was bUilt here restored and the cIvil administration was re by Unwant Singh. The fort was usurped by established. Before the year 1869, the area of the Muslims In 1450 by killing the then ruler. Sher district was small as stated before and its Shah appointed one Gopal Das as Kanoongo of present shape was carved-out in that year. the place and one of latter's descendant became 'Chakladar' of the place. In Shah Jahan's reign, Unnao was constituted as a Municipality in Sheikh Fateh-Ullah settled here and was ap 1884 and later, In 1979 rts boundarres were pointed the Governor. The ruins of 'Qda' are stili extended all around It by a government notifica vIsible In ward no. 12 i e. Chaudhariyana, and tion. Sinced then the area under the town is perhaps It is one of the oldest locality of town. In 15 54 sq. km. But the residential area has not ward no. 11 (Kalthiyana), there is mohalla called stretched too far as yet Kanoongoyan. This mohalla IS perhaps also one of the oldest locality and has been named after Events connected with the growth of different Gopal Das 'Kanoonge'. These localities and localities in the town surrounding areas are about 400 years old. It ap pears that the localities which developed next The site of the town, Its topography and were ward no. 8 (Jawaharnagar), ward no. 9 h3bltat do not Justify Its growth. The metropolis (Shelkhwara) and ward no. 10 (Gaddlyana). of Kanpur which IS at a distance of barely 18 These are conSidered to be 125-150 years old. kms. on the west bank of the holy river Ganga, These localities might have sprung up and was made cantonment In 1778, and With the obtained their present shapes after construction Introduction of railways in 1863 became an of Oudh Trunk road by the last ruler of Avadh, Important centre of distnbutive trade Later, In Nawab Wajld Ali Shah It is said that prior to 19th the wake of Industnal revolution It grew as the century, all the dwellings sprang-up along this industrial capital of the state. Similarly, Lucknow road. However, definite information is not avail the capital of the Oudh region, which is at a able as to when the localities mentioned above dJstance of 54 km from Unnao town, had Its ex came into existence It appears, that hamlets of cellences In SOCial, cultural, political and eco serfs and servants might have eXisted around nomic development and had therefore left little these localities. Perhaps, the nobility used to 22 reside inside the fort and the ordinary people Unnao (rural), Akrampur, Gadan-Khera, Husain used to live In the nearby areas outside the fort. nagar and Bazidpur-aJiasd-Rajepur. There are indications that soon-after the Details relating to the area of the town shifting of district headquarters from Purwa to before 1951 census are not available. The details Unnao, ward no. 2 (Civil lines-I) was taken-up as about town's area since 1951 to 1981 are given the central place. Consequently, the bUildings In the following table :-- and offices necessary for administration of law and order were also built-up in this ward. By the end of 19th century, the Civil areas adjoining the Table 11.1 : Area of the town at the 1951, Railway Station were devolped. Lateran, dUfing 1961, 1971, and 1981 Censuses the decade 1940-50 the area on the south-west in ward no. 7 (Atal Blhan Nagar) was inhabited. In between the old and new parts, there were Year Area (In sq kms.) stretches of uninhabited areas. In these areas houses and shops have gradually come-up. In 1951 5.10 ward no 1 (Motl Nagar), the area between the 1961 5.49 office of Municipal Board and Railway line lead 1971 5.65 Ing to Rao-Bareli was almost vacant. In this tract 1981 15.54 on both sides of Kanpur-Lucknow road, there are now rows of shops and establishments. These (Based on Census data) shops and establishments have come-up dUring the last two decades. The above table reveals that at the 1951 census the area of the town was 5.10 sq. kms. In The growth of town has received a fillup on subsequent two censuses there were slight In account of establishment of Industrial units dur creases In area. But at the 1981 Census the area ing the periods 1971-75 and 1975-1980, and ex of the town has increased a little less than three tension of the boudarles of the town in 1979. times in compans on to the area at 1971 census. Avas-Evam-Vlkas Panshad, U.P., has developed a new colony In ward no. 1 (Moti Nagar), Population characteristics of the town beyoned the railway line leading to Rae-Bareh and between Lucknow-Kanpur Road and Kanpur Settlement on the site of the town took Lucknow railway line. The town grown on all place way back in medieval penod; when it was sides since 1971 Census. created as a sarai or Carvan halting-place and was known as 'Sarai-Godo'; after the name of Changes in the size and boundary Of the town the founder Godo Singh. Since then, till the tIme of Akbar, the settlement history of the town is Changes In lhe boundary of he town were now known Possibly the population of the town Significant since 1971 Census Several erstwhile had increased With the advent of Salyid-rule. The rural pockets were merged Into the town limits ethnic-composition of the town by then changed vide notifIcatIon no 54/t t 378/3.13/66 dated as the Mus(ims arso got seWed there. Also the 15.9.78 by the Government of Uttar Dradesh, creation of town as a seat of district administra (section (3), no. 1089/11 3.79/313/66 Lucknow tion in 1856 in place of Purwa, must have in its dated March 1, 1979). The wholly added revenue wake fJlled the town With service-class workers Mauzas were Sheikhpur, Smgr-ausl and and British servants. Alongwlth the rest of the Ibrahimabad, and partly Included Mauzas were prOVince, the first Census of the town was 23 conducted in 1869. It's population then was universal Indian Census of 1872. But the popula 7,227. The results of 1869. It's population then tion of the town at the 1881 and 1891 Censuses was 7,277. The results of 1869 Census of the IS not available. The population of the town since town was incorporated mto the material of the 1901 IS shown in table 11.2 Table 11.2 : Population by sex of the town in Census years since 1901 with decade variation and percentage decade variation in successive years Census Persons Decade Percentage Males Females Sex years variation decade ratio variation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1901 13,109 7,221 5,888 815 1911 11,809 -1,300 ~9.92 6,911 4,898 709 1921 11,147 ~662 -5 61 6,374 4,773 749 1931 16,282 +5,135 +46.07 9,574 6,708 701 1941 20,107 +3,825 +2349 11,235 8,872 790 1951 25,240 +5,133 +25.53 14,268 10,972 769 1961 29.780 +4.540 + 17.99 16,693 13,083 784 1971 38,195 +b,415 +28.26 21,112 17,083 809 1981 75,983 +37,788 +9893 40,965 35,018 855 (Based on census data) The table 11.2 shows that the population of the percentage decadal variation was 23.49 per the town was 13,109 In 1901. It had decreased to cent in 1931-41,28.26 per cent in 1961-71 and 11,809 In 1911 and 11,147 in 1921. In the latter 17.99 pE:r cent in 1951-61. two decades the population of the town declined by 9.22 and 5.61 per cent. In fact there were One of the remarkable feature in the growth severe effects of plague~epidemlc during the of population of the town is that it ~as been rising decade 1901-1911 and the influenza-epidemic since 1921. But in the last decade of 1971-81 it dUring the decade 1911-1921. However, the has surpassed all the previous records and population of the town was recorded as 16, 282 swelled to 75,983. It is worth noticing that In 1931 census and during the decade 1921-31 it between 1971~81 the Increase In population of grew by 46 07 per cent. The unsual growttl of the town 98.93 per cent. The reasons for this population during that decade is perhpas on abnormal flse are inclusion of our-growths of the account of resettlement of the population In the town inclUSion of adjoining villages In the town town. limits-and industrialisation of the nearby areas of the town. It would also have occured possibly In subsequent dec3des 1931-1941, 1941- due to availability better amenities in the town 1951 and 1951-1961, It vaned between 20,000 to and exhorbltant increase in the cost of land in 30,000. By the year 1971 it grew to 38,195 and nearby metropc'ltan city of Kanpur. 24 It may be observed that at each census and Rae Barell are about 120 and 97 kms. away. year males have outnumbered females. At the Thus the town IS well-connected by road and 1901 census, there were 815 females per 1000 ralls with main urban centres of, north India. males. But in the census years 1911, 1921, 1951 and 1981 It vaned between 709 In 1911 to 855 in Unplanned and haphazard growth of the 1981. In the census years 1931 and 1971 it town has led to the present position of land-use worked out to 701 and 809 respectively. It was pattern. The share of reSidential, commercIal, In however, lowest 701 at the 1931 census. dustrial, administrative, transport areas and area under Civic amenities during 1980 was 41.4, 1 3, Growth of town and land Utilization pattern 7.0, 6.8, 27.7 and 15.8 per cent of the built-up area respectively. Land-use statistics of the town As described earlier the site of the town was during the years before 1980 are not available, a halting place (sara/) and in due course of time hence it is not pOSSible to correlate the growth of a fort was built here. Thus the surrounding area the town With shifts in Its land-utilization pattern. of fort (QUI/a) formed the nucleus of the town. Land speculation and land price in the town Besides, there are two important roads-old Badshahl road and National Hlghway-25, pass The Municipal Board had been unsuccess ing through the town. The former road onglnates ful In curbing speculation of land and conse from Grand Trunk Road In Hardoi and proceeds quently land prices were riSing sharply. In some to Allahabad and enters the town from the north areas of the town the land price has gone up as east direction. The latter road traverses the much as about 20 times above what prevailed former in the town and passes via Kanpur from about10 years ago. Admittedly, the price of land the north-west direction and connects the town In different parts of town varies. Prices were with Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh State. higher In CIVil line areas and lower In other parts There are other axes along whIch the town has and localities. The district administration has grown during the latter part of the nineteenth and stabilised the price of land in the town. Of which three-quarters of twentieth centuries. The areas the detaJls are described in the following paras. Irke Chaudhariyana, Karthryana, Kanoongoyan, Sheikhwara and Gaddiyana developed later-on. Since the laying of the routes namely the 'Oudh The district magistrate (by hiS order dated Trunk Road', the dwellings became concen 31.8.1987) has laid down the following rates of trated at the side of that road prior to 19th land. These were Implemented with effect from century_ September 16, 1987 for the period of two years. The tables 11-3 and 11-4 give the rates of agricul It may be recalled that Unnao, a medieval tural arvl -badl (Inhabited) land respectively. town; remained as a little bustl till the middle of 18th century. It was accorded the status of The rates described above are also appli MuniCipality In year 1884. Growth of the town has cable in agricultural land below 5 biswas. The been affected from its location. The town is rate of land situated on the State or National situated on National Highway number-25 and Highway between the Rae-Bareli road and State Highway number-38. The Lucknow-Kanpur Lucknow-Kanpur road and between the Canal rallwayllne also passes through the town. The and the Railway-Crossing, would not exceed town is about 18 kms. away from Kanpur. The rupees 200 per square yard as these are taken neighbounng distnct headqJ.larters like Hardol as developed areas of the town. ~ 25 Table 11.3 Maximum rate of agricultural land Land type Maximum rate (in Rs.) per Bigha Goyar Awal Ablb Khaki Katchlyana 55,000.00 Goyar Awal Abib 34,000.00 Goyar Awal Khaki 34,000.00 Demat Deyan Ablb 28,000.00 Demat Dayan Khaki 24,000.00 Other lands 16,000.00 For Abadi (Inhabited) land Table 11.4: The average value of land per square yard in different areas Mahalia names Value ot plots per Sq. yard in As. Moti Nagar, Babuganj, A B. Nagar, Zardhus, Gaddlyana, Civil lines, 125.00 Glrlza 8agh, Kanzi, Chaudhariyana, Balalguila, Kanoongoyan, Purani Bazar, Rampur, Gandhi Nagar, Bhuri Devl, Zerkhlrkl, Krishna Oevi Khera and Kalyani Dei. Untsaar, Hakimtola, Taklnagar, Mullan Tarat, Zafar Tarat, Madanan~Tola, 125.00 Ourapura, Oarian Tala, Puranl Kotwali, Thlgnyan Tala, Hazari~Tola and Kasif-AII-Sarai. 8azldpur-urf-Rajepur, Pacchlmkhera, Adarash Nagar, Talrb Sarai and 90.00 Nuruddin Nagar Ramdoi Khera-urf-Kabba Khera, Lodhan Har, Gangoo Khera, Daroga Khera 80.00 and Ram-Bux Singh Khera Agricultural Farm, Prayag Narain Khera, Bandhu Haar, Lokalya Khera, Puran 80.00 Nagar, Narendra Nagar, Daryal Khera, Glass Factory and Jorakhan Khera. Sheikhpur, Pathar Colony, Gadankhera, Singrausl, Akrampur, Kacchlyana, 80.00 Buchraan, Ram Nagar Pahli Khera, Knsna Nagar, Kadir Bagh and Ibrahimabad. PolIce Lines, Rawat Khera and Jail Road 150.00 Railway Station Jagannathganj, Budhw3r1, Niran Nagar, Abbas 8agh and Kanji 175.00 Sarai Kaiserganj, Shahganj, Mubraish Nagar and Jawahar Nagar 200.00 Unnao (outside M B) 100.00 A general picture of the speculation In land Singh, the founder of the town was a Bisen price revaillng in developed and undeveloped Rajput. The Blsens are said to have migrated areas of the town can be viewed from the fact from Manikapur in district Pratapg'arh. The Rajputs that in year 1988, a land measuring 1,800 square and their associates, it appears remained chief feet was transacted at a market value of rupees immigrants. Later, Muslims began colonizing the 25,000 in Krishna Del-khera of the GIrlza-Bagh town between the period 1440 and 1457 A.D , locality. Cer,trary to the above, In Adarsh Nagar, when Zaid Salyads of 'Wasit' seized the town. which IS a deprived area of the town the rate was Thus after RaJPuts the Muslims, were the second fIxed at Rs 90 per square yard, white at present main ethmlc group who settled in the town. An the plots are being transacted there at only Rs. Idea of the total population of the town during 50 00 per square yard. the reign of Akbar can be had from the fact that It was a Maha/ headquarters and contained a The developed land lying between the Rail brick-fort and a garrison composed of 50 horses way-crossing and the By-pass-crossing, which IS and 4,000 foot was kept ready here*. Shershah ear-marked as Abad/ land, would have a StipU had appOinted one Gopal Das as Kanugo In the lated market value of rupees 100 per square town, whose one of the descendant subse yard. The industrial land which IS spread from quently held the charge of Chakfadar. This may Akrampur to Rae-ESareli intersection (Chauraha) , have paved a way for further migration of Hindus on either side of the road upto an extent of 400 to the town and these Hindus, it appears, yards, is too costly and to be sold at the cost of colonized the area now called Kanoongoyan. rupees one lakh per Bigha, because the area Sheikhs began settling in the town since 1642 has a tremendous industrial potential. The road A.D. DUring the reign of Shah Jahan, one Side land along the Unnao-Hardoi road from Fatehullah, a Sheikh, was probably made officer Bara Chauraha to the Bungalow of the District In-charge of the town. It is probable that during Judge, being a developed area of the town thiS period, the Kayasthas had started Inhabiting would have a stipulated rate of rupees 135 per the town. Early Kayasthas settles were probably square yard and In the rest of the area of this concentrated or settled in the present area of locality the maximum rate per square yard would Chaudhanyana With the passage of time till the be rupees 60. advent of the British, they graduaJlycolonized the present area of Kalthlyana. Another area of the Migration-pattern of the town the town where Pathana, Sheikhs, and Kayast has had settled, is Ram Nagar. In due course of The movement of population from one time SalYld Talukdars took the complete control place to another With the intention of settling of affairs In town, especially since 1842 A D. and there, IS known as migration. The other forms of the town became a strenghold of the Muslims migration are pendulum and seasonal migration. against the maJonty of Hindus who inhabited the The example of the former is the journeys surrounding countryside. The Sheikhs by now, performed dally by commuters and of the latter well inhabited the locality now called Sheikhwara, IS for speCific purposes such as completIon of and extension of Muslim concentration led to the dams etc. For studying the migration pattern, our further colonization of present day localities of concern here is With the permanent type of Gaddiyana and Kaithiyana. Many of the medieval migration only, which swells the population of mosques and bUildings in these localities are the town and affects ItS natural growth. mute testimony of the fact that once this town was seat of Muslim power for over a couple of It has already been stated that Unwant centuries before it began governed by the "'Source ' The District Gazetteer 27 Britishers. Little is known about what sorts of 13,109 person in 1901 Census to 11,147 per people left the town as emigrants during these sons in 1921. The decline rate was nearly one periods. per cent in a year during the period 1901 to 1911 and about half of a per cent during the following Migrants to the town during the British Period decade. Between 1901 and 1921 the population (1856 to 1947 A.D.) and after till 1971 of the town record€;d a decrease of 15.53 per cent. Migration pattern during the British period took three distinct courses as enumerated be Since 1921 J the extent of in-migration to the low:- town upto 1971 had been distinctive in two (a) Period of modest migration (1858 to respects. On the first hands in-migration to the 1900). town was possibly the factor behind a great (b) Period of decrease in population due spurt in the percentage variation for the decade to natural calamities such as famine 1921-31: It can reasonably be inferred that after and epidemics like cholera and influ the cessation of epidemics the erstwhile settlers enza (1901 to 1921). of the town would have come back. The percent (c) Period characterised by steady growth age decadal variation during 1921-31 was as in population (1921-1971) high as 46.07 and remained unsurpassed during the decades upto 1971 Census. On the other During the period 1858 to 1900, the town hand in the latter period the extent of in migra was receiving as migrants mainly the literate tion is low. Brahmins from the surrounding countryside who came into the town in search of vocations other However, the trends of in-migration to the than the traditional agriculture and were em town in the next decade of the seventies was as ployed in the offices of Collectorate and Munici unusual as that recorded during the decade of pal-Board. The new immigrants settled in the the twenties. Albeit in the extent of percentage southern parts and civil lines areas of the town. decadal variation, the latter decade (1971-81) The main events connected with the coming of secured an all time high rate. It had been so, migrants were the becoming of the town as the partly on account of merger of population inhab seat of district administration in 1856 and Its Iting the newly added rural pockets, and partly declaration as a municipality in 1869. Migrants due to rapid industrialization of the town, which who settled in the town dUring the period 1869 to possibly attracted migrants to a moderate ex 1900 A. D. were pushed into the town from the tent. surrounding countryside due to bad harvests in 1874,1878 and 1880. Unfortunate happenings In Impact of topography on the growth of the the countryside even aftr 1880 A D. such as out town break of a ternble fever in the district in 1879, Cholera epidemic in 1894 and yet other famine in About one thousand years ago, the area on 1897, only caused the town to be swelled-up which the Unnao town is located was part of a with migrant. Apart from this, during the period Wide track of forests. The settlement took place 1901 to 1921 A.D. there was heavy exodus from slowly because of the difficult terrain. the town as a result of plague epidemic during 1901-1911 and the influenza epidemic during There is a spread of an accentuated up 1911-1921. The abnormal rise in mortality per lands towards west of the town, which is free haps coupled with equal degree of out-migration from the floods of Ganga. Over the decade 1971- resulted in steep decline of population from 81, Ganga-Ghat alias Shuk!aganj has developed 28 as a new township. Unnao town lying in the almost all the tanks and ponds in the town, middle of Gangetic plains of the state has its own proves quite a nuisance during rainy season. scope for the development irrespective of Ganga However, the tanks and ponds in the town Ghat which is usurping its satellite status (to abound in fish and a local produce called Kanpur). singhara, which are useful products of ponds and tanks in the town. The town could have The soil ot Unnao town is composed of light intact developed more but for innumerable ponds loam characterised by many depressions in the or tanks. These tanks and pond as mentioned town made of hard dark clay. These depresions above and the Loni Nadi which is about 3 kms. have formed ponds and tanks in the town. Most south-east of the town drain the water of the of the tanks and ponds of considerable depths town. As part of the relief works undertaken are located in the southern part of the town. during the famine of 1896-97, five kutch a drains Although these facilitate the drainage in the were constructed. Shortly afterwards, due to town, but at the same time pose problem for the neglect, these drains got silted-up and are growth of the town. A nalla which connects affecting badly the sanitary condition of the town. 29 ANNEXURE (RELATING TO THE CHAPTER II) CONTROL OF LAND USE AND THE REGU Present available pattern in land use develop LATING AUTHORITY: ment The origin of Unnao Shuklaganj 'Master Plan' 2001 A.D. and set up of Unnao-Shuklaganj The town had earlier developed mainly on Development Authority on December 7, 1983 both sides of National Highway-25 and later on both sides also of Lucknow-Kanpur railway line. For a long time it has been felt that over The railway track is almost parallel and is on the crowding and deteriorating housing conditions in north side of road. In the south it is circumvented the town had already gravely destabilized the by Unnao-by-pass road. The industrial develop social-fabric. After the independence, a spec ment has taken place on the both sides of Na tacular growth in the population of the town was tional Highway number-25. towards north-east wrtnessed. Consequently necessity for the planned and south-west. Civil lines area is located in the and rational growth of the town was inevitable. middle of the town towards north-west. All the All these circumstances clubed wIth abnormal government offices are adjacent to the railway growth of population during the decade 1971-81 line in the two Civil Lines wards. The old town and the industrial growth of area prompted for a was earlier extended upto Rae Bareli road in the comprehensive 'Master-Plan'. At the outset the west and upto the By-pass road ,in the west. Its State government through the notification num north-eastern limit stretches upto the Jail and ber-U 347/32-2-92-D.A.-81 Lucknow, dated western limit upto the Sharda Canal. Till 1979, 7.12.1983 (of Uttar Pradesh Shasan Avas the town had a Width of nearly one ki!ometre. Anubhag-2) ordered for set up of the "Unnao Shuklaganj Vlkas Pradhlkaran". The town and The slope of the land in the town is country planning department of Uttar Pradesh generally from north-west to south-east. There State was authorised to prepare a perspective are several ponds in the south-east part of the "Master Plan" upto the year 2001 A.D. The town, which have of late been converted into department was authoried to prepare a perspec sewer drains. The land for future urban develop tive plan which may cater the needs of growing ment lies normally by the side of three population upto 2001 A.D. for the twin towns of mam roads Lucknow-Kanpur, Unnao-Hardoi and Unnao and Shuklaganj. The draft Master Plan. Unnao-Rae Bareli and also some such drea to was accepted in the meeting of the Pradhlkaran wards the south-west of the Kanpur-bound rail on 3.12.1985. By their order number 316/37-3-6 way line. Master/B6, dated 18.2.1986, the U.P. Govern ment constituted a committee under the chair manship of the district magistrate to hear com Akrampur (in the west of the town) industrial ments and objections from the publiC. The area lies within boundaries formed by the railway hearings were completed by the first week of line and the Lucknow-Kanpur hig~way. Similarly, June, 1986. The draft Master Plan had been In the north-east portion of the town Jhanjhari finalized by the committee only in January 1988 industrial area IS established. These industrial and forwarded to the State Government for states have been developed by the industries acceptance. department of the State Government. 30 Main problems in the present land use of the special areas. town for which planning is needed 5. To develop residential areas in a planned Residential area could not be developed in way. the south-east of the national highway as the area is locked with ponds. In fact the absence of 6. Proper adjustment of population density in proper system of drainage has created a serious various zones of the town in view of pro problem in the town. Unplanned development of jected population. residential areas in midst of the locality in the south-east of the National Highway, remain per 7. To develop all areas in desired manner so petually water-logged especially during the that the environment and hygenics of the monsoons. The sewer drains here fill the ponds areas remain healthy. with dirty water. Proposed zones/sectors in the town and their Another obstacle in the proper development areas of the town is haphazard street pattern. The re cently made flyover on the railway line towards One zone Ires on the north side near the the east of the radway station and the two [evel railway line and the other on the west near the crossings on either Side of railway station are not meeting point of Rae Bareli-Balamau railway line adequate for providing access to the recently With Rae Bareli road. The zone lies on the south, developed areas situated to the north-west of the it is extended upto 500 metres from the National railway line and the developed areas in the Highway number-25 and on the east, it is upto south-east. This leads to frequent traffJc conges the extent of the present mdustrial area. The tion In the town at the above two level-crossings. second zone lies on the north upto the Jail Rajbaha, on the south upto the Lucknow-Kanpur Master Plan proposals tor tuture land use railway Ime, on the east upto the proposed 30 metres wide road near Balamau railway line and The following proposals were finalised in upto National Highway number-25 across the the meeting of the Pradhikaran on 27th of Rae Barell-bound railway line and on the west January. 1988 and was forwarded by the Unnao upto the prcjJosed 45 metres wide road. The Shuklaganj Vikas Pradhikaran to the State Gov land in this zone IS to be used primarily for ernment for clearance. These proposals were residential purpose besides the state govern put forward bearing in mrnd the fonowing points: ment offices and the technical institute. The third zone lies, on the north upto the Lucknow-Kanpur 1. To determine proper zoning regulations for railway line, on the south and in the east upto the development of various land use. by-pass and the Rae Bareli bound railway line and on the west upto the proposed 45 metres 2. Preservation of green-belt and to deter wide road. The land use in this zone is mainly conversion of agricultural land to other deJe residential apart from truck terminus. mandi and terious uses. the bus station which are also to be located there. The last zone lies in the north upto the 3. To make equitable distribution of land for Lucknow-bound railway line, on the south upto recreational, medical and other Civic ameni the Nal/ah, on the east upto the proposed 45 ties In the town. metres wide road and on the west upto the proposed industrial area. The land use in this 4. To restram an improper use of land in proposed zone is mainly industrial. 31 All the proposed zones have been deline that the growth rate during 1981-91 will be 75.17 ated for future development of the town and its per cent and in the subsequent decade it will be nearby areas upto the year 2001 A.D. The area 64.09 per cent. The draft has envisaged the fol under these zones is gIven in table 11.5. lowing propoals for the future development in vIew of the projected size of the population. Table 11.5 : Proposed zones and their areas The draft has reiterated the fact that it would not be an exaggeration if one calls the town a Proposed (planned) Area deprived settlement. It has stated on the basis of zone number (in hectares) Its survey that it was noticed that 39.9 per cent of population lived in a single-room occupancy, 1 2 27.3 per cent in two-rooms, 14.4 per cent in three-rooms and 18.4 per cent in 4 or more 1 457.32 rooms. The survey revealed further that 50 per 2 647.82 cent of households in the town lived in one-room 3 1053.33 tenements. Only 52.8 per cent hO~$eholds in the 4 439.79 town have service-latrines, 19.7 per cent flush latrines and the rest of 23.7 per cent households Total 2598.26 were using the open area for this purpose. The survey bnngs forth that only 34.5 per cent General considerations which require new households were prOVIded with tap-water supply frame of rules for regulating land use in the and only 58.2 per cent with electric facility. town This socia-economic survey brings to light The draft master plan has projected a popu also the acute housing problem prevailing in the lation of 218,400 for the town by the year 2001. town. The number of households and occupied As per their estimate, the population of the town, residential houses and the difference therein which was 75,983 at the 1981 Census, will be over the Censuses 1961-1981 is shown in table 133,100 in the year 1991 , wIth the assumption 11.6. Table 11.6 : Households and houses in the town Census year Households Occupied Difference percentage of residential between residential houses households houses to and houses households [col (2) -(3)] 1 2 3 4 5 1961 5,835 4,685 1,150 80.29 1971 7,151 5,997 1,154 83.86 1981 13,311 17,870 441 96.69 32 The table 11-6 shows that though the ratio of market price was nearly Rs. 37.39 lakhs. Neces occupied residential houses to households has sary formalities are under hand to develop an ex been increasing, still there is shortage of housing tension of Unnao Yojna Number 1. However, the units. land has not yet been acquired. Similar action is being initiated for acquisition of land for Unnao It appears that dwellings are being con Yojna Number 2, by the same Uttar Pradesh structed in the town mainly by private parties. Housing Board. During the decade 1971-81, Uttar Pradesh Hous ing and Development Board has developed a Residential area in the town can be grouped residential colony in the triangular area sur into two distinct classes--old localities and newly rounded in the north-east between National developed planned colonies. Earlier, developed Highway Number-25 and the railway line and to colony was limited to the west of Lucknow the north of Unnao-Rae Bareli railway line. This Kanpur railway line. To the north-west of the colony located between Lucknow to Kanpur rail above railway line lies the newly developed way line and Lucknow to Kanpur road, is called areas. It is known as civil lines area. Civil Unnao Yojna Number 1. The land was acquired amenities and services are in mess in old in year 1982. It has an area of 27.54 hectares. localities. These have narrow streets and lanes. The types of houses constructed there are for In Civil lines, the breadth of the roads varies from the economically weaker section, low income 80 to 100 feet or still more at places. group and middle income group, besides, plots and sites and services. T ota! value of the land at Future needs of housing requirement in the the time of acquisition at the then prevailing Unnao town is shown in table 11.7. TABLE 11.7 : Present residential deficit and future housing requirements till year 2001 of Unnao town 1 2 1. Population, 1981 75,983 2. Households, 1981 13,311 3. Occupied residential houses 17,870 4. Residential deficit, 1981 441 5. Number of houses which will require replacement in year 2001 (20%) 2,574 6. Population 2001 218,400 7. Total projected families at rate of 4.5 persons per family in year 2001 48,533 8. Required housing units in year 2001 (48,533-17,870) 35,663 9. Additional requirement of housing units in year 2001 (35,663-2,574) 33,089 The table II-A.7 indicates that by the year The draft Master Plan has envisaged estab 2001 A.D. if the population of the town swell to lishment of three types of industries viz. service 218,400, it would require an additional 33,089 industries, light industries and medium indus houses for residential purposes. tries. Commercial area in the town is located 33 around densely populated residential areas of has also been provided between Unnao-Lucknow the town in 8.1 hectares of area. Chief commer and Unnao-Balamau railway lines. For the devel cial areas in the town are Purana Bazar and opment of administrative office an area of 74.92 Qa!serganj. Other main commercial areas are heatares has been proposed. For the civic Sara Chauraha Crossing on the National High amenties there is a provision of 137.76 hectares way Number-25, Dhawan road and on the State of land. Highway Number-38. Commerce and Trade is mainly limited to retail trade. About 95 per cent of The proposed land use by 2001 A.D. retail shops trades in food articles and edibles. Master Plan aims at to develop a Krishi Utpadan Mandi (Marketing complex for agricultural pro The draft Master Plan has stipulated that in duce) near the meeting pOint of By-pass road year 2001 there will be an area of 2,598.26 hec and Rae SareH Road. An area of 7.85 hectares tares under the proposed development plan. The has been earmarked for this purpose. A large details of area under various uses within year mineraI-siding place in an area of 23.27 hectares 1980 and 2001 A.D. is given in table 11-8. TABLE 11.8 : Details of proposed areas under the development by 2001 A.D. Sl. Type of land use Proposed areas (in Percentage to No. hectares) in the total area year 2001 A.D. 1 2 3 4 1. Residential 1,223.99 (255.0) 47.1 (41.4) 2. Commercial 82.20 (8.1) 3.1 (1.3) 3. Industrial 635.41 (42.9) 24.4 (7.0) 4. Administrative 74.92 (425) 2.9 (6.8) 5. Civic amenities and services 137.76 (98.1 ) 5.3 (15.8) (a) Educational 52.78 (20.0) 2.0 (b) Medical 23.59 (8.0) 0.9 (c) Other utilities 18.16 0.7 (d) Parks 39.15 1.5 (e) Stadia 4.08 0.2 6. Transport 344.12 (170.4) 13.2 (27.7) 7. Others 99.86 4.0 Total 2,59826 (617.0)* 100.0 * Totals only of constructed/developed area by 1980 are shown in brackets under columns 3 and the corresponding percentages under column 4. 34 Zoning regulation proposals for the town farms or poultry farms, cattle-sheds, automobile contained in the draft 'Master Plan 2001' repairing workshop, cemetery, etc. Zoning regulation IS a legal apparatus for (2) In mainly commercial areas the proper and adequate Implementation of the proposals putforth by 'Master Plan'. For effective As enumerated above in the case of resi implementation of these proposals the zoning dential areas. regulations contain all bye-laws for present house construction and also the U.P. Urban Planning (3) In mainly industrial area and Development Act, 1973. Regulations are different for each zone VIZ., residential, commer Residential houses except the residential cial, Industnal, etc. The rules and regulations for houses meant for guards, ChaukJdars, etc, school (a) constructed area and (b) non-constructed or college for general education, infectiOUs dis area vary. The following zones have been pro eases or mental ailments hospitals, hotel, motel, posed In the plan:-~ park and slaughter house. 1. Residential (4) In a park area 2. Generally commercial 3. Grain-markets Houses or constructions except those meant 4. CiVIC amenities and services as accessories. 5. Industrial 6. Administrative (5) In administrative area 7. Truck Terminus/Bus Station 8. Parks/Stadia As enumerated In the case of residential 9. Green-belt areas. 10. Cultivatlonal The regulations for future land use enumer Future urban development in all the above ated for the proposed land use zones are more zones is grouped into two divisions--(a) prOhib exhaustive and prohibit a large categories of ited development work and (b) permissible de constructions in each of the 10 proposed zones. velopment. The competent authority In special In the various zones any existence of non-con circumstances may relax the conditions. For a forming land uses, wherever found~ same can be regulated area, the competent authority is the allowed to persist, provided that these do not Pradhikaran. Following IS the main elements of pose any problem, are not harmful. But any prohibited land use pattern.-- physical extension to these non-conforming land uses will not be allowed. These constructions, Division (a) Prohibited land use however, may be allowed to augment an in crease in production through machanization, (1) In mainly residential areas etc. The existing harmful land uses should gradually pass-out of the area upto year 2001, Large and heavy industnes, harmful, pollu Those existing non-conforming houses or con tion-creating and injurious Industry, mming in structions in any of the proposed land use dustry, ware-houses, godowns for perishable, zones, which have been destroyed because of dangerous and Inflammable goods, junkyard, fire, flood, explolslon, sabotage, etc. to the wholesale market, hospital of infectiOUs diseases extent of more than 50 per cent wit! not be or for treatment of mental ailments, Jungle, dairy allowed to be constructed or used In their 35 prevlous manner. For reconstruction, however, (9) A summary of present planned develop ~ermlssion can be sought after indicating zOning ment in the town regulations. Other situations involving non-con formity with the land use pattern will not be al lowed. If any part of a construction falls within Presently, the two development agencies the proposed widening scheme of the 'Master namely the Uttar Pradesh Avas Evam Vikas Plan-2001 '; the construction may continue as It Panshad (the U.P. Housing and Development is, but there would be restriction on any further Board) and the Unnao-Shuklaganj Vikas extension or new constructions. In such condi Pradhikaran (the Unnao-Shuklaganj Development tions, the permiSSion shall be given for construc Authority or U jS. D.A.) are developing the sites, tion or extention only after ensuring the pro layout of roads and construction of houses. The posed widening as per rules. Areas of the plots activities undertaken by the said two agencies coverage, set-back, floor area ratio will be de include construction of 50 economically weaker cided according to the regulations or directives section quarters by the Pradhikaran in mohall a contained in the U.P. Urban Planning and Devel Puran Nagar during the year 1985-86. Allotments opment Act, 1973 and also according to the are under progress there. Firdaus Park and State Government orders as well as the zoning construction of kiosks in the Park was completed regulations proposed under the 'Master Plan'. during the year 1986-87. Development of 50 Floor area ratio (FAR) can be sanctioned by the residential plots at Gandan Khera was completed Pradhlkaran under vanous land uses according during 1986-87 and a programme has been to the zoning regulations underlined In the drawn up in 1987-88 for the further development 'Master-Plan'. For any such special construc of additional 50 residential plots at Gandan tions, for which regulations/directives or gUiding Khera. A scheme is being drawn up to acquire prinCiples are not clear, can be allowed only after land for development of a reSidential colony on consideration by the Pradhlkaran In each individ the Rae Bareh road which would cost nearly 4 ual case. Petrol or dIesel-filling stations will not crore of rupees. A notification from the State be allowed on the roads which are less than 24.0 Government has been issued for acquisition of metres wide. Godowns for LPG cylinders can be land for construction of a 'Marketing-complex' at opened only after obtaining the sanction from Moti Nagar. Possession of the land is under the Pradhlkaran. That is also the case With farm progress and for this purpose a time-table has houses in permiSSible land zones. been drawn up. 36 Ruins of Unnao Fort Ruins of Unnao Fort A dilapidated portion of the residence of Hazi Fatehullah Ruins of the building constructed by Sheikh Fatehullah Ruins of Hazi Fatehullah's Residence (Presently his grand sons residence) Ruins of Hazi Fatehullah's Residence (Presently his grand sons residence) CHAPTER III AMENITIES AND SERVICES--HISTORY OF GROWTH AND THE PRESENT POSITION Introduction are of two types. One group of these facilities cater to the needs of the town and the other Unnao town has been in existence since serve not only the needs of the locality but also twelfth century .A.D. when a fort was constructed the surrounding region. All the amenities and there. The fort is now in the ruins. However, the services are dIrectly relatd to the economic town has dIstinctively been a centre of admini development, growth of social and political insti stration since its foundation. In the successive tutions In the region as well as in the town. The periods of Mughal and Avadh rules, the position growth of a town and its receipt through taxes of the town in this regard got only further forti and grants-in-aid from the government have a fied. Unnao had been the seat of Saiyid chief direct impact on the better avaIlabilities of exist tains and later several chakfadars were based at ing amenities and services. Before narrating the the town. However, the growth of administratIve amenities and servIces of the town it will be status of the town on the modern lines took worth while to have a look into the general place when it was made a district headquarters administrative set-up of the government at the town in place of Purwa in year 1856. The present local level and also of the local body. collectorate bUilding came into existence in 1894. In 1884, the earlIer MunIcIpal committee ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES OF THE was named as Municipal Board. Since then civic GOVERNMENT amenities got initiated In the town. The landmark in the history of civic amenities of the town was District Officer's Office the year 1927. when a tubewell was constructed for water supply in the town. Earlier, rail lines Though, the town was made a district were laid down. In year 1931. a sewer line was headquarters in 1856, it's office existing at the laId while drains were got constructed at the Collectorate was established in 1894. The office dawn of the present century. In year 1931 as of the Distnct Officer, is most important among well, a sullage-station was started for the treat all the administrative offices in the town. It is ment of sewage water. After Independence, town situated in Ward No.2 (Civil Lines I) near the has grown in a unplanned way, however, the Railway Station. The district officer is the highest civic amenities available were not sufficient to executive authority in the district responsible for cope up with ever increasing demand. In the last the collection of all the government dues and years of the seventies, Unnao-ShuklaganJ Devel also for the maintenance of land records of the opment Authority came into existence. The Au district Apart from holding the charge of the thority had since published a Master Plan for the district grovernment treasury, the officer is re town keeping in view the CIVIC amenities require sponSible for the maintenance of law and order ments of the town till 2001 A.D. in the district. Presently there are 8 officers and 132 subordinates working at the Collectorate. Scope of Amenities and Services The district officer IS in-charge of planning AmenIties and services In a locality are the and development work in the district. All the facilities made available to the dwellers by the development activities of various departments communIty or the local body concerned. These are coordinated by him with the assistance of 41 district planning officer or an additional district Office of the District Soldiers' Sailors' and magistrate (planning). In the event of any natural Airmen's Board calamities such as drought, fire, floods, hail storms and locust attack, he is responsible for This office works for the welfare of retired providing necessary help to the people. The as military personnel and their families in the dis sessment of extent of damage caused by ca trict. The Deputy Commissioner is ex-officio lamities is done by him and reported to the president of the Board. higher authorities. The office building is situated towards south District Unnao has been divided into four ern corner of the first railway level crossing in the sUb-divisions. A sUb-divisional officer is the in west of Railway Station. The office was set-up in charge of each division. Each officer performs the year 1944. It's staff consists of 9 persons. multifarious duties regarding revenue, criminal offences, general administration and develop Office of the District Judge ment work of the sub-division. They reside at dis trict headquarters and assist the Deputy Com The District Judge is the judiciary head and missioner to run district administration inter-alia also functions as the district registrar. The office other items of work. The treasury officer and the was set-up in 1908. All the civil and criminal district supply officer also assist the district cases of the district are settle in the court of the officer. The office of tahsil Unnao is in Ward No. District Judge. The total staff strength of the 7 (A.B. Nagar) of the town. All important offices office is 189. of the district, are situated in Ward No. 2 in a Public Works Department (P .W.D.) compound known as the Collectorate. Office of the Superintendent of Police The Public Works Department is another important office. It is situated in Civil Lines. It was established in 1972. This office is ,responSible for The office was set up in year 1856. The the maintenance of old roads and construction office is situated in the Civil Lines area of the of new roads in tahsils Unnao and Purwa. The town. It aims to control the crime and maintain number of officials in the office is 54. the law and order situation. The JUrisdiction spreads over whole of the district. Kotwali, the Zlla Parishad sale police station in the town is directly under the supervision of the Superintendent. Staff Office of the Zila Parishad was set-up in includes one Deputy Superintendent of Police, 1961. The office looks after the expansion of One Inspector, 18 Sub-Inspectors, 12 Head transportation, medical facilIties In the whole of Constables and 74 Constables of the Civil Po the rural areas of the district. The staff strength is lice. 97. It is a local self-government organization like the Municipality. Office of the Assistant Safes Tax Officer Office of the district Basic Education Officer The office building situated in the Civil Lines area of the town was established in year 1949 for This office is also located In Civil Lines area the purpose of collecting sales tax from the near Collectorate. It was set-up in year 1972. The businessmen or traders in the district. There are office organises education faCilities from class I in all 23 employees in thIs office. to VIII in the district. Thv staff strength is 21. 42 Homeguards Office Other state government offices situated in the town are that of Chief Medical Officer; Consolida The dlstnct homeguards office is situated tion Officer (settlement); District Inspector of near Roadways Bus Station. It was established Schools; Divisional Forest Officer; Executive Officer, in May 1963. The office works under the super Sarda Canal; Sub-Divisional Office, Hydro-elec vision of the district police. There are 34 employ tric Department and Superintendent, District Jail. ees (male only) in the office. The office provides help to the Police in maintenance of the law and CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OFFICES order. Office of the District Organiser, National District Supply Office Savings The district supply office is situated at 112, The office educates the district people about R3mpuri in Civil LInes area of the town near the the benefits of small savings. The office also pro 1 elephone Exchange. This office was set-up in pogates various saving schemes initiated by the year 1944. It ensures supply of essential com government. The information regarding the year modities besides settling cases under the rent in which the office was set-up is not known. control Act, and controlling of weight and meas ures standards. The jurisdiction of the office is in Office of the Income Tax Officer whole of the district. The office consists of 23 employees_ The office was set~up in June, 1970. The office is responsible for the collection of direct Office of the Executive Engineer, Jal Nigam taxes. It's jurisdiction is spread over the entire native dlstnct. Staff includes one Income Tax In The office of the Executive Engineer, con spector and other ministerial workers. struction division, Uttar Pradesh is situated in Jagannathganj near railway station. It was estab Range Office of the Central Excise lished in the year 1972, for the purpose of con structing the overhead tanks for supply of drink The office is functioning under the Kanpur ing water In the rural and urban areas of the Collectorate of Central Excise since April 1981. A district. Now 46 persons, including one woman Superintendent is in-charge of the office. The ju are employed in this office. risdiction of the office is spread over the entire district. The tobacco growers of all the tahsils are Employment Exchange registered in the office. ThiS office also controls the transportation of exclseable commodities. The office of the employment exchange is Staff consists of four Inspectors and one Super situated at 214, Civil Lines on the Jail Road. It intendent as well the four sepoys (of group '0'). was set-up In 1960, with the objective of register ing all the job-seekers in the district. In all 15 Food Corporation of India male employees are working in the office. The office organises training in typing, shorthand and The office is situated near Nagarmal Mill. Its secretarial practices for about 30 candidates function Includes procurement, storage and belonging to scheduled castes or backward distribution of cereals. Its jurisdiction is in whole castes. Such training courses are of six months of the distnct. The staff strength is 15, Including duration. two women employees. 43 LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT MUNICIPAL ACTIVITIES IN THE TOWN Municipal Board Office Water Supply The Municipal Board Office at Unnao is in The supply of protected water to the dwell existence since 1884. In year 1869, a Municipal ers of the town is responsibility of the municipal Committee was constItuted for the town under ity. A scheme of piped water supply to the town the Municipal Act of 1867 (Act XV of 1867). In was taken up by the municipal board as early as 1868, North-Western Provinces Act, 1867 (Act VI in 1928, when a tube-well was constructed. In of 1868) was passed. This Act was followed by the year 1931, two such pumping stations were the North-Western Provinces and Oudh Munici constructed. Later on, another pumping station palities Act, 1873 (Act XV of 1873). Under the was constructed in the year 1955. The water later Act, the municipal committee was reconsti supply was further fortifIed by installation of two tuted. The committee was named as Municipa! more pumping stations of high capacity. The Board from the year 1884. Now the Municipal number of tube-wells had risen to six in 1969. Board lS governed by the later enactment includ The scarcity of water was being felt day by day ing the U.P. MunicipalIties Act, 1916 (Act II of With the increase in population. As a result of 1916) as amended from time to time. Under the which three more pumping stations were con earlier Act, the government had discretion to structed in 1975, 1976 and 1980. During the nominate the president and members. But the penod between 1981 and 1987 I four pumping latter Act had abolished the power of the govern stations have begun working. In 1984, the mu ment to nominate these functionanes. niCipal water supply, was around 4,528 kilolitres in a day, as against daily total requirement of A major JurisdIctional change affecting the above 10,530 kilolitres. boundary of the town was brought about In The town gets it's supply of drinking water March, 1979. As referred to in chapter II (see from 11 tube-wells, nearly 400 wells and a table 11.1) certain vIllages were added into the number of handpumps. About 80 per cent of town limits partly or wholly. Between the Census town area IS covered by the piped water supply years 1951 and 1971, the areal increases of the pumped by municipal tube-wells and remaining town hovered between 5 to 6 square kilometres, 20 per cent by wells and hand pump. It is while after the above mentioned jurisdictional estimated that presently about 60 per cent of the change in 1979; the area of the town increased residents receive protected water supply and more than 15 square kilometres. remaining through wells and hand pumps. According to the 1981 Census, about 41 per The election of office·bearers of the Munici cent of households in the town had the facility of pal Board was held in year 1971. In August 1977, tap-water and about 36 and 23 per cent house the executive body of the Board was super holds got the drrnking water from the wells and ceded. Recent elections to the Board were held hand pumps. The details about pumping sta in November, 1988. tions of the town are given below: 44 Table 111.1 : Year of installation of pumping stations and their initial and present discharge in litre per minute (L.P.M.) the year 1987 Serial Year of Initial Present Remark no. of construction discharge available Pumping in L.P.M. discharge station in L.P.M. 1 2 3 4 5 1. 1927 135 (Out of order) 2. 1931 450 (do) 3. 1931 560 400 4. 1955 450 (Out of use due to meagre discharge) 5. 1962 1,360 1,500 (Due to replacement of high capa city pumping plant by Municipal Board.) 6. 1962 560 (Out of use) 7. 1965 560 200 8. 1965 560 1,000 (Due to replacement of high capa city plant by M.B.) 9. 1965 675 (Out of use due to heavy sand content) 10. 1975 2,400 1,300 11. 1976 2,000 700 12. 1980 1,500 1,000 13. N.A. 1,500 1.000 14. 1984 1,400 1,000 15. 1985 940 940 16. 1987 1,500 1,500 (In 1987) it can be observed from the above table stand-posts and 95 connections for the offices that 5 out of 16 pumping stations are out of and industrial plants, while the number of water order. The remaining 11 pumping stations met meteres are 3,395. The rates of water for residen 43 per cent of the requirement in year 1984. Of tial houses and other purposes are 7,200 and the pumping stations opened before 1981 J the 1,125 litres per rupee respectively. The timing of cumulative total of the Initial discharge of water the supply of water IS between 4 A.M. to 12 noon works out to 11,210 htres per minute and present and 4 P.M. to 9 P.M. available discharge totals 5,400 htres per minute. Thus all the pumping stations, at present, are The per capital supply of piped water has discharging on an average about half of their been nearly 68 litres dally, which is quite below initial capeclty. It is learnt that the total length of the norm of 200 litres per capita in a day. In the pipes laid in the town is 41.48 kms. The number year 1969, it was about 124 htres per day. It of water connections in the residential houses of Indicates that the municipality has not been able the town is 3,300. Besides, there are 158 public to meet the reqUirement of water. There are 45 about 20 large tanks and ponds in the town, but Moreover, the municipality has not framed the water is not potable. However, it partially rules and does not offer incentives to construct meets the requirement of cattle In the town. latrines of different types. Sewerage and conservancy The arrangement for clearing of streets, roads and drains and the removal of night-soil The municipality owes the responsibility of from the town was initiated in the last century. It sewer maintenance. Chief systems of sewerage has earlier been noticed that arpund the town in the town are sewers and open surface drains. there are number of tanks. Further, Loni Nadi is Sewer system is hardly available for 10 per cent about 3 kms., in the south-east direction of the area of the town. In fact only 200 houses out of town. It flows in the low-lying usaf tract. The 14 thousand in the town have sewer facility. In superfluous waste of the town drains into it. the town there is only one centra~ sewer which During the 1amine of 1896-97, an attempt was was laid by the municIpality in 1931. made to put the drainage of the town on a sat isfactory basis. The Jail, the Clty-cum-Jail, the About 2 kms. away from the municipality, a CIty and the Kaneta drains were among several sullage pumping station was constructed in Atal works, then undertaken. These were constructed Bihari Nagar. At the station, refuse is treated on the outskirts of the town as a relief measure. chemically and the by-product is sold to the The benefits of these improvements subsisted farmers. The station was also set-up in year for a few years only. As no arrangement for the 1931. maintenance of these drains were made, hence these silted in due course of time. Since 1958, Open drains, as mentioned above are these drains are being maintained by State common mode of sewerage in the town and in irrigation department. Besides, in the town, there many areas of the town, actually no drainage are a number of kachcha and a few pucca system exists. Water-logging is a common surface drains which discharge into these outly problem in the town. Few drains existing in the ing drains and tanks. town were constructed at the dawn of the present century as a part of relief-operations. The municipality has on its roll 106 male The length of rains in the town is 33 kms. and 44 female sweepers. There are 11 bhistis 6 Condition of cleanliness and maintenance of safai zamadars and two safai-inspectors. The these drains is not upto the mark. Generally, the municipality Swasthya Adhikari (Medical Officer) drains are cleared once in a week in a lacklustre supervises sanitation and conservancy-staff works way. In short, the existing drains in the town are under him. None of the staff had been allotted incapable of draining out even the filthy water. quarters. Dress and allowances are admissible Mostly animal driven carts are used for disposal to the staff as per the recommendations of the of night-soil. Of late, few automobiles or tractors Malkani Committee Report, 1967. It was set up are also put in use for this purpose. The garbage by the government of the State for this purpose. is dumped into pits. POWER In the town, there are two hundred water borne public latrines. Water-borne private la (a) Current Situation trines in the town are 7,409. The number of septic-tank type latrines is 3,587. Thus nearly Since 1972, the electricity works and power one-sixth of the houseolds in the town do not supply to the town had shifted under State have house-built tOilets. owned Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board. The 46 electrification of the town started in the year this regard in near future. 1950-51. The Obra Hydel Power Station in Mirazpur and Panki Thermal Station near Kanpur (b) Sources of Electric Power in the town meet the needs of power supply in the town. The number of domestic, industrial, commercial as Electricity supply in the town is received also the street lighting connections in the town in through the Power House in Kundan Road near year 1979 was as given below :~- the Water Works. It was con~tructed in year 1950. The electricity is then serviced to the town No. of Connections through this Power House. The Power House gets electricity from the Panki Thermal Centre Category Number of near Kanpur. It is connected with the above connections (1979) centre with a 220 K.V.A. grid. Yet another electric power house is in the village Sonik, located in Domestic 4,721 the east of the town. This latter Power House is Industrial 15 connected with Sarojani Nagar Centre at Lucknow, Commercial 93 With a 220 K.V.A. grid. The Sonik Power House Road Lighting points 1,430 supplies electricity to the privately owned indus tries in Unnao Town. It's power supply is di In year 1986·87, 930 domestic, 17 industrial rected tor civic purposes of the town only during and 2 irrigational connections were provided. an emergency. The number of applications in the waiting list in that year was above 200 for domestic and 10 for The above centre at Lucknow gets its share industrial connections. The total domestic con of supply from the Obra Hydel Power Station in sumption of electricity in the town in year 1986- Mirzapur (U.P.). Thus, the town receives hydel 87 was about two lakhs of units. Besides, the and thermal power trom the above two sources annual industrial consumption in town in year or power centres. 1986-87 was more than one lakh of units. For irrigational purpose the consumption in the year Road lighting 1986-87 was 3,750 units. In year 1986-87, there were 210 pending applications for the connec The nurrlJer of street light paints in the town tions. The additional load requirement for these 20 years ago was 772, of which 702 were would be about 500 kilowatts. electric and 70 kerosene-lamps. In the year 1969, the municipality had incurred an expendi ln fact, there is a shortage of power in the ture amounting to As. 24,670 on street lighting. town. The demand for it IS grOWing day by day. In 1987, there were 1,616 points for road-lighting. OccaslonaHy, there are break-downs. and trip These points are at a distance of about 60 to 75 pings and load-sheddings. A big power house is metres. The hours of lighting are from 6.30 p.m. mooted on the outskirts of the town to meet the to 6.30 a.m. total expenditure incurred by the requirements of Kanpur metro as well as of municipality on road lighting in year 1987 was towns like Unnao, Gangaghat etc. It is hoped Rs. 180,000. Particulars of the street lighting that with completion of this proposed power paints and total Gonsumption are presented in house, the town will enjoy an enviable position in the following table :-- 47 ,. Table 111.2 : Street-lighting points and consumption Type of light Total no. Total of points consumption in watts. 1 2 3 1. Bulb 40 W. 668 26,720 2. T. Rod 40 W. 642 25,680 3. M.V. Fitting 125 W 81 10,125 4. M.V. Fitting 250 W 23 5,750 5. T. Rod 20 W 102 2,040 6. S.V. Fitting 250 W 97 24,250 7. Search Light 500 W. 1 500 8. M.V. 400 W. 1 400 9. Semi-Height Mast 3 x 400 W 1 1,200 Total 1,616 96,665 Transport and Communication was pucca road and 11.00 kms. kachcha road. By the end of year 1986-87, the length of pucca The old OUdh-Trunk Road is now called the road was 75.20 kms. of which only 19.75 kms. Jhansi-Lucknow Road. It is a national highway was made of cement-concrete and rest 55.45 and the Central Public Work Department is kms. of kankar and bricks. In addition, by that responsible for the maintenance of the road. The year, 145.85 kms. of kachcha and 154.15 kms. road bears major burdens of passenger and approach roads were also maintained by the goods traffic of the town. The old Badshahi road municipality. Considering the population of the is now called the Unnao-Hardoi Road. A part of town, the extent of roads in the town is inade the old Badshahi Road IS also called Unnao quate. Apart from the motor vehicles; ekkas, Allahabad Road. tongas and kharkharas driven by ponies or horses are generally used. However, with the de In the year 1969, the municipality main velopment of roads, the number of ekkas and tained a length of 30.58 kms. of meWed Roads of tongas have also Increased. The kharkharas are which a length of 19.10 kms. was made of generafly used for carrying goods. The bicycle kankar (crushed stones) and bricks and the rest appeared In the twenties of this century and now were made of cement and concrete. In the same It is a most widely used mode of conveyance in year, the municipality maintained 7.49 kms. of the town. After the Second World War, the cycle metalled roads also. Later, after ten years in rickshaw was introduced. About two decades 1979, the total length of roads maintained by the ago, the muniCipality were charging annually a municipality was 75 kms. of which 64.00 kms. sum of Rs. 16 per cycle-rlcks,haw from the 48 owner, and a sum of Rs. 6 from the driver as companies based at Hardoi and' Unnao. A large licence fees for this popular means of convey number of buses p1y on these roads and there is ance. Then the fee for an ekka was Rs. 3, for a a considerable passenger traffic. Of late, scoot kharkhara Rs. 24, for a handcart Rs. 8, for a bul ers and auto-rickshaws have emerged as the lock-cart Rs. 24 and for a cycle a sum of Rs. 5 common means of communication. annua'ly. An annual licence fee of Rs. 4 was charged from dri'Jers of ekkas and kharkharas. In the town, the passenger buses under the Now, there is no cycle-licence. By the end of U.P. Roadways began running since 1969. In the year 1986-87, 1,081 licences for man-pulled beginning, the buses were running on Kanpur rickshaws in the town were issued. In that year, Lucknow road only. However, since 1970, the licence fee per man-pulled rickshaw was Rs. 16. Roadways buses were introduced to Pratapgarh, Total collection including driving licence fee, was Baksar, Maurawan and Purwa. The city bus Rs. 24,201 against Rs. 16,520 and 50 paise in services, which were operating from the town to 1985-86. Among the licenced animal driven Kanpur city since 1966, were withdrawan. The vehicles in that year, kharkharas were 375. route has been treated at par with other routes Licence fee per vehicle was Rs. 25 and the total under the Roadways. collection Rs. 9,870, Bhainsa-garis, which were licenced with the municipality were 9 in year The effective fleet of the Roadways buses 1986-87, and the licence fee per vehicle being originating from the town was 58 in 1986-87. Rs. 24 per annum. The number of registered These buses were plying in 29' different routes vehicles in the town, about twenty years ago, apart from contingency routes created for fairs were like this--by-cycles 517, cycle-rickshaws etc. The frequency per route was 6.31. The 244, ek.kas and kharkharas 333, hand-carts 267 approximate number of passengers, who trav and bullock-carts 57. elled in 1986 was 6 4 lakhs. It may be noticed that Kanpur, Bahraich, Gorakhpur, Delhi, Prat Motor vehicles were introduced In 1915. In apgarh, Sultanpur, Chitrakoot, Rae Bareli and that year, motor transport started on Lucknow Lucknow are the distant towns connected with and Hardoi roads as well as on Unnao-Rae the town by Roadways busses. Rural areas/ Bareli and Unnao-Sandila roads. Mostly private district/towns/other towns connected by Road owners were plying their buses and trucks. The ways buses are Beloha, Kithwar, Maurawan, heaviest motor traffic has been on Kanpur Munshiganj, Bhawaniganj, Sarani, Bhojpur, Buxar, Lucknow and Hardoi roads. Since 1947, the Malihabad, Padri, Mirri, Akohri, Hllauli, Tripurar goods traffic has increased enormously. Kanpur pur, Purwa, Assaindha, Asoha and Dhannikhera. city has remained the traditional supplier of Generally, the routes originating from the town consumer goods in the town. The produce from pass through Kanpur city, then again pass town and the district, in turn, goes to Kanpur. through the town via by-pass to the concerned Many of the trucks, operating in the town are destination. The rural routes are much crowding owned by operators based at Kanpur and Gan on Mondays and Saturdays at mornings and gaghat or Shuklaganj. The trucks carry goods to evenings hours. Routes are either from lucknow and from Kanpur, Hardoi, Lucknow, Rae Bareli or from Kanpur side and pass through the town and other nearby towns. Even about two dec at the by-pass, which is 3 kms from the main Bus ades ago, nearly 160 trucks were plying dally. Station. Further details about the routes are provided in a tabular form in Chapter I. Most On the Unnao-Hardoi and Unnao-Sandlla popular routes are from the town to Kanpur, roads, a large number of private buses ply. Maurawan, Bhojpur, Lucknow, Rae BareH and Owners of these buses are the transport Buxar. The approximate number of passengers 49 travelling through these routes in year 1986-87 several pump operators. The van~ are fitted with was 802,740; 415,344; 226,212; 204,756 and ambulance and other necessary equipments. 1'58.580 respectively. The least popular routes Between January 1986 to December, 1986 the were from the town to Seloha, Dhannikhera, calls received from the town at the Fire Brigade Tripurarpur and Sarani through which only 39,420; Station were 35, of these only 3 were false calls. 48,444; 53,544; 59,148 and 65,976 passengers Out of remaining 32 cases, 14 were due to travelled on the respective routes. As mentioned electric short-circuit, 2 cases owed to kitchen-fire earlier, Hardoi and Sandila are the distant towns and rest 16 cases were reported due to miscel served by private operators. A huge passenger laneous reasons. In that year, property valued at traffiC is witnessed on these routes. Rs. 22.16 Jakhs was protected from fire. Other cases in that year relate to the turtling down of a Fire Brigade bus, motor knocking etc. The service is available in the town since History of Municipal finances March, 1977. It's office is located along the old main highway in Atal Behari Nagar. The Fire From 1950-51 to 1968-69 the receipt and Brigade has four siren vans, two drivers and expenditure of the municipality are given below: Table 111.3 : Income and Expenditure of the Unnao M.B. from 1950-51 to 1959-60 Year Receipt (Accounts Expenditure in rupees) (Accou'1ts in rupees) 1 2 3 1950-51 654,740 826,212 1951-52 604,908 647,186 1952-53 438,592 489,355 1953-54 528,396 486,543 1954-55 571,102 492,024 1955-56 691,475 690,000 1956-57 670,461 710,276 1957-58 799,166 820,550 1958-59 854,633 837.,185 1959-60 895,331 866,784 The munlclpality finances were below rupees lakhs. The details In this respect are presented in ten lakh till 1959-60, but afterwards tiJl 1968-69, table 111.4. the fmances had risen upto rupees twenty 50 Table 111.4 : Municipal finances 1960-61 to 1968-69 Year Receipt Expenditure Accounts Accounts (in rupees) (In rupees) 1960~61 1,127,287 1,080,540 1961~62 1,364,681 1,353,617 1962~63 1,430,568 1,426,038 1963~64 1,456,093 1,450,498 1964~65 1,679,384 1,754,768 1965~66 1,898,223 1,878,828 1966~67 1,817,151 1,805,543 1967~68 1,596,269 1,606,554 1968~69 1,988,796 1,840,194 The municipal finances had been rising with The Present Position of the Municipal occasional aberrations. For instance, about a Finances decade ago, in year 1978-79 the receipt was As. 795,900 and the expendIture in that year In recent years, there had been whopping was Rs. 1,509,800. rise in the finances as evident from the figures given below:- Table IJLS: Receipt and expenditure in years 1985-86 and 1986-87 Year Receipt Expenditure Accounts Accounts (in rupees.) (m rupees) 1 2 3 1985-86 6,867,696 8,868,396 8,778,853 8,780,853 The net revenues for the years 1985-86 and 1986 and 1986-87) are shown in the table 1986-87 are Rs. 7,112,666 and Rs. 6,592,678 provided on next page. respectively. The gross revenues (In years 1985- 51 Table 111.6 : Gross Revenue in years 1985-86 and 1986~87 Particulars Year 1985-86 Year 1986-87 1 2 3 Net Receipt (in Rs.) 7,112,666 6,592,678 Add Previous Total (of Rs.) 1,755]030 2,186,175 Gross Revenue (In Rs.) 8,867,696 8,778,853 The budget and the actual figure in rupees for the year 1986-87 are as below : Table 111.7 : Actual and Budgeted receipts for year 1986-87 Particulars Actual Budgeted i 2 3 Net Receipt 6,592,678 11,695,200 Add Previous 2,186,175 2,186,175 Total Gross Revenue 8,778,853 13,881,375 The income by major sources In the years 1985-86 and 1986-87 is presented in table IlL8 Table 111.8 : Items of Income of Unnao Municipality Revenue source Head Actual Revenue (in Rs.) during the year 1985-86 1986-87 1 2 3 1. Octroi 1,986,857 2,188,884 2. Building Tax 422,876 478,840 3. Vehicle Licence 16,520 24,201 4. Profession Tax 5,988 1,120 5. To!1 Tax (State compensation) 1,312,800 1,312,800 6. Water Tax 290,126 285,570 7. Sewerage 3,312 3,277 52 1 2 3 8. Recoveries under U.N.D.P. 20,826 3,625 9. Kanji House 2,493 3,196 10. Hackney Carriage 5,445 9,870 11. Land Rent 554 526 12. Price of Sullage Manure sold 768 152 13. Pnce of Drain water 2,280 2,855 14. Rent, Staff quarters 5,248 4,158 15. Rent, shops 39,520 34,079 16. Tahbazari 95,600 103,000 17. Slaughter House 2,689 .2,753 18. Rent, Meat shops 636 252 19. (I) Selfing price, water 3,094 41,168 (11) Rent, Metre 239 1,746 (Iii) Miscefaneous revenue 1639 12,456 Water Works Department 20. Naqa/ fees 2,247 2,413 21. Licence tee (Animal driven carts) 162 174 22. Miscelaneous incomes 191,389 51,662 23. Fmes 14,052 30,923 24. Interests accrued on invested sums 65,216 73,239 25. Pay. etc., grants-in-aid 534,676 684,661 26. Roads, state grants-in-aid 1,200,000 1,200,000 (P.L.A. accounts) 27. U.N. D.P., Grants-in-aid for 314,969 water-borne latrines 28. Grants-in-aid for sanitation machines 50,000 (of modern type) 29. Invested amounts 500,000 30. Advances 3,800 2,000 31. Securities of the contractors 16,648 33,078 53 The various components of the municipal given in Table 111.9:- expenditure in years 1985-86 and 1986-87 are Table 111.9 : Components of Expenditure Expenditure components Actual expenditure Actual expenditure in 1985-86 in 1986-87 (in Rs) (in Rs.) 1 2 3 1. General Administration 242,432 259,967 2. Tax Department 135,100 140,804 3. TalJ Tax Department 386,545 415,564 4. Street light 330,602 561,161 5. Water supply, pay, etc. 737,920 735,762 6. Drainage, pay, etc. 102,464 93,983 7. Pay of conservancy staff, etc. 1,296,360 1,390,960 8. Garbage removal 10,007 4,570 9. Sanitation equipments, latrine- constructions, etc. 357,783 177,946 10. Pay, Health Department 73,091 84,232 11. Vaccination Department 18,674 22,291 12. Sanitary articles 7,552 5,460 13. Bazar and S!aughter houses 14,712 17,313 14. Pay, etc., Kanji House 1,106 80 15. Construction of Shopping complex 50,000 150,000 16. Pay, etc. Gardens, Parks 71,875 200,978 17. Pay, PubUc Works Department 123,197 107,768 18. BuiJding construction & Renovation/repairs 17,411 58,720 19. Road construction and related grants 1,343,977 825,244 20. Store purchases 44,222 643 21. Grants in aids 2,000 22. Library 1,853 2,113 23. Printing, etc. 66,464 84,066 24. Legal Expenditure 9,131 3,792 25. Provident Fund and Bonus 17,506 8,025 26. Rent, Nazool 215 215 27. Fairs 3,000 2,994 54 1 2 3 28. Miscellaneous Expenditure 172,266 151,135 29. Invested Amount 1,000,000 951,400 30. Other Advances 5,800 99,572 31. Returning of securities of the contractors 40,956 16,167 32. Total Net Expenditure 6,682,221 6,574,925 Residual Expenditure 2,186,175 2,205,928 Aggregate ExpendIture 8,868,396 8,780,853 The above table reveals that out of total ping complex, expenditure pattern on other expenditure of Rs. 87.80 lakhs In the year 1986- items remains almost unchanged, and nothing 87. Rs. 13.90 lakhs and Rs. 8.25 lakhs were in substantial has been incurred for the betterment curred on pay of conservancy staff, etc. and road of town dwellers. construction and related grants. The other main head on which more than 5 lakhs of rupees have Education been incurred is water supply. The items of ex penditure on which an expenditure in the range Introduction of Rs. 1 to 5 lakhs have been incurred relate to first three components enumerated In the table. A zila school has opened in the town in year Other items are such as purchase of sanitation 1861. It later become the government High equipments, construction of shopping-complex. School, and then the Government Intermediate pay to garden staff, and public works depart College. In the early years of the present century, ments staff, etc. there was a High School in the town. During that period a girl's primary school was also set up. There has been significant increase on Dunng 1911-12, there were two government the items such as street-light, construction of model schools. Besides, there was an English shopping complex, maintenance of garden, parks, school before the year 1920-21, Later on, an and pay and allowance to the staff. In the former, Engligh school was opened in year 1932. there is an increase of almost 70 per cent and in the latter two of about three-fold. The expendi Growth of literacy ture on drainage has decreased from Rs. 1.02 lakhs in 1985-86 to Rs. 0.94 lakhs In the sub Literacy among the females of the native sequent accounting year. district hovered below one percent during the period from 1881 to 1931. It had been rismg over SimIlarly, the expenditure on sanItation the entIre period from 0.04 per cent in 1881 to equipments, latrine construction etc. has de 0.7 per cent in 1931. It reached to 2.3 per cent in creased from Rs. 3.57 lakhs in 1985-86 to Rs. 1951 and to 5.7 per cent in 1961. The literacy 1.78 lakhs in 1986-87. rate achieved by the females of the district at the 1961 Census, was already achieved by the It is evident from the above table, that males even at the 1891 Census, being 5.9 per except for street-light and constructIon of shop- cent. 55 The male literacy could not surpass the district was 23.52 per cent at the 1961 Census. 6.0 per cent mark up to 1911 Census. Since The district was having 36th position in the state 1921 census,_ male literacy rate in the native in this regard. district had been rising, first being at 6.4 per cent - in 1921 and then 7.3 per cent in 1931. It rose to The growth of literacy in the State/Dis- 14 4 per cent (in 1951), above the 1931 level. trict/Town according to 1961, 1971 and 1981 The literacy rate among the males of the native censuses is shown in the following table:·- Table 111.'10 : Growth of literacy Census Total percentage of literacy year State Distnct Town Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1961 17.65 27.30 7.02 15.14 23.52 5.74 41.31 49.44 30.93 .. ,[ 1971 21.70 31.50 10.55 19.63 29.00 9.09 49.33 57.24 39.55 1981 27.16 38.76 14.04 25.28 36.78 12.34 49.19 57.73 39.19 (Based on Census data) The above table shows that the state liter Increase in respect of male and female literacy acy rate has been higher than district and in the has been noted during the decade (1971·81) in case of the Unnao town, it has been even more the state. The male literacy increased during the than double the State average during the penod said period by about 7 per cent. The increase in 1961-81. In comparison to the State and the respect of females was from 10.55 per cent in District, the rate of increase in literacy had been 1971 to 14.42 per cent in 1981. It is to be noted quite higher in case of the town during the period that all along the duration 1961-1981, the district 1961-71, while it slightly decreased during 1971- ranked below to the State literacy rates. 81 as against the Increasing trends in case of the State and the District as well. In 1981, there was one Secondary school , per 7,598 population. The total number of pupils The percentage of persons (including chil- then was 20,838 including 5,770 (28 per cent) dren in age-group 0-4) who can read and wnte students from adjoining areas. The Wardha with understanding In at least one language was Scheme of Education was introduced in the town 21. 70 per cent in 1971 in the state of Uttar in year 1948, under which junior and senior Pradesh It now stands at 27.16 per cent accord BaSIC schools were opened. Junior Basic schools, Ing to the latest census in 1981. At the time of which were 16 In number during 1969-70, rose to 1981 Census, the literacy rate in the rural areas 42 in 1980-81. DUring the same period, the num of the state was as low as half as compared to ber of Senior Basic schools also increased from the literacy obtaining in the urban areas. An 4 to 14. 56 Similarly, the number of nursery schools 1984·85. The staff·strength aJongwith number of went up from five in 1969 to eight in 1979-80. students and institutions in year 1986-87 is Polytechnic in the town was opened in year presented in the table IIJ.11. Table 111.11 : Educational Institutions in the town by year 1986-87 Type of Institutions Students Teachers Number Male Female Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Degree College 2 5,821 567 82 29 (2.04) (30.94) (7.30) (15.07) (5.63) 2. Technical Institutions 2 344 22 (Diploma) (2.04) (1.83) (4.05) 3. Higher Secondary 11 5,431 1,984 194 114 (11.22) (28.87) (25.53) (35.66) (22.14) 4. Junior BasIc 53 4,255 3,613 139 178 (54.08) (22.62) (46.50) (25.55) (34.56) 5. Senior Basic 15 1,284 577 43 103 (15.31) (683) (7.43) (7.91) (20.00) 6. Nursery School 12 1,571 989 48 80 (12.25) (8.35) (12.73) (8.82) (15.53) 7. Training College 2 50 40 11 11 (2.04) (0.27) (0.51) (2.02) (2.14) B. Others (SPS Sanskrit 1 55 5 Maha Vidyalaya, (1.02) (0.29) (0.92) Collectorganj, Unnao) Total 98 18,811 7,770 544 515 The two --degree col/eges in the town are Basic level, 25 53 at HIgher secondary stage, affil@ted with -the University of Kanpur. It is and 7.30 per cent at the Degree stage. The interesting t9. "pte that the proportion of female above table reveals also that of all students students goes on declining for each successive 24.03 per cent are studying in the two Degree level of education. It was 46.50 per cent at Junior colleges of the town, and these two institutions Basic leve! which declined to 7.43 at Senior make only 2.04 per cent of all educational 57 institutions. About 54 per cent of all educational teachers in all of the educational institUtions of institutions are junior B_asic schools, in which the town. The number of female teachers is 515 about 30 per cent of the students are studying. only. -- The number of students per teacher is highest (57.55) in the Degree colleges and lowest (12.75) Out of the 98 educational Institutions in the in Senior Basic schools (15 per cent). town, 53 are pnvately managed, 6 under the government and 39 are run by semi-government The most stupendous growth In number of organisations. Degree colleges and Nursery institutions and students took place in case of schools are entIrely run by private management. montessory and nursery schools. This shows a Technical Institutions and training colleges of the shift towards convent system of education among town are managed by government while majority the elites of the town. of Basic schools are under the control of the semi-government authority. The position in The number of students in all the 98 instltu~ regard to management and control of the educa~ tions of the town is 26,581; out of which 18,811 tional Institutions in the town is presented in are males and rest females. There are 1,059 table 111.12 Table 111.12 : Management of educational institutions in the town (year 1986-87) Type of institutions Total Whether owned by number Private Government Semi- agencles/ government persons Authority 1 2 3 4 5 Degree College 2 2 Technical Institution 2 2 Higher Secondary 1 1 9 2 Senior Basic 15 8 7 Junior Basic 53 21 32 Nursery 12 12 Training College 2 2 Sanskrit College 1 1 Total 98 53 6 39 58 Of the two Degree colleges, one is exclu respectively the patron and the president of the sively for the females, while the other is a co college management committee. educational institution. There are two technical institutes in the town and both are co-educa Technical Education tional. Out of 11 Higher Secondary schools, 6 are co-educational and the rest are exclusively The town had seen the establishment of the for the female students. All the 12 Nursery Government Industrial Training Centre in year schools, two of the training colleges and the sale 1956. The Centre imparts one year's training in Sanskrit college are co-educational institutions. carpentry, smithery and in the electricians trade. It also imparts a two year's training in the trade IMPORTANT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS of mechanic. The number of trainees during 1986-87 was 314. The staff consists of twenty D.S.N. College teachers. As indicated before, in 1984-85, the polytechnic was opened in the town. Now it has The Dayanand Subhash National College 30 students in its rolls as also two teachers. was opened as the Subhash .National Intermedi ate College by Vlshambhar Dayal Tripathi in year ORIENTAL EDUCATION 1946. It became Degree coll~ge in 1948. The post-graduate classes started~4n 1957. The D.A.V. Sanskrit College Trust and Management Society, U.P., Kanpur manages it's affair since 1958. Degree classes in Commerce and Education were started The Shiv Prasad Pandey Sanskrit Maha Vidyalya, located at Collectorganj, imparts edu in 1958. The degree classes for science were re cation in Sanskrit Literature, Vyakarana, Ganita cognised in 1964. Upto the degree standard, the art subjects are Economics, Education, English and Darshan (philosophy). The pathshla is affili and Hindi Literature, History, Political Science ated to the Varanaseyam Sanakrit Vishwav Sanskrit and Sociology. Subjects taught upto the idyalayam. The pathahala was established in the post-graduate level are Economics, English, Hindi year 1906. The founder was one Shiv Prasad Literature, History, Political Science and SOCIO Pandey. The number of scholars and teachers logy. Research facilities are also available in were 55 and 5 respectively in the pathsha/a during the year 1986-87. HIstory. Science subj.ects taught In the college are Botany, Chemistry, Mathematics, Zoology and Physics. The college is affIliated to the MEDICAL FACILITIES AND MEDJCAL INSTI University of Kanpur. TUTIONS IN THE TOWN S.N.S. Girl's Degree College Historical review of the facilities It was founded by one Jata Shankar Shukla Ayurveda (Vaidyas) and Unani (Hakims) are in 1966-67. The Shri Narain Shukla Girl'S Degree traditional systems of medical treatments in the College imparts education upto degree standard town. In the nineteenth century, the allopathic in subjects Economics, Education, English lit system of medicine was introduced in the town. erature, General English, General Hindi, Psycho Pressntly, it is the most widely practiced system. logy, Sanskrit and Sociology. The college is affIli The oldest dispensary of the town was opened in ated to the Kanpur University. The District judge 1859. In year 1860, the Jail Hospital was opened. and the Deputy Commissioner, Unnao, are A police hospital and a small hospital for women 59 were opened in the town afterwards. In 1965, a are allopathic doctors and rest are of other T.B. clinic was also opened. Dunng the succes systems. sive plan years, the number of beds in these institutions have been increasing. Currently, The town had 4 hospitals, 2 dispensaries besides the above, the town has a Homoeo and one family planning centre by the year 1969. pothic dispensary, a Primary Health Centre, a By the end of 1984, all the dispensaries and Maternity Centre and a Family Planning Centre hospitals in the town were having over two as well. All these were set up after 1947. hundred be. The table 111.13 presented below Presently, there are about 100 private medical shows the number of beds, staff and patients practitioners in the town, of whom about 50 attended by each hospital and dispensary by 1986-87. Table 111.13 : Chief Medical Institutions of the town (1986-87) Name of No. of Staff No. of patients treated Institutions beds No. of Others Indoor Outdoor doctors 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. District Hospital 159 29 43 3,721 41,574 2. Jail Hospital 28 1 3 241 49,666 3. Police Hospital 20 1 7 49 7,956 4. Ayurvedic Hospital 15 2 9 60 10,288 5. Eye Hospitals (2 in number) 24 6 4 198 3,085 6. T.B. Clinic Nil 2 12 Nil 5,275 7. E.S.1. Dispensary 12 3 6 Nil 5,628 8 Railway Health Clinic 1 1 4 N.A 8,731 9. Nursing Homes (privately operated, 2 in number) 22 2 9 360 21,535 Apart from above, there are two child care Population Centre is main centre for family cliniCS in the town. The only eye clinic in the town welfare activIties in the town. It has 10 beds. The is Shri Bharat Bhagya Samlti Eye Relief clinic. It Centre has one Medical officer, one Extension was opened in year 1937. Now It has 16 beds. officer, one male Social worker, one Health Cataract and enteropion are common eye dis VIsitor, two Staff nurses, one Aya and other per eases treated In this clinic. The district branch of sonnel in its staff. Type of service ,and number of Red Cross Society was set up in the town in year persons who availed these services during the 1931. The District Magistrate and the CIvil Sur year 1986-87 are shown In the following table:-- geon are respectively its ex-officIo president and vice president. 60 Table 111.14 : Family planning measures adopted in the town as revealed at the Popufation Centre in 1986-87 SI Type of service Number of persons who availed No. of the services as at col. 2 Male Female 1 2 3 4 1. Lypro operatIon 1,064 2. Abdominal operation 180 3. Copper-T 551 4. Medical Termination of pregnancy (M.T.P) 607 5. Vasectomy 152 6. Tubectomy 1,244 7. Pilis/Nirodhs 710 92 (Nirodhs) (Pills) INCIDENCE OF DISEASES the town at the beginning of this century and the work was carried out under an assistant superin (a) Historical details tendent of vaccination. During the decade 1901- 11, plague assumed epIdemic form in the town. DIseases like fever, stomach disorders, The town continued to be ravaged from this respiratory diseases and epidemiCS such as dlseasse in the next decade. Deaths caused by cholera, small pox and plague were major diseases cholera, smallpox and plague declined consid and took a heavy toll of human lives In the town. erably after 1930. Presently, the above mentioned epidemics (b) Present position have largely been controlled. Still, fever like malaria and typhoid take many lives in the town. Table 111.15 shows the incidence of diseases During the decade 1891-1901, fever was the treated in the six marn medical institutions of the major killer disease, especially in the year 1897. town during the year 1986-87. Deaths from fever decressed dunng the decade 1941-50, but stili It was major cause. After 1953, The table 111.15 shows that common fever is a sharp decrease in the number of fever deaths still the most rampant disease in the town. has been regIstered. Insanity, blindness, deaf Diseases of the digestive system occupy second ness, dumbness, leprosy, tuberculosis, sexually place in degree of occurrence, followed by transmitted diseases among others are pnwalent diseases relatIng to bones and organs of move diseases in the town. Before 1950, incidence of ment, accidents, violence origniated, and relat cholera and smallpox had been severe in the ing to metabolic disorders In falling order of oc town. Moreso, smallpox was prevalent as an currency. Other prevalent diseases of the town epidemiC about the end of the last century. are relating to genitourinary system, respiratory VaccinatIon against smallpox was Introduced In system and Infant diseases. 61 ._ a a - a Q) .....(/) "'0 0) e: .S co - <0 N 0') (0 l"- (1j Q) '<:t co Z <0 C\J T- I.t) <0 ,...... r- ._f -co c: -.;:; "'0 0 0 0 0 ..- I Q) res Cl) (.) a...... co .... C13 co (]J ()) en a...... _ ...... ,.. c 3: I ..... 0 +-' 0 (") (ij :::l 0 ..- .:t; « « « « « « .:::! 0 "'0 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z -(J,) ...... lI) -CI) :;, 0 L- c: >-I cI 0 0 (0 « 0 T- Z - "'0 CIl .2 , .... N I.!) ('.J 0 0 .- ...... I.{) I"- 0 '0 :J a co N <0 Q) en ..... ro a ('.J (j) ('.J I.!) ...- ::E c (.) .t: 0 "'0 ..- ,_ ..- ..- a L:...... 0.. ~ lI) Q) :::l .~ a .... ,- (D I.{) l"- V .t:: 0 I a Z l{) ,_ U? -.s::: t) I c:: a ,_ u c:: "'0 Q) .c I .... N N N ~ .c:: ...... a N 0 0 .~ ..... :::l l"- t") I.{) "0 C13 a -t: ()) Q) .~ 0 "0 " C") <{ c:( CD ..- co N 0 0 L() a:) .- l[) '"0 0) m L() " 0 t- o C\I 0 ..- N to ("J 0 I"- 0 C\.I 0 co .,..... C\I ' 0) en C'? C') ..- C') C) t;"') <0 ..- t;"') C) V I"- co "..... I"- co L() ,....a " r- C\I eo ..- C\I C\.I Ol .- CJ) v c Q) >- I 0 Q) CCl -.:: (/) '.,c 0) 0 C O)t :::J ..... ro (J) (/) (]) (./) CI) Q) CJ) >- Q) .- +-' -6 ...... _ n CJ) 0 c c ro (5 m '+- 0.. 0..-0 .= Q) Q -0 0 "5 e- c "'0 0 c (/) .;:: ...... = (ij +-' (/) 0 CI) .r: c E CI) ...... (]) -0 Q) C1l ro -0 c Q) :J ro "= CI) -0 ...... -.:: ro._ ;::: r "~ 0 C > C CJ.) (J) c r::: 0 ...... Q) "- Q) ._E >- 0 E E E co: CJ) 0 CI) >-- c Q) co (l) CI) ...... CD 0 '!: ..;= '-2 Ci Q) CD Veterinary hospital known as District Veteri There are more than hundred tea stalls and nary Hospital is located at A.B. Nagar on the old above thirty restaurants. However, there is no main highway of the town. Two doctors are hotel with boarding facility in the town. One can, posted at this hospital, one at the hospital itself however, board at the Sohan Lal Dharamshala, and another is looking after the block centre. built in 1927. There is, yet another Khatrio-ki About 14 thousand cases (from within the town) Dharamashala in the town. The P.W.D. inspec relating to big and small animals have been tion bungalow has two rooms and four beds. treated during the year 1986-87. Chief diseases treated were parasitic cases, wound, blood proto Liquor shops, etc. zoan-infection. apart from general cases of mal· nutrition, dyopepsis, genitourinary infection, etc. There are several liquor shops, which sell Large animals treated were horse, dog, cow, foreign and local variety of wines. The town also buffalJow and donkey and small animals were has shops of bhang, toddy, denatured spirits etc. sheep, goat cock and pig. Poppy-heads can also be had from a few shops. SHOPPING CENTRES, BANKS AND DEALERS Other shops ETC. IN THE TOWN Other shop establishments in the town are Grocery shops those dealing in textiles, vegetables, leather goods, pharmaceuticals, automobile parts, sta· Grocery stores are scattered all over the tionery and electrical goods, etc. town. The municipality has accorded licences to 10 tea stalls, 4 restaurants, 30 sweetmeat shops Financial institutions and 17 meat shops. There are a large number of shops on the Kutchery and Station Road and in There are several financial institutions in the Jagannathganj. These generally sell puries, town. Unnao Zilla Sahkari Bank has irs head kachauries, sweets etc. Besides, as mentioned office in the town. The Allahabad Bank, Bank of above there are a large number of tea stalls and Baroda, Sareilly Corporation Bank, Central Bank sweetmeat shops in nearly every nook and of India, Hardoi Unnao Gramin Bank and Sank of corner of the town. India are other scheduled commercial banks in the town having a branch. These, alongwith Out of the two thousand odd shops in the postal agencies, provide the crux of banking town, largest concentration (about 460 trade activity in the town. Further details about the concerns) is within the Jawahar Nagar Ward, banks can be seen in Chapter IV. followed by wards Gaddiyana, ClVil Lines II and Moti Nagar. RECREATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS FACILITIES As indicated above, largest number of shops Television and Radio deal in grocery items (about one hundred and fifty) followed by shops trading in tea, textiles, A considerable number of families in the paan (beta!), medicines, tailoring services, and town own television sets. They receive program· sweetmeat. mes telecast from Lucknow and Delhi centres. 64 Near the town, in Magarwara, there is one relay Cinemas, Circuses and Auditorias towar constructed for this purpose. Radlo-tran sister is most popular means for entertainment There are four Cinema Houses In the town, and news. the oldest being 'Sunder Talkies' It is located near Chhota Chauraha. 'Lakshmi Palace' is in Adarsh Nagar. 'Shivoy Cinema' is located at Shrines Shahganj and 'Chandra/ok' IS at Hlran Nagar. Further details about cinema houses in the town There are about 10 temples, 1 church, 20 are described in Chapter XII. A circus show was mosques and 1 gurudwara In the town. Ram Lila held In the town in the year 1986. Near Panna Lal IS traditional drama staged In the town, on the Park is situated the Kamla Shawan, which was occasion of Dussehra festival. bUilt in 1947. It has a big hall and is commonly used for holding the meetings and gatherings. Sports, concerts and poetic-recitals Particulars about news-papers, journals, etc. Sports tournaments are occassionally or ganised through the ~ocaf clubs like the postal Three Hindi dailies and ten weeklies are club. MusIc conferences are organised in D.S.N. published from the town. The particulars of these College, Kavi Sammelanas and Mushiaras are dailies and weeklies are provided in tabular form also held in the town. In Chapter XII. 65 / D.M's Office (New) Unnao M. B. Office Unnao M.B. Offic€' Unnao Uma Shanker Dixit Joint Hospital Unnao Uma Shanker Dixit Joint Hospital Unnao D.S.N. College Unnao A.B. Inter College Unnao G.I. College (Girls) Unnao Polytechnic Unnao Bara Chaurahn Sara Chauraha Bus Stand Unnao Long-Short View of Lucknow-Kanpur Bye Pass at Unnao Unnao Railway Junction Railway Junction Unnao Road Lighting Points along Old Lucknow-Kanpur Road in Unnao CHAPTER IV ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE TOWN Introduction Labourers, Fisheries, Livestock, etc. workers, Mining and quarrying workers, workers engaged Reports of Indian decennial censuses provide in household industries in the manufacturing qUite useful data regarding the economic life of other than the household industries, in construc the towns. From 1901 to 1921 Censuses, the tion, in trade and commerce, in transport, storage entire population of the country had been grouped and communication and in other services. into'actual wokers' and 'dependents'. With slight Economic life of the town as deduced from the variation In naming system or terminology, from Census returns is described below. 1931 Census to 1951 Census, population was grouped into 'earners', 'working dependents' Distribution of workers and llon-workers by and 'non-workIng dependents'. Since 1961 sex in the town Census, the population has been divided into 'workers' and 'non-workers; "workers" were further The table IV.1 presented below shows sub-divided into 'main-workers' and 'marglnal the distribution of workers and non-workers by workers' at the 1981 Census sex in Unnao town at the three consecutive Censuses of 1961, 1971 and 1981 alongwith In these Censuses, workers were divided Survey data (1987). mto the categories of Cultivator, Agricultural Table IV.1 : Workers and Non-workers by Sex Census and Total Male Female Survey Year Worker Non- Worker Non- Worker Non- worker worker worker 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1961 8,322 21,458 7,789 8,904 533 12,554 (27,94) (7206) (46.66) (53.34) (04.07) (95.93) 1971 9,420 28,775 8,895 12,217 525 16,558 (2466) (75.34) (42 13) (57.87) (3.07) (96.93) 1981 20,305 55,678 19,293 21,672 1,012 34,006 (26.72) (7328) (47.10) (52.90) (289) (97.11 ) 1987 307 963 289 363 18 600 (Survey Year) (24.17) (75.83) (44 32) (55.67) (2.91 ) (97.08) (Based on Census and Survey data) 73 The table indicates that the highest propor female participation rate had gone down during tion of workers was 27.94 per cent at 1961 the subsequent Censuses. Census. It has decreased to 24.66 per cent in 1971 and to 26.72 per cent in 1981 Census. The Workers by Categories at the 1961, 1971 and survey data of 1987 indicates that the proportion 1981 Censuses in the town of workers to toal population is 24.17 per cent. There were nine categories of workers at Among males the proportion of workers the 1961 Census. These are shown in the table varies between 42.13 per cent (in 1971 Census) provided below. The IVth (household industry) to 47.10 per cent (in 1981 Census). In the survey and Vth (manufacturing other than household in data the proportion of male workers is 44.32 per dustry) categories of workers of 1961 Census cent. were categorized as V(a) and V(b) at the 1971 Census. The remaining categories were identicaf Among females the highest proportion of in the two Censuses. The 1971 categories were work participation rate was 4.07 per cent at the adopted at the 1981 Census. The percentage 1961 Census. In subsequent Censuses it was dlstnbution of workers of the town under the dif 3.07 per cent (in 1971) and 2.89 per cent (In ferent categories prevalent at the Censuses 1981) respectiviely. The table indicates that the 1961, 1971 and 1981 is given in the table IV.2. Table IV.2 : Percentage distribution of workers in nine categories at the Censuses 1961, 1971 and 1981 Categories of workers as in Percentage distribution in the 1971 1961 DescriptIon of 1961 1971 1981 & 1981 Census the category Census Census Census Censuses 1 2 3 4 5 6 I I Cultivator 687 446 1217 II II Agricultural labourers 0.46 336 1015 III III Mtning, Livestock, Fishery etc 1.36 1 00 IV (--) Mining. quarrying (1971 & 1981) 001 Yea) IV Household Industry 10.52 1.15 422 V(b) V Manufacturing (other than HHI) 7.73 1528 VI VI Construction 383 1 89 VII VII Trade and Commerce 1694 1994 VIII VIII Transport. Storage and Communications 853 543 IX IX Other services 4376 4748 Total workers 10000 10000 100.00 (By main (Total Main activity) workers) Workers in secondary and 92.67 9218 77.68 Tertiary sectors (III to IX categories) (Based on Census data) Note I, Ill, IV, V(b), VI to IX categories of 1981 census totals to 73 46 per cent. 74 The table IV.2 shows that since the 1961 period 1966-75. The proportion of such workers Census, the proportion of cultivators had de In category V(b) at 1981 Census is not available. creased from 6.87 per cent to 4.46 per cent while the proportion of agricultural labourers had in· The proportion of workers engaged in creased from 0.46 per cent to 3 36 per cent by secondary and tertiary sectors (Ill to IX catego 1971 Census. But the proportion of cultivators ries) in the town, including those engaged in and agricultural labourers increased about three~ household industries, was 92.67 per cent in the times in 1981 as compared to census of 1971. 1961 Census. It comes to 92.18 per cent at the It is perhaps due to merger of areas of 7 villages 1971 Census, and further at the 1981 Census In the town after 1971. The proportion of workers the proportion came down to 77.68 per cent engaged in household industries of the town largely due to the increased proportion in pri was 10.52 per cent in 1961 which reduced to mary sectors. 1.15 at the 1971 Census and then further in creased to 4.22 per cent In 1981 Census. But Working force at Unnao and Comparison with the proportion of workers engaged in manufac State (Urban) and District (Urban) turing other than household Industry had doubled in 1971 as compared to 1961 Census. It may, however, be noticed that proportion of workers The table IV.3 gives the total population in household Industry and manufacturing have and workers, by Industrial categories at the 1981 bee.n 18.25 per cent at the 1961 Census and Census in State (urban), District (Urban) and 16.43 at the 1971 Census. In trade and Com Unnao (M.B.). merce (VII) and other services (IX), the propor tion of workers in 1971 had increased by 3.00 It will be seen that in urban area of the State and 3.72 percentages over the workers in these of Uttar Pradesh, the percentage of total main categories In the 1961 Census. At the 1971 and marginal workers are 26.99 and 0.30 respec Census, the proportion of workers had de tively, while in urban areas of Unnao the corre creased In construction (VI) and like-wise in sponding proportions are 26.42, 0.56 and for the transport, storage and communication by 1.94 Unnao M.B., these are 26.40 and 0.32 respec~ and 3.10 percentage since 1961 Census. tively. It indicates that in urban area of the Unnao and Unnao M.B. the proportion of main workers The decline of workers over the period and marginal workers is almost equal. It is 1961-71 in the sector of storage and transpor slightly lower as compared to the main workers tation, may be attnbuted to the fact that during at the State (urban) level. Cultivators and Agri~ the said period Shuklaganj (a town hardly 15 cultural labourers In the urban area of the State kms. from the Unnao Town) had largely replaced were 15.00 per cent of tota! maIn workers in the Unnao town as a major place for storage State (urban), while in urban areas of the Unnao and godowns of the big companies based at the and Unnao M B., the corresponding proportions Kanpur metro. are 36.40 and 22.32 per cent respectively. In household industry the percentage of workers to Proportional increase of workers engaged total main workers in urban area of the State, in manufactunng other than household industry urban areas of Unnao district and Unnao M.B. to 15.28 per cent in 1971 against 7.73 per cent are 8.11, 5.78 and 4.22 per cent respectively_ It in 1961 is well explained by the fact that there reflects that in urban area of the Unnao and were only 6 industrial units in the town prior to Unnao M B. there are lower proportions of 1961, which had Increased to 8 during the period workers in household industry in comparison to 1961 ~65 and subsequently to 14 dUring the urban area of the State. 75 ...- ..- .- -... ..- ..- ....- ...... 0 0 0 --0 -0 --'<:t 0 CO ---0 I"- 0 l() 0 0 0 '<:t 0 CO 0 v- a ~ <0 (!J en 0 0 0 co 0 (D a _..C\J a N C\I C\J 0 0 a C\J 0 '<:t 0 0 or- or- ~ or- ..__....- ..- ..- or- ..-- ...... - ~ ------(Y) 0) ()) c 0 to -- ..- (Y) co 0 co - (1j (Q ..- If) ..- co co co r- '<:t C\I 0) .0 e en 0 a ~ co v- V 10... C :J L() 0 l!) 0 m C\J N => '<;j" (Y) >r- -- r- C\I CD ....ro en- CD ..c ..--. ..--. ...-.. ...-- ..--.. ..--. ..--. .- ...--...... --.. 0 0 N ~ 0 c 0 - --a --- 0 m co v- ee 0 0 0 v- a c.o 0 r- 0 l"- N C<) c: ro " "- 0 0 0 <.D a "- 0 (\J 0 -::t If) (Y) .0 0 0 0 N 0 -::t 0 0 C\J C\J ..- tJ) ,.- ..__, __...... _.. ::> ..-- ..- ..- ~ - ~ ::s ...... _ ._.... - --- tJ) ------.,.... ('<) <.D (Y) -- ('<) -- «;j' c: c: v- 0 co (!,) -0 N (J) ('<) "Q"" (Y) ..- (D co m s: "~ (Y) C') Q) y- O) C\l ..- 0 0 ...... co C\J (j) (D l!) - .... .,...... 0 I"- "Q"" cJ -::t (Y) ,... 0 ..,... 0 l() I.{) ..- >r- eo 0 C\I ..- ...... 0} ro ,- c c ....m ::J (I) "0 '- c: ...-...... --. ...-... ..--. ..-...... - ...--. Q} co 0 -0 0 en ---a 0) 0 (j) a If) ---o;;t a Q) -- 0 0 0 N -0> 0r- .!:&:: a a ~ I"- m '- --e 0 co a 0 0 co 0 "- 0 N 0 co co .__..LO c: .0 0 0 a C\I a -::t a ...... -ro "- ,- ...__. a :: ..-- ...- ..- ..- ..- --- I ~ -- .0 --- c: '------::J --- U') ..- -::t Q) l'- N -- (Y) (Y) a ..._.. -- CD c: (}) ..- v -::t 0 Q) +-' "- "- r- "- .... ro 0 r- co C\J 0) N co 0) co "'0 0 +-' - U) Q) co 0 0 J'.. N Q) l[) C') t: "\: (J) l'- C\l J'.. (J) r- CD l.{) -.;- C\S .... co I'- ,.- C") 0 C\l o;;t o;;t .~ tJ) "0 0) 0 Q) l() l() 10... ~ ..- CD .!:&:: 0 '- C\S 0 C s: c: ::J 0.. :>- LL 0.... 0... Z LL -0 >. '- 0 0') Q) ....ro () M :> en - "- CD (}) ::0 ~,_ 0 e .,_CO 0 5: "..;J CO .._ a ::J .--.. .--... ..--...... -...... -...... -. C\I (") (J) CO en --C") -C\I '¢ --0 <:0 ---~ C\I ---C\I --l{) ---0) -- Q) CD L{) ..--. ..--. ,...... -... ..--...... -.. ...- ,...... --.. L{) ---0 N or- '¢ --- (J) (\} t- ----o I'- I'- --- ' 0... u. 0... u. 0.... u. 0... u. 0.... u. X I > .--. ..-...~ co .0 :=:- ~ G- ---> '- C/) >~ -=-"'0 (J) (J) "- 0 :J ...... "- c: en C/) 0 - "- 0 .D ::::l (/) -0 "0 C\I C\Ir- .c co co C'? ,-- -0 <..0 ...- 0 T- (/) "'0ro (J) .c C\J co C'? L{) a (J) ...- (/) 0 ..c:s: LO r- eo l[) l[) (/) ..- ...- (\J 0) (J) ,-- ~ :J ""0 (1j._ en c.o C\J 0) en c .c u ro (J) L{) l[) ..- C\I ,_0 '<::t 0 r- ...- ..- ..- C\I ...- -0 C\l C (ij <0 U :0 (!) ~ I (/) (J) (/) "'0 :s: ..... (/) Q) • (J) "'0 C .±:! "- c co ~ -0 c: ..... (J) (J) ~"'O ::l (l) .;:::; 0 .c 0- c :s: c LL 0 C") ...- C\I C\I C\I C") <0 C") C\I C\I <0 CD J:: C\J C\I ..... (J.) .._ 0 (J) ~ ID (l) Q) ;:} ..... (J) ...... LL CO ctS ctS (J) ..- ctS 0 (J.) ::J ~ .c E ~ 0- Ol U 0 t (]) ...... <0 (1j (ij (J) LL ,.- ..c (1j (J.) U 0 ::J >- (J.) E ~ 0- Ol l- 0 t (l) (l) - Q) c .9- (.) ...... "'0 0 0 0 c:: 0 to Z "- ...- -r- 0 LL to C\I C\J <0 (/) '- (l) ::::.. c:: ::::> I c C\J ~ ..- C") T'"" C') 0 .._ >. LL C\J C\I C\I <0 V C\J (J.) "- or- ".... ~ .;::; ('Ij """ CO ..c -"C 01 "'0 :::l c "0 u I 0 c .... () 0 ...... "- (l) co ..- C') L{) CO l() L{) L() () 0 (f) v r--.. v ,..... C\I ..- C\I 0 0> ,..._ ...... ~ T'""" v- 'II::t ~ a> "@ .0 ..- co . 0 ....- C\I C") 0 ...... - C\I C') ..... l() <0 I"- CX) (J) ...- ...- T"" ....- I- 80 Considering the sex-wise position of male other occupations varies from 10 to 36. There and female in respect of State (urban), District are 11 heads of households pursuing inter (urban) and the Unnao town it is noticed that mediate professions and are secondary teach the percentages of total main workers of respec ers. Among these households none of the male tive sexes are 47.29 per cent and 2.99 per cent member is illiterate. 47.61 per cent and 2.19 and 46.84 per cent and 2048 per cent reveals that in Unnao M.B. among There are 10 heads of households whose both males and females the proportions are occupation is cultivation and in these house slightly lower in comparison to urban areas of holds literacy level of all the members was the State and the district. recorded to be matriculation or below. In 36 households, whose heads are unskilled manu in household industry the participation figures als, 3 males are educated upto matriculation, of Males and females in Unnao (M.B.) are and only one male is a graduate, none of the sigr,iflcantly lower than the corresponding figures female reported to have attained matriculation for both the sexes in urban areas of State. level of education. Skilfed manuals are heads in 17 households, in which only one male has Educational levels of the surveyed house attained an educational level of intermediate holds apart from two male graduates. Heads of 16 households are engaged in small business, but " It is interesting to know whether type of there are only one male and one female, whose : occupation of heads of households has any educational level is above higher secondary or direct bearing upon educational level of the pre-university level. It reflects the literacy level of members of households. The data highlighting heads of households also affects the educational the above fact are presented in table IVA. attainment of these family members. The table shows that households whose Workers and Non-workers by sex and broad heads are either owners of factories or salaried age-groups workers, are two in number; whereas the number of households whose heads happen to be in It is shown in the following table. 81 Table IV.5 Distribution of workers and non-workers by sex and broad age-groups Age Population Workers Non-workers group Person Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0-14 446 219 227 1 1 445 218 227 (35 12) (3359) (3673) (033) (033) (4621) (6006) (37.83) 15-34 444 237 207 130 125 5 314 112 202 (34.96) (36.35) (3350) (4234) (4325) (27.78) (3261 ) (30.85) (33.67) 35-59 306 156 150 162 150 12 144 6 138 (2409) (2393) (2427) (5277) (51 90) (6667) (1495) (1 65) (23.00) 60+ 74 40 34 14 13 1 60 27 33 (583) (6 13) (550) (456) (450) (555) (623) (744) (530) Total 1,270 652 618 307 289 18 963 363 600 (10000) (51 34) (4866) (24 17) (4433) (291) (7583) (5567) (97.09) (Based on Survey data) The Table IV.5 shows dlstnbutlon of popu 35-59 (51.9 per cent). In the 0-14 age-group, only lation, workers and non-workers by sex and one male worker has been reported, while in the broad age-groups. The composition of popula age-group 60 + there are as many as 13 male tion in broad age-groups 0-14, 15-34,35-59 & workers (4.5 per cent). Among females, all the 60 +, comes to 35.1 per cent, 35.0 per cent, 24.1 workers recorded were above 15 years of age. per cent and 5.8 per cent respectively. Among However, as many as 12 out of total of 18 female the total population, 24 2 per cent are workers workers were recorded in the age-group of 35- and remaining are non-workers. The participa 59 years. tion of the males and females works out to be 44.3 and 2.9 per cent respectively. It indicates Workers and Non-workers by mother tongue that female participation rate is significantly low. Out of 652 males, 289 are workers, whereas Hindi and Urdu are the only two mother among females, out of 618, only 18 are workers. tongues recorded during the study. The table iV.6 given on next page shows workers a'1d Among the male workers, about 95 per cent non-workers by literacy level, mother-tongue and are In the age·groups 15-34 (433 per cent) and sex. 82 Table IV.6 Workers and Non-workers by Mother tongue, Sex and Educational Level Ed ucational Level Persons who speak Hindi Urdu Worker Non-worker Worker Non-worker P M F P M F P M F P M F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 lIiiterate 45 40 5 274 78 196 21 20 1 93 27 66 2 Literate with- 22 20 2 152 66 86 3 3 27 14 13 out educatio- nal level 3 Primary 30 30 76 26 50 9 9 14 7 7 4 Middle 30 30 95 41 54 12 12 11 4 7 5 Matriculation 54 50 4 120 53 67 7 7 19 11 8 & Higher Secondary 6 Graduate 33 32 1 45 23 22 6 6 4 1 3 7. Technical 3 3 2 2 8. Post-graduate 30 27 3 26 8 18 2 2 5 2 3 Degree, other than Technical Degree 9. Tech Diploma, Non-technical D:ploma, Tech Degree 10 All Ed ucatio- 247 232 15 790 297 493 60 57 3 173 66 107 nal Level (Based on Survey data) 83 The table IV.6 states that Hindi is recorded school/Higher secondary passed, while respec as mother tongue for about 82 per cent of tive ratios for those whose mother tongue is surveyed population as compared to over 18 per Urdu are about 3, 10 and 12 respectively. cent In the case of Urdu. Workers with Hindi as Similarly, among non-workers with Urdu as their their mother tongue comprise 80.46 per cent, mother tongue, only about 3. 2 and 11 percent while such non-workers are 82.04 per cent. il ages are post-graduates, graduates and high literate workers with Hindi as mother tongue school or higher secondary passed as com come to about 18 per cent, whereas this rate pared to about 3, 6 and 15 percentages respec is as high as 35 per cent in case of workers tively in case of those whose mother tongue is whose mother tongue is Urdu. The respective Hindi. illiterates among non-workers are about 35 per cent and 54 per cent. Thus, both among work Employment~depth ers and non-workers, the literacy rate IS lower (Particulars of households having more than in respect of those whose mother tongue is one occupations) Urdu. Among female non-workers the literacy rate is found to be low. Among these, about 40 per cent with Hindi as mother tongue and about Working members in a household indicate 62 per cent with Urdu as mother tongue are employment-depth of a household. It will be found illiterates. Among wo~kers with Hindi as useful to examine this aspect for the town. The mother tongue, about 12, 13 and 22 percent table IV.7 shows the employment-depth of the ages are Post-graduates, Graduates and High sample households:- Table IV.7 : Distribution of households by employment-depth (i.e., number of workers in a household) Number No. of households by size and no. of Remarks of adult workers as noted in col. 1 workers in the All 1-3 4-6 7-10 10+ household households 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nil 10 3 5 2 (100.00) (30.00) (50.00) (20.00) 1 144 33 83 28 (100.00) (22.92) (57.64) (19.44) 35 2 14 17 2 (100.00) (5.71) (40.00) (48.58) (5.71) 18 2 1 10 5 (100.00) (11.11) (5.56) (55.55) (27.78) 84 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 6 3 3 (100.00) (50.00) (50.00) 5 6 1 1 (100.00) (100.00) 7 8 1 1 (100.00) (100.00) Total 215 40 103 60 12 (100.00) (18.61) (47.91) (27.90) (5.58) (Based on Survey data) It wit! be seen that among 215 households, of 7-10 members and 14 comprise of 4-6 103 (47.91 per cent) have 4¥6 members and 60 members. But among the households with 3 have 7-10 members (27.90 per cent). There are workers, 10 households comprise 7-10 members 40 (1S.61 per cent) households having 1-3 mem~ each and 5 households have 10 and more bers and 12 (5.58 per cent) consisting of 10 and members. more members. Thus about 75 per cent of households are having 4-10 members. There are four workers in SIX households. Each of 3 such households have 7-10 and 10 It is worth noticing that in 10 households, or more members. There are two households of none of the working members resides with the which one has six adult workers and the other family and the majority of households (144) have has eight adult workers and these households only one adult working member. Out of such comprise 20 and 28 members respectively. households, 83 {57.64 per cent} comprise 4-6 members, and 28 (19.44 per cent) have 7-10 Occupational diverSity members; while 33 (22.92 per cent) have 1-3 members. The households with 2 and3 workers The following table IV.8 depIcts information and 35 and 18 respectIvely. Out of 35 house about the occupational diversity oJ workers in the holds with 2 workers, 17 households comprise town by wards. 85 Table IV.8 : Occupational Diversity Number of households Description of occupational diversity with number of members and diversity in occupations Loca- No. of No. of IIty house- members holds i 2 3 4 1 14 Father (Teacher), Son (Clerk), Brother (Businessman) 1 9 Brother (welding shop worker), Brother (Auto-Cha,kki, Dal Mill) 1 10 Father (Puja Path), Son (Clerk) 1 8 Father (weaver), Son (Shopkeeper) I 1 15 Brother (Barda bUSiness), Son (Cashier). I 1 7 Father (Clerk), Daughter (Teacher) II 1 11 Father (Milk seller). Son (Shop keeper). Son (Floormill owner) II 1 3 Husband (Advocate), Wife (Teacher) II 1 7 Brother (Employee), Brother (cultivator) II 1 8 Father (Truck driver). Brother (cultivator) II 1 8 Father (Truck driver), Son (shop keeper) II 1 6 Head (cultivator) l Brother (employee) II 1 28 Head (Advocate), Son's son (Electric shop owner), Son's wife (Teacher) II 1 7 Father (Peon), Son (Welder) III 1 8 Father (Shoe-shop), Son (Bank Clerk III 1 10 Husband (Manager), Wife (Teacher), Brother (electric shop owner) III 1 8 Husband (Advocate), Wife (Teacher) IV 1 9 Father (Munshi Lawyer), Son (contractor) IV 1 5 Husband (Manager), Wife (Teacher) IV 1 10 Father (employee), Son (contractor) IV 1 9 Father (Cultivator), Son (Leader--politlcal worker), Son (Tempo driver) IV 20 Father (Owner Petrol pump), Son (Leader--polltical worker), Son's wife (grind mill owner), Son (Tempo Proprietor) V 1 6 Father (Cultivator), Son (Tailor) VI 1 10 Brother (Shop keeper), Brother (employee) VII 1 7 Father (Peon), Son (Cloth shop owner), Son (Fruit shop owner) VIII 1 6 Father (Teacher), Son (Clerk) IX 1 4 Father (Tador), Son (Electric shop owner) IX 1 4 Mother (Labour) l Son (Suitcase maker) IX 1 10 Son (Clerk) I Son (Salesman) IX 1 7 Head (Officer in L1C), Brother (Sub-Inspector U.P. Police) 86 1 2 3 4 X 1 5 Father (Bus proprietor). Son (Clerk), Son (Motor parts shop owner) X 1 11 Father (Clerk), Son (Employee) XI 1 16 Father (Pipe shop owner) I Son (Driver), Son (Carpenter) XI 1 6 Mother (Head Aya),Son (Tempo Driver) XI 1 15 Father (Rafugar), Son (Kharad worker), Son (Munshigin) XII 1 14 Father (Dhobi or washerman), Son (Chemist in a shop) XII 1 11 r=ather (Clerk), Son (Clerk Collector) XII 1 7 Father (Dhobi or washerman), Son (Cycle shop) XIII 1 7 Mother (Teacher), Son (Labour) XIV 1 4 Father (Teacher, Son (Labour) (Based on Survey data) In a total of 40 households there is occu are related to each other as given in the follow pational diversity. In such households, the workers ing table:-- Table IV.9 : Number of households having occupational diversity by relation of members of households Relation of members of households Number of households 1. Father & son(s) 23 2. Brother & brother 6 3. Mother & son 3 4. Husband & wife 3 5. Father, son & son's wife 1 6. Father, son & brother 1 7. Father & daughter 1 8. Husband, wife & brother 1 9. Brother & son 1 Total 40 (Based on Survey data) Table IV.S reflects that out of 40 households Place of work and distance travelled by (with occupational diversity), working members occupations in 23, 6 and 3 are related to each other as father and son, brother and brother and mother and The following table IV.10 shows the percen son,and in 3 households they are husband and tage distribution of workers in different types of wife respectively. occupations and the maximum and minimum average distance travelled by workers from their residences to places of work. 87 Table IV.10 : Type of occupation of workers and distance travelled Type of occupation Percentage Highest Name of Lowest Name of of workers to average locality average locality total workers distance (ward distance (ward in different in Kms. numbers) in kms. numbers) occupations 1 2 3 4 5 6 i. Unskilled manual 21.57 5.08 9 0.0 5 (66) 2. Skilled manual 9.70 25.0 1 0.0 3 (30) 3. Lowest professional 12.05 9.0 7 0.0 13 and administrative (37) workers 4. Small businessmen 11.08 8.33 4 0.0 2,3,5,6,7 (34) and 10 5. Highly skilled and 8.14 52.0 2 0.50 7 and 12 supervisory manual (25) 6. Clerk and shop assistant 12.70 23.92 1 0.0 5 (39) 7. Intermediate professional 6.19 19.50 9 0.0 3,5 and 11 and related post (19) 8. Medium businessmen 6.19 2.0 12 0.0 2,3,4,9 (19) and 14 9. Higher professional and 6.52 30.0 1 0.0 7,10,11 salaried post (20) and 12 10. Owners of factory 1.30 10.75 1 0.0 4 (4) 11. Cultivator 4.56 10.0 7 0.0 4,5 and (14) 14 (Based on Survey data) 88 The table IV.10 shows that highly skilled because mostly they have their shelters near the and supervisory manual workers have to travel place of work. a maximum distance of 52.00 kms. to reach at their respective places of work, while the mini Mode of conveyance and time-taken mum distance travelled by such workers is 0.50 km. Similarly, among higher professional and salaried persons the maximum distance travelled In the town, a significant proportion of is 30 kms. The distance of place of work in case workers reach at the place of work by train, bus of medium businessmen and unskilled manual or two-wheelers, and about 2 per cent of work is lowest among all types of occupations. The ers take time of more than one and half·hours former have their shops near their residences to reach the place of work. The table IV.11 given because they use their houses as shop·cum· below shows the mode of conveyance and the dwellings. In case of unskl"ed manuals, the time taken by the workers to reach their places distance of place of work is only 5.08 kms., of work: Table IV.11 : Mode of conveyance and time taken to reach the place of work Mode of No. of Time taken by workers to reach the conveyance workers place of work in percentages Less than 30 mts. 1 Hr. to More lhan 30 mts. to 1 Hr. 11/2 Hrs. 11/2 Hrs. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. On foot 219 89.50 10.04 0.46 (71.33) 2. Bicycle 32 62.50 25.00 6.25 6.25 (10.42) 3. Train 32 34.38 37.50 21.87 6.25 (10.42) 4. Scooter/ 10 90.00 10.00 Motor cycle (3.26) 5. Bus or Car 8 25.00 12.50 50.00 12.50 (2.61 ) 6. Tempo 1 100.00 (0.33) 7. Truck 1 100.00 (0.33) 8. Rickshaw 4 100.00 (1.30) Total 307 79.15 14.33 4.24 2.28 (100.00) (Based on Survey data) 89 The inhabited area of the town is not The number of workers who use fast mode stretched more than 2 kms. from the heart of of transportation such as trains, scooterjmotor the town. Being the district headquarters, most cycle and bus is 32 (10.42 per cent), 10 (3.26 of the workers are employed here itself. They per cent) and 8 (2.61 per cent). One of them can easily reach at their places of work within uses tempo and other truck and four of them half an hour. Among 307 workers, 219 (71.33 use rickshaw. per cent) reach the place of work on foot and 32 (10.42 per cent) use bicycles. It indicates that Unemployment 79.15 per cent of workers reach their places of work within half an hour and 14.33 per cent take Attempt has been made to find out the 30 minutes to one hour. Only 2.28 per cent of unemployment depth. in different sizes of house workers take more than one and half hours to holds. The table presented below gives distribu reach their places of work. tion of households by unemployment depth:- Table IV.12 : Distribution of households by unemployment depth (number of unemployed in the household) Number of Number of households by size and number of adult unemployed non-workers as noted in col. 1 including who are All 1-3 4-6 11 and seeking house above job holds 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nil 178 37 88 47 6 (100.00) (20.79) (49.44) (26.40) (3.37) 1 26 3 1 1 10 2 (100.00) (11.54) (42.31) (38.46) (7.69) 2 8 4 2 2 (100.00) (50.nO) (25.00) (25.00) 3 2 2 (100.00) (100.00) 4 5 1 1 (100.aO) (100.00) Total 215 40 103 60 12 (18.60) (47.91) (27.91) (5.58) (Based on Survey data) 90 It may also be noticed that in the surveyed households with 4-6 members, 3.88 per cent households 47.91 per cent are of a size of have two job seekers within their folds. In the 4-6 members, 27.91 per cent are having 7-10 size of 7-10 membered households 3.33 per cent members, 18.60 per cent with 1·3 members only, have two job seekers to their perits. Only one as well 5.58 per cent which have 11 or more such household contains 5 job seekers. In the than those members. No job seeker is found in households having 11 or more members 16.66 92.50 per cent of households in size of 1-3 per cent households each 1, 2 or 3 unemployed members, 85.44 per cent of households in size and job seekers respectively within their ambit. of 4-6 members, 78 33 per cent of households in size of 7-10 members and 50.00 per cent in Particulars of persons seeking employment households with 11 or more members. While one each job seeker is present in 7.50 per cent The information pertaining to number of job of households in size of 1-3 members, 10.68 per seekers was collected at the 1981 Census. The cent of households which comprIse of 4·6 date on this aspect pertaining to total urban area members, 16.66 per cent in cases of households of Unnao District, Unnao M.B. and the relevant with 7-10 members and 11 or more. In the sample data are given below:-- Table IV.13 Persons seeking Employment Area Total Persons seeking employment Population (Proportions in brackets) p M F 1 2 3 4 5 District (U rban) 216,324 5,719 4,186 1,533 (at the 1981 Census) (2.64) (1.93) (0.71) Unnao M.B. 75,983 2,473 1,768 705 (at the 1981 Census) (3.25) (2.32) (0.93) Survey data 1,270 52 43 9 (of the town in 1987) (4.09) (3.38) (0.71) [Percentages given are of the total Population (Col. 2)] (Based on Census 1981 and Survey data) It may be observed that proportion of the urban areas of the district and Unnao M.B. employment seekers according to survey data respectively. is 4.09, but as per census data (of 1981) the proportion in the district (urban) and town comes At the time of 1981 Census 1.93 per cent to 2.64 and 3.25 respectively. The proportion of males out of 216,324 persons of the district marginal workers was 0.57 and 0.32 per cent of (urban) and 2.32 per cent males out of total 91 population of 75,983 of the town were identified Brahmin, Gadaria, Kshatriya and Muslim is an as job seekers. Proportions of females were 0.71 employer. Workers as employees are found in and 0.93 percentage respectively. However, the Dhanuk, Kureel, Kurmi and Kumhar communi female proportion found at the time of Survey ties. Family workers are found in Brahmin, is somewhat lower than what was it at 1981 Dhobi, Lodh, Vaishya, Bari and Lahar commu Census in the case of Unnao town, but the male nities. Pasi, Kshatriya and Lodh communities proportion meanwhile rised to 3.38 per cent. provide cultivators and agricultural tabourers. Vaishya and Yadava communities also provide Employment Status cultivators. An agricultural labourer is also found belonging to the Chamar community. The table IV.14 indicates employment status of workers by locality and sex. Professional and Private Practitioners The above table shows that the proportion There are about one thousand lawyers in of employer, employee, single worker and family the town. Majority of them (over 750) are reg worker to total workers is 1.30; 40.72; 37.79 and istered with the Bar and the rest are still to be 13.36 respectively. In the working population, registered. The number of allopathic doctors in 93.17 per cent are employed in secondary and the town is about 50 and there are about 25 tertiary sectors. In primary sector, there are 6.83 homoeopathic doctors. In addition several Unani per cent workers (cultivator 4.23 and agricultural hakims and two dozen doctors of Ayurvedic labourer 2.60). All the employers are males. system are also practising in the town. Among 18 female workers, 12 are employees (66.67) followed by 4 single workers (22.22 per cent) and 2 cultivators (11.11 per cent). Various agencies in the town like Jar Nigam, Irrigation department, Electricity supply division, The number of employers is only 4 and they Public works department, Railway engineering are in ward nos. 1 and 4. There is no family service, the municipality, the Unnao-Shuklaganj worker in ward nos. 3, 7 and 12. Cultivators are Vikas Pradhikaran etc., employ over 80 engi found in ward nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 14. Only neers. about 30 overseers and 10 draughtsmen in ward nos. 5, 6 and 14 agricultural labourers (the Draughtsmen pertain only to the Public are available. works department). There is one veterinary doc tor employed in the veterinary hospital of the The table IV.15 reveals employment status town. There are about half a dozen dentists, of workers by caste/community and sex. about 20 pharmacists and about 30 astrologers of various sorts and about half a dozen of the The table shows that one each of the latter SIt at the road-side. 92 u_ ,....("') C\I .... 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"0 (/) 0 E 0':: E ..0 co ""0 >. ..c ro ~ "0 ~ ..c .~ co :::s co -- ~ co co co co (/) ..c ..c ::J 0 :::s co co ..c 0 co ..c ".:: Z ...... m (!J >- 0... ~ ~ 0 0 ~ -..J ~ ~ > 0 ~ z m 95 ro ~ "0 Q)>- 0 (\J "r"" (\J r- ..- ~ :J C/) C 0 ..- ..- C") r- CO ..- ..- 'o;:t C") (j) "0 ..- Q) ..- en CO -[]) ..- C") ..- 0 ..- ..- l() l() CO C\J ..- ..-C\J co co ..- CW) CW) l() C\J C") ..- ..- ..- 0 0) C") ..- 'o;:t 0 r-- C\I 'o;:t ..- 0 C') -=-"C C -0 0 co --It) E "0 ,.- ..... Q) co ::! .::s:. ~ '5 ..... '0 co C'CS c _c -Q) ...... ;:: ..:x: _c ..... 0- Q) cv ~ C'CS c co oX 0. co _c +-' +-' _c "0 C\J (\J C\I ('t) C\I C\I C\I C") C\I C\I ~ I'- c.o ('t) C\I "0-=- 0 c 0 U - ro LO E ""0 ..- '-- (l) ::> 99 oI :::I C o «i "0 0 o --c:: ....o ~ C\! 0.. c CD E 1i) I o " o .... (Y') m 8 E C m o l() :::I m « ~ ....o (J) Z o C\I .0 o ,.... I[) m Z 10 o !- C\I r:: .~ o eo ~ - 8.r::- o eo o I,() 100 sugar mills in eastern U.P. and Mahua 1rom the Paints, Metal-alloy, Nath Opticals, etc. A few adjoining districts. The dlstillary imported and plots and sheds are still under construction in consumed mahua and molasses worth Rs. 20 the Estate. In the nearby areas" establishments lakhs in year 1969 alone. DUring that year the like Campa Cola, Mirza Tanneries, Duars Private production of alcohol was worth Rs. 56.20 lakhs Limited, Kumar Woollen Factory and a host of and as many as 115 persons were employed. other concerns are also situated. In the year 1987, the distlilary was having two units in the commercial areas of the town and Prior to 1961, there were 6 large and these were spread in an area of about four acres. medium manufacturing establishments in the town which rose to 8 during the period 1961- The approximate number of persons 65, 14 during 1966-70, 17 during 1971-75 and employed by the said dlstillary includes 65 ad 24 dUring 1975-80. Of the Jatter 24 establish ministrative and supervisory personnel, 58 skilled ments (in 1980), one was a public limited and 295 unskilled persons Bonus to the concern, two were private limited units, 7 were employees distributed during the year 1987 was partnership firms and 14 were privately owned. at the rate of 8.33 per cent of the salary. The In the large and medium establishments of the dlstillary has also provided hOUSing facility to town, the labour force employed was 392 in some of the workers. Till now, there has been 1975 which rose to 909 in 1980, the increase problem due to the industrial effluents from the being 131.90 per cent. dlstillary, however, now the treatment plant IS being installed. Prior to 1961, there was no industrial es tablishment in the Akrampur Industrial Estate By the Census of 1971, persons engaged and nearby areas which are 'situated in the in one or other industrial establlshments of the south-west of the town. In the nearby areas, town were 1 ,566. They were 16 42 per cent of there was only one establishment during the the total labour force In the town The number period 1961-65 which rose to 7 by the period of large and medium establishments rose by 300 1975-80. Of these, 4 units were private limited per cent over he period 1961-80 as the number companies, while 3 were the partnership firms. of such units which was only 6 before 1961 In the above units, 14 persons were employed increased to 24 in 1980. In the year 1980, in year 1975, which grew up to 222 persons by pnncrpal industries of the town were leather, the year 1980. It was an increase of 1487.70 per food products, beverages and chemical prod cent ucts, in which 343, 170 and 94 persons were engaged respectively. In that year, Zam Zam The rate of growth of large and medium Tanners was the largest concern engaging on manufacturing establishments in the town is an average 253 workers daily. shown below. The Akrampur Industrial Estate was devel Table IV.17 oped on an area of 16.06 acres by the State In dustries Department. Apart from the Akrampur Period Number Industrial Estate, many private manufacturing Prior to 1961 6 establishments have also come up in the nearby 1961-65 8 areas. In the Estate Itself, there are in all 54 in 1966-70 14 dustrial plots and 11 industrial sheds devetoped 1971-75 17 and allotted to the entreprenures. Chief industrial 1975-80 24 establishments situated In the Estate are Johar 101 Accord;ng to the 'Industrial Profile', of the to the above source was 223 which enlployed District Industries Centre, Unnao, in year 1985- 1,669 persons. Thus excluding the industrial es 86 there were 3 large and medium establish tate, the number of manufacturing establish ments in the Unnao town (excluding the units/ ments of all types located in the town was 226 establishments established in the Industrial estate employing 2,115 persons. The information about at Akrampur) and 446 persons were employed large and medium establishments, in the town in these concerns. The number of small scale and nearby areas according to the 'Profile' is industrial establishments in the town according given in table IV.18. Table IV.18 : Large and Medium Industries in the town in year (1985-86) Name of Establishment Manufacture/ Capital Employ development product investment ment block (in crares) 1 2 3 4 5 (a) The town 1. Triveni Metal Tubes Ltd. Metal tubes 2.66 173 2. Unnao Tanneries Finished leather 1.22 N.A. 3. Karamchand Thapar Liquor 21.50 272 and Brothers (b) Bicchia 4. Mohan Steels M.S. in-gots, Electrode 1.74 68 Ltd. quality carbon 5. Meena Steels Ltd. -do- 1.60 82 6. Haaji Manzoor Fmished Leather N.A. N.A. Alam Tanneries 7. Northern India Gas Ltd. Gas 45.60 38 8. Pashupati Bottlers Cold-drinks 5.00 170 (c) Sikandarpur 9. Apar Chemicals Sulphuric acid 2.66 200 Sarausi Ltd. (H 2S04) 10. Graga India Pvt. Ltd. Solvent oil N.A. N.A. 11. Ratenhari Rolling Mills Resallng 28.22 100 12. Zam-Zam Tanneries Finished leather 6.05 275 13. Zackallavala Iron and Steel 1.01 36 Eng. works forging 14. Khandelwal Vegetable oil 1.10 S.3 Extraction Ltd. Source: The Proflle--1985-86 of the D.l.e., Unnao. 102 Aspects of Industrial scene in the town (iii) Manpower Structure (i) Management Out of about 3,500 workers engaged in different large/medium and small manufacturing Till the year 1980, there were about 24 large units in the town during the year 1985-86, a little and medium scale manufacturing concerns in more than half were engaged in the large scale the town. Of these, one was under public limited industries while nearby 400 were employed in ownership, 14 pnvately owned, 2 private limited medium scale Industries and about 1,200 in concerns and rest of 7 were partnership firms. small scale industries as per the 'Industrial Till that time, there were 7 such units in the Profile' of the D.I.C., Unnao. Akrampur Industrial estate of these 4 were private limited and rest 3 were partnership firms. (iv) Industrial relations and other problems (ii) Field of Activity and Production Sharab Mill Mazdoor Union is an active organization of workers engaged in the wine Large and medium manufacturing estab industry of the town. It came into being on 25 lIshments in town were engaged in production July, 1978. It is affiliated to All India Trade Union of engwleGrlng goods (like metal-tubes, sheets, Congress and has about 200 members. Other tubular polars etc.) chemicals (such as sulphuric active unions in the town are Leather and Tan acid, glass etc.), metal products of ferrous va neries Workers Union and Iron-Steel Mazdoor riety as M.S. ingots, steel-carbons, forgings etc.; Sangh. Among the political parties, the CPI, has beverages (like Wine, cold drinks, country made some influence over the workers in the town. foreign wines etc), leather (such as finished leather, tanned leather etc.), and agro-based (v) Detailed Particulars of certain manufactur products (Including non-mineral all and oil cakes). ing units of different size and type Yet an other Important field of activity is produc tion of tobacco in the form of grains, etc. The Appendix I gives detailed particulars of industries of different sizes and type functioning Small industnes in the town produce more in the town. or less on the same line as far as the finished product is concerned. The produce includes The Appendix~1 reveals that out of 14 units, among others, agro based products, paper and losses or profits of 8 units are not known. Five printing outputs, chemicals, electronics goods, units have reported being in profit and Triveni engineerrng, tobacco, leather, furniture, textiles Metal Tubes Ltd., has reported a net Joss of Rs. and beverages etc. 25.06 lakhs. Employees got the bonus in certain units. In three units,it was not distributed; while The total produce of small scale Industries in the case of a certain unit, it was not applicable in the town In the year 1985-86 was worth rupees for the year 1985~86. Of all the units, none is 463 lakhs. While the available figures put the pro a joint stock company, hence question of dis duction by the large and medium units to over tributing dividends to the shareholders does not 600 lakhs of rupees in that year. The latter arise. Housing facility to the labourers was figures, however, does not take into considera provided to about 3 per cent of the employees tion the production of all the large Units in the by the TMT Ltd., and to some extent by other town, as the reqUired data were not available. five units; whereas eight units reported no such 103 prOVISion. Surprisingly, none of the unit has ghee etc., were main items imported from Kanpur. reported any industrial relation problem. The problem of treatment of industrial effluent was 2. Evolution of trade centre in the town reported an existing in the case of three units, of which details were not provided. One unit has Prior to 1878, the main market of the town reported that the treatment plant is under con~ was Purani Bazar. In year 1878, the then Deputy struction. Shortages of power and raw materials Commissioner laid the foundation of Qaiserganj are likely the greatest problems of these lndus~ market. It is mentioned that its site was earlier trial establishments, since 10 units have reported cleared of forest as a famine relief measure. the existence of problems in this regard. Years passed by, and with that, all the grain trade shifted to the new market from Purani Trade and Commercial establishments Bazar. Eversince Qaiserganj is the main market of the town. In 1931-32, a pucca platform was i. Evolution Trade and Commerce in the town constructed in the centre of the new market covered With tin shed. In 1917 another market Before 1865, the trade route from the town was established on the Lucknow Kanpur Road were through the Ganges to Kanpur, Bhilhaur opposite tahsil buildings. However, this market and Fetehgarh, where many articles were ex~ languished afterwards. The latest trade centre in ported from the town. With the introduction of thee town has been developed on both the sides railways in 1867, the commercial activities in of the National Highway Number-25. town got boost. By the end of the nineteenth century, exports of grains of all sorts, besides 3. Commercial Establishments by size of a substantial trade was carried through the road employment between Unnao town and Kanpur and Unnao town and Lucknow. It has been noted that the At the 1961 Census. there were 1,395 traffic between Unnao town and Kanpur was persons returned as sales workers, of which quite heavy. However, a large part of grain 1,359 were males and 36 females. Persons exported from the neighbOUring areas of the engaged in trade and commerce were 4.73 per Unnao town was still conveyed by carts to cent of total population and ~ 6.94 per cent of Kanpur rather than by rail. total workers in the town. The respective per· centages were 4.92 and 19.94 (1,878 persons) During the twenties of the present century by 1971 Census. Over 95 per cent of establish the town got equipped with good communlca· ments in the town were of retail.trade. Only 16 tion facilities and therefore presently it has de~ males were engaged in wholesale trade, while veloped as an important centre of trade. It has as many as 1,296 males and 35 females were been contended that the proximity of the town engaged in retail trade. At that time, 63 persons to Kanpur was major impediment in the devel· were engaged in miscellaneous actiVities relating opment of trade in the town itself. The thirties to the trade and commerce. were difficult years due to the depression and therefore the exports declined. During and after 4. The Survey data relating to Trade or the prices of cereals and other agricultural Commercial Establishments in the town produce have moved upward these gave agro· economy a boost, and the trade of all consumer According to the data provided by the goods as well imporved. In the year 1969, liquor labour office (situated in the town), there are alone worth Rs. 56.20 lakhs was exported from about 1,760 trade and commercial establish· the town to Kanpur. In turn sugar) vegetable ments in town in the year 1987·88. The approxi- 104 mate average number of persons engaged daily other two owners whose holdings are between, is 860. The establishments dealing in food and 2.00 to 2.99 hectares live in ward nos. 6 and grocery articles are about 460 in number, 14. Two households who employ hired workers employing an average number of 150 persons. are in ward nos. 1 and 12 respectively. Shops dealing in tools, equipments, electric goods and machinery are about 260 in number J The heads of 16 households are illiterate, employing an average number of 140 persons. while 13 are educated upto primary level only. Six household heads are graduate and four have Other types of Establishments at the 1971 attained matnc or higher secondary level of Census education. There were 51 educational Institutions, 57 Thirty five households (16.28 per cent of public health instltut~ons and 291 other types of total households) out of 215 own agricultural and institutions In the town at the 1971 Census. horticultural land within the town limits or within There were 2,731 persons employed in above 2-3 kms. from their houses. Nineteen house 399 establishments. holds or 54.29 per cent of land owning house holds, have their lands adjoining to the houses; Land livestock and other resources while 9 and 7 households respectively have their agricultural lands within the distance of one km. 1. Land Tax and Land Revenue and 2-3 kms. The land owners are found in ward nos. 2,3,4,5,6,10,12, and 14. It may be recalled The municipality has realized Rs.554 as that barring ward nos. 10 and 12 all other wards land-rent in the year 1985-86, whereas the re have open land adjacent to their limits. The land ceipt in 1986-87 was 526 rupees The revenue belonging to residents of ward no. 14 is mostly figures are not available. adjacent to their houses. Seven households in each of ward nos. 2,5 and 9 are land owners. 2. Distribution and size of land holdings The average size of holding in the town is The appendix II (based on household sUNey 0.48 hectares. The size of holding varies from data) gives the distnbution of size of holdings 1.28 (ward no. 2) to 0.28 hectares (ward no. 4). the agricultural operations by family workers, family and hired workers, and by hired workers Only one household in ward no. 3 has alone. mango-groves in his land. The solitary owner of land in ward no. 10 does not grow any crop in That appendix indicates that the sizes of his land, because he cannot protect the crop land holdings by the households vary from from the animals. In the town, 4 and 7 house below 0.50 to 3.99 hectares. There is only one holds use their lands for cultivation of Rabi and household which possesses land between 3.00- Khanf crops respectively. Twenty households 3.99 hectares followed by 2 households having grow both Rabi and Kharif crops. One household lands in the range 2.00-2.99 hectares. The owns barren land. Yield per cultivating house proportion of land holdings below 0.50 hectares, hold works out to 10 03 quintals, out of which 0.50 to 0.99 hectares and 1 00 to 1.99 hectares 8.5 quintals is consumed by the cultivating is 40.00, 20.00 and 31.43 per cent respectively. households. It may be observed that all the yield The largest number of holdtngs (9) are in ward is consumed by the households except in ward no. 6 followed by ward no. 2 and 14. The owner nos. 3 and 14. The highest yield per household of biggest holding resides in ward no. 1. The is found in ward no. 14 (20 to 21 quintals) and 105 lowest in ward no. 4 (2 quintals). and dyeing work of bed and quilt cover (Fard) are noticable. Elsewhere in the town are pro· 3. Distribution of the livestock in the town duced such famous products as Ink, Hiran Tobacco and 'Lal Tel' (a pharmaceutical prOd Livestock is a means to supplement the ucts). Likewise there are leather complexes and resources of the household. The informatIon iron-found-ries in the town. Some renounced about households having livestock and their makers of manufacture like wine and beverages number has been compiled using survey data. are also located in the town. Out of 215 sample households, 53 (24.65 per (b) Commerce cent) are reported to be rearing livestock and the number of such animals is 92. The distribu Purani Bazar and Qaiserganj are two oldest tion of such households by caste and the commercial centres in town. Of these two centres, number of animals reared is given in table one is main grains market and also have grocery IV.19. stores, meat and fish shops and shops of 91)r, Khandsari, oil and all products, sweetmeat shops Out of 92 animals; buffaloes, Cows and and various service centres. Every Wednesday Goats are 40(43.47 per cent}, 23 (25.00 per cent) and Sunday, a bazar is he!d in the town; in which and 9 (9.78 per cent) respectively. There are 13 number of rural folks from the neighbouring {14.13 per cent)bullocks and 2 ponies and 3 areas also gather for marketing purposes. Of (3.26) per cent donkeys and two hens. These later, Bara Chauraha intersection,'has a!so come are reared by three Muslim households and one up as a main commercial centre in the town. donkey by a Dhobl household. Dhawan Road which proceeds south-east from this Intersection is decked With shops dealing in It reveals that out of 53 households which cloth, Jewellery, general merchandise, crockery, are rearing animals, 43 (81.13 per cent) belong medIcines, tailoring and other service shops. to Hindus and 10 (18.87 per cent) Muslims. They The road proceeding towards north-west from rear buffaloes, cows, goats, bulJock~ poneys, the above intersection is called the State High donkeys and hens. Milch cattles are reared both way No.-38, on the both sides of which are by Hindu and Musllm households. Buffaloes are located shops which deal in Kirana, gold, silver, reared by 3 Muslim and 17 Hindu households. medicines, cloth and other services. Most Among the Hindus, the Yadavas distinguIsh important characteristics of the commerce of the themselves in buffalow rearing. As many as 6 town IS retail trade, in which about 95 per cent Yadav households rear 10 buffaloes, A lesser of shops deal. Out of these, largest number of number of households prefer to rear cows than shops are those whIch deal in eatables and other to rear buffaloes. Significantly, no Yadava house edible products. hold IS found to rear cows. Still a lower number of households rear bullock. It reveals that about (c) Tertiary sector 75 per cent buffaloes are with Muslims. Yadavas and Brahmins and a little higher than 60 per cent Being the dlstnct headquar'ters, a sizable cows are reared by Brahmins and Muslims. number of service workers IS yet other Important economic aspect of the town In fact, since 1962 Operational details of different types of the town has remained a mono functional service economic activities town. Among the service workers are included the staff members of the municipa!ity, educa (a) Industry tiona! institutions, medical institutions and other In the older localities of the town printing central and state government offices. 106 «I 1U 0 ..... eo C") ..- ..- C'J C'J 0 ..- C\J I,() (.0 C") ' 108 Lal Tel Pharmacy Unnao Tirveni Metal Tubes Unnao Hiran Chhap Tobacco Unnao Tirveni Metal Tubes Unnad Thapar Distillery Unnao Thapar Distillery Unnao Industrial Area Akrampur Unnao Industrial Area Unnao Akrampur Industrial Estate Unnao (Flag Industry) - State Bank of India (Branch) Unnao Punjab National Bank Unnao CHAPTER V ETHNIC AND SELECTED SOCia-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION Introduction it had been the seat of a Muslim power for a tew centuries before the Oudh Annexation in Unnao is a multi-ethnic town. Hindus and 1856. Muslims constitute over 99 per cent (and the remaining one per cent includes Christians, Ethnic-composition of Population by Religion Sikhs and Jains) of its population. In the town, there are localities where Hindus are dominant. Scheduled caste communities are in preponder Although, the town is inhabited by Hindus, ance in the localities which were not part of the Muslims, Christians and Jains but Hindus and town before their merger in 1979. Predominantly Muslims are the two major groups in the town. Muslim localIties are found in the oldest parts The sexwise total population of the town by of the town which are invariably situated in the religion according to the 1981 Census is shown interior. It has been so, for the obvious fact that in the table V.1 provided below :- Table V.1 : Distribution of population by religion in the town Religion No. of Persons Males Females house holds 1 2 3 4 5 Hinduism 9,529 49,782 27,419 22,363 (71.59) (65.52) (66.93) (63.86) Islam 3,742 26,004 13,441 12,563 (28.11) (34.22) (32.81) (35.88) Christianity 13 55 28 27 (0.10) (0.07) (0.07) (0.08) Sikhism 15 92 50 42 (0.11» (0.12) (0.12) (0.12) Jainism 3 22 10 12 (0.02) (0.03) (0.02) (0.03) Other religions 2 7 5 2 and persuations (0.02) (0.01 ) (0.01) (0.01 ) Religion not 7 21 12 9 stated (0.05) (0.03) (0.04) (0.02) Total All religions 13,311 75,983 40,965 35,018 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (Based on 20 p~r cent data of household sc!v~du!a of 1981 Census) I \.3 LL ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ro ~ ~ m v ~ ~ ~ M ~ M ~ M ...- ...-a _..~ o x I- OJo • '0 C ~"O ca ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ m ro M 00 ro M ~ ~ ~ M m l() O..c ~ ~ ~ ...- ...- ...- ...- ...- ~ ...-...- ~ ...- c :r: C\I o .~ a C\I ....C],) LL ...- I.{) f X Q) QJ 00"0 (/) ~ 0 0..r:::: I u.. 0') .....C\I I ~"'O :J 0 LO :r:O..r:::: o LL ~ (\J - C") C\I c: ;:;o :::I ~ .a "'0 r:::: ~ ro 0) LO l() It) .... C") LO M ~ C\I a ~ ::c It) a I ~-o :J 0 ro ...... T"'" C\I O.s:;. C\I ...... :r: T"'" ..... ~ 0) ...... ~ ~ co ..... Z Q) 0) co ..... 0'> ~ ~ The survey data reveals that out of total Mother Tongue population of 1,270; Hindus, Muslims and Christians are 992 (78.11 per cent), 271 (21.34) and 7 (0.55 per cent), It also indicates that out Table V.3 gives a picture about mainly of 215 total households, 172 are of the Hindus spoken languages in urban areas of the district and 42 of the Muslims, while only one household and in, Unnao M.B. as per Census 1981. Table V.3 Language mainly spoken - 1981 Census Language Language mainly spoken in District (Urban) Town (Unnao M.B.) Households Persons Households Persons 1 2 3 4 5 1. Hindi 32,417 (84.91 ) 174,634 (81.51 ) 10.721 (81.00) 56,011 (75.27) 2. Urdu 5,737 (15.03) 39,491 (18.43) 2,495 (18.85) 18,290 (24.58) 3. Punjabi 17 (0.04) 108 (0.05) 15 (0.11 ) 100 (0.13) 4. Bengali 2 7 2 7 5. Malayalam 4 (0.02) 12 (0.01) 2 (0.04) 6 (0.02) 6. Gorkhali 2 5 1 1 Total 38,179 (100.00) 214,257 (100.00) 13,236 (100.00) 74,415 (100.00) (Based on Census data. The data excludes Institutional households but includes houseless households.) 115 The above table paints out that in the urhan speakers. areas of the district; Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi are spoken by 32,417 (84.91 per cent), 5,737 (15.03 As regards survey data Hindi is returned as per cent) and 17 (0.04 per cent) households mother tongue by more than 81 per cent of the respectively in a total of 38.1179 households. In town's population. Of these only about 115th rest of the households, 4 speak Malayalam and have knowledge of subsidiary languages like 2 each Bengali and Gorkhali. The proportion of '=nglish and Urdu. Urdu has got the next place persons who speak Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi is atter Hindi as mother tongue in the town. It's 81.51, 18.43 and 0.05 per cent. proportion is more than 18 per cent. Due tc )resence of immigrant settlers from As regards to the speakers knowing a outside the State, one finds 6 languages being subsidiary language, there are 343 such per~ reported as mother tongue in the town at the sons, Le., these 343 persons know another time of 1981 Census. The largest number is that language besides their mother tongue. The table of Hindi (56 011) followed by Urdu (18,290) and VA gives the duration of stay in present resi Punjabi (100). Bengali (7), Malayalam (6) and dence of persons having knowledge of a sub Gorkhali (1) have Insignificant proportion. After sidiary language. Hindi, Urdu commands a good number of T3ble V.4 : Mother Tongue and subsidiary languages of households as related to duration of stay in present resident Mother Number speaking subsidiary languages with reference to tongue & duration of stay in present residence their numbers 0-4 years 5·9 years 10+ years Subsidiary language Subsidiary language Subsidiary language English Urdu Hmdi English Urdu Hindi English Urdu Hindi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hindi 10 18 3 152 9 1,037 Urdu 4 12 13 26 96 233 Tot~1 14 12 18 3 13 178 9 96 (Based on Survey data) The table V.4 shows that persons whose About 1/6 (210 persons or 16.54 per cent) mother tongue is Hindi have reported either persons in the surveyed population reported Er,f_ll!sh or UrdU as subsidiary languages. Similarly, English as thier subsidiary language. The pro· til(, persons whose mother tC:lgUC IS Urdu have portion (178 persons) of population whose repurted English or Hindi as subsidiary subsidIary language is English, is significantly languages. high in respect of perons staying in the town for 116 more than 10 years. Only 12 persons have English subsidiary languages. reported Urdu as their subsidiary language. Per sons whose mother tongue is Urdu number 233, The table V.5 presented below gives the out of them 121 and 30 have reported Hindi and data about subsidiary languages as related to age and sex:-- Table V.S Mother Tongue and subsidiary languages as related to age and sex Age and sex Number of speakers whose Number of speakers whose mother tongue is Hindi who mother tongue is Urdu who speak subsidiary language as speak subsidiary language as English Urdu English Hindi 1 2 2 3 4 0--4 M 2 F 3 5--7 M 4 F 3 8--10 M 1 6 F 2 2 11--14 M 5 8 F 3 15 & M 112 4 19 49 above F 60 8 11 41 Total M 118 4 19 69 F 62 8 11 52 (Based on survey data) The table V.5 indicates that in the age-group it may be observed that the age-groups of the below 8 years none of the children whose latter is 15 + . mother tongue is Hindi, is aware of any subsidi ary language. In the age-group 8-10 one boy and Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes two girls and in 11-14 age-group five boys have indicated English as their subsidiary language. The scheduled castes population stood at In 15 + age, 112 males and 60 females have 9,371 at the 1981 Census in the town, account stated English as their subsidiary language while ing for 12.33 per cent of the total population. This 4 males and 8 females have stated Urdu as their proportion rose by 272.65 per cent over the subsidiary language. The proportion of males in period of 1971-81. It was only 9.0 per cent of case of English as subsidiary language is almost the total population at the 1971 Census. This sig twice as compared to females, whereas is case nificant increase in Scheduled Caste population of Urdu it is vice-versa. There are 151 persons during the decade 1971-81 was probably due to in all age-groups whose mother tongue is Urdu merger of adjoining villages in the munIcIpal and they have also reported Hindi (121) and limits. There was, however, no Scheduled Tribe English (30) as their subsidiary langua~es. But population in the town at the time of 1971 117 Census, but at the 1981 Census 7 persons more, are 66 per cent in case of male population belonged to Scheduled Tribes. and only about 25 per cent in case of females. The general literacy rate of the town is about 44 In the surveyed population of 1,270 per per cent. sons, 156 belonged to various scheduled caste commumties. They accounted for 12 per cent of The distribution of scheduled caste popu the surveyed populations. The literacy rates for lation by each community and sex is given in scheduled caste population aged 5 years and table V.6:·· Table V.6 Distribution of Scheduled caste population by sex Scheduled caste Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 1. Pasl 44 (28.21 ) 20 24 2. Dhanuk 10 {641} 5 5 3. Dhobi 47 (30.13) 20 27 4. Chamar 38 {24.36} 17 21 5. Kori 13 (8.33) 8 5 6. Khatlk 4 (2.56) 2 2 Total 156 (100.00) 72 84 (Based on survey data) The table V.6 shows that out of 156 sched· Table V.7 : Particulars of houseless and uled caste persons, Dhobis are 47 (30.13 per institutional population cent) followed by Pasis, 44 (28.21 per cent) and Chamars 38 (24.36 per cent). The number of PartIculars House!ess Institutional Koris, Dhanuks and Khatiks is 13 (8.33 per centL 1 2 3 10 (6.41 per cent) and 4 (2.56 per cent) respec· No. of tively. It may also be observed that among these Households 29 75 72 are males and 84 are females. Females out Persons 97 1,568 number males in Pasi, Dhobi and Chamar Males 64 1,398 communities perhaps on account of male out· Females 33 170 migration. In Dhanuk and Khatik communities males and females are equal in number but In (Based on survey data) Kori community only males out number females. It may be observed that there were 29 Houseless and Institutional Populaiton houseless households comprising 97 persons (64 males and 33 females) as well as 75 insti· At the 1981 Census houseless and instltu· tutional households having 1,568 persons (1,398 tional population were also enumerated. The Males and 170 females) at 1981 Census. The Table V.7 shows the details:-- 118 proportion of institutional population was 2.06 respectively. per cent of the total population. Survey data Disabled population by type of disability Households and their population During the housellsting operations in 1980, the information pertaining to totally blind, totally crippled and totally dumb persons normally During the survey 1,270 persons were residing with the households was collected. The covered in 215 households. A table showing the number of totally blind, totally crippled and dIstribution of the population by age-group and totally dumb in the town was 21, 22 and 9 sex is given below:-- Table V.8 : Sex wise distribution of surveyed population by age-group Age Total Males Females group Population 1 2 3 4 0--4 73 5--9 146]158 446 70 219 73}88 227 10--14 142 (35.12%) 761 (33.59%) 66 (36.73%) 15--19 130 72 58 20--24 136 74 62 25--29 655 49 346 51 309 30--34 (52.57%) 42 (53.07%) 36 (50.00%) 35--49 109 102 50--59 9S} 169 47! 87 48J 82 60+ 74 (13.31%) 40J (13.34%) 34 (13.27%) Total 1270 652 618 (Based on Survey data) The table V.8 shows that the population In centage of males and females is 33.59 and 36.73 the age-group 0-14, 15-49 and 50+ works out respectively. But in the age-group 15-49 their to 35.12, 51.57 and 13.31 per cent respectively. proportions are 53 07 and 50.00 per cent, while In terms of Sandbergs formula, the above ratio in age-group 50 and above years their propor indicates that the population is stationary and tions are 13.34 and 13.27 per cent. This trend there is preponderance of middle age-groups. indicates that in adult ages there is preponder Considering the proportion of population by sex ance of male populaiton. This may be on it is observed that in the age-group 0-14 the per- account of adult male immIgration to the town. 119 Distribution of Population by Age, Sex and Lodhs (10), Chamars/Kureels (10) and Dhobi Marital Status (9). Among the Muslims 59 married males are observable while among Christians these are 2. The Marital status of the surveyed popula Among Hindus, average age at marriage of ever tion is shown in the table V.9. married males who married before attaining the age of 30 years is highest (22.44 years) in case It may be observed from the table V.9 that of Kayasthas, followed by kshatriyas (21.50 years). two boys and nine girls have been married Vaishyas and Dhobis (21.00 years), Brahmans before the age of 20 years, while 9 males and (20.60 years). '(adavas (18.50 years). Lodhs 2 females remained unmarried even after the age (18.00 years) and Chamars (16.75 years). Average of 30 and above. Barring these, all males and age at marriage of married males increases in females are married. 17 males and 43 females case of those who married during 15-29 years of age 25 and above are widowers and widows. and within 15 years among Brahmans, Kayas The number of seperated among males is 3 as thas, Yadavas, Kshatriyas and Lodhs. against only 1 female but only a male divorce has been netted. It indicates that the average age at marriage for males who married before attaining there age Age at marriage of 30 years, 15-29 years and within 15 years has gone up in the said castes/communities except The table V.10 shows the average age at in cases of Valshyas, Chamars and Dhobis. marriage by caste/community and time of Among Valshyas the average age at marriage marriage by sex. has gone down for those who married within 15 years, among Chamars and Dhobis it is lowest It may be seen that the average age at for those who married within 15-29 years. marriage, for males marned before attaining the age of 30 years is 20.66. But there is a little Similarly, among females there are 5 or increase in average age at marnage of those more than 5 married females in the castes/ who married during 15 to 29 years and those communities namely Brahman (95), kayasth (25), who married within 15 years. The average age vaishya (24), Lodh (15), Dhabi (13), Pasi (12), in these two age-groups works out to be 21.13 Chamar (11), Yadav (10) and Kshatriya (9). In years and 22.26 years respectively. these castes the average age at marriage of females of those who marned before attaining The average age at marriage of females the age of 30 years, 15-29 years and within 15 who married before attaining the age of 30 years years are indicated below agaist the name of is 16.77 years. It IS lower by 3.89 years than the caste/community in bracket--Brahman (16.77 respective male average. Similar increase in years, 17.91 years and 18.63 years), kayastha average age at marriage is also seen In case (17:.00 years, 19.00 and 20.78 years), Vaishya of female also who married dUring 15-29 years (18.13 years, 17.29 years and 18.33 years), Lodh (17.12 years) and within 15 years (18.56 years). (17.33 years, 18.00 years and 17.00 years), Dhobi (16.00 years, 15.00 years and 17.40 It is to be noted that there are 292 married years), Pasi (16.25 years, 16.20 years and 18.67 males and 315 marned females. In the Hindu years), Chamar (13.25 years, 14.33 years, and castes, a very large number of married males 16.75 years), Yadav (15.33 years. 16.67 years are found among Brahmans (95), Kayasthas (26) and 19 00 years) and kshatriya (18.00 years, Vaishyas (19), Yadavas (11), Kshatriyas (10), 17.00 years and 19.50 years). 120 M co <.D co C\I ..- <.D C\I co C\I C\I co r0- M ...... CO <.D L() <.D LO M 0 V C\I ..- ..- LL ....- ,... <.D to "C ...... ro >. r-0 Q) 0) 0) ...... C\I C\I c: C\I M 0 <.D C\I V C\I CO :J ...... t-- ...... v ~ 0 ~ C\I ....- LO (J) ...- ....- <.D C 0 -0 ..- Q) LL en "'0 ,... «S (].) CO () en '- - :J 0 CO > - (5 en 0 - ..- m 'C -ca E "'0 LL "'C c: ..-Q) CQ m '- <0 X Q)>< Q) (j') a.. CJ) (].) (f) C\I "'0 CO Cl> C en (\) CO (/) >. :J (tl ,_ .0 ...... - ...... ,_M (J') CO M (J) "'0 ,... ~ C Q) 0 ro ~ ';;: ...... 0 ~ ';:: "'0 :::J n:s a. :z: ~ v ~ C\I CD ...... 0 c:o ...- Q. -0 c: ..- CO <.D ..- ('i) 0 LO M V ,... 0 LL LO V V M (J') M ,_ ...... "'0 C\I -::J Q) .0 ._'- '': ro (/) ~ - C\I V ~ V V ,... 0 C\I or- C C\I M M 0 ~ C\I ,_ ...... - C\I en "0 :> (J) M CO LO 0 (.0 0> ...- ..- C") '>:: LL l{) ,... Q) ...... CO (.0 0 ro'- M .0ca E I- '- en V 0'> V 0'> ~ 0> V 0'> en 0'> (ij a. I I ,...... - C\I C\l C") V 1.0 c:o ..- I ::l 0 1.0 I I I • I I • • + 0 Q) 0 LO 0 l() a LD 0 0 a 0) 0._ ..- ..- C\I C\I M C") 1.0 <.0 ...... r- « OJ 121 "0 o M o co o •CD.:= o (.0 o I'-: l[) .... LO co 0') o 0') ~ ...- ...- ,_ C\I ..- CI) 0') E (Q 'i::.... (Q E 0') (/) '6 C\I .... o o ...- o o o o o o o I «S 0') l[) (I) o o o o o o a o ~ Q) ..... c.o ..... (.0 L{) 0') ...... co E ...- >- ._ ..- ...- ..,.... ,_ ..- ...- .,... ..- ,_ +== "0 Cca ~ o a .:t::: o c: a . ::s o ro E C\J E o o Q) 1;; m u ...-LO o (/) .... o co o o o o C «S o (.0 o o o o "0 - .c (I) 0') C\J C\l 0') ~ co o CI) ...- m ~ >- C\J C\I C\J C\I C\I C\I -Q).... f/) m 0') (/) Ci) (") C\I .... a a a o a o ..... a a LO (0 (D CI) I ~ o o o o o o o ~ C) LO (I) ..... C\J co C\I M C\I 0') o m ...- >- ...- C\J ,_ C\I C\J C\J ..- C\I '':.... m E o o v a o (D o v l() o o C\J C\J co C\I C\J C\J .,... _ "0 u. C\I LO L{) C\I C\I ,..... LO a ~ Q) 0') C\J ...- Q)> .... a o o o o o o C\I o o o o C\I o ..- ...... CD o LO CD l!) ..- ..- C\1 ..,...... ,..... ,.... o ('t') o o o l!) l!) o o ('t') o ~ o C\I C\I o ...... co I.{) CD co ...... <0 r- o ...- ..,...... ,...... ,...... - ,_ ..,..... C\I o ('t'),..... o o o o o ..- o o o LO o . o o v q o C> C\I ..- ..- C\I o C\I ..- ~ C\I C\I C\I C\I ('t') o o ...... o o o o o o o co o '0 a LO o ..,..... LO C\.I CO 0) l!) C\I C\I C\I ...- @ ,._ C\I a o a o C> (0 o LO a o C\I C.D CO co C\.I o ,...... - C\I C\I ('t') ('t') ..- V ,..... 0 ..- C") ('t') ..- ('t') C\I I.{) C\I l!) C\J ...- ...- ..- ..- ('t') C\I ..- 0'> ..- ..- 0 C') ..- V 0 C> C\I ,...... ,..... C> ,_ C\I C\I "--:"- C") ...- LO C> "C C\I '0 c 0 0 CD - :J E ro .J:: ~ In the Christian community there are 2 each For the females who were married 15-29 married males and females. Among males one years age the average age at marriage is around was married 15-29 years earlier and other within 17 to 18 years except for a female holding tech 15 years and their age at marriage was 20 and incal diploma not equal to degree (20.00 years). 30 years respectively. Among females one was Similarly, for females married within 15 years the married 30 years earlier and other 15-29 years average age at marriage is around 18 to 19 years earlier, their average age at the time of marriage except for females whose educational standard was 20 and 15 years. is below primary (16.67 years) I literate without educational level (20.50 years); below primary The table V.11 presents the average age at (16.67) and holding teaching degree (21.00 marriage as related to educational level and time years) It reflects that in subsequent period there of marriage. is an increase and average age at marriage slightly increase in case of highly educated The table shows that out of 292 married males and females. males 62 are illiterate. Among literate and educated males, 72, 40 and 32 are high school and in The table V.12 exhibits the age at first ter. graduate and middle. There are 13 and 30 marriage and age at effective marriage. males who are educated below primary and upto primary standard respectively. The number of The table shows that in a total of 292 males, males holding technical diploma, medical and the age-group at first marriage in cases of 142, teaching degrees is 7, 2 and 2 respectively. 88 and 48 is 20-24, 15-19 and 25-29. In case 124 en ~.... CO E a:ID a> 0') co .... 'i: <1>"'0 l!') .... > Q) ro Q) o~ o o o (0 E ..... co l!') o L() -o ECO I'-- o Q) ,.- C\I ,... -o <1> CJ.) 0>0 o~ ..c E t: ~ ~ CO E en o o o o LO C') "0 <1> co to oo::t CO c: o o . r--- CO (Oro I'-- r--- <0 a) o CO CO E ,...... - ..- ..- C\I ..- Q) Q).g? OJ CIl ~ co o Q)~ o o O'l 0- 16 a) <0 t: CD ..- c ..... <0 ..- ..- C\I o g? E ~ c:t: o ~ ::l Q) -0 > Q) (1)"'0 en C') (j) .... I'- to o CD o to .~ ro CD C') r--- I.{) I'- a C\I o (5 °E .s:::::: <1> 0) . (Ij o o ..- ..- C\J C\I C\I C\J ..... C\J C\J C\I C\I C\I C\I <1> E ~ >- - 0') CIl 0 t: ..c (Ij 3: 0) (/) o o co M o M co a o M E C\I .... I.{) I CIJ l!') co I'-- CD o M ..- a o ..- cn l!') ill . . ..- >-. o CD o or- C') C\I C\I o a ro ~ C\J or- C\I C\I C\I C\I C\I C\I M <1> E 0) CIJ"'O Q) (]) o~ <0 l!') I.{) M o o (0 0> .... o C\I l"- <.0 a a CD CO' CO . 0) I"- N o o co L() o (i) E ,.... or- N C\I C\I ,.- C\I C\I -CO «> CD 0') CO CD ll. C\J co co l{) - ""0 l!') ,.- ..- Cl a .... Q) ,.- C") ....~ (!) .... Q) O• > .... > ill tU Z E C\I C\J M o C\I C\J C\I C\I « ..- ..- C') C") I"- m (]) C\I (]) CO' .... E ~ 00 [j) a...... LL - -0 C\J o o LO o >- (]) 1.0 co to ..-- Q) .... ,_ M • > ...... O CI> CO Z E C\J .. (J) C\J a T- ro Cl') ~ m v ..... ,_ C\J C\J C') o o o + -o ""• o o o ,• I- o LO o t{) o t{) ..... ,_ C\J C\f C') C') 126 of the remaining 14 males the age at first mar groups 15-19, 20-24 and 10-14 respectively. The riage of 11 and 3 is 30-34 and 10-14 respectively. age at first marriage of only 3 females is between The average age at effective marriage of males, the years 25 and 29. The average age at effective whose age at first marriage is 20-24; is 20-59 marriage of females whose age at first marriage years for those who married earlier than 30 years is 15-19 years is 16.98 years, 17.09 years and is 21.45 years for those married within 15-29 17.23 years respectively for those who were years and 21.56 years for those married within married earlier than 30 years, 15-29 years and 15 years. Similarly, the average age at effective within 15 years. Similarly, the average age at marriage of males who married in the aforesaid effective marriage for those females whose age spans and whose age at first marriage is be at first marriage was 20.24 years 'is 20.00 years, tween 15-19 is 19.00 years, 18.38 years and 20.50 years and 20.95 years. The females whose 18.00 years; while of those whose age at first age at first marriage is 10-14 years, the average marriage is 25-29, the average age at effective age at effective marriage ranges from 15.04 marriage is 25.64 years, 25.47 years and 25.82 years to 14.57 years. It will be noticed that there years. For males whose age at first marriage is is a wide gap in consummation of marriage 10-14, the average age at effective marriage in where the age at first marriage was below 19 the first two spans is 12.00 and 15.50 years. For years. The table also reflects that there is an males whose age at first marriage is 30-34 years, intervening period between formal marriage and the average age at effective marriage in the three consummation of marriage. spans is 30.00 years, 30.00 years and 30.87 years respectively. Widow/widower remarriage: Widow/wid ower remarriage is not a cornman occurence in Among 315 ever-married women, the age the town. None of the surveyed females opted at first marriage of 180, 80 and 52 is in the age- for it. Table V.13 : Widow/Widower Remarriage Persons Number of persons reporting Number of persons reporting Castel to have become widow/ remarriage out of those who Community widower at the age of became widow/widoVl/er at the age of Below 25- 35 & Below 25- 35 & 25 34 above 25 34 above 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mare 2 3 12 2 2 Brahman (5), Kayastha (3), Chamar (3), Kori (2), Vaishya, Kshatriya, Mali and Muslim (one eaCh). 127 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Female 1 8 34 Muslim (15)t Brahman (6), Lodh (5), Vaishya, Pasi & Chamar (3 each), Kayastha (2); Nai, Bari, Khatri, Kumhar, Dhabi & Kori (one each). (Based on Survey data) The table V.13 shows that among males; there are no women in the survey data, who 2,3 and 12 are of age-groups below 25,25-34 married at the age 30-34 years. and 35 and above. Among these, 2 males each of ages below 25 and 25-34 remarried. In Age, Sex and Education females, out of 43 widows 34,8 and 1 are of age groups 35 and above, 25-34 years and below The information pertaining to educational 25 years. None of these remarried. Those males attainment of the town dwellers is presented in who remarried later belonged to Brahman, table V.1S. Kayastha, Mali and Vaishya communities. Co-relates of age at marriage The table shows that out of 579 males; 103 (17.79 per cent), 92 (15.89 per cent) and 72 The survey data reveals that out of 607 (12.44 per cent) are literate, illiterate and edu married persons, 292 are males and 315 fe cated upto primary level. Among tt"le rest, 87(15.03 males. It points out that number of married per cent), 75 (12.95 per cent) and 46 (7.95 per females is 5 per cent more than married males. cent) males have educational level upto middle, The table V.14 shows the distribution of age at high school and intermediate, only 60 and 37 marriage and their present age by sex. males are graduate and post-graudate. Only 5 males have a technical diploma not equal to The table reveals that, no male whose degree, 1 is graduate in medicine and other in present age is below 14, is married, and only teaching. 28 in the age-group 14-24 are married. In the age-groups of 25-34, 35-44, 45-54 and 55 and In a total of 545 females, 195 (35.78 per above, a high proportion of married persons are cent), 101 (18.53 per cent) and 57 {10.46 per found, and their marriages solemnised mostly at cent} are illiterate, literate and educated upto age-group 20-24. A large number of males were primary level, while 61 (11.19 per cent), 42 (7.71 married at the age of 20-24 (141), followed by per cent) and 37 (6.79 per cent) of the remaining 14-19 (89) and 25-29 (49). Marriages which took females are educated upto mIddle, high school place at the ages below 14 (2) years and 30-34 and Intermediate. The number of females whose (11) were considerably low. Female marnages educational standard is either graudate or post took place mostly at age 14-19 years, whereas graduate is 26 (4.77 per cent) in each case. 128 ---. co co l() +-' 0) L!) t- o OJ LO ~ ro 0 ~ LO t- t- LO LO (") "'0 I- >.. CD + OJ 2: LO ,..... :::l "<::t CJ) C 0 "<::t r-- 0 · o;;t ,.... "<::t "'0 Q) (/) , CO 0) "0 I "<::t C'? l{) LO (") C\I N ,.._ C 0 ,..... ,.... ,,- CO N N ..- C\I r- t- X Q) CO • 0) (\J m o;;t m ~ LO tJ) "<::t or- Ct) "¢ '¢ (") 0 or- ..- -:::t C\I 0 5: "C- 0 ~ ~ <0 (J,) l{) Q) T"- or- C\I ca OJ a>- (J) "- en cti <0 l() ,.._ N 0 OJ 0 C\.I 0) (/) ".::: 0 ..- N ,.._ <.D ,.._ l{) L- -- N CO <0 l- Q) E C) ca ..... + ".: CO l{) "- -:;t CO (l) E 0) <{ 0 · v CO V "<::t ...ro I QJ (J) C) l{) « Ct) C') "<::t ,...... q 0 · C') C\I <.0 C\I C') ,..... or- o ..q- (J) <0 Ct) 0) 0) C\I 0) .,..... r- ~ ...... ~ ~ C\I OJ 5: 0 v C\I (J) ,.... C\I m ..q- 0r- +-'e: ..q- ..q- "<::t V -.::j'" 0 (/) 10 r- :> co (1) E ('(S 0 .0 ro ,~ 0.. +oJ ...... Cl) c co (l) 0 a> E 0 Q) ..c t- O c ()) 0 c (l) .... u ~ >- 0')(1) .,_ 0') 0.. 0') 0 ('(S (L) (l) CD (l) ---. I'- I'- --"¢' (D LO C\I "¢' LO m --t- I'- -- ,-- -- M ....- (D Q.. e.. -- .,- I'- ....- m C") I'- L() ...... ---. ..-.. ,... m (j) <0 0 0 C\J l!) ...... 0 --0 --C") ,... ..- ~ (D ..-C\I or- (1) (1) ~ n:s O).~ (1) C O.c """:' o "C (1) o 21- c: ('J OJ ::J C en C o "0 cu C .~ o 0;:: co OJ cu.c (1) 0 ~ ..-C\I 131 There are 65 and 73 scheduled caste males higher in comparison to Muslims. and females. Among these males, 22 (33.85 per <.:ent), 19 (29.23 per cent) and 11 (16.92 per cent) In the "other-castes", the proportion of are illiterate, literate and educated upto primary males and females who are studying is 35-60 level. The educational level of 8 (12.30 per cent), per cent and 30.72 per cent respectively, while 3 (4.62 per cent) and 2 (3.08 per cent) males in scheduled castes only 26.15 per cent males is middle, high school and graduation. and 16.44 per cent females are studying. It indicates that the number of persons studying Among 73 scheduled caste females, 55 is lower in scheduled castes in comparison to (75.34 per cent), 8 (10.96 per cent) and 6 (8.22 "other-castes" (all the rest of t~e castes). per cent)are illiterate, literate and educated upto primary level. Each one of the remaining female The proportion of migrant and non-migrant has educational standard upto middle, high males who are studying IS 39.79 per cent and school, intermediate and graduation. 29.31 per cent respectively, while the respective female proportion is 33.21 per cent and 24.63 The table V.16 shows the males and females per cent. \t re11ects that higher proportion of who are studying and not*studymg by age migrant males and females are studying, in com group, religion/caste and migration status. parison to respective non-migrant sexes (males/ females). The above table shows that Out of 1,124 persons of age 5+ years, 357 (31.76 per cent) Educational Score and 767 (68.24 per cent) are studYing and not studying respectively. Out of 579 males, 200 Educational level of the population or its (34.54 per cent) and 379 (65.46 per cent) are sections is indicated by the device of the variously studying and not-studying. About 99 educational score. For instance, those who are per cent of males who are studying are below illiterate are assigned the score of 'zero'. For 25 years of age. Out of 379 not-studying males, further stages or levels of educational qualifica 333 are of age 20 + years. tions, scores are assigned in the following man ner- 'one' for those who are literate without Among 157 females who are studying, 150 educational level, 'two' for those who have are of age below 20 and 7 of them are in the studied upto primary or junior basic or middle age*group 20-24. Out of 388 females who are stage, 'three' for the matriculates or equivalent, not-studying a significant number viz, 326, are 'four' for diploma*holders (technical or non of age above 20. technical), 'five' for degree-holders and 'six' for those who have done doctorate or have attained Among Hindu, Muslim and Christian; 36.92 still higher level of education. For assigning the per cent, 24.37 per cent and 60.00 per cent educational score only the population of age five males are studying. In females, 33.33 per cent and more years has been considered. The and 10.48 per cent of Hindus and Muslims average educational score per head by sex in respectively are studying. It reflects that in Hindus, different localities of the town is listed in the the proportion of studying males and females is table. V.17. 132 m~c;)([)"-O I'- 0) (/) ....-001'--1'--('-..0 --(") --I'- (I') + c · . . o l{) o v C\I l'- -t: CD co I.f) ,._(/) l{) _--- "C (/) Locality Average per head educational score Total Male Female Ward No. 1 Moti Nagar 2.2 2.5 1.9 Ward No. 2 Civil Lines 2.0 2.6 1.4 Ward No. 3 Civil Lines II 2.1 2.3 1.7 Ward No. 4 Gandhi Nagar 2.0 2.3 1.7 Ward No. 5 Adarash Nagar 0.9 1.3 0.6 Ward No. S Akrampur 1.4 1.7 1.0 Ward No. 7 Atal Bihari Nagar 2.3 2.6 1.8 Ward No. 8 Jawahar Nagar 2.2 2.3 2.0 Ward No. 9 Sheikhwara 2.4 '2.8 2.0 Ward No. 10 Gaddiyana 2.7 3.0 2.1 Ward No. 11 Kaithlyana 1.8 2.1 1.5 Ward No. 12 Chaudhriyana 1.6 1.8 1.3 Ward No. 13 Ram Nagar 1.9 2.4 1.3 Ward No. 14 TaUb Sarai 0.8 1.1 0.4 Grand Total 1.9 2.2 1.5 (Based on Survey data) The above table shows that among males the highest educatIonal score is found in ward Educational score by Religion and Caste No. 10. (Gaddiyana). On ward Nos. 5,6,12 and 14 j it varies between 1.1 and 1.8. In the remain Caste-wise educational score is presented ing wards, the educational score varies between in the appendix III. Educational score of only 2.1 and 2.8. those castes/communities are discussed here who are represented upto at least five or more The educational score of females is highest households. These Castes/communities repre {2.1} in Ward No. 10 and 2.0 in Ward Nos. 8 sented in such way are Brahman, Kshatriya, and 9. In Ward Nos. 14 and 5 the score is 0.4 Vaishya, Kayastha, Yadav, Lodh, Pasi, Dhobi, and 0.6 respectively. In the remaining wards it Chamar and Muslim. As is evident in the appendix varies between 1.3 and 1.9 except in Ward No. III among these castes/communities highest 6 (1.0) educational score per head (3.01) as well as per 134 household (18.06) is found among Kayasthas Distribution of students by occupational followed by Brahmans (2.62 per head and 15.69 category of head of household per household) and Kshatriya (2.02 per head and 9.30 per household). The lowest educational It has already been noticed that out of 1,270 score is observed in case of Pasi (0.21 per head persons; 963 (75.83 per cent) are non-workers. and 1.14 per household) followed by Lodhs Among non-workers a significant proportion (36.86 (0.63 per head and 2.40 per household). In per cent) is that of students. The appendix V MuslIm community, the educational scores per shows distribution of students by educational head and per household are 1.57 and 2.28 re level and occuption of the head of households. spectively. There is only one Christian household ~n the surveyed population. The educational It may be noticed from that appendix, that score of this household is 16.0 while its per head out of 355 students; 143 (40.28 per cent), 58 score works out to be 2.28. It may be noticed (16.34 per cent) and 53 (14.93 per cent) are of that score per household is highest in case this educational level of either literate without formal Christian household. If we consider the educa education, or upto primary or upto middle. The tional score by religion and sex, it will be found number of students educated upto ~atriculation that It is higher in males in comparison to is 82 (23.10 per cent). The students educated females except in the Christian household. upto graduate and post-graduate level~ are respectively only 17 (4.79) per cent and 2 (0.56 Educational Score by type of households per cent). Out of 17 graduate students, 5 are of those households whose heads are non Social changes in the town can adequately workers. be traced by studying the changes in the compositIon of households in the town. The data It is quite signigicant that largest number about households have been compiled as per (70) 0f students belong to those households the classification of type of households provided whose heads are clerical and related workers. In the "Annexure" to Chapter VIII. It is so, for the reason that the town is monofunc tional service category. The next largest number The appendix IV reveals that supplemented (59) is surprisingly found in t~e households lineal joint families and lineal collateral joint where heads are non-workers. The two post families have the highest educational score per graduate students are found in one each head and per household as well. In case of lineal household, the heads being an administrative or collateral Joint families the educational score for executive or managerial worker and clerical or males and females are 3.0 and 2 05 per head related worker. The latter type of households respectively, while for supplemented lineal joint also have maximum number of students who are family the scores are 2.88 per head and 1.7 per doing matriculation or primary studies. However, household. In other types of households, the the former type of households have largest scores for males and females varies between number of middle school-going students. It is 1.25 to 2.34 and 1.17 to 1.73. The lowest score also significant to note that the least number (7) among males is 1.25 In single-person household of literates without formal educational level is and among females is 1.17 in collateral Joint type found in those households, where heads are of household. It reflects that in joint families either professional or technical workers or, perhaps there are more facilities for higher executives. And naturally, the largest number of education since the cost of education is jOintly above type of students are from hous~hoids shared by all the earning members of the family. where heads are non-workers. 135 Occupational category of head of the house educational score. hold and average educational score The above table indIcates that English, The average edl..l __ dtional score for males Hindi and Urdu are the three subsidiary lan and females have been calcuated for workers guages spoken by the residents of the town. and non-workers as well as by occupational Persons whose mother tongue is Hindi speak category of head of the household. The scores English or Urdu as subsidiary language. The av regarding the above are given In the appendix erage educational score of speakers of subsidi VI. ary language English IS significantly higher than that of those whose subsidiary language is Urdu, It will be observed from the appendix VI, in case of former, the educational scores for that for males and female workers, the educa males and females are 3.96 and 3.87 respec tional scores are 2.15 and 1.52 respectively. The tively. In case of the latter, the scores for males score per worker household IS 9.51. For non and females are 2.25 and 1.75 respectively. working male and female the scores are slightly higher than working population and are 2.58 and The persons whose mother tongue is Urdu 1.64. For a non-worker household, the average speak English or Hindi as subsidiary languages. score is 11.64. The scores for males and females are 3.53 and 4.0 in case of those whose subsidiary language The highest average educational score in a is English and for those whose it is Hindi are household is found among households, whose 1.60 and 1.57 respectively. Thus the highly heads are working as proprietors, dIrectors or educated persons (whose mother tongue is manager followed by such heads as revenue Hindi or Urdu) have preference for English as officials of village level and lawyers. The score subsidiary language. Numerical!y the number of is found to be the least in those households speakers whose subsidiary language is English which are headed by such skilled manual workers (210, IS significantly higher than those speakers as painters, brick-layers, stone-masons, tiles whose subSidIary languages are either Hindi setters etc. For females the per household score (116) or Urdu (12). is highest (24) in cases of the households headed by proprietor, director, or manager. The Non-enrolment in school score by an individual is found highest (5) in cases of households headed by the latter class During Survey information regarding the of workers. school-going age (5-14 years) children have been collected. It is noticed that out of 215 Knowledge of subsidiary language and aver households, 69 (32.09 p.c.) do not have children age educational score of school-going age. The information in respect of households who have defaulted in enroling all The table V.18 gives Information about the or some school-going children given in the table knowledge of subsidiary languages and average V.19. 136 (l)._ 0 u (\J ,...._ ,...._ en u... C\l lO I!) ..- ..- (],) ,...._ "- a a (j) ro 0 u...... - c () co a co 0 en C') <:;t C') "U :;::: c (\j ..- a 0 u 2 C\l (.0 (.0 (\j I :J C -0 ..- ...- 0 (],) :;::; C') (l) CO' (.0 C') 0 (J.) ~- () en ro ,_ +-' Q) Q) 0 .... (J.) :::s I- m :::s ...s:: CJ) "0 :J ..c CJ) :::s +-' ..-- +-' ..- "0 ro a c c "0,_ a c c "0...... 0 0 0 ~ +-' I :::J ~ +-' I ::J I- 137 Table V.19 : Households defaulting in enroling chHdren of school going age and their caste Households having Households No. of Name of caste who failed to send school-going failing to house their children to school age children send holds 1 2 3 4 A. Male children (i) All males 8 Nai, Lodh, Bhujwa, Mali, Kori, only {49} Muslim (one household each) Pasi (2 households) (Ii) Some males 2 Bari and Muslim (one house hold each) B. Female children (i) All females 12 Pasi (one household), Chamar only (45) (2 households) I Lodh (2 house holds), Dhabi (3 households) MusUm (4 households) (ii) Some females 2 Lodh & Dhanuk (one household each). c. Both male & (i) All males & females 5 Kshatriya and Pasi (one household female children each) I Muslim (3 households) (52) (II) Only male Nil (iii) Only some 1 Muslim (one household) males (iv) Only females 4 Gadariya, Bhujwa, Sunar and Muslim (one household each) (v) Only some 2 Vaishya and Muslim (one house females i10ld each) (vi) Some males & some females (Based on Survey data) In 49 households. there are all male chil only some male children to school. In the former dren of school-going age but of 8 them failed case, two households are of Pasi community to send all male children while 2 failed to send and one household each of Nai, Lodh, Bhujwa, 138 Mali, Kori and Muslim. In the latter case, there all male children of school-going age are enroled is one household each of Sari and Muslim in school except the female children>;. There are community. four such households. Each one of such house hold belongs to Bhangi, Pasi, Muslim and Gadariya There are 45 households which have female community. The heads of households of the first children of school-going age. In these 12 house two communities are Illiterate and of the third holds failed to send all the female children to and fourth communities are educated but their school and two household did not send some educational level is not more than primary. female children to school. Out of 12 households, Heads of two Hindu households are unskilled four are Muslim, three of Dhobi and two each manual, one such head (Pasi) is cultivator while of Lodh and Chamar and one of Pasi commu the remaining one (Muslim) is a non-worker. nity. Among 2 household where some of female children are not sent to school, one belongs to It has also been noted that there are certain Lodh and another to Dhanuk community. cases where only some of the male and female chlldern got enroled but not all the children of It is to be noted that there are 52 house school-going age. Such households are known holds which have both male and female children as households with unstructured default incon of school-going age. In these 5 households do sistency. There IS only one Muslim household flat send all male and female children and four of such a type whose head is educated upto fall to send only female children and two only primary level and who is a low level professional. some female and one household only some male children to school. The above facts reveal Reasons for non-enrolment of children in that majority of households who fall to enrol their schooJs by type of occupation of the head of school-going children belong to Muslim commu household nity. During the Survey, it was enquired from the The default consistency in enroling children head of households to state the reason for non by educational level of head of household will enrolment in schools of their Children. The fol provide a usefull analysis. Default consistency is lowing reasons for the non-enrolment were given defined as if both male and female children of by the informants which are enlisted below: school-going age are not enroled in school. Among defaulting households the heads of three 1. Due to poverty. households are illiterate and two are educated upto primary level. Among illiterate heads of 2. Not aware to send their children to school househofd one is of Pasi caste (SC) and two are at school-going age. Muslims. In the case of heads of households 3. Children assist In family work (other than who are educated upto the primary one head household duties). of household is Kshatriya and the other is Muslim. It reveals that five such heads of the 4. No school in the viCinity of house. households are Muslim. Similar Information has also been complied by occupation of head of 5. Parents as well as children not interested in household. education. 6. Children are being educated in parents house. And also the information in respect of default inconsistency of household have been 7. Kept home for household duties. obtained. The default Inconsistency as "where 139 The table V.20 shows the details of such Discontinuation of study households. Discontinuation of studies by age, sex, caste or community of boys and girls upto 14 It may be noticed that the number of years of age and occupation of head of house households who do not send their chIldren due hold and class upto which they have studied are to poverty is 17 (47 .22), not aware to send , given in table V.22. school 4 (11.11), assist in family work 1 (2.78), for the reason of school being at a far off place 5 (13.89), unwillingness of parents and children The table V.22 reveals that in all 6 students 7 (19.44), educated In the house 1 (2.78) and have discontinued studies. Among these 2 are to assist household duties 1 (2.78). boys of class 2nd. One each belong to Kshatriya and Muslim household. One of them is in the age-group 5-9 years and other in the age-group Let us examine the number of school-going 10-12 years. Among girls, 2 each are in ag8- age (6-14 years) children who never attended groups 5-9 and 10-12. One girl has discontinued school or discontinued their studies at one stage study from class 2nd, 2 from 3rd and 4th classes or the another. Among 146 male children of age 6-10 years, 23 {15.75 per cent} never attended as also one from V--VI classes. Two of these are school and two discontinued studies at an age Muslim, and one each are Kshtriya and Dhanuk. of 11 years. Similarly, among 154 female chil Two male and four female children discontinuied dren of school-going age, 31 (20.13 per cent) there studies. Both the male children have never attended school and four discontinued attended school upto 2nd standard and are studies thereafter. Those who discontinued the Kshatriya and Muslim. The head of household studies belong to ages 9,10,12 and 13 years. of one is shop assistant and other is farm The reason for discontInuing studies for both worker. male and female chIldren is poverty. Female children have discontinued their Out of 23 male children who have never studies from class II (one child), class III and IV attended school, 11 were deterred due to poverty (2 children) and from V--VI (one child). These and five were tampered as their wards were children belong to communitis, Kshatriya, Dhanuk not interested to send them school. The and Muslim (two children in each community) table V.21 given below contains the above and their heads are either shop assistants, or particulars. half dressers or oilers and greasers. 140 ... wo 0: o.c:E 0 (/) ~ 0: O_?'O z c o a:<0 10 0: ... 0: a:: o ..... - o>O)'O.E .s::;o c c o 6 c:10 (1)"0 en O>~= J: oI C 0 J: Q) o ~ .s:: -'= o C Q) '0 E II) a Q) (/) T"" ':>._ cr: '- ::s o 1: 0 ~o Z 0 ...E::...E:: () CD _...E:: en ... c: cr: 0- o 1:: 0 ~- (1)"0- E ro o CD ...... E:: a::N .- 1:- cp 0 C I: a:: c:o 0 .... m o -a. - :l ,....T"" I,() ,.... C\I C 0 I,() o 0 (/) 0 m a::CD L(} C\I I,() I,() o :>N CD C\J .0 .- C\I C\I ..... "<1" 0'> m V I- ...... (/J 0-0 W.s::'-0 .D Q) co E (j) ::l :J (5 c Z _g c o U5 > ll) c a::'" C\I o .... a:: Q) Ol 1'0 0> C\I C C\I "0 0 8_ 0>- e , a.. .r:: 0 Q) g>Q),E -5 ~_g _ 1'0 o $ E 0 1U .r:: rn o t:: .r:: ~ o w ...- a::- C\I . .r:: 0 Ole: (5 0 !; ~ .... .0£ -"'0,8 ..c (/) 1'0= -.c00 j'O o .r:: o o N (J) c> o ...... ,j u <') c:: o a: -U 0)..... <') rn a:: a:: a:: 142 .... c: ex: .-I"'- ..- ..- 0 (/) ra cu ~ ex:<0 ,....<.D ,.... "C Cra x 10 I.() Q) a:: C\I (/) ~ (J) Q) 0) (Ii (tJ .... v E ex: .- C") Q) >- IL .0 4) 0 <') C") c ex: ..- .... CO "'0 C Q) C\I N -;:::::- ex: Q) -CO a. - 0.._ '- Q) Q) u a. C > .,.... I.{) -Q) CD <1l C") ..- .,... '<:t ...... - ...... C\I ..- 'U a: ...... 0>"0 c ctI Q) '- Q) Q) I.{) <.0 I"- co (J) 0 ..-- N C") '<:t <1l Q) 0) ...... -- ..- ..- 0r- o 0 « I- z 143 Ul ..::t:: ro N E C") a:(]) .... .,.... a: C") to 0 0: C") I{) m a: C\./ (]) ro .... ro E 0: C\./ (]) I..L. M t- o: C\J Q) () c N CD ro 0: C\.I "'0 C (1) ~ l{) .,... .,... .,... '- C\.I (]) a: 4;:ro c Q .... '<:t ro 0:: N ;:) C C 0 U I{) 0J 0:: C\.I .... .,.... Q) a: C\I ro ~ M 0 0:: N N m 0:: ro 0: C\I N <.0 m l{) f"- -.:t m 0 0 '<:t .._ u... C") l{) -:g C\J ..-- ..- C\J r- 0 ill C ro .0 0 (5 E ~ ;:) 0 C <.0 -.:t -.:t C\J m ..- '<:t '<:t r- CD -.:t -,... ~ C") ..- N .- :> 2 .c ill l{) CD f"- ro en 0 C\.I .-C") '<:t ro en -0 t-'" « ~ 144 rn L.- a> v ..c...... - 0 > C'? I ..- > > (\J I ..... or- ..- CD > CO 0 E - CD "0 u.... rn >--; ..- .,... (l) ...- ..- ...- J:: - -0 c 0 0 Q) ...... - ..- ...... ;:; 0) ro (IJ 0.."0 ::J c: (I) <0 (I) ~ CO 0 "0 () (IJ >- IV ..0 ,_ .._U) Q) c: ..c: .c CO 0 ...... ~ 0 ~ro ..c: 0 ;: :::J "0 0 >I Q) a. -::::s > 0 (/) - (J) c: (IJ ...... I 0 +=- C I C 0 0'> (\J "<:t 0) (\J '¢ 0'> N ..q- 0) C'\J '<:t Ol C'\J o;:t (J) Q.. .::; I .- .- I .- .-- I .,... ..- I ..- ...- I ...- ..- 0 I.!) I.!) I.!) I l{) , , I.[) I I 0> :::l I I I I I c;{ U ro 0 C'? 0 cry 0 C'? 0 C'? 0 C'? .._0 ~ :::l ,_ .,... ..- .,... ,..... en "'0 C 0 ...- C'? l!) 0. ..q- 0 (0 d.> 0 I <0 I C'? (/i ~ Cf) en I.[) (/) ...... 0 .r:. L.- I .._ <0 Q) - :::l "'0 .._ 0) 0 (f) Q) c: 0 c 0 Q) (3 t- ..c: ctS ~ (/) .::.::,_ 0 .... rn "'0 0 .2 "'0 .;:; c ...... 0 C (/) 0'1 - Q) Q) c rn ..... ro C/) (Il ..... c (/) 0 c '- ..... > .._ctS n...... E (!j C s: ill "'0 a> :::J ...... 0 0 C/) rn ..... "0 C/) C/) ...... ::J C 0 (!) (.) ""0 Q) ,_ E ctS ...... (.) ctS '0; E ,_ Q) CD co ca...... Q) '~ u Q) 0 0 ro (/) a> co "- c 0 0 .c .c (f) « 0 I I.L 0 (.!) -=-- u E I- 145 CHAPTER VI MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT OF FAMILIES Role of Migration in growth and settlement of on the information collected at the 1971 census the town and the figures obtained during the present sur vey in 1987. At the 1961 Census, 74.3 per cent Migration is a demographic phenomenon of the migrants were born in the district as which affects the size of population at its origin against 77.2 per cent at 1971 Census. The cor and destination. Generally, the shift in population respoding proportions of the migrants who were takes place due to economic reasons, although; born in other districts of the State were 23.4 and it has a sociological aspect too. As a matter of 21.1 per cent. The migrants who were born in fact, the social structure and the cultural system other parts of India was constant at 1.4 per cent of the place of origin and destination is affected during both the Censuses. Only 0.9 per cent of by the phenomenon of migration to a consid the migrants at 1961 Census and 0.3 per cent erable extent. at 1971 Census were bran in other countries. Of the total immigrants in 1961, males were 17.9 Census Data per cent as against 82.1 per cent females. The excessive number of female migrants was on Migration and settlement of families during account of marriage. the Censuses Migrants in the town as at "197"1 Census A general picture of migration pattern of the town IS presented In Chapter II. In thIs chapter Males - Females born outside the town an attempt has been made to examine this aspect in detail. Since migration data at the town According to 1971 Census, the number of level are not available pertaining to Censuses of males and females born in places outside the 1951 and 1981, hence entire analysis is based Unnao town was as following:- Table VI.1 : Number of males and females born in place outside the town (1971 Census) Particulars Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 1. Born in the natIve distnct 6,711 3,425 3,286 (51.04) (48.96) 2. Born in other districts of Uttar Pradesh 8,075 3,775 4,300 (46.75) (53.25) 3. Born in Uttar Pradesh 14,786 7,200 7,586 [Total (1+2)] (48.69) (51.31) 146 1 2 3 4 4. Born in other states of 520 185 335 Union of India (35.58) (64.42) 5. Born in India 15,306 7,385 7,921 [Total (3+4)] (48.25) (51.75) 6. Born abroad 120 55 65 (45.83) (54.17) 7. Total 15,426 7,440 7,986 (48.23) (51.77) The table VI.1 indicates that out of 15,426 out number males except in the case of the migrants, 6,711 (43.50 per cent) and 8,075 migrants from the district. (52 35 per cent) were born in the district Unnao and in other districts of state of Uttar Pradesh. Area from where the migrants hailed at the An insignificant number of migrants, viz., 520 1971 Census (3.37 per cent) and 120 (0.78 per cent) had hailed from other states of Indian Union and from In an urban area there are better opportu abroad. nities and amenities of life. Usually migrants are allured to such differentials. Thus the migrants Among the migrants; 7,440 (48.23 per cent) belong to both rural and urban areas. The rural and 7,986 (51.77 per cent) were males and urban breakup of migrants from different places females respectively. Among migrants, females is provided in the table VI.2:-- Table VI.2 : Rural-Urban break-up of in-migrants to the town at the 1971 Census Particulars of Total Rural Urban Unclassi- In-migrants migrants areas areas fiable areas 1 2 3 4 5 1. From the native district 6,711 6,426 275 10 (95.75) (4.10) (0.15) 2. From other districts 8,075 3,305 4,770 in Uttar Pradesh (40.93) (59.07) 3. From the state of 14,786 9,731 5,045 10 Uttar Pradesh (65.81) (34.12) (O.07) 147 1 2 3 4 5 4. From other States/ 520 155 365 Union territories in India (29.81 ) (70.19) 5. Indian born in-migrants 15,306 9,886 5,410 10 (64.59) (35.35) (0.06) 6. Born in place 120 120 outsIde India (100.00) 7. Total in-migrants 15,426 9,886 5,410 130 (64.09) (35.07) (0.84) It may be observed form the above table States/Union territories in Indi~. that out of total migrants; 9,886 (64.09 per cent) and 5,410 (35.07 per cent) were from rural and The number of migrants who hailed from urban areas. Among mIgrants from rural areas; out-side IndJa was 120. 6,426 came from the district and 3,305 from other distrIcts of the state. And insignifIcant Duration of Stay of Migrants number of migrants came also from rural areas of other State/UnIon territories. The data about duration of stay of migrants in the town is available relating to the 1971 Among mIgrants from urban areas; 4,770 census and survey only. The table VI.3 given were from other districts in Uttar Pradesh and below shows the distribution of migrants by 275 and 365 hailed from native district and other duration of stay :-- Table VI.3 : Migrants in the town by duration of stay as at the 1971 Census and during the survey in 1987 Particulars of duration of Percentage of migrants in various durations stay of the migrants shown in column 1 at the time of 1971 Census During the survey in 1987 1 2 3 Less than 1 year 3.64 1.58 1--4 years 30.31 14.88 5--9 years 15.03 20.79 10--19 years 17.64 27.32 20+ years 33.38 35.43 148 The table VI.3 reveals that the proportion of has increased at the time of survey vis-a-vis at in-migrants to the town who are staying for less the 1971 Census from 15.03 to 20.79, 17.64 to than 1 year and a period of 1-4 years at the time 27.32 and 33.38 to 35.43 per cent ages. Thus of survey is 1.58 per cent and 14.88 per cent since 1971 to 1987, the influx has increased by respectively. At the 1971 census, the proportion 5.76, 9.63 and 2.05 percentages dUring the cor of migrants in the said durations was 3.64 per responding durations of stay. cent and 30.31 per cent respectively. It indicates that influx of migrants has gone down by 2.06 Workers classified by place of last residence per cent and 15.43 per cent during the period 1971-1987 in the above stated two categories. The distribution of migrant workers by place In contrast, the proportion of those in-migrants of last residence at the time of 1971 Census and who made the town their residence for a dura during the Survey is shown in table VIA. tion of 5-9 years, 10-19 years and 20 + years Table VI.4 : Distribution of migrant workers by place of last residence in the town of Unnao Particulars of migrant workers Workers (in percentage) as per (place of last residence) 1971 census and Survey - 1987 Survey data Census 1987 1971 1 2 3 1. Elsewhere in the native 69 2,005 district (58.47) (49.02) 2. Other districts of 48 1,950 Uttar Pradesh State (40.68) (47.68) 3. Other States/Union 1 85 territories of India (0.85) (2.08) 4. Abroad 50 (1.22) Total 118 4,090. (100.00) (100.00) The table VIA reveals that at the 1971 migrant workers who hailed from the native dis Census and Survey-time the percentages of trict, as compared to the 1971 census. While the migrant workers are 49.02 per cent and 58.47 proportions of mlgrant~workers at the time of respectively. It also reflects that at the time of survey in 1987 who have either hailed from other survey in 1987, there were 9.45 per cent more districts of Uttar Pradesh or from other States/ 149 Union Terntories in India have gone down to of population in the town is given in Chapter II. 40.68 per cent from 47.68 per cent in 1971 and The details of data on migrants as obtained to 0.85 per cent from 2.08 per cent (In 1971). during the survey is given below. The proportions were lesser by an extent of 7.00 and 1.23 percentages as compared to the i 971 Place from where \\he household hails by Census. locality Migration pattern as revealed by survey data Table VI.5 presents the places from where the migrant-heads of households hail, by place The history of settlement of different groups of birth :-- Table Vf.5 : Distribution of households by locality and place of birth of heads of households Locality No. of households where head of household is born in Town Within Other Other Other Total district districts States countries of State Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1. Motinagar 10 13 4 5 32 2. Civil Lines 5 9 5 1 20 3. Civil Lines II 7 5 2 2 16 4. Gandhi Nagar 5 8 1 3 2 19 5. Adarsh Nagar 8 7 1 2 18 6. Akrampur 13 13 7. Atal Bihari Nagar 4 9 2 3 18 8. Jawahar Nagar 7 6 3 2 18 9. Shlekhwara 9 1 3 13 10. Gaddlyana 3 1 1 5 11. Kaithiyana 12 12 12. Chaudhariyana 9 3 12 13. Ram Nagar 2 1 3 14. Taltb Sarai 15 1 16 Total 109 64 1 20 20 1 215 150 '0 fJl "0 ,_ 0) .... ,_ ...- C\I c: ro ..- 0 :c (].I .c "0 0 C/) CO• ::52 .s:; 0) .... c: 0 r- (1) C CO ctI ..- fJl a CD ..0 ::s ID c: 0 .0 0 .r:. :;:; (/J (Ij .... C 0 "'0 (j) ro· .... - 0 E :::: :::l (j) T- "0 .s:::. :l :::l 0- Q) CJ) m (/) c Q) Cl) J:: :::} a (l) .s:::. ..c .c u ...... c 0 c· ::::I CO) '<;t ,_ LO - co C\l C\I ..- C\J T-" 0 :: "0 - ~ 0- (\j (l) 0 Q) ...... (Ij ..c +-' -Q) (/) • I ..c <'i) ._ ro.._ (/) (l) (l) ~ ..c +-' .c. (l) (\)-0 a ,_ ...... m -0 -0 -0 co N 0 (J) e- ._<0' >-.0 c::( 0.... :r:-- .?- (l) .,_.0) ...- m'- m .,;;::; (/) co ,_ CJ) m ...- 0') en c 0 CD C ..0 0 co .;:::; "'0 {/) l"- or- ._co c r- :Q (1j 0 ('Ij ""0 C\J C ,.- T- T- N 0 (!) ~ '0 '0 c: 0 ().._... co. :; >.. ~ (1) (ij .0 0 co 0 ..- C\J (Y') "¢ _J ,_a I- ..- C\J (Y) '¢ l!) <.0 ...... co 0) ...- T- ...- or- 152 The table indicates that out of 215 heads Distribution of households by locality and of households, the heads of 109 households, districts/States to which they belong were born in the town while heads of 106 (49.30 The table VI.6 presents distribution of house per cent) households were born outside the holds by locality and district of S'tate to which town. Among the latter, the heads of 65 (30.23 heads of households belong. per cent) households are from the native district, 40 (18.60 per cent) from other districts of State The above table shows that among 106 and 1 (0.47 per cent) from other States. There migrant head of households, 6e? are from the IS no head of household who has migrated from district Unnao. Out of 41 remaining heads of any foreign country. Among 106 migrant heads households 28 belong to adjoining districts, viz., of households 84 (79.25 per cent) and 22 (20.75 Kanpur, Rae Bareli, Fatehpur. Lucknow and per cent) heads of households are from rural and Hardoi and 12 to other districts - Barabanki, Sultan pur, Gonda, Faizabad, Basti, Farrukhabad, urban areas respectively. Sitapur, Sareilly, Agra, Banda and Jalaun. The head of only one household was reported to Out of the households whose heads hail have migrated from Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh). from outside the town, none seWed in Akram pur and Kaithlyana wards of the town. The Number of members in-migrant and non-migrant highest concentration of migrant households is households observed in wards Moti Nagar, Atal Blhan Nagar, The number of members In-migrant and Gandhi Nagar and CIvil Lines I. non-migrant households IS given in table V1.7. Table VI.7 Number of members in-migrant and non-migrant households Size of Non-migrants Migrants Total household From the district From other districts of State and Other States No. of Percen- No. of Percen- No. of Parcen- No. of Percen- house- 12ge house- tage house- tage house- tage holds holds holds holds 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 members 1 0.92 3 4.62 3 7.32 7 3.26 2 members 4 3.67 5 7.69 3 7.32 12 5.58 3 members 13 11.93 6 923 1 2.44 20 9.30 4 members 20 18.35 9 13.85 6 14.63 35 16.28 5 members 14 12.84 13 20.00 9 21.95 36 16.74 6-7 members 29 2660 17 26.15 11 26.83 57 26.51 8-9 members 16 14.68 6 9.23 6 14.63 28 13.02 10-12 members 9 8.26 4 6.15 13 6.05 13 & above 3 2.75 2 3.08 2 4.88 7 3.26 Total 109 50.70 65 30.23 41 1907 215 100.00 153 The table VI. 7 reveals that a IIttte more than households from within the district. There are one fourth of households, whether of non two households from the district who comprise migrants or of migrants either from the district 13 or more members and same number of Unnao or of other districts of State, comprise 5- households from other districts having 13 or 7 members. The proportion of five member more members. households is about one-fifth of migrants from district or from other districts of State. The pro Last residence of the heads of the house portion of smgle and two members households holds among migrants is significantly higher in com parison to non-migrants. The proportion of 3 The table VI.8 exhibited below shows the member households among migrant households distribution of households by number of members/ from other districts of state is low as compared migration status and last residence of heads of to the non-migrant households and migrant households :-- Table VJ.8 Distribution of households by number of members migration status and last residence of head of household Migration status and Number of households having members last residence of head of household Single 2 3 4 5 6-7 8-9 10-12 13 & Total above 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 A. Non-Migrants (Born in the 1 4 12 19 14 29 16 9 3 107 town) B. Migrant I. Last residence R 2 5 6 7 12 16 6 4 1 59 outside the town but in the district U 1 1 1 2 II. Last residence out side the district but within the state Gonda R U 1 1 Kanpur R 1 2 2 1 6 U 1 2 3 4 3 2 15 Lucknow R U 1 2 3 6 Rae Bareli R 1 1 1 3 U 154 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Dehradun R U 1 1 Deoria R U 4 1 1 Hardoi R 2 2 U 1 1 Jalaun R U 1 1 Fatehpur R U 1 1 2 Allahabad R U 1 1 Aligarh R U 1 1 Farrukhabad R U 1 1 Banda R 1 1 U Sitapur R U 1 1 III. Last residence in other state BIhar R U 1 1 Maharashtra R U 1 1 2 IV. Last residence in other country v. Unspecified Total 7 12 20 35 36 57 28 13 7 215 155 The table VI.8 shows that last residence or of Unnao Le. Kanpur, Lucknow, Rae Sareli, birth place of 107 heads of households is the Hardoi and Fatehpur while in case of remaining town. Among the migrant heads of households 9, the place of last residence is Farrukhabad, the last residence of 59 and 2 is rural and urban Sitapur, Allahabad, Gonda, Deoria, Aligarh, areas of the native district. Among rest of 47 Dehradun, Banda and JaJaun. heads of households, the last residence of 44 heads of households is rural (12) and urban (32) Migrants by duration of stay in present resi areas of other districts of the native state, while dence the last residence of 1 and 2 heads of house holds is urban areas of Bihar and Maharashtra respectively. Out of 44 heads of households Particulars of the migrants by duration of from other districts of the state the place of last stay in the present residence have been elabo residence in case of 34 is the adjacent districts rated in Table V1.9. Table VI.9 Distribution of migrants by duration of stay in present residence Duration of Migrants Non-migrants stay From within the From outside the district district Males Females Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Less than 1 2 9 8 one year (0.59) (1.33) (1.94) (2.69) 1-4 years 6 25 17 22 59 60 (6.12) (14.71) (18.89) (14.67) (12.72) (20.13) 5-9 Years 25 31 25 45 64 74 (25 51) (18 24) (27.78) (30.00) (13.79) (24.83) 10-19 Years 36 46 30 35 110 90 (36.74) (27.06) (33.33) (23.33) (23.71) (30.20) 20+ Years 31 67 18 46 222 66 (31.63) (39.40) (20.00) (30.67) (47.84) (22.15) All 98 170 90 150 464 298 Duration (10000) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (Based on Survey data) 156 It will be observed that all migrants except males (both from the district or from outside the 3 females are in the town for more than one year. district). The predominance of females is due to Among these females one In from within the diS marriages. Among non~migrant~, males out trict and two from outside the distrrct. Among number females in each category except in all the categories, number of migrant males and durations 1-4 and 5~9 years. It will also be females from within the district is higher than noticed that in successive duration the number those who migrated from outside the district. In of males and females migrants is higher in case of 20 + years category, the number of comparison to previous duration except for migrants from within the district for males and females in the category of 20 + years. females are 31 (31.63 per cent) and 67 (39.40 • per cent) respectively. Among the migrants from Duration of stay of migrant heads of house~ outsIde the district the number of males and holds in the town femaJes is 18 (20.00 per cent) and 46 (30.67 per cent) respectively. It may however, be observed The table VI. 10 shows the duration of stay tr.at In most aU the categories of migrants, by of head of household in the town. duration of stay females have out-numbered Table Vl.10 : Duration of stay of migrant households in the town Duration of last Rural Urban stay in the town Number Per cent Number Per cent 1 2 3 4 5 Less than one year 1--5 years 5 7.04 6 16.22 6--10 years 15 21.13 1 1 29.73 11--20 years 22 30.99 9 24.32 21 + years 29 40.84 11 29.73 Total 71 64.74 37 34.26 The table VI. 10 reveals that out of 108 per cent) 22 (30.99 per cent) heads is more than migrant heads of households, 71 (64.74 per 21 + years and 11-20 years respectively. For the cent) and 37 (34.26 per cent) are from rural and duration of stay of 6-10 years and 1-5 years their urban areas. All the migrant heads of house number is 15 (21.13 per cent) and 5 (7.04 per holds are staYing In the town for more than one cent) respectively. year. Among heads of households from rural area their number goes on rncreasing in ~ucces Similarly, among 37 migrant heads of house sive durations. holds, 11 (29.73 per cent) each are staying in the town for 21 years or more and for 6-10 years Out of migrant heads of households from respectively. In the duration of 11-20 years and rural areas the duration of stay of 29 (40.84 1-5 years their number is 9 (24.52 per cent) and 157 6 (16.22 per cent) respectively. households have left some of their close rela~ tives at their place of origin. It will be interest· Relatives of migrants at the place of last ing to know duration of stay of s,uch households residence in the town. The table VI.11 shows close rela tions at place of origin and duration of stay of It has already been indicated that heads of heads of households in the town. Table VI.11 : Close relations at place from where heads of the households migrated & duration of stay in present residence Relatives at Total Number of households by duration place from numbers --~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~----- where migrated of HHs From Unnao district From other places indicated and duration in year in bracket and duration in year 2 2-4 5-9 10+ 2 2-4 10+ years years years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Father only 5 2 1 2 (Kanpur) 2. Mother only 8 1 5 1 1 (Fatehpur) (Allahabad) 3. Parents 6 1 1 1 3 (Hardoi) (Hardoi) (Aligarh) (Banda) (Sitapur) 4. Brother 1 1 5. Husband 1 1 6. Wife 3 1 2 (Lucknow) (Hardoi) 7. Other relatives 13 1 7 113 (Lucknow) (Kanpur) (Kanpur) (Rae Bareli) Total 37 1 1 5 14 3 4 9 The table VI.11 shows that there are 37 districts. Among the latter, 12 head of house heads of households whose close relatIons have holds are from adjoining districts--Kanpur (5 been left at the place of last residence. Out of heads) I Lucknow (2 heads), Hardoi (3 heads) I these 37 head of household, 21 are from the Fatehpur (1 head) and Rae Bareli (1 head); and native district of Unnao and 16 are from other one each from districts of Allahabad, Sitapur, 158 Banda and Aligarh. Among 37 head of house other relatives at Kanpur and Rae-Bareli and they holds, 23 (62.16 per cent) and 9 (24.32 per cent) are residing in the town for a duration of 10+ are staying in the town for a duration of more years. Those heads who are residing in the town than 10 years and 5-9 years respectively. The for. a period of 10+ years and left their other duration of stay in case of 4 (10.81 per cent) relatives elsewhere within the district come to 7. head of households is 2-4 years, while it is less Similarly one household living in the town for 5- than 2 years in case of one head of household. 9 years has left a relative elsewhere in the district of origin. A look at the relatives at the place from where migrated would reveal that only fathers of Migrants classified by place of last residence 5 heads, only mothers of 8 heads, parents of 6 heads, brother and husband of each one head, As already indicated the 1971 Census reveals and wives of 3 heads are left at the place of last that 15,426 persons were migrants in Unnao. Of residence from where heads have come to the these 48.13 per cent were males and 51.77 per town. One head who is living in the fawn for a cent females. The table VI.12 gives the distribu dura'Jon of 2-4 years has left a close relatlv_e at tion of migrants classified by sex and place of Lucknow and one at Kanpur whose duration i~ last residence. 5-9 years in the town. Three heads have left their Table VI.12 : Number of migrants by place of last residence Place of last residence Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 Migrants (i) From within district Unnao 268 98 170 (ii) From other districts of state 227 86 141 (Iii) From other states 12 4 8 (iv) From other countries 1 1 Total 508 188 320 There are 508 migrants (males 188, females Workers among non-migrants and migrants 320). Out of them, 268 persons (or 52.76 per cent) are from the native district, 227 persons The table VI.13 gives the distribution of (or 44. 69 per cent) from other districts of the workers by migration status with reference to their place of last residence, broad age-groups state, and 12 from other states of India. and sex. 159 Table VI.13 : Distribution of migrant workers by sex and place of last residence Place of last residence Workers Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 Non·migrants 189 182 7 (100.00) (96.30) (3.70) Migrants 118 107 11 (100.00) (90.68) (9.32) (i) From the district 69 62 7 (100.00) (89.86) (10.14) (ii) From other districts of state 48 44 4 (100.00) (91.67) (8.33) (Iii) From other states 1 1 (100.00) (100.00) Total 307 289 18 (100.00) (94.14) (5.86) Out of total 307 workers, 289 (94.14 per to non·migrants. cent) are males and 18 (5.86 per cent) are females. Among non·migrants, 182 (96.30 per Migrant workers and non-workers by duration cent) males and 7 (3.70 per cent) females are of stay workers, while their corresponding proportions in case of migrants are 90.68 per cent and 9.32 Table VI.14 presents the distribution of per cent respectively. It indicates that among migrant workers and non·worke~s by duration of male migrants the participation rate is lower stay in the town according to the Survey. while among females it is higher in comparison 160 Table VI.14 : Distribution of migrant workers and non-workers by duration of stay in the present residence Duration of stay in Migrant Non-migrant Total population the present residence Workers Non- Workers Non- Workers Non- workers workers workers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Less than 1 year 3 17 20 (0.77) (2.97) (2.08) 1-4 years 8 62 119 8 181 (6.78) (15.90) (20.77) (2.61) (18.79) 5·9 years 22 104 138 22 240 (18.64) {26.67} (24.08) (7.' 7) (25.13) 10-19 years 42 105 14 186 56 291 (35.59) (26.92) (7.41 ) (32.46) (18.24) (30.22) 20+ years 46 116 175 113 221 229 (38.99) (29.74) (92.59) (1Q.72) (71.98) (23.78) Total 118 390 189 573 307 963 (Based on Survey data) It may be seen that the duration of stay in than 20 years, 10-19 years and 5-9 years respec case of all the workers is above 1 years. Among tively. The duration of stay of 62 (15.90 per cent) 118 migrant workers staying in the town, 46 and 3 {0.77 per cent} is 1.4 years and less than (38.99 per cent) and 42 (35.59 per cent) are here 1 year. for more than 20 years and of 10.19 respecitvely while for the duration of stay of 5-9 years and The number of non-migrant non-wol rs 1-4 years, their number is 22 (18.64 per cent) is 575. The duration of stay for 186 (3~-.46 and 8 (6.78 per cent) respectively. per cent) is 10-19 years and for 138 (24.08 per cent) it is 5-9 years. The duration of stay Among non-migrant workers the duration of of 1-4 years and 20 + years is applicable for ~tay of all workers is 10 years or more. Out of 119 (20.77 per cent) and 113 (19.72 per 189 s'uch workers, 175 (92.59 per cent) are cent) respectively. It reflects that among migrant staying in the town for more than last 20 years non~workers their number increases in succes and 14 (7.41 per cent) for 10-19 years. There sive duration while among non-migrant non are 390 migrant non-workers. Among these, the workers the largest number of them is found in duration of stay of 116 (29.74 per cent) 105 durations of stay of 10-19 years and 5-9 years (26.92 per cent) and 104 (26.67 per cent) is more respectively. 161 Employment status of migrants and non Employee, Single Worker, Family worker, Culti migrants vator and Agricultural labourer. It has already been noticed that among 307 workers, 189 Table VI.15 shows the information about (61.56 per cent) are non·migrants as against 118 employment 'status of workers by sex. The (38.44 per cent) migrants. employment status is classified as Employer, Table VI.15 : Employment status of migrants and non-migrants by sex Employment status Non-migrants Migrants Total p M F P M F P M F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Employer 1 1 3 3 4 4 Employee 62 58 4 63 55 8 125 113 12 Single worker 78 75 3 38 37 1 116 112 4 Famify worker 30 30 11 11 41 41 Cultivator 10 10 3 1 2 13 11 2 Agricultural labourer 8 8 8 8 Total 189 182 7 118 107 11 307 289 18 (Based on Survey data) The above table indicates that all the 4 em majority in from the urban areas of Kanpur ployers are males. One of them is from the town district. and remaining 3 are migrants. Among migrants one each is from urban areas of district Unnao Migration status and place of birth of head of and Lucknow and one from the rural area of the household by sex and age sta~us of members district Unnao. Out of 125 employees, 113 are males and 12 females. Among males, 55 are The migration-pattern has been analysed migrants as against only 8 among females. earlier with regard to migration status of heads There are 116 single workers, of whom 38 are of households. Here an attempt is being made migrants. Similarly among 41 family workers, 11 to examine whether the migrated heads of are migrants and 3 out of 13 cultivators are households are staying in the town alongwith migrants. It is significant to note that none of the adult members or with minor male and females agricultural labourer is migrant. Among 118 or staying along in the town. migrants, 34 are from urban areas of the districts and 5 of them belong to other urban areas of The appendix-VII shows that among 215 Unnao district. Among urban in-migrants, a households; 167 (77.22 per cent) are staying 162 with adult or minor males/females. Among these Females 66) followed by district of Lucknow 81 are migrant heads of households. There are (Males 7, females 21). The number of migrants 38 households in which heads of households are from other three adjoining districts, namely Rae staying with adult males and females. Among Bareli, Hardoi and Fatehpur are 17, 13 and 12 these 16 are migrants. The households compris respectively. It may also be noticed' that the ing adult males or males only are 5. among place of last residence of 1,196 persons (94.17 these 4 heads are migrants. Among such 4 per cent) is the same as their places of birth and heads of households. each one hails from rural for 74 persons (5.83 per cent) is different from areas of Unnao and Rae Bareli districts and place of birth. The number of males and females urban areas of Kanpur and Fatehpur districts. whose birth place as well as last ressidence is The number of households with adult females the same are 619 and 577. The number of males or females is 5. Among these, 4 heads belong and females whose birth place as well as last to the native district and one has come from residence is the same are 619 and 577. The urban area of Agra district. number of males and females and females whose birth place and last residence varies Place of last residence of member as related is 33 and 41 respectively. The number of males to place of birth and and female migrants from the district Unnao is 89 and 159 and from other districts It will be useful to know what is the differ of state it is 64 and 118 respectively. The pre ence or peculiarity seen when migrants are ponderence, of females over males indicated considered with respect to the birth place or above; is perhaps on account of marriage place of last residence. The information in this migration. respect is presented in the appendix-VIII. Migration stages of the households The appendix-VIII shows that among 1.270 persons in the sample; 766 (466 males and 300 One can conveniently divide the period of females) viz; 6032 per cent werre bornin Unnao migration into four stages (a) those who mi town, and 276 (21.73 per cent) hailed from rural grated prior to 1966, (b) those who migrated and orther urban arreas of district Unnao; and during the period 1966-70, (c) those who migrated 214 (16.85 per cent) from other districts of state, during 1971-75 and (d) still those who migrated while 12 came from other states and 2 from Paki during 1976 and afterwards. Out of 108 migrant stan. The largest number of migrants are from households, 39 households came to this town adioining district of Kanpur (Males 36, Females prior to 1966. Further details relating to this 66) followed by district of Lucknow (Males 36, aspect are shown in table V1.16. 163 Table VI.16 : Migration stages of households hailing from outside Mioration stages Migrants from the district Migrants from other than the district Rural Urban Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 (a) Prior to 1966 25 (42.37%) 1 (50%) 3 (25%) 10 (28.57%) (b) During 1966-70 (8.47%) (16.67%) (5.71%) (i) Direct 5 2 1 (ii) Two stages (iii) Three stages 1 (iv) Four or more stages (c) During 1971-75 (16.95%) (16.67%) (20%) (I) Direct 10 2 4 (ii) Two statges 1 (iii) Three stages (iv) Four or more 2 stages (d) During 1976 and (32.21%) (60%) (41.66%) (45.72%) later on (i) Direct 17 5 8 (ii) Two stages 2 1 4 (iii) Three stages 3 (iv) Four or more 1 stages (e) Total «b) to (d) (i) Direct 32 9 13 (ii) Two stages 2 1 5 (II i) Three stages 4 (iv) Four or more 3 stages Total (a) & (e) 59 2 12 35 (54.63) (1.85) (11.11) (32.41) 164 The migrating heads of households are also of households have migrated prior to 1966 (3 classified on the basis of whether they have rural and 10 urban). and 4, 9 and 21 heads of migrated into the town from the rural or urban households have migrated 1966-70, 1971-75 and area with respect to pJace of their Jast residence. after 1976 respectively. In the migrant heads of It may be noticed that out of 108 migrant heads households from other districts, 22 have come of households; 71 and 37 have hailed from rural to the town direct and 5, 4 and 3 heads of and urban areas respectively. Among the heads households have come in two, three and four of households from the district; 26 heads have or more stages. All the latter heads of house migrated prior to 1966 and 5,10 and 20 during holds have migrated to the town from urban 1966-70, 1971-75 and 1976 and onward respec areas. tively. Among 47 migrant heads, 12 and 35 In respect of seven households who mi heads of households have come from rural and grated in two stages 1976, migration stages are ubran area of other district. In these 13 heads given in table V1.17. Table VI.17 : Characteristics of place of successive migration Characteristics of the place No. of household migrated to referrent town during and after 1976 1 2 1. Vlllage-VllIage-Referrent town 2 2. Village-medium size town-Referrent town 1 3. Village-City-Referrent town 3 4. City-City-Referrent town 1 Total 7 The above table reveals that three house one cases as reported. At the second stage of holds are such which have come from village migration, service related transfer was reported to city and then to Unnao M.B. Similarly, 2 in 2 cases and for one each. it was private households shifted from one village to another practice and retirement respectively. before finally settling in the Unnao town. One household has moved from village to another At first stage the duration of stay have been medium sized town and then to Unnao town more than 10 years in case of 6 households and and remaining one household moved from one 5-9 years in respect of two households. In city to another city and then to the town of second stage the duration of stay had been Unnao. 1-4 years, 5-9 years and 10 or more years in respect of 1,2 and 5 households respectively. The service and related transfers was tthe reason of migration in case of four households, There are only four households which have while education and marriage were in two and migrated to the town in three stages. Among 165 these, three have come after 1976 and one 1. Village-Midium town-Village-Town at small size between 1966 and 1970. The stages of coming Referrent town. to the referrent town of the latter are city-city city-referrent town and of one village-small town 2. City-City-City-City-Referrent town city-referrent town and of the remaining two village-city-city-referrent town. 3. City-City-Medium-town-City-Reterrent-town. The reason for migration at different stages The latter household has come to the town is service for all the four households except in after 1976 and the tormer two during 1971-75. the case at the first stage which could not be ascertained in one case, while it was marriage Migrants by place of origin for another. There are three households which have migrated in four or more successive stages. Table VI. 18 shows the distribution of migrants The stages of migration for each household are by place at origin. It indicates distance travelled as follows:- by them and place of origin. Table VI.18 : Migrant heads of households by place of origin and distance Distance in kms. Migrants from the district Migrants from other than the district Village Small M.S. City Village Small M.S. City town town town town 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 and less 11 11-20 17 21-50 23 1 5 13 51-100 8 1 5 4 7 101-200 2 2 1 201-500 1 3 500+ 4 Total 59 2 12 3 4 28 (N.8.--M.S. tor medium size) The table VI.18 reveals that among 61 and 201-500 kms, respectively. All the four migrant heads of households by origin in the heads of households who have migrated to the district, 2 are from small town and rest are from town from a distance of 500 or more kms. village. In these; 17.24 and 9 have come from belong to city. a distence of 11-20 kms., 21-50 and 51-100 kms. Out of 47 heads of households from other dis Reason for migration tricts; 28,4 and 3 are from city, medium size town and small town respectively. Five and four migrant Table VI.19 gives reason for migration at households come from a distance of 101-200 heads of households. 166 ...... co 1 C'? 0) ::> ..- "- to £"0"- c CD ...... ::J ca 1ij en..- 0 a: ..-to C") ...... - .....CD ..... Lt) (J')'" ...- N .... ~• '0 ...... t5 .....0) a: V 'L:...... r.t> :0 C") .... 0 ..... Q) ...... c • "0 ~ 0> E ..... 0:: C'\I..... C'\I ....0 11...... ::> ..- ...... to 0 to ·c .....0 en Q_ .- c a: 0 0 :;:0 ,_CO 0) ~ 0> t E 0) .... ,_ .S"- "'0c: Q) ~ :::l co 1a .,...0> 0 0 a: (X) (X) C\I t .... t ..- -c 0 fh C'Q Lt) Q) t) ...... ,...I CC ·c ...... 1fi 0) ,.... a: to LO en "0 ,.. Q) . .c ..... 0 l() > .....I :J Q) E Q) .... (..) 0) .~ ~ UJ (i) Q) en (l) -.... c c: (..) Q) (/) 0 E t: ~ .~ .s:::. Q) 0 ..... '0 c: (I) ::0 ~ ;:; C/) E J: c 0 .0 ~ 0 t: e .c 0) ::J ~ V) a. V) (..) -0) .5: "0 0 ::J "- 0) "e Q) c (..) Table VI.20 : Number of households enjoying benefit of property at the place of origin Place of migration No. of No. of households households enjoying benefit 1 2 3 1. Unnao R 24 20 U 1 1 2. Kanpur R 2 2 U 5 3 3. Lucknow R U 3 2 4. Rae Bareli R 2 1 U 5. Dehradun R U 1 1 6. Hardoi R 1 1 U 1 1 7. Jalaun R U 1 1 169 1 2 3 8. Fatehpur R U 1 9. Allahabad R U 1 1 10. Aligarh R U 1 1 11. Banda R 1 1 U 12. Sitapur R U 1 1 Total 46 37 (Based on Survey data) The table indicates that there are 46 migrated Bareli, Dehradun, Jalaun, Allahabad, Aligarh, heads of households who have left property at Banda and Sitapur. their place of origin and 37 of these are enjoying the benefit of the property. Among the 37 heads It will be interesting to examine the duration of households who are enjoying benefit; 21, 52 of stay of migrating households who have left and 2 have their place of ~rigin at the native property at the place of origin. The table VI. 21 district (Unnao), Kanpur, Hardoi and Lucknow shows the distribution of such households by respectively. In the rest 7 households, each one property left at the place of origin and duration of the head of household belong to district Rae- of stay in the town. 170 Table VI.21 Property at the place of origin and duration of stay Place from where No. of households No. of households migrated not having property having property and duration of stay and duration of stay 1 1·4 5-6 10-19 20 + 1 1-4 5-6 10-19 20+ A Migrants R 3 5 8 19 1 5 13 5 last residence outside the town but in the district u 1 1 B. Last residence out- R 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 side the district but wIthin the state u 2 5 3 10 2 3 6 3 I Kanpur R 1 1 2 1 1 U 1 3 1 5 2 2 1 II. Lucknow R U 1 2 1 1 1 III. Rae Bareli R 1 1 1 U IV. Hardoi R 1 1 U 1 V. From the rest R 1 of the area U 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 It may be observed that out of 108 migrant 9 years. Two of them have migrated to the town heads of households, 62 (57.41 per cent) are not during 1-4 years. Similarly, in 20 heads of having property. Among the migrant heads from households from other districts; 14 are from the native district, 36 (58.86 per cent) own prop adjoining districts of Kanpur (7), Lucknow (3), erty, against 25 who do not have any property Rae Bareli (2) and Hardoi (2). In these, 5, 4, 3 a! their place of origin. Similarly, out of 46 and 2 heads are staying in the town for 5-9 migrant heads from other districts of the state, years, 10-19 years, 20 + years and 1-4 years. 26 and 20 do not have property at their place From the rest of districts of State, there are 7 of origin. heads of households. In them, 4, 2 and 1 are staying in the town for a duration of 10-19 years, Among 25 migrant heads having property 1-4 years and 20 + years. at their place of origin, 13, 5 and 5 are staying in the town for 10-19 years, 20 + years and 5- The heads of households who have mi- 171 grated to the town and have made arrangement their close relatives or if they manage it them- for supervision and management of property by selves are depicted in the table V1.22. Table VI.22 : Property management Relationship Number of households and duration of stay to head 0-4 5-9 10-14 20+ Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Self 1 2 2 3 8 (12.50) (25.00) (25.00) (37.50) (17.39) 2. Father 2 4 3 9 (22.22) (44.44) (33.34) (19.57) 3. Mother 5 1 6 (83.32) (16.67) (13.05) 4. Wife 2 1 3 (66.06) (33.33) (6.52) 5. Father & Mother 1 1 (100.00) (2.17) 6. Father & other 1 i Relatives (100.00) (2.17) 7. Son 1 1 (100.00) (2.17) 8. Elder brother/ 1 1 1 3 brother (33.33) (33.33) (33.33) (6.52) 9. Other relatives 2 2 5 2 11 (18.18) (18.18) (45.46) (18.18) (23.91) 10. Uncle 1 1 (100.00) (2.17) 11. Servants or 2 1 hired labour (100.00) (4.36) Total 6 10 21 9 46 (13.04) (21.74) (45.65) (19.59) (100.00) 172 The table VI.22 indicates that the property The migrant heads of households who have of migrant heads of households is managed and disposed their property at the time of migration supervised by their close relatives in all the cases or after migration are two in Unnao town. except 2 households. In these 2 households their property is managed with the help of The table VI.23 gives the details of such servants or hired~labourers. migrants:-- Table VI.23 : Details relating to sale of property at the time of or after migration by place from where migrated and occupation of head of household Occupation of Number of households that sold property at the time head of household of or after migration by place from where migrated Non-migrant Migrant outside Outside the the town but district but within district within the Unnao stage (Jalaun) R U R U R U 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Truck driver 1 2. Junior Engineer 1 Total 1 1 (Based on Survey data) The table indicates that out of 2 heads of heads of households may have linkage from households who have disposed of their property where they have mIgrated because sometimes at the time or after migration, one is truck driver only the earnmg member migrates only or with and other is Junior Engineer. THe latter hails his own family members. from urban area of district Jalaun. The table VI.24 gIven below shows the data Linkages of the Migrants: of frequency of visits by friends, relatives and economically connected persons by locality and It is a well known fact that the migrating distance of place from where visited. 173 Table VI.24 : Frequency of visit by friends relative and economically connected persons by locality, households & distance of place from where visited Range Name of ward Particulars about Households which were visited No. of Average Average household No. per distance from household where visitors came per household Less than (a) Ward-9(15.39) 2 2.00 40.00 25% Sheikhwara (b) Ward-10(20.00) 1 1.00 40.00 Gaddiyana (c) Ward13 (00.00) Ram Nagar 25-50% (a) Ward 1--Moti Nagar 16 1.24 54.1 (50.00) (b) Ward 5--Adarsh Nagar 7 1.04 46.3 (38.89) (c) Ward 8--Jawahar Nagar 5 5.00 21.4 (27.78) (d) Ward 11--Kaithiyana 4 4.00 39.5 (33.33) (e) Ward 12--Chaudhariyana 4 1.25 42.0 (33.33) (f) Ward 14--Tallb Sarai 7 1.00 27.1 (43.75) (a) Ward 2--Civil lInes 13 2.00 168.6 (65.00) (b) Ward 6--Akrampur 9 9.00 37.8 (69.23) 75% and (a) Ward 3--Civil lines 1I 13 1.03 54.1 above (81.25) (b) Ward 4--Gandhi Nagar 15 1.02 83.5 (78.75) (c) Ward 7--Atal Bihari Nagar 14 1.27 66.1 (77.78) Total 110 1.2 67.7 (Based on Survey data) This table indicates that out of 215 house than 75 per cent of households which are visited holds; 110 {51.16 per cent} are visited by their by relations are in Ward Nos. 3--Civil lines II, 4 friends and relatives. It will be seen that more Gandhi Nagar and 7 Atal Blhari Nagar. The 174 average number of visit per household is little average distance from where visitors came ranges more than 1 in first two wards and 1.27 in the between 21.40 and 54.1 kms. In Ward Nos. 9 latter. The average distance from where visitors Sheikhwara and 10-Gaddiyana. 15.29 and 20.00 have come ranges between 55 and 84 kms. per cent of households have been visited by their There are two wards-Civil Line I (13) and Akram relatives. The average number of visit per pur (9), where the frequency of visit to the household is 2.00 and 1 .00 respectively. The households ranges between 50 and 75 per cent. average distance travelled by friends and rela In the former ward, the average number of visits tions is 40.00 kms. IS 2, whereas in the latter it is 9. The average distance travelled in the former is 168.6 kms. and Particulars of visits to close relations at the in the latter 37.8 kms. place of origin The wards where frequency of visit to the It has been noticed earlier that there are 42 households ranges between 25 and 50 per cent heads of households whose last residence is are MQti Nagar (16). Adarsh Nagar (7), Jawahar other than the town. The number of close Nagar (5), Kaithiyana (4)7 Chaudhariyana (4) and relations of these 42 heads of households are T ahb Sarai (7) . 1ather (16), mother (21). son (1) unmarried sister (2) and wife (2). In case of heads whose father In these wards, average number of visits per or mother are staying outside the town, the par household varies between 1.00 to 5.00. The ticulars are presented in table V1.25. Table VI.25 : Visits to close relatives like father & mother Close Duration of Frequency of visits relative stay Not 1-3 4-6 More than Total once times times 6 times 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Father Upto 4 years 1 1 5-9 years 6 3 9 10-19 years 1 1 3 5 20+ years 1 1 Total 8 1 7 16 Mother Upto 4 years 2 1 1 4 5-9 years 3 2 5 10-19 years 1 5 6 20+ years 3 3 6 Total 9 1 11 21 175 The table shows that father of 16 heads of There are 12 households which are staying households is living away. The frequency of in the town for 5-9 years. The relatives who are visits is more than six time 1-3 times and 4~6 living at the place of birth are father (5 house times respectively in 7, 8 and 1 households in holds) > mother (1 household), son (1 house case of above 16 households. hold), parents (4 households) and parents along with sister (1 household). In these households, In 21 households, the mother of heads of where father has been left behind, members of households is living away. In 11 of such house households visited 1-3 times in case of one holds, the frequency of vIsit is more than 6 times. household and 6 times and more in case of 4 In 9 and 1 households the prequency of visit is households. In one household each where son, 1-3 times and 4-6 times respectively. It indicates mother and parents with sister are left at places that the prequency of visits to their father or of origin, the members Visited 1-3 times or more mother is almost similar in an year. than 6 times. In four households where parents are staying away, the VISitS by members are 1· Visit to close relations by the migrants 3 times in the case of two households and more than 6 times In the case of other two house There are 32 households whose close holds. There are 9 households which are staying relatives are staYing at the place of ongin. It is in the town for a period of 10-19 years. The worthwhile to examine as to how many times relatives of heads of such households are father members of such households have visited close in case of 2 households, mother (3 households), relatives during last three years. As the appendix wife (1 household), parents (2 households) and IX shows in 32 migrated households, the rela parents with sister (1 household). Among these, tives are parents (8 households), father (7 parents and father of one housefold each are households), mother (12 households) > son (1 visited by 1-3 times and 4-6 times respectively. household), parents and sister (2 households) Remaining relatives are visited to by their family and wife (2 households). members over six times. The relatives of those head of households, who are staying in the town There are 4 households, who are staYing for more than 20 years are mother (5 house in town for the last 4 years, in these, mother of holds), wife (1 household) and p~rents (1 house 3 heads of households has been left behind, in hold). In the 3 households, where mother is case of one head of household, parents have staying away, visits by members of households been left behind. The latter has been visited by are 1-3 times and in remaining households it is the members of households 1-3 times, while in more than 6 times. case of each of there former households the number of visits range between 1-3 times, 4-6 Table VJ.26 presents the Visits to close times and more than 6 times dunng the last three relation dUring last three years, at least once by years. household to his native place by caste. 176 Table VI.26 : Visit to close relation to the place from where the household migrated by cast~ Name of castel Migrants from community who visited The district other Other than the close relations than the town district Rural Urban Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 Brahman 9 5 4 Kayastha 1 1 Kshatriya 1 1 1 Kurmi 1 Kahar 1 Ahir (Yadav) 2 Chamar 1 Mali 2 Vaishya 1 Muslim Total 18 1 6 7 (Based on Survey data) The above table shows that out of 32 heads household comes to the town and then all or of households, 18 belong to Brahman caste, 3 some of members follow him. The information to Kshatriya. 2 each to Kayastha, Yadava and in respect of such movement was also collected Mali and one each to Kurmi, Kahar, Muslim, dUring the survey under the following heads:- Chamar and Vaishya. The heads of 9 Brahman, 1 Kayastha and one Muslim households are from (i) Only male working member has come other than the native district and 19 households to the town, or are from the native district. The close relatives (ii) Only male working member at first of these migrant households, similarly respond stage followed by others, or by visiting the household in the town. (iii) By other specify stages. Unit of migration The above particulars are sh9wn in the data provided in the appendix X. It has been observed that in the normal course of migration, the earning member of the The appendix table reveals that among 61 177 households from the native district only male come from rural areas of district Unnao and the working members of 19 households have migrated rest from other districts of the state. and of 37 households the entire household has migrated. As well, in the case of the latter 37 The Kayasthas form second largest (11) households all members of 17 households have group of migrant households. In case of Kayastha migrated all at a time and in case of 20 households, two male working members mi households only male working members mi grated from rural areas of Unnao district and one grated at first stage followed by other members. from other district. In case of 4 households, In the remaining 3 households who migrated entire family moved at a time. from Unnao (rural), each households has mi grated due to service of wife. In the above 13 Other communities where five or more than households, two are Brahmans and the third one five households have migrated are Vaishyas (6 is Lodh. households), Yadavas (five households), Cha mars (five households), Dhabi, (six households) There are 50 migrant Brahman households. and Muslims (6 households). Among them, in case of 20 households only, male working member had moved, while for 11, Help received during the migration entire family and in case of 16 households male working member moved first, followed by other The help recieved by the migrant house family members. Twenty six households have holds is given in the table V1.27. Table VI.27 Help received by households during settlement Source of help No. of Remarks households 1 2 3 1. Co~villagers 3 Kshatriya, Kurmi, Dhabi 2. Relation 9 Brahmin (5), Vaishya Lodh, Mali, Vishwa~arma 3. Employing agency 5 Brahman (4) and Yadava (Based on Survey data) There 17 households which have received triya (1 household), Vaishya (one household), help during the settlement. There households of Yadava (one household), Kurmi (one house such category are from Kanpur, one each is from hold), Mali (one household), Lodh (one house urban areas of Lucknow, Jalaun, Allahabad and hold), Dhobi (one household) and Vishwakarma Fatehpur, and one from rural area of Hardoi. {one household}. Nine of such households have received help from relatives, five from employing agency and three from co-villagers. The benefitlary house The help to the migratmg households by holds are of Brahman (nine households), Ksha- CO-Villagers was received for a period of less 178 than one month. All these households are from grated from rural areas of Unnao, one each is rural areas of the district Unnao. Among 9 from urban area of Fatehpur and Kanpur and two households helped by relatives during settle from rural area of Kanpur. The help received is ment, five were helped for a penod of less than in the form of acquisition of house or share of a month, two for 1-3 months and two for four accommodation with relatives staying there. The months duration. employing agency has helped to 5 households. Among these 4 households are of Brahmans Among five households which have mi- and one of Yadavas. 179 CHAPTER VII NEIGHBOURHOOD PATTERN Identification of neighbourhoods and their From the foregoing description it may be ethnic associations inferred that there are hierarchies of neigh bourhood and the mutual expectations among Man is a social creature, nurtured and them may vary. The bond of neighbourhood cultured by its surroundings. Generally) he comes may extend even to informal groups. The inten into contact with the members of other house sity of interaction may be intense among the holds and interact with them frequently. Apart people in Immediate proximity and may slacken from this, he learns manners and values from inversely to the physical distance or on account parents, relations, friends and others in the of attitudes, occupations and other characteris surrounding. Although,one can easily recognise tics mutually recognised by them. neighbours, yet it is difficult to explain neigh bourhood pattern. Infact, it is not easy to confine The population of Unnao town at the 1981 a neighbourhood pattern to a particular place or Census was 75,983 spread over in 14 wards and distance. Thus, the word 'neighbourhood' 73 mohallas. Each of these wards can be con connotes blending of both physical and social Sidered to constitute a neighbourhood. The entities or combination of both because in a wards are not, however, homogeneous in their society it is customary to share joys and sor composition because they are carved out not rows. On the other hand, there are instances only by taking into consideration the natural where people having close social association boundaries such as roads, rails, nalas etc. ex among themselves may live away from one isting therein, but also on political consideration. another. As a matter of fact such persons cannot Each of them obviously cannot be recognised be condensed to form a neighbourhood. Asso as units of ir.tGraction. Inside each ward, there ciation of such persons is better known by the are many localities which are infact significant word 'community'. Similarly, If people living in Units of local interaction. It is, however, difficult close proximity do not observe any social and to delineate an exhaustive list of all named moral binding among themselves, they do not area. The table VI1.1 gives the name of wards and constitute neighbourhood. Such type of neigh their localities. it Will be noticed that some of the bours may be categorised as a physical con localities are indicative of predominant charac glomeration. teristics (ethniC group) of such areas: Table VI1.1 : Wards and mohallas in the town Number and name of wards Name of Mohallas Included therein 1 2 1. Moti Nagar (I) Moti Nagar, (II) Krishna Dei Khera, (iii) Babuganj, (iv) Bajld Khera (Rajapur), (v) Pitamber Khera. 2. Civil Lines 1 (i) Civil lines, (Ii) Polie lines, (Iii) Purab Khera, (iv) Jall (v) Ramdei Khera (Kabba Khera), (vi) Gangoo Khera 181 i 2 (vii) Lodhanhar (viiI) Aarozah Khera, (IX) Kishori Khera (x) Ram Bux Khera (xi) Prayag Narain Khera. 3. Civil Lines II (I) Civil Lines, (ii) Pachhim Khera, (Iii) Bandhuhar, (iv) Rampuri (v) Qazi Khera, (vi) Railway Station. 4. Gandhi Nagar (I) Lokaiya Khera, (ii) Narendra Nagar, (iii) Gandhi Nagar (iv) A.B. Nagar (Collectorganj) (v) Daryal Khera, (vi) Puran Nagar (vii) Glass Factory (Jorabhan Khera). 5. Adarsh Nagar (i) Sheikhpur, (II) Adarsh Nagar (iii) Hiran Nagar, (IV) Pathar Colony, (v) Gadara Khera. 6. Akrampur (i) Akrampur, (il) Singhrosi. 7. Atal Blhari Nagar (I) Atal Sihari Nagar, (ii) Budhwari. 8. Jawahar Nagar (I) Shahganj, (il) Jawahar Nagar. 9. Sheikhwara (i) Mubarish Nagar, (II) Zerdhus, (Iii) Sheikhwara. 10. Gaddiyana (I) Jagannathganj, (il) Untser, (iii) Hakim Tala, (iv) Gaddiyana, (v) Taklnagar. 11. Kalthiyana (I) Girja Sagh, (ti) Kanji (Itl) Muttantara, (iv) Kanoongoyan (v) Kalthiyana, (vi) Padrian Tala. 12. Chaudhriyana (I) Duprapur, (ii) Kaisarganj, (iii) Shuri Dei (iv) Dariyan Tola (v) Buchran, (vi) Chaudhriyana, (viI) Qila. 13. Ram Nagar (I) Kotwali, (il) Thigarian Tala (iiI) Hazari Tala (IV) Jairkharki, (v) Purana Bazar (vi) Ram Nagar. 14. Tallb Sarai (i) Kaslf Ali Sarai, (ii) Nooraddun Nagar, (iii) TaUb Sarai, (iv) Pali Khera, (v) Qadir Bagh-urf-Hajlra, (VI) Ibrahimabad. 182 The distribution of the population of the town in the various wards is given in Table V11.2. Table VI1.2 Population by wards at the 1981 Census Ward No. and name Population as Percentage at 1981 Census of population 1 2 3 Moti Nagar 6,953 9.15 II Civil Lines I 7,831 10.30 III Civil Lines II 5,072 6.67 IV Gandhi Nagar 7,336 9.65 V Adarsh Nagar 5,293 6.96 VI Akrampur 4,645 6.11 VII A.B. Nagar 6,872 9.04 VIII Jawahar Nagar 5,453 7.17 IX Sheikhwara 3,226 4.24 X Gaddiyana 4,687 6.16 XI Kaithiyana 3,981 5.23 XII Chaudhariyana 4,974 654 XIII Ram Nagar 3,898 5.13 XIV Talib Sarai 5,762 7.58 Total 75.983 100.00 The civil lines area (spread into the two At the 1981 census, Hindus were 65.52 per wards) has been largely developed by the serv cent of the total population followed by Muslims ice class gentry, especially the Brahmins after (34.22 per cent. The followers of Sikhism, Chris 1856. Nearly 17 per cent of the town's popula tianity and Jainism were small in number. The tion, as shown in the above table was living in proportion of the scheduled castes in the total these two wards. Sheikhwara was once a pros population was 12.33 per cent. The Survey-Data perous and quite populous locality under the shows that among the scheduled castes, the Muslim cheiftains, but got subsequently con Dhobis are predominatnt followed by the Pasis, verted into a congested and worn-out area of Chamars, Koris, Dhanuks and Khatiks. the town. In comparison to other wards, this ward had a minimum of population (4.24 per According to the survey conducted in year cent) at the 1981 Census. Accordingly, it had the 1987, the ethnic distribution of various religious lowest number of residential houses (456) and groups is given in chapter I. Hindus are about households (483). 85 to 100 per cent in wards A.B. Nagar, Gandhi 183 Nagar, Civil Lines I, Civil Lines II, Adarsh Nagar theless, this economic alienation only forces an9 Moti Nagar, They constitute 50 to 84 per them to work in close interaction. The town has cent in wards Akrampur, Jawahar Nagar, Talib a commendable record in regard to communal Sarai, Sheikhwara, Chaudhariyana and Ram amity. There has not occurred any riot in the Nagar, while in wards Kaithiyana and Gaddiyana livmg memory. they are below 50 per cent. On the other hand, Muslims in wards Gaddiyana and Kaithlyana are Interaction between the residents of different over 5Q per cent, but in wards Ram Nagar, localities Chaudh,ariyana and Sheikhwara they constitute 26-50 p~r cent of the population. They are in the One obvious field for interaction between range of 10-25 per cent in wards Tallb Sarai, the residents of different localities is participation Jawaha~ Nagar, Akrampur, Mati Nagar, Civil in cultural, religious or social activities. Ram Lila \ Lines II, 'Adarsh Nagar and Civil Lines I. In ward and Janamastmi celebrations at the Moti Nagar Gandhi )Nagar,, the Muslims are below 10 per ward attract people from outside the locality. The cent an~ the entire sample population in A B. financial contributors and partiCipants in the Nagar ~ard is that of the Hindus. Of the Hindu above functions are mostly Brahmins and Kayast popula,lon in wards Motl Nagar, Civil Lines I, has Kirtan or Satsangs organised at the prem Gandhi.' Nagar, Akrampur, A.B. Nagar and Jawahar ises of the KalyanI Devi temple in the Civil Lines Nagar, Brahmins are in majority. Kayasthas are area similarly attarct a large gathering. Christian quite populous in wards Ram Nagar, Chaudhan youths of the Jawahar Nagar ward organise a yana, Civil Lines II, Gaddlyana and Kaithlyana. Kavi Sammelan (poetic recital gathering), in which people from every nook and corner of the The scheduled castes are in predorntnance town participate as audience. In wards Talib Sarai and Adarsh Nagar. They are also in the substantial number in wards Gandhi About half of the selected interviewees (in Nagar, Kaithiyana, Shelkhwara and A.B. Nagar. connection to ascertaining their purchasing habits) Kshatriyas are settled in good number in wards reported that they purchase commodities out A.B. Nagar and Jawahar Nagar. Valshyas make side their localities. Of the Motl Nagar ward, it up a good part of population In wards Chaudhari has come to the notice that 6 out of every 10 yana, Gaddiyana, Sheikhwara, and Jawahar Nagar, households are availing the benefits of educa Apart from scheduled castes so-called "back tion in the institutions located outside of this ward-castes" such as, the Yadavas and the ward. Such type of dependence has also been Lodhs are in qUite good number in ward Tallb noted In the case of residents of Civil Lines, Atal Sarai. Bihari Nagar and Jawahar Nagar. Residents of these wards also make use of the medical The above discussion reveals that castes/ faclllties available elsewhere in the town. The communities tend to cluster about their own same is also true with the recreatIonal facilities folks, giving rrse to the above descnbed localities like the cinemas, etc. bearing the stamp of certain ethnic groups. But it would not be wide of the mark that the named In order to understand the neighbourhood groups live in harmony, albeit occupied in dif pattern, five wards i e., Motl Nagar (ward no. 1) ferent types of jobs. Brahmins and Kayasthas are Civil Lines (ward nos. 2 and 3), Gandhi Nagar for instance mostly servicemen, while the ma (ward no. 4), Atal Bihari Nagar (ward no.?) and jority among Vaishyas and the scheduled castes Jawahar Nagar (ward no. 8) have been selected. are st[1I confined to their traditional occupations. The partIculars of the localities selected within In contrast, Muslims are mostly artIsans. Never- these wards are indicated below :- 184 1 (a) Mati Nagar great revolutionary and freedom fighter Shri Chandra Shekhar 'Azad' who hails from district The locality was earlier known as Moti Lal Unnao. He sacrificed his life for the sake of Khera after the name of Moti Kachhi. But in the country's freedom. The colony is situated be· M.B. records, its name has been changed as tween the railway line and Kanpur-Lucknow Moii Nagar. Now it has been divided into three r9ad. The former is on the north of the locality distinct blocks. The names of these blocks are whereas the latter on the south of it. In the east (a) Moti Nagar (b) Moti Lal Khera and (c) Moti there is Triveni Steel Factory and in the west a Khera. The boundaries of these three blocks and nata and railway track to Rae-8areli which sep other features are given below: erates it from the rest of the area. People of all communities live in the area. However, there is (a) Moti Nagar: It is situated on the north a predominance of business and service class east end of the town and bounded by railway workers. The latter are numerically larger in track in the north, Lucknow-Kanpur road in the number. south, and Avas Vikas Colony in the east. There is predominance of Hindu population in this 4. Daroga Khera locality. The locality is on the outskirts of the town. (b) Moti Lal Khera and (c) Mati Khera But now it is within the town limits. In the east there is 8azidpur Minor and agricultural land and These are situated near the Unnao-Rae in the west there is Sandila road. Towards the Bareli railway crossing. The railway track forms north of the locality there is vast open land used the eastern boundary of the locality. Most of the for agricultural purposes. In the southern portion workshops of automoblles and the spareparts of the locality there are residential buildings and are located along the Kanpur-Lucknow road. In old supply office of the town. The locality was this locality also there is predominance of Hindu formerly known as Oaroga 8agh. Most of the population. Other major community in the local families in the locality are of Brahmins and ity is Muslim. The majority of working class is Muslims. engaged in business or in service. 5. Gangoo Khera 2. Krishna Nagar The locality is situated on the far east side The locality is situated near the Kanpur of the town. On the north of it there is another Lucknow road. In the east there is a certain locality known as Lodhanhar and in south Normal School and in the west a naJa. In the . ' agricultural field. It is in the east of 8azidpur north there is 8abuganj moha!la and in the south Minor. The railway track leading to Balamau a Gaya Bagh. Earlier the name of this locality was , town in Hardoi district, is on the south-east of Krishna Dei Khera. Now it is known as Krishna the locality. Most of the houses are kachcha and Nagar. Brahmins are predominantly settled in lack modern amenities. There is predominance this locallty followed by Kayasthas and sched uled castes. The former two communities are of Lodhs, who are mostly cultivators and agri cultural labourers. The locality is named after primarily engaged in services and the latter in one Gangoo, who used to live here. cultivation. Kalyani Oevi 3. Chandra Shekhar Azad Colony 6. This area is on the eastern side of the town. This \ocality has been developed by the There is a famous temple of Kalyani Oevi in this Avas Evam Vikash Parishad of Uttar Pradesh , area. The locality has been named after the during the decade 1971-81. It is named after the 185 deity. It is a privately developed colony. Most of in the south lie railway track and railway-cross the houses are pucca and built by persons who ing. Along Hardoi road, there are eateries and have shifted to the place either from the old whole-sale medical stores. Most of the families localities of the town or from other areas of the living in the locality are Brahmins, Vaishyas and district. Roads are unplanned and drainage Muslims. The working population is consists of system is very poor, which results in water businessmen and government officials. logging during the rainy season. In the east of the locality, there is vast tank near Kalyani Devi 10. Puran Nagar temple. In the west there is Sandlla road which forms its boundary. On the north there is open The locality is named after one Saint Puran land used for agriculture and in the south there Baba. It is located on the northern fringe of the is railway track leading to town Balamau of town, on the eastern side of the old Safipur road. Hardoi district. People of all faiths and occupa Bandhuhar locality lies on the north-east of the tions reside in this locality. locality. On the north, there are agricultural fields. The Jail-drain passes through these fields. There 7. Civil Lines is predominance of scheduled caste population. Most of the workers are either cultivators or It rs situated between Sandrla road in the agricultural labourers. Some of 'them are also east and Pt. D.N. Kaul road In the west which mason. The area is devoid of amenities worthy meets Hardoi road later on. It onginates from of a town. Kanpur~Lucknow road and passes through a bridge on the railway track leading to Balamau, 11. Jorakhan Khera Lucknow and Rae BarelL The railway track forms the southern boundary of the locality. The police The locality owes its name after a prominent lines area on the north is separated by kachcha person Jorakhan. It is situated on the western road. It consists of various administrative build side of the old Saflpur road. Across the road on ings as well as the residences of officers and the opposite side of the locality, there is a glass affluent businessmen and lawyers. factory (on the north) and at some distance there IS a compost-ground, while in the south Lokiaya 8. Keota Tal Khera area lies. The locality in the west is bounded by agricultural land. There is predomi The localIty is named after a tank known nance of scheduled caste population in the area. as Keota Tal. In the east of the locality lies Hardoi Most of the working class people of the area are road. Across the road there is the collectorate cultivators, agricultural labourers, masons and compound. In the west and north there is casual-labourers. agricultural land. Most of the people are of service-class and belong to different religions. 12. Gandhi Nagar 9. Rampuri The locality is situated between the railway line in the north and Kanpur-Lucknow road in the The locality is situated on the south-east south. In the east, there is Bastanla Talab and part of the town and Just near Keota Tal. On the Collectorganj. The office of Sadar Tahsil is at an east of it lies Hardoi road, the main post-office arm's length in the east. Other nearby prominent of the town and the Government Inter College. localities or spots are Hiran Nagar, Narendra In the west there is a pond. The Katju road on Nagar and the lime-factory. In the west there are the north separates it from Keota Tal locality and agrciulturai fields. This area is mainly inhabited 186 by Brahmins, Vaishyas and Muslims. Vaishyas railway line in the north and Abbas Bagh in the largely form the business community of the area south. There are a number of shops along the and most of the rest of the working population north side of Kanpur-Lucknow road. In the east, is engaged in service-sector. there is a nala and Keota Tal which seperate it from other localities and the cinema road com 13. Ahiran Khera ing from Chhota Chauraha (an intersection) is in the west. The area IS named after the late The locality derived it's name after the Prime Minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. Majority predominant caste of the localIty viz., the Ahirs. of Inhabitants are Brahmins and Vaishyas. It is It is situated on the western fringe of town. The one of the prime business locality of the town. locality IS bounded by a canal from the west and a road in the east. On the northern side, there 17. Gupta Colony are agricultural fields. In south lies Kanpur Lucknow road. Most of the working-class people It is bounded by Kanpur-Lucknow road in are engaged in business. the north, Cinema road in south-west and Abbas Bagh in the east. Almost all who live in the 14. Idgah locality are Vaishyas and are engaged in busi ness activIty. The, locality is situated on the south of Kanpur-Lucknow railway line. On the southern 18. Shahganj boundary of the locality, there IS convent school. On the western boundary, there are agricultural The area is on the south of Kanpur-Lucknow fields. In the east, it is separated by path-ways. raIlway line. The Kanpur-Lucknow road divides Along the path-ways, there are clusters of houses the area of the locality into two halves. On the belonging to Muslim communIty. Most of the west there is a nala which separates it from workers are engaged in business. The locality Jawahar Nagar. The nala which meets Keota Tal is known after the Idgah located therein. flows below the Kanpur-Lucknow road. Most of the refuse of the area passes through this nata 15. Atal Bihari Nagar and falls in the Keota Tal. There IS a Public Library In the Kamla Bhawan and adjoining it lies It is one of the promInent locality in the the Panna Lal Park and a school. In the south town. The Kanpur-Lucknow road separates it in of the area, there are shops and one Sohan Lal the northern side from the other localities of the Dharamshala. On the other side of Lucknow town. In the south of It, there are two colleges Kanpur road, there is a row of shops. Vaishyas, namely D.S.N. college and D.V.D.T. college. In the business community are main inhabitants of the east there is Cinema road and a tank (talab). this area. Some bIg commercial establishments On the west of it is situated the Kanpur-Lucknow owned by persons belonging to this community road. The houses in this area are scattered. are situated on either side of Kanpur-Lucknow People belonging to different ethnic groups live road. amicably. The locality is named after one Atal Bihari Mehrotra, a previous talukadar of this lo Problems faced by households with reference cality. to locality in which the house is located 16. Jawahar Nagar Except the neighbourhoods lying in Moti Nagar, Civil Lines, Gandhi Nagar, Atal Bihari The area is situated between Kanpur-bound Nagar and Jawahar Nagar localities, rest of the 187 neighborhoods and their households are in holds in various localities were asked to indicate disadvantageous position in respect of facilities the phYSical boundaries of their respective neigh like, educational, medical, recreational etc. The bourhoods. They were also required to point out Moti Nagar area includes three of the studied the main characteristics of their localities. The neighbourhoods, the Civil lines area six neigh purpose behind the enquiry was to find out the bourhoods, the Gandhi Nagar five neigh characteristics according to their version but it bourhoods, the Atal Bihari Nagar one neigh was noticed that they could not indicate the bourhood and the Jawahar Nagar three neigh specific characteristics of the locality. bourhoods. Even in these neighbourhoods, only two of the Moti Nagar area, four of Civil Lines The table VI1.3 given below exhibits the area, two of Gandhi Nagar area and two of number of interviewes by caste and loeality:-- Jawahar Nagar area possess educational insti tutions. Only four households out of 10 in Moti The table shows that out of 50 interviewees Nagar area, four out of seven in Civil lines area, there are 10 interviewees from each of the seven out of 10 in Gandhi Nagar area, seven following localities. Gandhi Nagar, Mot] Nagar, out of nine in Atal BIhar; Nagar area and eight Civ!1 Lines, Atal Bihari Nagar and Jawahar Nagar. out of 9 households In Jawahar Nagar area avail the educational facilities in their own respective Among the interviewees, 45, 4 and 1 are areas. Hindus, Muslims and Christians respectively. Among Hindus; 19,7,4 and 3 belong to Brahmin, Medical facilities are avilable in only one Kayastha, Vaishya and Kshatriya castes. There neighbourhood of the Moti Nagar area, four of are 2 interviewees from each of the following Civil lines area, two of the Gandhi Nagar area communities Le., Lodh, Pasi and Chamar; while and two of Jawahar Nagar area. one each is from the castes Kurmi, Yadava, Kha tri, Mali, Dhabi and Kori. Characteristics of the interviewees of different neighbourhoods The number of Interviewees who reside in different neighbourhoods by occupational cate The interviewees belonging to 50 house- gories is provided in the table given below:- 188 ....CD .....o CON .... .... !\1 E ro N .r::. (.) .~ N 0.. > .c :c o N (/) .r::. .... "Co a o .c ~ :::Io .c .c o ..... C) Q) .... 'CD c: ~ > ...... c: .c CD Q) -~ i ~ .~ "C Q) '0 .~ '0 ~ o CD z ~ co '~ CD E II) ...... (5 ~ .cCD .r::.I E c 0) :::I e! of: N .... C') ...... ,... Z co ... !\1 .r: !\1 fJ> ~ 0> .... z - "'Co co2!\1 Q) :> 'O_g.... Q) :J E 0 !\1~ Z 0> 'ii) Z (/) Q) c ..:J :; c3 N 189 Table VII.4 The number of interviewees in different neighbourhoods by occupational categories Number of interviewees who reside in locality Occupational Moti- Civil Gandhi Atal Jawahar Total category Nagar Lines Nagar Blhari Nagar Nagar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 Professional, 1 1 2 Technical and 1 related workers 4 2 1 7 2 Administrative, 1 1 2 Executive & Managerial workers 3 Clerical and 1 1 2 4 3 1 1 related workers 4 Sales workers 2 2 1 4 9 5 Farmers! Fishermen, 2 1 2 5 & Hunters, Loggers & 6 related workers 7 Production and 1 1 related workers 8 Transport eqUipment 1 1 2 and operators 9 Labourers 2 1 1 4 Ho usehold-d utles 1 2 3 RetiredjRentler 2 1 1 4 Total 10 10 10 10 10 50 190 The table indicates that out of 50 interview operators and production and related workers. ees; 11, 9 and 5 are clerical and related workers and sales workers, and farmers, fishermen, Particulars of cultural, religious and social loggers and related workers. Of the remaining, activities inside the neighbourhoods the professional, technical and related workers and administrative, executive and managerial In Moti Nagar, there is one Ram Lila workers are 2, 7 and 2 respectively. Among the Committee which organises Ram Lila annually. remaining 14 interviewees, four each are labour Brahmins and Kayasthas are main participants. ers and retired/rentiers and three interviewees In Atal Bihari Nagar also there is a Ram Lila are engaged in household duties, and 2 and 1 Committee. The particulars of the activities by are engaged in transport equipment and/or neighbourhoods are given in table V11.5. Table VI1.5 : Particulars of cultural, religious and social activities inside the neighbourhood Neighbourhood Name Cultural, religious or Performer social description 1 2 3 4 1. Moti Nagar (a) Ram Lila Drama of Rama's life Ram Lila Commitee performed (b) Janamastmi Celebration of birth of Mohalla People Lord Krishna (c) Urs Mela Urs mela held at the Majar Urs Committee 2. Krishna Nagar Satsang Bhagwat recitation & Pooja etc. Satsang Shawan, Krishna Nagar 3. Gangoo Khera Devi Pooja Pooja etc. Mohalla people 4. Kalayani Devi (a) Devi Pooja Kalyani Devi pooja Suryan Bali (b) Kirtan Kirtan and Prayer Sat Sri Seva Sadan 5. Civil Lines Kalyani Devi Fair held on occasion of Pandits Fair Navaratra 6. Rampuri Durga Pooja Pooja of devi Bajrang Dal 7. Puran Nagar (a) Pooja Bhandara Dhirajdas (b) Pooja Mausika Devi 'Pooja' Mohalla people 8. Jorakhan Khera (a) Holi Holikadahan, rang etc. Mohalla people (b) Durga Pooja Pooja Barar Tea seller 191 1 2 3 4 9. Gandhi Nagar (a) HoJi Holika Dahan, rang etc. Mohalla people (b) Satsang Bhagwat- Recitation Specially one Shri Jai Karan Shukla 10. Atal Bihari (a) Ram Lila Dramatisation of Ramayan Ram Lila Committee Nagar epic (b) Kirtan Satsang Bhagwat-Jagran in some Pandits etc. houses (c) A Hindu-ritual Kundli-Yagya Gyatri-Samaj (d) Durga Pooja Pooja of Oevi Pooja Committee 11. Gupta Colony Kavi Poetical renderings Organised by City (Jawahar Nagar) Sammelan youths The popular religious and social activities Rama's life-history and all Hindus regardless of are Kirtans, Satsangs, Urs and Kavi Samme/an. sect and creed participate in it. Satsangs are organised in neighbourhoods Krishna Nagar and Gandhi Nagar, while urs and Kavi Janamastmi (held in the month of Septem Samme/an are held at Moti Nagar and Gupta ber or the eighth day of Krishna Paksh in Colony. Bhadon) is yet other cultural activity which is held in memory of birth of Lord Krishna. It is Holi celebration is the other social activity celebrated by displaying important events in the which is quite popular in Jorakhan Khera and life of Lord Krishna through the medium of idols Gandhi Nagar. It is observed with due gaity, and in a nice way by aid of light-arrangement. The phag (a folk-song) is recited by group of per interviewees of Moti Nagar neighbourhood sons. Prior to it, Holika-Oahan is organised specifically mentioned this cultural activity. usually during night followed by sprinkling of colour and coloured powder among participants, Particulars of cultural, religious and social on the following day. activities outside the neighbourhoods The above table as weI! shows the particu~ Among the participating households out lars of cultural, rellgious and social activities side the neighbourhoods are 8 of Brahmins (one inside the 11 neighbourhoods. It may be ob organiser, three as participants and four as fi served that Oevi Puja is one of the prime nancial countnbutors), 2 of Kayasthas (one as religious activities of Hindus and is observed partiCipant and other as finacial contributor) and almost in all the neighbourhoods of the town. one Christian (participant). Only one organiser and one participant from amongst above house Ram Lila is also one of the cultural activity. holds are rentier or retired persons and financial It is organised by Ram Lila committees in the contributions were made by retired persons neighbourhoods of Moti Nagar and Atal Bihar! belonging to two households: None of the Nagar. It is enacted usually during the month of organisers, participants or financial contributors October for 10 days after Navaratra. It dramatise engaged in the activities hosted at the outside 192 of the neighbourhoods was illiterate. Also none Colony have reported certain activities being of them was below 20 years. performed by them outside of their own neigh bourhoods. The particulars of the same are Organisers, participants and financial con given in the foHowing table:-- tributors of Motl Nagar, Kalyani Devi and Gupta Table VII.6 : Particulars of cultural, religious and social activities outside the neighbourhood Neighbourhood Name of cultural, religious or Performer social activity 1 2 3 1. Moti Nagar (a) Ram lila-Dramatisation of Ram Lila Committee Ramayan epic (b) Janamastmi-Birth-celebration Local People of Lord Krishna 2. Kalyani Kirtan-Satsang-Sri Sai Saba's Sat Sri Sai Saba Devi 'KII'ian' Committee 3. Gupta Colony Kavi Sammelan-Htndi Youths of the town (Jawahar Nagar) 'Kavi Sammelan' (poetic-rendering) The above table reveals that Ram Lila Com immediate neighbourhoods of mohallas but also mittee and local people of Moti Nagar Mahalia that their activities attract outsiders also into organise Ram Lila and Janamastmi which attract neighbourhoods. persons residing outside of their neighbourhoods. Similarly Sat Shri Sa; Saba Committee Mohal1a Particulars of economic activities inside/out of Kalyani Devi holds Kirtan which attracts out side neighbourhoods side people as well. Youths of the town take part in 'Kavi Sammelant at Gupta Colony in Jawahar Nagar ward. The purchase of commodities in and out side of neighbourhood by occupation of inter Thus It reflects that cultural, religious and viewees is shown in the table VIl.? provided on social activities are not limited only to the the next page. 193 Table VII.7 Purchase of commodities in and outside neighbourhood by occupation of interviewees Occupational Total Number of purchasing commodities Other category no. of intervi- Within Outside Outside town in ewees nelgh- neighb- Metropolitan bourhood ourhood centre or the town to which the referrent town is sattelite or suburb 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 Professional, 2 2 Technical 1 and related workers 6 3 3 2 Administrative, 2 2 executive and managerial workers 3 Clencal and 12 6 5 1 related workers 4 Sales workers 9 6 3 5 Service workers 6 Farmers, fishermen, 5 2 3 hunters, loggers and related workers 7 Production and 1 1 related worker 8 Workers, Transport 2 1 1 equipment 9 Operators and 4 1 3 Labourers Household DutIes 3 3 Retired & Rentier 4 2 2 Total 50 24 25 1 194 It has been noted that only six of the ties. None of such interviewee was found in any studied neighbourhoods are self-reliant in re other neighbourhood. In respect of rest of spect of purchase of commodities. These are neighbourhoods the purchasing details are Moti Nagar, Civil Lines. Keota Tal, Atal Blhari recorded in the table VI!.? given above. It may Nagar, Jawahar Nagar and Shahganj. One however, be added that relevant InformatIon interviewee of the Gandhi Nagar neighbourhood about workers going outside their localities for has reported that he went outside the town of works etc. is not available to summarise here. Unnao fer purchasing of the desired cemmedi- 195 CHAPTER VIII FAMILY LIFE IN THE TOWN Size of household, particulars of members development and surely after the independence. staying outside the town and their nature of The data discussed hereafter in this chapter, relation to the head of the household etc., are clarifies many issues particularly relevant to the the details which typify and elaborate the essen social-scientists engaged in research of urban tialities of family life of a community. The Unnao changes. The following table shows the number town has gone through changes aftermath of ur of households and population of the town. banization, particularly since beginning of planned Table VIII.1 : Number of households, population and average size of household at the 1961, 1971 and 1981 Censuses and in the survey result-1987 Reference data Number Population Average of households size of household 1 2 3 4 1961 Census 5,835 29,780 5.1 1971 Census 7,151 38,195 5.3 1981 Census 13,311 75,983 5.7 1987 Survey 215 1,270 5.9 (Based on Censuses and Survey data) The average size of the household at the size of household was similar as in previous dec 1961 and 1971 was 5.1 and 5.3. At the 1981 ade. Census, it increased to 5.7 and at the time of survey the size of household worked out to be Size of Family 5 9. It indicates that dUring 1961-81 there has been an increase of 0 6 person per household (i) Composition of households by number of while In successive periods and during 1981 members Census to 1987 Survey, the increase was 0.2 person per household. It reflects that during the The survey covered 215 households. The decade 1971-81 there had been an abnormal following table shows the compOSition of house increase in the population, but increase in average holds by number of members. 196 Table VIII.2 : Composition of households by number of members Number of members Number of households Number Percentage to total households 1 2 3 Single member 7 3.26 Two members 12 5.58 Three members 20 9.30 Four members 35 16.27 Five members 36 16.75 SIX and seven members 57 26.51 Eight and nine members 28 13.02 Ten to twelve members 13 6.05 Thirteen and above members 7 3.26 Total 215 100.00 (Based on Survey data) The table VII1.2 pOints out that out of 215 Almost similar number of households are also households, six and seven membered house consisted of two members (12 households) and holds are 57 {26.51 per cent}. The number of 1 member (7 households). Households which 5 and 4 member households is 36 (16.75 per have only three members number 20 (9.30 per cent) and 35 (16.27 per cent) respectively. There cent). Thus out of 215 households, 105 are 28 (13 02 per cent) households in which the households (48.84 per cent) are having 6 + number of members is eight to nine. It will be members. worth noticing that there are 13 and 7 house holds In which the number of members varies Table VIII 3 shows particulars of households between 10 to 12 and 13 or still more. Such by number of members and age of head of households are 6.05 per cent and 3.26 per cent. households. 197 Table VIII.3 Distribution of households by number of members and age of head of households Age of Number of households having members head of household 2 3 4 5 6-7 8-9 10-12 13 and Total above 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Below 20 20-29 2 3 6 5 2 18 30-39 1 1 4 10 13 10 3 1 43 40-49 1 3 6 8 12 23 12 2 67 50-59 4 6 5 6 4 13 6 4 2 50 60 & above 1 2 5 2 9 7 6 5 Unspecified Total 7 12 20 35 36 57 28 13 7 215 (Based on Survey data) The table shows that age of all heads of of household is above 40 years. households IS above 10 years. Out of 215 heads of hou seh olds, the age of 67 (31-16 per cent), (ii) Composition of households by age and 50 (23 26 per cent) and 43 (20.00 per cent) is sex of members between 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 years and 30 to 39 years respectively. In case of 37 (17.21 per cent) and 18 (8 37 per cent) households the age Age and sex particulars of the households of head of household IS 60 and above years and afford a more interesting feature. The table VIII.4 20-29 years It Indicates that there are 154 (71.63 shows the distribution of households by age and per cent) households in which the age of head sex of members. 198 Table VIII.4 : Households classified by age and sex of members Number of households having Total No of Adult males and females Adult males with households Adults Minor Minor Minor males Minor Minor Minor males males females and males males females and only only females and only only females only females both both 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 215 73 47 32 38 6 1 1 (100.00) (33.95) 21.86) 14.88) 17.68} (2.79) (0.47) (0.47) Adult Adult females with Adult males females only Minor Minor Minor only males and males females females only only both 9 10 1 1 12 13 5 2 1 4 5 (2.32) (0.93) (0.47) (1.86) (2.32) (Based on Survey data) The Table indicates that out of 215 house households having adult male with minor males holds there are 73 (33.95 per cent), 47 (21.86 only and minor females only is one each. per cent) and 32 (14.88 per cent) households Households with adult females are 7 (3.26 per with adult males and females alongwith minor cent). It shows that out of 215 households there males and females, minor males only and minor are 25 (11.63 per cent) households in which females only. There are 38 (17.68 per cent) there is either a male adult or a female adult with households in which only adult males and females minor males or females of both. are found. There are 5 (2.32 per cent) house holds each with adult males only or adult Nature of relation of members to head of females only. There are 6 (2.79 per cent) household households in which there are adult males with minor males and females. The number of In each case heads of households are 199 differently related to members. The table VII1.5 by nature of relationship of members to heads gives the data about composition of households of households. Table VIII.5 : Composition of households by nature of relationship of members of heads of households Nature of relation of members to head of household No. of households 1 2 1. Self 7 2. Self, spouse 7 3. Self, spouse; unmarried sons and daughters 96 4. Self, spouse, married son and son's wife with or without unmarried sons and da~hters 31 5. Self, spouse, married brother, brother's wife with or without unmarried sons and daughters 2 6. Self, spouse, married mother, brother's wife, marned son, son's wife with/without unmarried sons and daughters. 11 7. Self (male), unmarried son/daughter 6 8. Self (female), unmarried son/daughter 4 9. Self, spouse, with/without unmarried son and daughter and widowed father 4 10. Self, spouse, with/without unmarried son and daughter and widowed mother 17 11. Self (male), unmarried brother/sister 12. Others (i) Self, spouse with unmarried brother's son and daughter 1 (ii) Self, spouse and unmarried son and daughter and married daughter 1 (til) Self (female) with unmarried son and married husband's brother 1 (iv) Self, spouse, unmarried son and daughter, married daughter, widow mother 1 (v) Self (female) with widowed brother and unmarried sister 1 (vi) Self, spouse, son, son's wife and unmarried son only 1 (vit) Self, spouse, unmarried son, and with married sons/self, spouse, unmarried son, daughter 1 (viii) Unmarried brother's son 1 (IX) Self (male) with numarried son/daughter, married sons, son's wife 1 200 1 2 (x) Self (female), son's wife with unmarried son/daughter 1 (xi) Self (male) and married son 1 (xli) Self (female), son, son's wife with son/daughter (xiii) Self, spouse, son, son's wife with son/daughter and separated daughter and widowed sons 1 (xiv) Self, spouse with son/daughter with married son 1 (xv) Self (male), married sons, son's wife and their son/daughter 3 (xvi) Self (female), unmarried daughter and widowed husbands mother 1 (xvii) Self (male), unmarried son/daughter, widowed mother 1 (xviii) Self, spouse with unmarried brother 1 (xix) Self, spouse with widowed brother and their sons 1 (xx) Self (female), unmarried son/daughter, widowed husbands mother and brother and unmarried husband's sister 1 (xxi) Self, spouse, married brothers, brother's wife, widowed mother and widowed mother's mother 1 (xxii) Self, spouse, married brother, brother's wife and widowed mother 2 (xxiii) Self, spouse with daughter, divorced sister and unmarried brother 1 (xxiv) Self, (female), husband's brother, son, son's wife, their son/daughter 1 (xxv) Self, (male), widowed mother, mother's sister and mother's brother 1 (xxvi) Self, spouse with unmarried brothers 1 (xxvii) Self, (male), brother, brother's wife and their sons and daughters 1 Total 215 201 The above table portrays that out of 215 moU1ers and fathers. Among others are 5 hus households, 96 households consist of spouse bands and 4 each daughters and brothers and unmarried sons and daughters. Among 31 respectively as well as there are such outstay households, heads are residing alongwith spouses ing members as sisters (2), wives (3), son's wife and with unmarried sons and daughters as well (1) and son's son (1). as married sons and son's wife. In 17 house holds, heads are staying alongwith their wife and Duration of absence of 40 members is 20 With/Without unmarried sons and daughters and years and above. In the case of 20 members, widowed mother. it IS 5-9 years. There are 19 members who are away from their households for a duration of 1- There are 6 households in which male 4 years and 6 for 10-19 years. As well there are heads of the households reside with unmarried 2 family members who are away for a duration sons and daughters. Heads of 4 households are of less than one year. The reason for absence females, who reside alongwith their unmarried of 24 members is service. It is residence at the son/daughter. There are 4 households in which place of origin for 32 member and studying heads are staying with their spouse and with or elsewhere for 10 members. There are members wIthout unmarried son, daughter and widowed who are residing away from their households father. Besides, there are 7 households, where because of business (4) and hostel residence heads are staying with in such a lineal order as (4). Similarly, there are 8 members who reside father, son, grandson etc. and son's wife. away for carrying out cultivation, 3 for running ObViously, the most common combination is their establishments and one each for seeking only self, spouse and their unmarried sons and employment and being dependent to some daughters. It is perhaps so on account of body. migration and decaying joint family system. Out of 23 mothers and 18 fathers who are Members staying outside staying away 17 and 13 of them are absent for a period of more than 20 years. While, out of (A) Particulars of outstaying members 26 outstaying sons as many as 11 and 9 are absent from the household for a period of only 1-4 years and 5-9 years respectivley. 1 . Family members staying outside by length of time, reason and relation to 2. Age details of the outstaying members head of households The appendix-XI shows that the members The appendix XV shows that there are 58 who are related as father (18), mother (23) and households which have absentee members. The wife (3) to heads of households and are above details of such absentee family members by 35 years of age Among the 5 husbands (as length of time, reason for staying away and related to head of households 3 are of above relation to head of household are provided in the 35 years of age and 2 are in the age-group of table VII 1.6. 25-34 years. Of 26 persons who are related to heads of households as sons, 21 are of age The table Indicates that 87 family members below 34 years and 5 of age 35-59 years. The are residing at places away from their house persons who are related as sister (2), son's Wife holds. Among these 26, 23 and 18 members (1), son's son (1) and brothers (3) such (out of related to the heads of households as son's 4) are of age below 24 years. 202 +"" C (l) "'0 ('f) e ..- (l) 0 ..- a. (1) 0 CO or- .,.... (/J I .,.... l-m (I) >- (J) (!) L{) ,... ,... I ,... LO u.. ,...V .,.... 205 «f I (/') c: -co .;:: "d" '"0 ,.... I .c: .~...... - >- 0 Q) C: ::J ~ (f) C') Q) G5 C\J ,.... ,.... C\J +-' ,.... (/) :::I c: ~ 0 ~ '"0 ...... Q) t: ro If) 0 >- CO' .r:- N CO 'm ·CO(f.) ...- C\J Q) - ..... > .;:: .Q>- ~ ,...... c ....- (L) ~ "'0.c:;; ..... :::l co ....-0 ,-- .,... C\J 0 :2 O'l .... c: (/) ctl .- "'0 E >- - ctl C\I ro 0 .c. ti) .s:: Q) 0 ell en :0 '- :::J 0 ro 0 .r:- CO .s:: 0 .....(/) Q) 0 ::J .... .Q "0 ro -(IJ .c. c: N E 'U ro Q) ro I ~ E Q) >..s:: 'E L.. ,_ ,.... .- Q) ::l .s:: ~ E +-' .e 1 Q) 0 ~ ro (/) - .r:- >- ..- ....- ..- c: ";:: 0 .s:: .2 ~ I ~ ra (/') -a. ('CS CO' (/) :::l >- .c C\I :2 u 0 u ~ - .c 0 Q) @ en "C "0 ,...... ::s c: ro 0 ro >- .s:: I .c c: C') 0 co "'t "'i" co ,...... - ..- C') - .... "E N '- CIl Q) .0 ...... (.) E Cl) :l ...... t.> Z (J,) Q) .;:::..... :J (.) (f.) (f.) .~ "- r-.. c:: Cl) ~ ....:: ..c:: x Q) 0 u (j) (/') x ('CS - .....__ "- .... -.... :;: Table VIII.S : Remittances sent by absentee family members classified by states to which heads of households belong and the present address of the member of the family staying outside Place of belonging No. of Total No. of No. of Average house- no. of households households amount of holds absentee in which receiving remittance members absentee remittances received per members from household or belong absentee not receiving members remittance (In Rs.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Uttar Pradesh 57 85 Same town Same town but separate household 1 Unnao (Rural) 20 4 90.00 Other districts of the State Rae Bareh 3 2 233.40 Budaun 1 Lucknow 4 Kanpur 11 3 27270 Sultanpur 1 1 1000.00 Allgarh 1 Bulandshahr 1 Fatehpur 1 Khen 1 1 200.00 Hardoi 1 8areHJy 1 1 150.00 Banda 1 207 1 2 3 4 5 6 Other States Rajasthan 1 1 500.00 Maharashtra 4 2 2050.00 Andhra Pradesh 1 Bihar 1 Union Territories New Dehli 2 1 250.00 Chandigarh 1 1 3000 00 Other Country Saudi Arabia 1 1 2300.00 The members of 57 households are staying Remittances sent by households to the outside the town. Among these, members of 20 absentee family members households are staying in rural areas of Unnao district. Among these, 4 households receive Remittances sent by households to absen remittances. Their remittance per household is tee family members are presented in the table Rs. 90 per month. Members of 11 households VII1.10 (and for non-working absentee family are residing in Kanpur. Among these, only 3 members table VIIJ.11 is furnished afterwards to heads of households get the remittances. The show these details). average amout per household works out to Rs. 272.70 per month. The family member of 2 out Type of households and co-relates of 3 household who reside at Rae-8areli send remittances to the heads and average amount When we notice the fact that in a town like sent by them comes to As. 233.40 per month. Unnao nearly half (48 per cent) of the surveyed The family members of 2 out of 4 households households are of nuclear type (Le' J a couple reside in Maharashtra and they remit an amount with or without unmarried children), one cannot at the rate of Rs. 2050/- per household. Each but wonders at fast encroaches of urban mode of the household receive the following amount of living on those who have lived in joint-family of remittance from the absentee members residing more for centuries. Certainly biggest numbers in In Sultanpur (Rs. 1000), Kheri (As. 200), Sareilly nuclear households are those who are com (Rs. 150), Rajasthan (Rs. 500), New Delhi (Rs. posed of migrant workers and students. Such 250) and Chandigarh (Rs. 3000). households have cropped-up only due to extcn tion of urbanization impact on traditional mode The relationship of absentee members to of living and occupation. the heads of households classified by remit tances sent by absentee family members is The table VIII. 12 gives the number of shown in the table VlIl.g. households by type. 208 CI) Q) ..:: .~ 'E: D ::l £!! 0 0 « (") ~ ...... (.) ..... c.O c.O .... -0 (0 I .!!! Q) .0 -0 en en "0 :::J co (") ..... 'V "'=t C\I U') (") ...... C\I 0 0 a ..... C\I C\I co ~ Z J:: J:: , "0 C L() (l):.Q 1a.._.c 0 CO (i) o..(fJ (I) ::J en 0 .c ro (y) ro (y) ,... v v C\l I.() (") T"'" ,... C\l T"'" C\I C\I ro .,..o. -5= CD :is ~ .... c (l) "C a ...... _ C C/J l- (l) (l) ..c ll- ...CI) .acu E co Q) E:!:! o >o..c: : Q) o E en o _m ::::J0 o C\I C')s::. .S.x: '0 c "'''0 (l) o ct1 q o , (I) -g ~ o LO c.c (l) o C\I c.. 8 (0 o (I) (l) co C..c: Q cu ... c: (I)..c: - ...... o::l ~ 'i E _go. cu ~ ~ ct1.c Q) o o o (0 o CI) 0'> v 0> .... oc ~ or- CI) :2 ~ o Gi ~ .c "- o o ~ (1)"0 ~ o CI) C o d 8 ::::J ct1 o o (0 o L() o or- .c>..... LO >. 'S; .a .-n 1: ct1 C\I C\I C\I ,... ~ LD o Q). (/) - (/)"0 co C"') ,... C\I LO C\I ci::J(5 C\I ,... C\I C\I co z_g.c: ,.. • ,.. Q) . .9 (/) :;:- a. o::J :c .c: c: (J.) (I) (/) c: o .~ o 0 ...... en - :c Q) :;:: Q) ..... "- (/) (/) ra .c .c Q) (I) (ij ~ -g"O c: .r:: Q) c c: Q) (J.) 0 (5 o en o -"- - .... o o o a: .c: .c: ~ en tIl en o -~ en en I-- 211 Table VIII.12 : Type of households -- ,------Typ... of households Number of Percentage of households households to total households 1 2 3 1. Nuclear 103 47.91 2. Supplemented Nuclear 28 13.02 3. Sub-nuclear 4 1.86 4. Supplemented sub-nuclear 6 2.79 5. Single person 7 3.26 6. Lineal joint 31 14.42 7. Supplemented Lineal joint 2 0.93 8. Collateral jOint 2 0.93 9. Supplemented Collateral joint 3 1.39 10. Lineal Collateral joint 11 5.12 11. Supplemented Lineal Collateral joint 12. Others 18 8.37 Total 215 100.00 (Based on Survey data) Type of households and their definition mented sub-nuclear respectively. The house have been annexed at the end of this chapter. holds of collaterals are 16 (13.44 per cent). It reflects that the age-old joint family system is The table reveals that out of 215 house under substitution in place of smaller family holds, 103 (47.91 per cent), 31 (41.42 per cent) system. and 28(13.02 per cent} are nuclear, lineal joint and supplemented nuclear respectively. It indi Ethnic distribution by type of households cates that 75.35 per cent households are either one or another of the above types. Among the Ethnic distribution of households by type In remaining households, 7 (3.26 per cent) and 6 respect of Hindus and Muslims is portrayed in (2.79 per cent) are single person and supple- the table V1I1.13. 212 Table VIII.13 : Ethnic distribution in respect to type of households Type of households Hjndu Muslim Number Percentage Number Percentage 1 2 3 4 5 1. Nuclear 82 47.67 21 50.00 2. Supplemented nuclear 21 12.21 7 16.67 3. Sub-nuclear 4 2.33 4. Supplemented sub-cuclear 5 2.91 1 2.38 5 Single person 7 4.07 6. Lineal jOint 24 13.95 7 16.67 7. Supplemented Lineal joint 2 1.16 8. Collateral joint 2 1.16 9. Supplemented collateral joint 1 0.58 2 4.76 10. Lineal collateral 10 5.81 1 2.38 11. Supplemented Lineal collateral jOint 12. Others 14 8.15 3 7.14 Total 172 100.00 42 100.00 Among Hindus, the number of nuclear, sup is 7(4.07 per cent). The proportion of supple plemented nuclear, and lineal jOint type of house mented sub-nuclear among Hindus and Muslims holds is 82 (47.67 per cent), 21 (12.21 per cent) is 2.91 and 2.38 per cent respectively. It indi and 24(13.95 per cent} whereas amongst Muslims, cates almost similar trend in respect of type of such type of households are 21 (50.00 per cent), households in the two communities. The only 7{16.67 per cent) and 7(16.67 per cent) respec Chrjstian household in the sample, consists of tively. It reveals that there is variation of three an widow living with married sons, son's wife, to four per cent in the above mentioned three son's son and daughter. types of households. Among Hindus, total number of collateral jOint, supplemented and lineal Educational of head of households by type of collateral jOint type of households comes to household 13(7.55 per cent), whlle among Muslims there number is 3(7.14 per cent). There is no single The educational level of head of household person household among muslims whereas by type of household is given in table V1I1.14. among Hindus, the number of such households 213 ,..._ C") ~ (0 'P'" C\I C\I M (ij 0- COo 0 +-' O - M - 0 ...- C! "'C! C! 8 ~ a 8 a- s- I- 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 8 8 0 g 8 9 ..- ..- 'P'" 'P'" ..- 'P'" 'P'" ..- ..- 32 ,._fI) 0 ------~ fI) enCD -c ::J 0 .,...... - LO -0') --<.0 C\I C") q LO -- .,.....~ .e. -LO -.,..... r- co CD en v LO -CX) --0 --"": 0') 0) V <0 - "d" C\J (ij - - ~ Q.) 1a 't:J--=- (5 (ij 0 '0 ~ c:: (I) 0 ca 1a (I) 0 c "'5 :.:J -'II:t 0 ,.. CIl.... . ca Q...... <1> (I) .... ca - c: Q..c: .s:::; ... - c ·0 ::J .- ... 0 >- :.:J ._ cn.9.. 0 I- CD :0 ns 0 .,..... C\I I- ..- ...... - 215 The table VII1.14 reveals that among 215 and 2O{19.41 per cent) households is illiterate, households, 58, (26.98) are illiterate and 24, 10, primary, degree holder and matric. It is worth 9 and 8 of them are nuclear, supplemented nu noticing that there are two diploma holders in clear, lineal joint and other unexpected nuclear the sample. Both are members of nuclear type lineal joint and other unspecified types of of households. households. There are five types of households with more than 10 households in the sample. Composition of households by country/state These are; 103 nuclear, 31 lineal joint, 28 of origin supplemented nuclear, 18 others and 11 lineal collateral joint. Among 103 nuclear type house The table VIII.15 shows the distribution of holds, educational level of the heads of 24{23.30 households by district, state and country to per cent), 23(22.33 per cent), 23(22.33 per cent) which head of household belongs. Table VIII.1S : Number of households by District/State/Country of origin Particulars No. of households Same town 109 District of Unnao 65 Adjoining districts 28 Lucknow 3 Kanpur 15 Rae Bareli 4 Hardoi 2 Fatehpur 4 Other districts of U.P. 12 Bara Banki 1 Sultanpur 1 Gonda 2 Faizabad 1 Bast; 1 Sitapur 1 Bareilly 1 Farrukhabad 1 Agra 1 Banda 1 Jalaun 1 Other states Andhra Pradesh 1 Other Country Nil Total 215 (Based on survey date) 216 Out of 215 households, the heads of 109 the remaining 41 heads of households, 28(13.02 (50.70 per cent) were born in the town and per cent) were born in the adjoining districts of 65(30.23 per cent) in the native district. Out of Lucknow, Kanpur, Rae Bareli, Hardoi and Fatehpur. ANNEXURE TO CHAPTER VIII The data of households have been com supplemental relatives are the widowed mother piled by the following types of households as of the married brothers, or the widowed mother defined below:- of the married brothers, or the widower father, or an unmarried sibling. 1. Nuclear family 8. Lineal joint family A Couple with or without unmarried children. Two couples between whom there is a lineal 2. Supplemented nuclear family link, usually between parents and married son, sometimes between parents and marrid A nuclear family with one or more unmar daughter. ried, separated or widowed relatives of the par ents, other than their unmarried children. 9. Supplemented lineal joint family 3. Sub-nuclear family A lineal jOint family plus unmarried, di vorced, or widowed relatives who do not belong A fragment of a former nuclear family. to either of the lineally linked nuclear families; Typical examples are the widow with unmarried for example, the father's widower brother or the children, or the widower with unmarried chiJdren son's wife's unmarried brother. or siblings whether unmarried, or widowed, separated or divorced living together. 10. Lineal collateral joint family 4. Single-person household Three or more couples linked and collater ally. Typically, parents and their two or more 5. Supplemented sub-nuclear married sons, plus the unmarried children of the three or more couples. A group of relatives, members of a formerly complete nuclear family, plus other unmarried, 11. Supplemented lineal-collateral joint family divorced, or widowed relative who was not a member of the nuclear family. For example, a A lineal collateral joint family plus unmar widow and her unmarried children plus her ried, widowed, separated relatives who belong wodowed mother-in-law. to none of the nuclear families lineally and col laterally linked; for example, the father's wid 6. Collateral joint family owed sister or brother, or an unmarried nephew Two or more married couples between of the father. whom there is sibling bond-usually a brother 12. Others brother relationship plus unmarried children. 7. Supplemented collateral joint family Those not covered above. (See the "Struc ture and Change in Indian society", edited by A collateral jOint family plus unmarried, Milton Singer and Bernard S.Cohn; Chicago, divorced or widowed relatives. Typically, such 1968. pp. 346-347). 217 CHAPTER IX HOUSING AND MATERIAL CULTURE There had been no housing census before Table IX.1 : Persons per 100 occupied 1961. Since 1961 an exhaustive housing Census residential Census houses in the town at is in practice. Through there, informations like the 1961, 1971 and 1981 Censuses the material of walls and roofs, ten ural status of the household and the number of rooms occu Census Persons per pied are collected. In addition to the census year 100 occupied data, certain information about housing condi Census houses tions were also recorded during the Survey. It pertains to 215 households, which were selected on the basis of random sampling for conducting 1 2 this town study. 1961 636 (A) Census data 1971 637 1981 590 (i) Housing conditions prevailing in the town over the Censuses 1961, 1971 and 1981 The table reveals that at the 1961 and 1971 Censuses, there were 636 and 637 persons per "Occupied residential house" is defined as 100 occupied Census houses. But at the 1981 the Census house, which is used wholly or partly Census, the number of persons per 100 occu for the purpose of residence by one or more pied census houses, had declined to 590 (7 per households. At the 1981 Census, a 'Census cent decrease). It indicates that larger number House' was defined as a building or part of a of Census houses has been constructed during building having a separate main entrance from the period 1971-81. the road or common courtyard or staircase etc., used or recognised as a separate unit. It may There were 4, 685 occupied Census houses be occupied or vacant. It may be used for in the town, in which 5,835 households were residential or non-resdential purposes. residing at the time of 1961 Census. The ratio of households per occupied Census house then There were 1.2 households per occupied was 1.2. residential house in the town at the 1961 and 1971 censuses, but the corresponding ratio de There were 8,920 Census houses in the clined to 1.0 at the 1981 Census. There was no town at 1971 Census of which 7.17 per cent were houseless population in the town at the 1961 vacant at the time of houselisting. Remaining Census as against 11 at the 1971 and 97 at the 92.83 per cent Census houses were occupied. 1981 censuses. The number of houseless house These Census houses 75.72 per cent were used holds in the town at the 1971 and 1981 Census as residence, 1.27 per cent as shop-cum-resi was 7 and 29 respectively. dence, 1.15 per cent as workshop-cum-resi dence including household industry, 0.30 per Persons per 100 occupied Census houses cent as hotels, sarais, dharamshaias, tourist in the town at the 1961. 1971 and 1981 Cen houses and inspection houses, 7.43 per cent as suses are depicted in table IX. 1. shops excluding eating houses, 1.63 per cent as 218 business houses and offices, 4.77 per cent as 11.78 per cent of households with three rooms. factories, workshops and work-sheds, 1.45 per Rest of the households and members were with cent as restaurants, sweetmeat shops and eating more than three rooms. places, 1.57 per cent as places of workship (e.g. temple, church, mosque, gurudwara etc.) and Tenural status at the 1971 Census 4.71 per cent for other purposes. About 24 per cent of one-person house Of the 8,920 Census houses In the town at holds lived In their own houses and rest of such the time of 1971 Census, the predominant households lived in rented houses at the time material of wall was mud in case of 4.54 per cent of 1971 Census. About 34 per cent of two of Census houses unburnt bricks in 7.62 per member households lived in their own houses cent cases and wood In 4.88 per cent cases and while rest In rented houses. In the case of burnt brickS in 82.96 per cent cases. The pre households with five-members or less the pro dominant material of roof in case of 31.89 per portion of households living in a rented premises cent of Census houses was grass, leaves, reeds, was higher, while households which had six and thatchwood, mud, unburnt bricks or bamboo more persons, the proportion of households while in 3.92 per cent cases it was tiles or slate living in their own houses was more than those or shingle. For 3.82 per cent houses it was cor· living in rented households. As a whole, in the rugated iron, zinc or other metal sheets which town, at the time of 1971 Census; only about for 0.39 per cent it was asbestos cement sheets 49 per cent of Census households lived in their as well for 3.08 per cent It was brick and lime, own houses, while the rest in rented houses. The while It was concrete (ABC or RCC) for 56.84 data about 1981 Census regarding this aspect per cent and all other material and materials not is not available. used was the case with 0.06 per cent cases. At the time of 1971 Census, there were 13,950 (8) Survey Data rooms in the town for a total number of 38,910 members of 7.005 Census households. Thus members per room were about 3 and rooms per Relation of selected houses with adjoining household worked out to 2. At that Census, houses in space by locality 38.68 per cent of total members comprising 49.32 per cent of total Census households were The table IX.2 shows the proportion of managing with just one room, 27.78 per cent of separate houses with compound in various lo members and 26.77 per cent households with calities of the town according to the survey data two rooms and 16.28 per cent of members and in year 1987. 219 Table IX.2 Relation of selected houses with adjoining houses in space by locality Ward No. & name of Proportion of separate locality houses with a compound 1 2 1. Moti Nagar 43.75 2. Civil Lines no. 1 55.00 3. Civil Lines nO.2 55.25 4. Gandhi Nagar 57.89 5. Adarsh Nagar 5.56 6. Akrampur 23.08 7. Atal Bihari Nagar 15.67 8. Jawahar Nagar 11.11 9. Sheikhwara 84.62 10. Gaddiyana 50.00 11 . Kaithiyana 25.00 12. Chaudhriyana 58.33 13. Ram Nagar Nil 14. Talib Sarai Nil Total 36.28 The table IX.2 reveals that about one-third Nagar (16.67 per cent). It shows that old locali houses in the town have separate compound. ties have more number of separate houses. Most of these houses are in ward Sheikhwara (84.62 per cent) followed by wards Gaddiyana Floor position of the houses and problems (60 per cent). Chaudhriyana (58.33 per cent). Gandhi Nagar (57.89 per cent). Civil Lines no. The appendix XVIII gives details about floor 2 (56.25 per cent, CiVil Lines no. 1 (55.00 per position and problems faced by the inhabitants. cent) and Moti Nagar (43.75 per cent). Separate houses with a compound are absent in wards It may be observed that out of 215 house Ram Nagar and Talib Sarai as per survey data. holds, 213 are liVing on ground floors. One The wards having lowest number of houses with household resides on the first floor and the other a compound are Adarsh Nagar (5.56 per cent), on second 1100r. The latter two households are Jawahar Nagar (11.11 per cent) and Atal Bihari in ard nos. 2 and 8 respectively. Seventy-eight 220 (36.28 per cent) households have a compound condition of houses creat problem to the dwellers. and 135 (62.79 per cent) are without a com Wardwise number of households reporting pound. During the survey it has been observed problems are given in the table IX.3. that close proximity of a Nata and dilapidated Table IX.3 : Number of houses reporting problems in different localities Ward No Name of locality Total Number of reporting problems house- holds Kachcha Bad No Open Roof Not Near condi- source drain is in venti Nala tion of water age bad lated system condi- tion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ward 1 Moti Nagar 32 1 3 1 1 1 Ward 2 Civil Lines-J 20 1 Ward 3 Civil Lines-II 16 Ward 4 Gandhi Nagar 19 1 Ward 5 Adarsh Nagar 18 Ward 6 Akrampur 13 1 1 Ward 7 Atal Bihari Nagar 18 Ward 8 Jawahar Nagar 18 1 1 Ward 9 Sheikhwara 13 Ward 10 Gaddiyana 5 Ward 11 Kaithiyana 12 Ward 12 Chaudhriyana 12 Ward 13 Ram Nagar 3 Ward 14 Talib Sarai 16 1 1 Total 215 3 7 1 1 2 1 1 (Based on survey data) The table IX.3 shows that among 215 houses are kachcha and old. households only 16 (7.44 per cent) have prob lems. Seven of problematic households are in Predominant material used in construc Ward No. 1 Moti Nagar, 2 each in Ward No. 6 tion of the houses Atal Bihan Nagar, Ward No. 8 Jawahar Nagar, Ward No. 14 Talib Sarai and 1 each in Ward No. 2 Civil Lines, Ward No. 4 Gandhi Nagar and Wardwise distribution of houses by pre Ward No. 11 Kaithiyana. The households facing dominant materials used for construction of problems on account of bad conditions of houses floor, wall, roof, ceiling, doors and windows is are 7 as against 3 facing problem as their shown in the appendix XIX. 221 The appendix XIX shows that bricks and availability of space for household and its cement are largely (about 55 per cent houses) members. The appendix shows that 1,270 used in constructing the floor, bricks with cement surveyed people live in a total of 657 rooms:The plaster for the wall (about 55 per cent), and number of members per room in the surveyed cement concrete in ceiling (about 66 per cent) population comes to 1 .93. followed by brunt bricks for floor, bricks only for the wall and thatch for ceiling respectively. Considering the number of members living per room, condition is found bad in the case of The material used for construcion of doors Ward number 11 (3.3), followed by Ward num~ and windows of 92 houses is wood and iron and bers 5 (2.7L 8 (204) and 6 (2.3). Only in Ward for 117 It is wood only (6 houses are without number 13, rooms are found to be in excess of door or window). All the houses in Ward Nos. surveyed ward population (in the sample). 6 and 8 have wooden doors and windows while in Ward No. 13 these are made of wood and It has already been noticed that in 215 iron. sample households there ar 1 ,270 persons (males 652 and of females 618). The total number of Households by availability of floor space and rooms in these households are 657. It indicates number of rooms in different wards that there are 2 persons approximately per room. Each household has 3 rooms on an average. Households in possession of living space The distribution of households classified by by wards are shown in the appendix XX. This number of members and number of rooms is aspect has an important social bearing. It indicates given in table IXA. Table IX.4 : Distribution of households by number of rooms Households Number Percentage Number of members having of households Male Female Person Percentage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 One room 61 28.37 145 146 291 22.91 Two rooms 61 28.37 181 160 341 26.85 Three rooms 24 11.16 77 69 146 11.50 Four rooms 28 13.02 89 87 176 13.86 Five rooms 15 6.98 59 66 125 9.84 Six rooms 11 5.12 29 27 56 4.41 Seven rooms 4 1.86 14 10 24 1.89 Eight rooms 3 lAO 14 10 25 1.97 Nine rooms Ten & above rooms 8 3.72 44 42 86 6.77 Total 215 100.00 652 618 1,270 100.00 (Based on Survey data 222 The table IX.4 indicates that 61 (28.37 per These households comprise 65 persons. cent) households are having one room equal number also has two rooms. These households Floor space per head comprise 22.91 and 26.85 per cent of popula tion. Households with three and four rooms are The availability of floor space per head is 24 (11.16 per cent) and 28 (13.02 per cent) and exhibited in the table IX.5. same proportion of population in each type of households. The number of households with five The table IX.5 reveals that 4 households and more rooms is 41 (19.08 per cent) and com (1.86 per cent) comprising 37 (2.91 per cent) prising population of 316 (24.88 per cent) persons. persons have one square metre or less floor However, it is worth noticing that the number of space, 51 (23.72 per cent) consisting of 293 households having five, six, seven, eight and ten (23.07 per cent) persons have floor spaces be and above rooms is 15 (6.98 per cent), 11 (5.12 tween 2-3 square metres 45 (20.93 per cent) per cent), 4 (1.86 per cent), 3 (1.40 per cent) persons and 4-5 square metres of space, Forty and 8 (3.72 per cent) whereas the proportion six (21.40 per cent) households have a floor of population living in these households is space of 6-9 square metres while 33 (15.35 per 9.84, 4.41, 1.89, 1.97 and 6.77 per cent respec cent) households accomodate 327 (25.75 per tively. cent) and 163 (12.84 per cent) persons respec tively. Thirty-six (16.75 per cent) households with None of the sample household in Ward No. 166 (13.07 per cent) persons have 16 and above S has more than three rooms, in Ward No. 8 square metres of floor space. it may also be more than four rooms and in Ward No. 6 and observed that households having one square 11 more than five rooms. Household having metre of floor space per head are one each in more than six rooms are in Ward Nos. 1,2,3,4,7,8 Ward Nos. 4. 8, 9 and 11. In Ward No.5 out and 9. of 18 households 11 and 5 have a space of 2-3 square metres and 4-5 square metres. None Married couples and availability of rooms of the household in Ward NO.5 and 9 has floor space of 16 and above square metres. In Ward The information in respect of availability of No. 13 out of 3 households, 2 and one house rooms has also been tabulated with reference holds have Tloor space of 10-15 square metres to married couples having children below the and 16 and above square metres. age of five and more than five. The data is presented in the appendix XXI. Amenities The appendix XXI reveals that in 141 house The data regarding the availability of holds there is one married couple comprising a amenities, Le., Kitchen, Bath-room, Lavatory, total of 652 persons, followd by lesser number source of drinking water, water for washing, of households having two married couples. The electricity in households have been collected. latter households are 41 and 316 persons are The data on amenities have been sub-classified living in these households. The number of into three heads as whether there are house households with three and four married couples holds (a) who are not having these or (b) having - is five each. These are accomodating 49 and 91 these separately or (c) sharing these with other persons respectively. It IS worth noticing that households. The table IX.6 gives details in this there are 23 households with no married couple. respect. 223 .... e? Q) Q) C") C» C» ..... c.o ~o~ co ...... :J Q) Z E ._ I Q) Q) rn .0_1./)"'0 ...... ,.... E 0 :J 0 :J 0 ..c: Z .I::. .... ~ Q) Q) ~o~ :J Q) Z E CD ,_ o Q) I CO .D Q) en 0.. C\J ..... en E '5 ~ -g .....N :J 0 .c: '-o Z ..r::: a .... ~ Cl> Cl> :;:: fI) .....CJ.) EOE (i) :J Q.) E Z E Q) (.) ttl 0.. fI) C") I' o C") C\J ...... ~ 0. CIJ ._ I (.) (l) Q.) en ..0 en "'0 ..... ll) .... E '0 :J 0 Cl> :J 0.c 0. Z .I::. (.I) ._ ~ <1: Q) Cl> o ..... o I.() ~OE ...... C\J (\J =s Q) Z E .... 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"'0,_ "0,,_ "'0,,_ 0 :a cO cO cd cd ttl ttl ctS etS ell ttl I- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ $: $: $: $: $: $: ?; ?; ~ $: 226 The table IX.6 reveals that 128 (59.53 per have lavatory are in Ward Nos. 5, 6 and 14. cent) households have a separate kitchen and 84 (39.07 per cent) do not possess it, and 3 The source of drinking water and water for (1.40 per cent) households share kitchen with washing is available to 130 (60.47 per cent) others The households which share kitchen are households and remaining 85 (39.53 per cent) in Ward No. 6 (one household) and Ward No. households share it with others. 8 {two households). In Ward Nos. 3, 5, 6 and 14 more than 60 per cent households do The electriCity connections are available to not have kitchen separately. I n the remaining 144 (66.98 per cent) households and 3 (1.39 per wards more than 60 per cent have separate cent) share it with others while 68 (31 .63 per kitchen. cent) households have no electric connections. In Ward Nos. 5, 6 and 14 more than 60 per cent It has been Qbserved that 117 (54.42 per households do not have electric connections. cent) households have separate bathroom and 88 (40.93 per cent) do not have bathroom while The foregoing detail indicate that majority 10 (4.65 per cent) share this facility with others. of households of Ward Nos. 6 and 14 do not Out of the 10 households which share the possess the amenities described above. In Ward bathroom with others, three each are in Ward No. 5 except for drinking water and water for numbers 4 and 8, 2 in Ward numbers 5 and one washing a majority of households do not have each in Ward number 6 and 7 respectively. More any of the other amenities. Since Ward Nos. 5. than 60 per cent households of Ward Nos. 5, 6 and 14 are largely made-up of areas which 6 and 14 do not have separate bathroom. were merged into the town only after March 1979, still they retain more or less their erstwhile In the sample 127 (59.07 per cent) house rural characteristics. holds have separate lavatory and 21 (9.77 per cent) households share with others while remain Tenural status ing 67 (31.16 per cent) do not have lavatory. Obviously, the numbers of such households The table IX.7 exhibits the tenural status of ease in the open fields or in open drains. More households classified by locality, duration of stay than 60 per cent of households which do not in the present residence. Table IX.7 Households classified by locality, duration of stay in the present residence and tenural status locality Duration Total Number of househdds living in Remarks of present no of houses which are residence house- holds Owned Rented Allotted 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ward 1 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 7 4 3 5-9 years 3 1 2 10+years 22 18 4 227 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ward 2 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5-9 years 2 1 1 10+years 18 15 2 1 Ward 3 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 2 2 5-9 years 1 1 10+ 13 11 2 Ward 4 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5-9 years 5 3 2 10+ 14 14 Ward 5 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5-9 years 1 1 10+ years 17 15 2 Ward 6 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5-9 years 10+ years 13 12 1 Ward 7 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 1 1 5-9 years 3 1 2 10+ years 14 7 5 2 Ward 8 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5-9 years 4 1 3 10+ years 14 10 4 Ward 9 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5-9 years 10+ years 13 7 4 2 Ward 10 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5-9 years 1 1 10+ years 4 4 228 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ward 11 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5-9 years 10+ years 12 11 1 Ward 12 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5-9 years 1 1 10+ years 11 10 1 Ward 13 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5-9 years 10+ years 3 3 Ward 14 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5-9 years 10+ years 16 16 rotal Less than 1 year 1-4 years 10 6 3 1 5-9 years 21 10 11 10+ years 184 153 23 8 The above table shows that out of 215 9 and 11. It indicates that in the town households samle households, 169 (78.60) are living in their are mostly living in their own houses. own houses, 37 (17.21) and 9 (4.19) in rented and allotted houses respectively. Among these Furniture 184 (85 58 per cent) households are living there for more than 20 years, 21 (9.97 per cent) and The table IX.8 shows the availability of 10 (4.65 per cent) for 5-9 years and 1-4 years various types of furniture items in the house respectively. All the selected households in Ward holds by locality. The information was collected l Nos. 10, 13 and 1~ live in their own houses. during the survey through questionnaires con Allotted houses are found In Ward Nos. 2, 3, 7, vassed in the field. 229 Table IX.B Existence of furniture by locality and duration of stay in the present residence Locality Duration Total No. of Number of household having of stay no. of house- Remarks in the house- holds Chair Table Diwan Cot Newar Others present holds having cot residence no furniture 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ward 1 Less than 1 year .. 1-4 years 7 6 5 4 6 2 4 5+ years 25 17 17 15 25 12 5 Ward 2 Lesd than 1 year . 1-4 years 5+ years 20 11 11 4 20 15 9 Ward 3 Less than 1 year .. 1-4 years 2 1 2 1 5+ years 14 6 6 1 14 4 4 Ward 4 Less than 1 year .. 1-4 years 5+ years 19 10 10 1 19 5 3 Ward 5 less than 1 year .. 1-4 years 5+ years 18 1 4 4 17 1 Ward 6 Less than 1 year .. 1-4 years 5+ years 13 2 2 1 13 2 2 Ward 7 Less than year 1-4 years 1 1 1 5+ years 17 13 13 5 7 10 4 Ward 8 Less than 1 year 1'-4 years 5+ years 18 16 13 6 13 4 10 Ward 9 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5+ years 13 8 8 6 13 7 4 230 Tab1e IX.8 (Coneld) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ward 10 Less than 1 year .. 1-4 years 5+ years 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 Ward 11 Less than 1 year .. 1-4 year 5 + years 12 10 8 7 10 5 1 Ward 12 Less than 1 year .. 1-4 years 5+ years 12 4 4 5 12 4 2 Ward 13 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5+ years 3 3 3 3 4 1 Ward 14 Less than 1 year .. 1-4 years 5+ years 16 3 2 5 16 Total Less than 1 year .. 1-4 years 10 7 5 4 9 6 5+ years 205 1 109 106 63 186 71 49 (Based on Survey data) 231 It may be seen that duration of stay of none used for serving the food. But now they are of the household at his present residence is less being replaced by utensils of latter described than a year. Only 10 households have reported materials. Balti made of iron or brass is used that they were staying In the present residence for storing the water. The utensils of phoo/ were for 1-4 years and remaining 205 for more than earlier preferred but now the utensils made of five years. The majority of former type of stainless steel are generally in use. The utensils households IS In Ward No. 1 (7 households) and of China clay and glass are also in use in every the remaining In Ward NO.3 (2 households) and household for drinking tea or water. The lower ward No.7 (1 household). The total number of income-group households use the untensils of chairs and sofas reported in the surveyed brass, aluminium and iron but such utensil are households is 116 and 67 respectively. The num getting out of use and are replaced by utensils ber of tables is 67 and the number of cots and of stainless steel. Middle and upper income newar cots is 195 and 71 respectively. More than group households use almost all the utensils of 50 per cent households of Vvard Nos. 1, 10, 11 stainless steel. It is observed that people of all and 13 have sofa. None of the surveyed house religions, castes or communities or the migrated hold in Ward No. 5 has sofa. More so the table households prefer utensils of stainless steel in reveals that all but one households surveyed place of brass, phoo/, aluminium, iron or other have articles of furniture. In this respect better mixed alloys. status is found to be of those households who have completed more than 5 years of stay in the Luxury Goods town. The table IX.10 shows availability of luxu Utensils rious and costly goods by localities. The sample households have been asked to name 6 luxu The table IX.9 shows the material of utensils rious and costly goods. The luxurious and costly by locality and district to which households goods as recorded are wrist watCh, table clock, belong. radio, television, gramophone and tape recorder. Besides, the information regarding fridge, scooter, It has already been stated that majority of motor cycle, cooler, telephone, table fan, cycle, households belong to Unnao and neighbouring sewing-machine, wall clock etc. ware collected district of the town. In Ward Nos. 6, 11, 12, 13 under the category of other goods. and 14 all the heads of households belong to Unnao. In Ward No. 10 out of five households It may be noticed that out of 215 house one is from Andhra Pradesh and remaining four holds only 164 (76.28 per cent) possess luxu from Unnao. The cooking utensils used by rious goods. These 164 households possess households are made of brass, iron, aluminium, 480 items of goods. The average number of item and steel. The utensils of brass are usually used per household works out to 2.93. It further ex for boiling pulses, rice and vegetables and paral hibits that all 164 households have a wrist watch a big brass plate for preparing dough. The iron only 67 households have table-clocks and one utensils-karahi is used for frying and karchhi wall-clock, while radio, televisions and tape made of brass or iron is used for stirring and recorders each are in possession of 11,464 and serving vegetable, tawa-a round piece of iron is 34 households respectively. Fridge, scooter or use for baking chapa ties. Some households use motor cycle and telephone are in possession of aforesaid utensils of aluminium. The utensils 13,11 and 2 households respectively. used for serving food are katori, tha/i and gilas which are made of brass or stainless steel and All the households in Ward Nos. 10, 11 and 232 13 have one or more luxurious items and costly sian of costly goods. goods. In Ward No. 14 about two-thirds and in Ward Nos. 5, 6 and 7 about 60 per cent of Material used for fuel and light households have luxurious costly goods. In the remaining wards except Ward No.4 the propor Wood and cow-dung cakes have been the tion of households having luxurious and costly conventional sources of fuel. Wood is becoming goods varies between 75 and 94 per cent. Only scarce and costly day by day hence cow-dung 6 households in Ward NO.6 have luxurious and cakes are the only cheaper means of fuel. But costly type of goods. even this is becoming out-dated as it emits smoke which is injurious to health. This source The table IX.11 shows the presence of is gradually being replaced by kerosene oil and luxurious and costrly goods by locality J religion liquified petrolium gas. Gas is out of reach of and castes. lower-strata of society on account of high cost of gas-cylinder, security deposits and other Out of 172 Hindu households 133 (77.33 equipments. Kerosene oil lamps are used during per cent) own costly goods. Among 42 Muslim night as a source of light, but electricity has its households, 30 (71.43 per cent) have luxurious advantages and is convenient source of light. and costly goods. A Solitary Christian household The table IX.13 shows the material used for fuel also has costly goods. The proportion of owners and light by migrant and non-migrant house of table-clock, radio, television, gramophone and holds in the town. other goods is significantly higher among Hin dus in comparision to the Muslims. The table IX.13 indicates that 40 per cent of migrant households (42) use gas as fuel while In Ward numbers 11 and 13 all the house only 10.48 per cent of fthem (11 households) use holds belonging to various communities/castes stove. Among non-migrants the proportion of possess at least one luxurious or costly item, gas users is 19.09 per cent (21 households) and whereas in Ward Nos. 2, 8 and 12 barring one stove 3.63 per cent (4 households). Thus the or two households all own such goods. How conventional fuels such as wood, cow-dung ~ver, it may be observed that upper caste cakes, coal, saw-dust (burada) are used even families have higher proportion of luxurious and now by about 49 per cent of migrant and 73 per costly goods. cent non-migrant households. Table IX.12 exhibits the distribution of The source of light for 71.19 per cent luxurious and costly goods by educational level migrant households (80 households) is electri of head of household. city and for remaining it is kerosene-lamp. But among non-migrant, electricity (62 households) There are 51 households which do not and lamp (48 households) as sources work out possess costly goods, of them the heads of the to 56.36 and 43.64 per cent respectively. Thus 32 households are illiterate while the educational there is significant variation in the use of level of 5, 8 and 6 heads of households is below sophisticated sources of fuel and light in the primary, upto primary and upto matric respec migrant and non-migrant households. None of tively. All the heads of households possessing the migrant household in Ward Nos. 5, 6, 11, degree or diploma are having luxurious and 12 and 14 uses gas as fuel. Three and five costly goods. It paints out that the educational households respectively of Ward Nos. 1 and 8 levels had a direct relationship with the posses- use kerosene-stove. 233 ,::r:..... co (0 E (I) a::: (I) en Q...... · CD I() c: 0 Q. .- 0 (.} Q; .c I E "2 q m :E ..- ~ :2 I- 0 0 ..... ~ ,g CD :l .!!1 6 ~ C'l 0 Q) C\I ~ (I) in ..... ~ ...... 0 c .... (.} .:.:: ..c Q) 0 S (I) CD cP "U ,_ m 0 s::. (I) - N ...... c E 0 ...... r:.- ~ .....Q) it ,~ >- Q) '+- .c '- 0 Q) Ci3 (0 ..... (\J C\I ...- ...- co ...- C\J ...... 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(\J cr) ' !IJ :::::I t- CCl Q) I Q) c ::2 0 (0 0 Q) .e ,- l- 0.. - Fuel particulars Migrants Non-migrants No. of Percen No. of Percen house tage house tage has Ids holds 1 2 3 4 5 FUEL Wood 21 20.00 36 31.82 Wood and Stove 7 667 9 8.18 Wood and cow-dung cake 4 3.81 8 7.28 Wood and coal 6 572 4 3.64 Saw-dust and wood 1 0.95 Wood stove and Gas (L.P.G)* 1 095 Stove 1 1 10.48 4 363 Gas (L.P.G)* 42 40.00 21 19.09 Coal 5 4.76 4 3.63 Cow-dung cake 5 476 16 14.55 Stove and coal 1 0.95 Saw-dust, wood, stove 1 0.95 and coal 1 0.91 Kerosene, kanda, 1 0.91 Gas and stove 5 4.55 Gas, coal and wood 1 0.91 LIGHT Lamp 25 23.81 48 43.64 Electric 80 71.19 62 56.36 *L P.G.-LlqUJfled Petrollum Gas 242 A Typical Bungalow Civii Lines Unnao A Typical Bungalow Civil Lines Unnao A Bungalow at Azadnagar Colony (Avas avam Vikas) Unnao Azad Colony Unnao A Typical Narrow lane of Talib Sarai Mohalla Unnao. A View CHAPTER X SLUMS, BLIGHTED AND OTHER AREAS WITH SUB-STANDARD LIVING CONDITIONS Dictionary meaning of the word 'slum' is 'an area, yet It does have slum-like zones and over-crowded and squalid back-street, district, related problems In this context, it may be etc., or city, inhabited by very poor people'. worthwhile to recall percentages of persons Word 'blight' is also sometimes used to describe deprived of amenities as shown in the Chapter slumhke habitat in a town. It is, infact, 'an III. As high as 47 per cent of town dwellers were unsightly area'. Other words used as synony without electric facility in 1981. In other words, mous to these are 'deprived areas', 'sub-stan in that year about 50% households of the town dard hving areas', etc. However, the soical were devoid of this facility_ More than 36 per cent scientists try to discuss aspects of slum in a of persons and households were not having their town by adhering a number of approaches but own toilet facility. Only about 40 per cent of they are not unanimous about what constitutes households were enjoying tap-water facility. These a slum. Some treat 'slum' as an area with 'sub figures are self evident in showing the extent of standard housing' or a building while others marooned section of the population in the town. consider slum as a thickly populated area, and stili some consider It as the neglected areas Location by type which are replete with ill-repaired and dilapidated structures. Another section treats slum as the old The town does not have any notified slum area in a town, which with steadily increasing area. As shown in the table X.2 (see the Annexure) population density went poorer by housing areas of the town can be grouped into the standards, over a period of time. Section 3 of deprivation-ranges as shown there. In the five the U.P. Slum area (Improvement and clearance) wards, more than 50 per cent households do not Act, 1962 defines 'slum' as 'an area which by have any of the three amenities, as also the reason of dilapidation, over-crowding, faulty extent of deprivation is greatest there. Out of the arrangement of huts, lack of ventilation, light or affected areas as referred above the position as sanitary facilities or any combination of these prevailing in respect of wards Adarsh Nagar, factors is detrimental to safety, health or morals Akrampur and Talib Sarai may be described as of the inhabitants in that area'. In the census worst. parlance 'slum' is taken to mean 'hutting areas with squalid surrounding'. These areas may lie History, circumstances of growth and con at the old localities in the heart of a town or, tinuation may be the squatter settlements or 'ghettos' of scheduled castes/tribes in any part (most likely The three wards of Adarsh Nagar, Akram in the out-skirts) of the town. However, there is pur and Talib Sarai are carved cut of the newly no notified slum area in Unnao town. As such, added rural pockets in the town area. The the slum related data of the town were not deplorable condition prevailing in these wards collected at 1981 Census. owes to the fact that these wards are stili more or less rural like in appearance and substance Amenities and the deprived areas of the town and need development so as to raise them above the level of rural standrards or backward Although, Unnao town has no notified slum ness. 245 Ethnic groups and 1,003 (Gandhi Nagar). Over the Censuses from 1961 to 1981, the percentages of excess The Adarsh Nagar ward was created in households slowed down from 19.71 (1961) to 1979 by including fully the village Sheikhpur and 1667 {1971} and further to 3.31 in 1981. partially the Gadan~ hera Chamar and Dhobi among scheduled castes are most dominant The houseless population in the town at _ethnic groups ot the Nard, tollowed by Bhujwas, 1981 Census was only 97 belonging to 29 Malis, Lodhs and Nais. Other castes among households. It formed only 0.13 per cent of the Hindus found in the ward are the Brahmans, town population. At the 1981 Census the number Yadavas and Bans. About one-tenth of the of occupied residential houses against the number population is of Muslims The Akrampur ward of households (including houseless ones) were also was created in 1979 by totally merging the 12,870 and 13,311 respectively. The correspond village of Singrausi and partly the Akrampur in ing figures at 1971 and 1961 Censuses were the town limits. More than 80 per cent of the 5,997 and 7,151 and 4,685 and 5,835. Of the inhabitants are Hindus and the rest are Muslims. 7,151 households in 1971, 3 575 were liVing on Apart from the Brahmans, Lahars are the other rented tenurial status. It seems that the data dominant caste among Hindus. The Talib Sarai relating to the housing condition in the town, ward consists of an exten'sive tract of agricultural does not depict any area as a deprived one It land. The ward came into the eXistence in 1979 only shows a composite picture of the town in after the complete merger of village Ibrahimabad this regard, irrespective of concentration of Into the town limit. Three-fourths of the popula houslng-deprlvity in any locality. tion is that of the Hindus Pasis, Lodhs and Dhanuks taken together constitute about half of However, the table X.1 (given in the Annex the total pupulatlon. ure) presents houslng-depnvlty in various wards of the town when number of households with Settlement history and external linkages more than 1.5 persons per room is analysed. On the baSIS of this criterion, Civil hnes (second), After the creation of these areas in 1979 Adarsh Nagar, Kaithiyana and TaUb Sarai are the people belonging to different ethnic groups have most depnved places of the town and Ram settled down. In Akrampur ward, many labourer Nagar, Sheikhwara and Gandhi Nagar are least families have settled down. They however, manage deprived It may be recalled that the number of to have close operational linkages with their households per 1,000 occupied residential houses earlier abodes was minImum (1,003) in Gandhi Nagar at 1981 Census which IS in consonance with the above Housi'lg condition findings. Stock of the reSidential houses in the town Water-supply, lighting and lavatory facilities has remained comparatively in comfortable po Sition as against the situation prevailing in vanous In Adarsh Nagar area, 66.66 per cent of urban centres of the U.P. At the time of 1981 households lack drinking water facility. About 72 Census, number of households (per 1,000 Census per cent of the households in this ward are de houses) was 1,077 and 1,079 In urban U P. and prived of electriCity and lavatory facilities. In the district (urban), whereas there were only Akrampur area, 8461 per cent of households do 1 ,034 households per 1 ,000 occupied reSidential not have lavatory faCility for their separate use, houses in the town Wardwlse ratios at the and 61 53 per cent of these households are be maximum and minimum were 1,073 (Gaddiyana) reft of the electricity In the Tallb Sarai area, 246 68.75 per cent of the households (as revealed than 1.5 persons per room, households lacking from the survey data) are without separate the basic amenities of drinking water, electricity drinking water facility, electricity and lavatory and lavatory I proportion of persons unemployed facility. and seeking work have been compiled to perceive a picture of living pattern in a slum like area of Law and order, crime and deviant behaviour the town. The data has been compiled up to the etc. locality /ward level, so as to identify the areas There is nothing special so far as law and which have slum-like living conditions. The out order, crime and deviant behaviour related situ come of the analysis based on information ation in these wards is concerned. The situation compiled shows that the problem ties both at prevailing is more or less similar to other wards the individual household level as well in specific in the town. localities/wards. The table X.1 shows that the pattern of spatial association between different Annexure (to Chapter X) kinds of deprivations vary significantly from ward Certam indicators like households with more to ward. Table X.1 Likely deprived areas in the town Locality No. of Variables in percentages sample house- Households Households lacking the Economically holds with more basic amenity of unemployed than 1.5 but seeking persons Drinking Electncty Lavatory work per room water 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Moti Nagar 32 81 31.25 28.12 21.87 3 2. Civil Lines 1 20 95 35.00 25.00 30.00 5 3. Civil Lines 2 16 100 12.50 31.25 31.25 1 4. Gandhi Nagar 19 78 15.78 42.10 36.84 2 5. Adarsh Nagar 18 100 66.66 72.22 72.22 Nil 6. Akrampur 13 92 38.46 61.53 8461 2 7. A.B. Nagar 18 88 27.77 5.55 27.77 3 8. Jawahar Nagar 18 88 6666 16.66 5.55 3 9. Sheikhwara 13 76 38.46 2307 7.69 7 10. Gaddiyana 5 80 40.00 Nil Nil 9 11. Kaithiyana 12 100 25.00 8.33 Nil 3 12. Chaudhariyana 12 91 66.66 8.33 Nil 4 13. Ram Nagar 3 66 Nil Nil Nil 7 14. Talib Sarai 16 100 68.75 68.75 68.75 Nil Total 215 89 3953 31.62 31 16 3 (Based on Survey data - 1987) 247 In the case OT waras 5, 6 and 14 a strong such as drinking water, electricity and lavatory indication of deprivations is witnessed, which are are not available to more than 50 per cent, there probably due to the fact that these settle 35-50 per cent and less than 35 per cent of ments were rural areas before their recent merger households. The information in respect of 14 into the town. A perusal of the above statement wards grouped as per aforesaid criteria is reveals that there are wards where amenities given in table X.2. Table X.2 : Ranges of deprivity in wards Range Number and name of wards (I) More than 50 + 5. Adarsh Nagar per cent 6. Akrampur 8. Jawahar Nagar 12. Chaudhnyana 14. Talib Sarai (Ii) 35-50 4. Gandhi Nagar per cent 9. Sheikhwara 10. Gaddiyana (IIi) Less than 1. Moti Nagar 35 per cent 2. Civil Lines I 3. Civil Lines 11 7. Atal Bihari Nagar 11. Kaithiyana 13. Ram Nagar Thus all the wards have sub-standard, Every household in wards Gaddiyana, blighted areas and comparatively incorporate Kaithlyana, Chaudhriyana and Ram Nagar has poor living conditions. The wards with only 35 separate toilet facility. All households in wards per cent or less of households lacking one or Gaddiyana and Ram Nagar have electric facil the other basic amenities are Moti Nagar (I), Civil Ity, but facility of drinking water is available to Lines (First) (II), Civil Lines (Second) (III), Atal all the households in Ram Nagar ward only. Blhari Nagar (VII), Kalthiyana (XI) and Ram Most deprived wards in respect of electric facility Nagar (XIII). The wards having households who are Adarsh Nagar, Talib Sarai and Akrampur lack one or the other basic amenities in a where more than 60 per cent of households lack percentage range of 35 to 50 are Gandhi Nagar this facility, while the least deprived wards are (IV), Sheikhwara (IX) and Gaddiyana (X), while Gaddlyana, Ram Nagar, A.B. Nagar, Kaithiyana wards with households lacking one or the other and Chaudhriyana. The households in wards basic amenities to the extent of more than 50 Akrampur, Adarsh Nagar and Talib Sarai are per cent are Adarsh Nagar M, Akrampur (VI), mostly deprived of separate toilet facility. However, Jawahar Nagar (VIII), Chaudhriyana (XII) and in Gaddiyana, Kaithiyana, Chaudhriyana and Tallb Sarai (XIV). Ram N agar wards, this facility is available to all 248 the households. ing the town), show least percentage of unem ployed persons. Further, the table X.1 (based on a sample of 215 households in the town) shows absence The rest of the wards of the town where of economically active males unemployed but depnvations are not so grave, are more or less seeking work in the total population of wards older settlements, which are subject to the forces Adarsh Nagar and Tallb Sarai. As indicated in of socio-demographic character. These forces the 'footnote' (see below), these wards have are of historical nature and specific to particular pnmarlly agriculture based economy and agricul localities/wards. Chaudhriyana, Gaddiyana, ture is well known sector with a fair degree of Kaithlyana, Kanoongoyan localities, etc., are the disguised unemployment and possibly due to it, instances of such case. Civil lines area being the this result might have been arrived. On the new settlement in the town, has less of the effect contrary, the highest precentage of unemployed of these forces. However, considering the sample persons are observed in wards Gaddiyana, size, it may not be wise to construe that the Shelkhwara and Ram Nagar, which are more ur deprived persons are less spatially concentrated banised and developed. Likewise Civil Lines in wards like the Civil Lines. A moot point is that (second), Gandhi Nagar and Akrampur wards, problems are area-specific and need specific set (which were recently reconstituted with addition of poliCies instead of general set of rules as are of erstwhile rural or agncultural areas surround- enshrined in the slum-clearance Act. * Out of 215 sample households of the town, the percentage of households possessing agricultural land In respect of wards 6,14 and 5 are 69 23 per cent, 43 75 per cent and 38 88 per cent respectively against 16 28 per cent for the town as a whole As a matter of fact, rural background and slow effect of recent merger Into the town are thus quite eloquent In cases of wards 5, 6 and 14 and for that matter these localities lag behind others In the town so far as availability of amenIties are concerned 249 CHAPTER XI ORGANISATION OF POWER AND PRESTIGE Introduction to be members of the assembly. Even in a democratic polity, a society is Elite structure of the town largely to be dependent on a system of heirarchy for smooth functioning of its political affairs. In Office bearers and functionaries of the po fact, Influential persons in the town, who are at litical parties, municipality, various committees of the helm of the affairs in the local polity and in educational Institutions, and of the voluntary or the administration of the local bodies and ganizatIons, as stated above form the elite-class government machinery are the pivots around in the town. The president of the district con whom revolves the organization of power and gress commitee is the person who represents prestige 10 the town. the ruling party in the native district. The Congress (I) supported presIdent of the municipality, Alim Functionaries of the political parties came Husain Zaidi 'Allan' is another such person. Zia into power after indepenence. From 1969 to ur-Rahman Ansari, the M.P. from this region and 1987 elected body of the municipality was defunct a central minister alongwith Shri Gopi Nath DiXIt, due to the supercession. Instead, it was run by a State minister from the native district are now the government functionaries during the said the core-elites of the town. Apart from them, period. there are host of opposition leaders, committee presidents and the government officers headed Some of the committees of educational by the district officer, who belong to the ellte institutions based at Kanpur also have hold in class. the nature of political manipulation or lobbying inside the Unnao town, as the most prestigious Political mobilization and activities educational institution at the town, namely the D.S.N. college IS being managed by them. A Office bearers and functionaries of the po host of office bearers like that of the Red Cross litical partIes play a major role in a democratic Society are also influential persons of the town, society. Among the parties actIve in the town, as they are often successful in espousing the the Congress has the largest number of members. cause on the humanitarian ground in close Presently, Devi Prasad Singh IS the secretary of liaison wIth people and various governmental the town unit of the Congress (I). The C.P.I. has agencies in the town. about 10,000 members in the native distnct (including the town). Barring the C.P.I. and the Among the government offices functioning Bhartiya Janta Party, all the centerist parties in the town, the Distnct Officer is the most functioning in the town and the native district powerful, not only in the matter of managing the have merged into the new alliance of the Janta affairs of the town but also for whole of the OaJ. However, a certain L:)k Dal far;tion of the district. At the top of the echelon are those town, has decided not to merge into the Janta elected members of the town, who are success Oal. Political mobilization by the above parties ful in getting a berth or portfolio in the state at the town level can be assessed by consid ministry, or In central cabInet, or who happen ering the municipality elections. After a gap of 250 about two decades, the elections for the munici 100 members. Yet another trade union IS the Bijll pality, were held in November 1988. In this Karmachari Sangh (Harish Tiwari led), which IS election, Alim Husain Zaidi 'Allan' a Congress (I) affiliated with the Bhartlya Mazdoor Sangh and supported candidate was elected as president IS an orgamsation in alliance with the Commu of the municipality as mentioned earlier. As nist Party of India. It also has about 100 members. stated above, in the educational arena, the D.A.V. College Trust and Management Society, (ii) Wine workers' unions U.P., Kanpur has the largest say It manages the OS N. College of the town, and as such the gov There are various trade unions active in the erning body of that society has quite an influ town, who espouse the cause of the industrial ence over the affaIrs of the town. Zla-ur-Rahman workers. Workers of the Karam Chand Thapar Ansari, a central minister and Gopi Nath Dixit, and Bros (a wine unit) have their own union a state minister as noted above, are the two named as the Sharab Mill Mazdoor Union, which prominent personalrtles belonging to the Con was established in July, 1978. It is affiliated with gress (I) party. Others are Madhuri Shukla and the All India Trade Union Congress and IS Shn Devi Prasad Singh Chief opposition leader supported by the Communist Party of India It in the town belonging to Janta Dal is Manohar has about 200 members and about 60 per cent Lal, an M L.A. He is an active political person workers of the Karam Chand Thapar and Bros and Influences political activities of the town. (owned distillary), are members of thiS union. (iii) Chemical Employees Union The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) and the Indian National Trade Union Congress The Unnao ChemIcal Employees Union was (INTUC) are chief trade unions in the town establIshed on 16th February, 1964. It is mainly alongwith the Bhartiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS). the union of fertilizer workers based at Magar The Indian National Trade Union Congress wara, which is about 10 kms, from the town. It (INTUC) is a Congress supported trade union is a CITU (Centre of Indian Trade Unions) organization. Its office was opened in the town affIliated. It has as Its members about 40 per in 1986. Most of ItS 700 members are the wine cent of the workers of the Magarwara based and chemical workers. About 75 per cent of fertIlizers unit. It has about 150 members and workers In the town are the members of this IS supported by the Communist Party of India. trade union and rest are guided by the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC). the Bhartiya (iv) Steel and ROiling Mill workers' unions Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) and others. Steel and roiling mill workers of the town have their own separate union named the Iron Industry-wise activities of Trade Unions and Steel Mazdoor Sangh, established in 1980. Largely the workers of the Mis. Meena Steels, (i) Electric workers' unions Mis. Mohan Steels etc., are its members. The Union has as its members about 25 per cent of There are three trade unions of the electric the steel mill workers In the town. It has about Ity workers in the town. One is the Vldyut Kar 100 members and is afiiliated to the Bhartiya machari Morcha Sangathan (Babbu Awasthi fac Trade Unron Congress. tion), which was set up in 1976. It is a trade union of class three and four officials with about (v) Leather and Tannery worker's unions 300 members. Th other one is Hydroelectric Em ployees Union (Raja Ram Mlshra faction), which Tannery workers In the town have formed IS an INTUC affillated organizatIon. It has about the Leather and Tanners Workers Union on 14th 251 of the April, 1980. Workers of the Zam-Zam 215A33 votes out of 418,146 votes polled. While Tanners are mostly it's members. The Union Vidhan Sabha general elections were held in 1985, covers about 60 per cent of workers engaged in which Manohar Lal of erstwhile Lok Oal won in various leather and tannery complexes. It by securing 36,061 votes out of about 66 thou has over 400 members and is affiliated to the sand votes polled. Mr. Ansari is now a minister All India Trade Union Congress. in the central government and Mr. Manohar Lal is a prominent opposition leader in the state. In Voting Behaviour in the elections other words, the hold of leftist parties, like the C.P.I. and the rightist ones like the B.J.P. is not The recent general elections held for the quite pronounced in this region (or town). Lok Saba and the Vidhan Sabha show that there is influence of the Congress but at present there is influence of Janta Oal also. In The table XI.1 shows voting behaviour at the the December, 1984 Lok Sabha elections, Zia 1985 general elections for the Assembly seat. The ur-Rahman Ansari got elected as an M.P. from said Assembly constituency comprised Unnao this region on a Congress ticket. He secured town and part of rural area of Unnao tahsiL Table XI.1 : Voting behaviour of the people in general election Name of Assem- Year when Whether Name of Castel Party of No of No of bly constituency election reserved candidate Religion candl- voters votes held of date registered polled to candidate each candidate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Unnao Assembly 1985 Unreserved 153,129 65994 constituency (4310) (i) Abdul Zahld Muslim Independent 138 (021) (Ii) Kanti Oevi Hindu -do- 711 (1 08) (III) Chandra Shekhar -do- -do- 133 (020) Mishra 'Saranj' (IV) Nehra -do- -do- 93 (014) (v) Prem Prakash -do- -do- 359 (0 54} (VI) Manohar Lal -do- Lok Oal 36,061 (54 64) (VII) Madhuri Shukla -do Congress 20,869 (31 62) (VIII) Mohd. Husain Muslim Independent 137 (021) (IX) Ravi Kumar Hindu -do- 79 (012) (x) Ram Khelawan -do- -do- 664 (1 01) Kureel (XI) Ram Charan Lodh -do- -do- 1,418 (2.15) (XII) Ram Naresh -do- Ooordarshl 529 (080) (xiII) ShiV Pal Singh -do- Janta Party 4467 (677) (XIV) Rameshwar -do- Independent 195 (030) (xv) Shnkrishan -do- -do- 141 (021) Yadav (Source. Election Directorate, Uttar Pradesh) 252 It will be noticed, that in all 15 candidates development of the area or the locality and the contested for the Assembly seat. Among them town. Such individual or persons are consulted 13 were Hindus and 2 Muslims. Both the Muslim for the eJections of local body or town and th0ir candidates contested as independent candi views are respected. In almost all the SOCial and dates. One candidate each was from Congress cultural activities of the town they are especially (I), Lokdal, Janta Party and Doordarshi Party, invited. The policies of local administration are and the remaining 10 contested as independent chalked out in consultation with them and they candidates. Manohar Lal, a 10kdaJ candidate se also inturn influence the public opinion. Thpy cured 36,061 (54 64 per cent) votes, out of are the trustees of places of worShip such as 65,994 votes polled. Smt. Madhuri Shukla, a temple, church, mosques, gurudwara and also Congress candidate secured 20,869 (31.62 per of schools. cent) votes, while Shri Shiv Pal Singh of Janta Party polled only 4A67 (6.77 per cent). Unnao town is the headquarters of the district administration. It is situated near the state The number of votes polled in favour of all capital Lucknow. Persons of this town hold key, independent candidates including Doordarshi and prestigious portfolios in the political orgao Party was 4,597 (6.97 per cent). It may however, Isation at the Union State or the native district be observed that only 65, 994 (43.10 per cent) level. In order to ascertain who are most respect votes were cast out of 153,129. able and influential persons in the town, 50 persons were interviewed in five localities. Prestigious and Influential Persons of the town The interviewees were required to indica1e names of five most respectable persons 'in the The prestige position as well the respect town. Many of them failed to state five names. gained by an Individual is generally based on They mentioned two or three names. Rank the power Wielded by him. The latter usually de among the persons named as respectable was pends on socia-political strength of organisation, determined by the allotment of score. One score community or society to which he belongs. The was assigned for each mention for a particular area of his Influence may be a locality, town, dis person. The interviewees mentioned names of trict or region If the individual is the represen forty two per£ons. The following table XI.2 gives tative of the region or district, he has a dominant the particulars of persons whose score was five voice In the meetings and deliberations for the or more. 253 Table XI.2 : Particulars of most respected persons in the town and their scores Name of the persons Score Sex Caste Education Occupation Office, if any held 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Smt Madhuri Shukla 11 F Brahman B.A, B Ed Social President worker women's committee 2. Sacchidanand Bajpal 10 M -do- BA LLB Politician MLA 3 Gopi Nath Dixit 9 M -do- SA -do- The honouraule Home Minister, UP 4 Amar Nath Nigam 8 M Kayastha MA LLB Advocate 5 Dr Kuldeep 8 M -do B Sc MBSS Doctor 6 Kunwar Sir Pal SIngh 7 M Kshatnya MA LLB Advocate 7 Chandra Shiv Pal Singh 7 M -do BA LLB -do- 8 MoradhwaJdhar Sharma 7 M Brahman Middle Freedom Fighter 9 Ganga Prasad 7 M --do Inter -do- 10 Manohar lal 7 M Kahar 8A PolitiCian MLA 11 Zla-ur-Rahman Ansari 6 M Muslim B A. LL B -do- Central MInister 12 Jagram Pd Tripathi 6 M Brahman B A, LL B Advocate 13 Dr 0 P Gupta 5 M Vaishya S Sc, MSSS Doctor 14 Dr V N Tnpathl 5 M Brahman -do- Doctor The above table shows that among 14 been mentioned as respectable persons. They respectable persons who scored 5 or more; of are Dr. Kuldeep, Dr O.P.Gupta and Dr V.N the 4 are politicians and advocates, while 3 are Tnpathi. The former scored 8 and the later two doctors and 2 are freedom-fighters and 1 is 5 each. Shri Moradhwajdhar and Sri Ganga social worker. It may however, be observed that Prasad--freedom fighters are also mentioned as Smt. Madhun Shukla, a sacral worker, (also the respectable persons and each one of them has preSident of women's committee) has scored secured a score of 7 pOints highest pOints (11) Among the four politicians, Shn Sacchidanand Bajpal (M.L A) and honour Categories of persons who are most influen able Home Minister (now Health Minister) Shri tial in the town GOpl Nath Dixit have secured scores of 10 and 9 points respectIvely. Shri Manohar Lal (M.L.A. Besides, each interviewee was asked to of the opposition party) and honourable Aviation name five most influential persons in the town. Minister (in the central cabinet) Shri Zia-ur The procedure followed for assigning score In Rahman Ansari have scored 7 and 6 points this case also is the same as is adopted for respectively. Out of four advocates, Shri Amar naming respectable persons. The particulars of Nath Nigam (8) and Kunwar a,r Pal Singh (7) persons who have scored two or more pOInts scored highest. There are 3 doctors, who have are presented In the table XI.3. 254 Table XI.3 : Particulars of most influential persons in the town and their scores Name of the person Score Sex Caste Education Occupation Office, if any held 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Zia-ur-Rahman 33 M Muslim SA, LLB Politician Central Ansari Minister 2 Gopi Nath Dixit 33 M Brahman BA. -do- State Minister 3 Anwar Ahmad 31 M Muslim SA, LLB Advocate Ex-M LA 4 Manohar La! 27 M Kahar -do- Politician MLA 5 Uma Shankar Dixit 17 M Brahman SA -do- Ex-Home Minister (Central) 6 Sacchidanand 12 M Brahman B A, LLB Politician Ex-M LA Bajpal 7 Sabu Gaya Singh 6 M Kurmi MA, LLS Advocate Ex-M LA 8 Nagendra Nath 4 M Kshatnya MA, LLB Advocate 9 Gopal S haran 4 M Kayastha M A, BEd Principal AS Inter Srivastava College 10 Bhagwatl Singh 3 M Kshatriya M A, LLB Politician MLA 'Vlsharad' The table shows that there are 10 persons Babu Gaya Singh (an ex-M.L.A. and Advocate) who are mentioned as the most influential persons has secured 6 pOints and Nagendra Nath of the town Among these; 6, 3 and 1 are poli (Advocate) and Gopal Sharan Srivastava have ticians, advocates and principal secured a score 4 points each. Honourable Zla-ur-Rahman Ansari (Aviation Shn Bishwambhar Dayal Tripathl, hero of Minister in the Central Cabinet) and honourable "Klshan Movement" was member of parliament GOpl Nath Dixit (Health Minister in Uttar Pradesh from an opposition party--the socialist party and State) have obtained a score of 33 each. Shri was most influential person of the town and the Anwar Ahmad (Ex-minister and presently advo district in the fifties. Later on, his son was elected cate) has secured a score of 31. Shri Manohar as member of Parliament. The opposition coa Lal (M L.A.of an opposition party) has secured lition came into power In 1967 and a pOlitical Will a score of 27 points. Shn Uma Shankar Dixit is was seen there to develop the town. Shn Anwar a veteran Congress leader and ex-Home Min Ahmad (ex-M.L.A) belonging to the town, on his Ister of the Indian Republic. He wields enormous elevation as Health Minister of Uttar Pradesh clout In the town's polity. He is also an ex state took a keen interest in development of the governer of state of West Bengal. The other two town. Later, Zia-ur-Rahman Ansari (presently politicians Who have secured scores of 12 and M.P. from the ruling party of Congress) and Uma 3 pOints are Sacchldanand Bajpai and Bhagwati Shanker Dixit (ex-Home Minister) contributed SIgh 'Visharad'. Among the rest three persons, their mite for development of the town. 255 CHAPTER XII LEISURE AND RECREATION, SOCIAL PARTICIPATION, SOCIAL AWARENESS, RELIGION AND CRIME A community, whether town or village, is (i) Unnao Club: It is located in the Civil not only exceptional in the sense that it works Lines area of the town. This club was established In close economic co-operation based on divi in 1908. Presently, it has 40 members and most sion of labour, but also in the sense that it of them are advocates and officers. The club possesses a certain socio-cultural milieu in which premises are open from 4 in the morning till 9 its inhabitants share their social, political and in the evening. Each member has to pay rupees cultural ethos. In the present chapter the pattern five per month as membership fee apart 1rom as witnessed in the town about the leisure time rupees ten at the time of initial entry. activities and allied subjects is discussed. (ii) Reading Club: The reading Club is (A) Particulars about cultural and recreational situated at the station Road. It came into exis centres and activities in the town tence in 1880 A.D. It has about 60 members at its roll. Most of its members are also advocates Parks of the town. It functions from 6.00 A.M. to 10.00 P.M. daily. There are about a dozen parks in the town. The most well-kept park is Nirala Park, located (iii) Lion's Club' The Lion's Club is situated in Civil Lines. It is mainly used by children, Other within the premises of the Collectorate. It was Parks which are maintained by the municipality started in year 1982. The dally visiting hours are are Panna Lal Park (at Shahganj locality) and from 5.00 A.M. to 1000 P.M. Mostly doctors of Abbas 8agh Park (at Jawahar Nagar). the town are its members. The Lion's Club has only 25 members Stadium Library There is only one stadium in the town. It is located at Pitamberkhera on the Lucknow The Government District Library IS located Kanpur road. It is frequently used as a play near Collectorate buildings. It was opened In ground. The district level sports tournaments are 1984. A staff of seven employees look atter the organized at the stadium every year, usually affairs of the library. The number of members during the month of November or December. is around 500. The membership fee is rupees twenty for hfe-time members. It also has a Town Hall reading room. It opens Jo public at 7.00 A.M. and closes at 7.00 P.M. It is popularly known as Yusuf Hall. It is located in the main buildings of the municipal Cinemas office. It was constructed in 1936 and is mostly used for meetings and cultural activities. There are four cinema houses in the town, namely the Shivoy, the Sunder Talkies, the Clubs Lakshml Place and the Chandralok. There are three clubs functioing in the town: The Shivoy cinema is located at Panna La! 256 Park in Shahganj. It was established in 1985. It Hindi dailies in circulation in town are 'Swatan has a capacity of 648 seats. tra Sharat' (Lucknow edition), 'Amrit Prabhat' (Lucknow edition) and 'Nav Bharat Times' Sunder Talkies is situated near Chota (Lucknowedition) Largest circulated Urdu daily Chauraha. It was opened In 1947. Lakshmi in the to,wn is 'Qaumi Aawaz', published from Talkies and Chandralok were opened in year Lucknow. Among the English dailies in circula 1960 and 1985 respectively. tion in the town are 'Times of India' (Lucknow edition), 'National Herald', 'Pioneer' and 'North All the cinema houses In the town have a ern India Patrika'. projection length of 35 mm. The best among the cinema halls seems to be the Shivoy. The latter Ten Hindi weeklies are being published three cinema houses have 530, 522 and 650 locally in the town. These are 'Advitiya' 'Kaal seats respectively. Except for the Sunder Talk Chintan', 'Pathik', 'Rana Sthall', 'Sudha Sand Ies, the dally average number of tickets sold han', 'Aparajit', 'Rana Naad','Jai SaJrang', 'Ganga' dunng the month preceding the month of Survey and the famous 'Saanubandh' , 'Employment was about one thousand. In the case of the News' published from New DeIhl and its Hindi Sunder Talkies It was below 450. Total sale edition the 'Rozgar Samachar' are the largest proceeds of the tickets was highest in the case circulated weeklies In the town. Other notable of the Shlvoy Cinema (about 8.36 lakhs of Hindi weeklies in circulation are 'Dharmayug' rupees) followed by the Chandra Lok (about 7.74 published from Bombay, 'Saptahik Hindustan' iakhs of rupees), Lakshml Talkies (about 4.68 published from Delhi and Urdu weeklies named lakhs ot rupees) and the Sunder Talkies (about 'Chauthi Duniya' and 'Nai Duniya', as well as the Rs 1 48 lakhs). English weeklies like 'Blitz' published from Bombay and 'IIlustrated Weekly of India' (published from Circuses Conferences etc. Bombay) are also in circulation. Hindi fortnight-" ies circulated in the town are 'Maya' and In the year 1983, the Raj Kamal Circus had 'Manorama' published from Allahabad and 'Mukta', shown Its feats in the town at the Ram Leela 'Sarita', 'Dlnman', 'Madhun', etc. The ·Engllsh grouds for eighteen days. Afterwards, the Great fortnightlies in circulation in town are 'Yojna', Bombay Circus had displayed their perform 'India Today' and 'Film Fare'. ances in the town on the same ground. Recently, the Bharatl Parishad has organised an annual 'Saanubandh' is the only locally published 'Kavi-Samaaroh' on 27th of February, 1988. The Hindi monthly from the town. 'Manohar Kaha function was organised at the Government Inter niya' published from Allahabad is the largest mediate College, Unnao. circulated Hindi monthly in the town. Other popular Hindi monthlies in the town are 'Nandan' Newspapers, Journals and Periodicals by type (a children'S magazine in Hindi published from in circulation in the town Deihl), 'Grih-Shobha (published from Delhi), 'Vama' (an exclusively womens magazine publIshed The dailies published from the town are from Delhi), and 'Pratiyogita-Darpan' (in Hindi a 'Avadh-Express', 'Unnao Times' and 'Vritant'. All monthly exclusively meant for the asplrlng are Hindi dailies Hindi dailies published outside candidates for various competitive examinations). and circulated In the town are 'Dainik Jagaran' The sale Urdu monthly in circulation in town IS (Kanpur edition) and 'Aaj' (Kanpur edition). Other 'Aaj Kal'. Among the English monthlies popular 257 in town the mention can be made of 'General The table furnished below shows the par Knowledge Today', 'Competition Success Re ticulars of newspapers, journals and periodicals view' and 'Probe India', etc. circulated in the town in the year 1986-87. Table XII.1 Newspapers, journals and periodicals by type in circulation in the town in year (1986-87) Type Name language Place of publication Number in circulation Local Outside 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Dally 1 Avadh Express Hindi Local NA. 2 Unnao Times -do- -do- NA 3 Vritant -do- -do- NA 4 Vishesha -do- Shuklaganj NA 5 Nav Bharat Times -do- Deihl More than 100 copies 6 Dafnik Jagaran -do- Kanpur About 3,500 copies 7. Aaj -do- -do- About 1,000 copies 8. Swatantra Bharat -do- Lucknow About 200 copies 9 Amrit Prabhat -do- -do- About 100 copies 10 Nava Jeevan -do- -do- -do- 11 Nava Bharat Times -do- -do- Below 100 copies 12 Qaumi Aawaz Urdu -do- About 200 copies 13. Times of India English Delhi Below 100 copies 14 Economic Times -do- -do- About 15 copies 15 Northern India Patrika -do- Lucknow About 200 copies 16 Pioneer -do- -do- About 225 copies 17 National Herald -do- Lucknow About 100 copies 18 Times of India -do- -do- About 350 copies 2. Weekly 1 Advitiya Hindi Local NA 2 Kaal Chintan -do- -do- NA. 3 Pathik -do- -do- NA 4. Rana Sthali -do- -do- N.A. 5 Sudha Sand han -do- -do- NA 6 AparaJlt -do- -do- NA 7 Rana Naad -do- -do- NA. 8 Jai Bajrang -do- -do- NA 9 Ganga -do- -do- NA 10 Saanubandh -do- -do- N.A. 11 Rozgar Samachar -do- Delhi 125 copies 12 Dharmyug -do- Bombay About 75 copies 13 Saptahik Hindustan -do- Delhi About 40 copies 258 1 2 3 4 5 6 14 Chauthi Duniya Urdu About 50 copies 15 Nai Duniya -do- About 70 copies 16 Blitz English Bombay About 60 copies 17 Employment News -do- Delhi About 100 copies 18. mustrated Week\y of India -do- Bombay About 20 copies 3 Fortnightly 1 Madhuri Hindi Bombay About 60 copies 2. Maya -do- Allahabad About 220 copies 3. Manorama -do- -do- About 120 copies 4. Dinman -do- Bombay About 55 copies 5 Sarita -do- Delhi About 90 copies 6 Mukta -do- -do- About 50 copies 7. Abhaya Bharti -do- About 15 copies 8. Avakash -do- Varanasi About 25 copies 9. Rozgar Digest -do- Moradabad About 50 copies 10 India Today -do- Delhi About 75 copies 11 Yojana English -do- About 35 copies 12 India Today -do- -do- About 20 copies 13 Film Fare -do- Bombay About 60 copies 4 Monthly 1 Manohar Kahaniya Hindi Allahabad 160 2. Hans -do- 25 3 Kaadambani -do- Delhi 55 4 Nandan -do- 70 5 Paras -do- 45 6 Taha -do- 20 7 N utan Kahaniya -do- 45 8 Satya Katha -do- Allahabad 30 9 Sacchi Kahaniya -do- 30 10 Guru Jaasoos -do- 20 11 Antharik Kathayeen -do- 15 12 Grrh Shobha -do- Delhi 65 13 Aaj Kal -do- 35 14 Bal Bharti -do- 20 15 Vama -do- 60 16 Filmi Duniya -do- 50 17 Fllml Kaliyan -do- 40 18 'Fllmi Rekha -do- 25 19 Pratlyoglta Samachar -do- 20 20 Pratiyogita Vikas -do- 20 21 Pratiyogita Pariksha -do- 20 22 Pratiyogita Darpan -do- 70 259 1 2 3 4 5 6 23 Saanubandh -do- Local NA 24 Vlgyan Pragatl -do- 20 25 AaJ Kal Urdu 25 26 Mirror English Bombay 16 27 Imprint -do- 15 28 Probe India -do- Allahabad 10 29 Carrier and Competion -do- Deihl 30 30 Competrtlon AdVisor -do- 15 31 Competrtion-Success -do- Deihl 25 32 Science Review Reporter -do- 40 33 JUnior Science Reporter -do- 30 34 Competition Digest -do- 28 35 G K Today -do- 50 '36 Competition Reporter -do- 30 (8) Nature of leisure time activities of mem 1. Leisure time activity of working class people bers belonging to different categories of by age and occupation households The table presented below gives the par ticulars of leisure time activities of workers>- Table XII.2 Leisure time activity of workers by age-groups Descri ption of Age-groups leisure time activity 0-14 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-59 60+ Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (I) Domestic work 9 19 30 18 45 7 128 (41 69) (Ii) Newspaper reading 1 3 17 16 13 1 51 (16 61) (IIi) To watch movies 3 7 2 1 13 (4.23) (IV) Reading and 1 4 14 11 8 3 41 Viewing T.V (13.36) 260 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (v) Newspaper and 1 1 1 6 9 3 21 Ramayana reading (6.84) (poola) (VI) Social work; 2 2 Book reading (0.65) (VII) Sports, Games 1 1 (0.33) (\11'1) Reading books 2 3 6 11 (religious Including) (3.58) (IX) Reading; domestic 1 4 5 4 14 work (4 56) (x) Repairing of electriC 1 4 5 4 14 goods and viewing T.V. (0.33) (x:) Arrangement 1 1 of fodder (033) (XII) Gardening 2 1 2 5 (1 63) (xiii) Gartand making 1 1 (033) (XIV) House 1 1 repairing (033) (xv) Canng the 3 2 3 3 1 1 livestock (358) (XVI) GossIping 2 2 1 5 (1 63) Total 1 14 40 76 70 92 14 307 (033) (456) (1383) (2426) (2280) (2993) (456) (100 00) (Based on Survey data) 261 The table shows that out of 307 workers, leisure time in domestic work are of the age 128 (41.69 per cent) use their leisure time in group 45-59. In the preceding two age-groups domestic work, 51 (16.61 per cent) in reading i.e. 35-44 and 25-34, their number is 18 and 30 newspaper and 41 (13.36 per cent) in reading respectively. Similarly I the majority of workers of and viewing television. Other activities in which the above two age-groups utilise their leisure more than four per cent of total workers are time in reading newspapers and viewing televi utilising their leisure time are newspapers and sion. Ramayan reading (684 per cent), watching movies (423 per cent) and reading~cum-domestic work Let us analyse the leisure time activities with (4 56 per cent). reference to occupation. The following table (XU.3) gives the particulars of leisure time activ The majority of workers (45) I who use their ity by occupation. 262 , ti) 0) II) C It) o (.!) a. LO '0) "'E c ns 'c II) c (.!) Q) o ;::= • E ._ CO ._ C Q) II) Q. C\.I :l o~Eo:g ..- o lL... ._ns (J)Q) _0 o o ..,o o C\.I -o c o 5_ C\.I ;:: o (/) (i) (/) II) o t"OQ) o C E co Q. ns ns C/) (J) "ii'i...:.:: ...... lo::...,!., o""""'O~O> o !i2 C 0 .u C C\l CI»tIl.o~ 0> ro c: til C - 0' m "C 0 I,() 10 >.~Cl. L.. - 10 C\l ~ o Q) :;; I- ~ 0 10 E co .,.... I() ..-- co N co 10 ..-C\.I II) 0. (/) II) o Q) II) .s::: c Q) II) iii C ::l m ti) "C CD c II) ::l S ow E o c CD E iii I'll o :::l Q5 II) (5 (ij ~t1 ~ TI ..t:15 I- Q. E iii ti) (i) Ql .... g:J CI) u ~ ::E :::c Q. o C\.I (0 co 263 The above table reveals that unskilled It may be noticed that there are 21 workers workers, owners of factories and cultivators do who spend their leisure time in newspaper read not use their leisure time in reading the news ing·cum-Ramayan reading and that none of papers. Out of 13 workers who go to cinemas them is skilled worker, higher professional or 4 are unskilled workers, 5 skilled workers, 3 owner of factories. lowest professionals and highly skilled worker. 2. Non-workers by type of activity There are 41 workers who utilise their leisure time In reading and viewing television. The table presented below shows the They are in all occupations except In unskilled, number of non-workers by sex and type of their skilled and cultivator categories. activities: Table XII.4 Number of non-workers by sex and type of activities Category of non-workers Persons Males Females 1. Full Time student 355 202 153 2. Household duties 306 306 3. Dependent 132 69 63 4. Infants 145 72 73 5. Disabled 5 2 3 6. Rentier (haVing no 2 1 1 Independent means) 7 Retired 18 17 1 Total 963 363 600 (Based on Survey data) It will be noticed that among 963 non disabled and rentier haVing no independent workers, 355 (36.86 per cent) are full time means (0.73 per cent) is significant. students and 306 (31.77 per cent) are engaged In household duties. The number of infants and 3. Non-workers by sex, age and type of dependents IS 145 (15.06 per cent) and 132 activity (1371 per cent) respectively. It may also be observed that none of the males has reported that he IS dOing household duties The table XI1.5 gives the number of non workers by age-groups and sex claSSified by The proportIon of retired (1 87 per cent) type of activities: 264 -ro -ro "'0 N L{) 0') >. u.... ,_.. Q.) ""0 "'0 C ...... U ,,_> Q.) ctS Q.) ::J C\I N l{) 0r- o (J) .0 "'- co or- C\I ro ""0 Q.) ,_.. en ,_Q.) ..;::; C :;::; C 0 0 (jJ ,,_Q.) ,.... C') l{) ,_ oro- C\I "'0 a.. ..--"- Q.) (/) ro L{) L{) N C') en (0 ,_.. ,.... (0 ...... u.... ,_.. C\I - C Q) "U V Q) ,_..0 N N (J) (J) C to 0r- CO Q.) ..-- Cl.. Q.) 0') v oro- C") CO C\I C\J C\J or- N ....>- 0 v C') N ,_.. ,_.. C\I C") 'S; a.. ..-- ,_.. ;; 0 C"') (Y) CO u.. .,.....(Y) "- "- 0 - +-' Q) C N C\J a.. ro (\J "- "- >- ,...... -C Go) l{) to 0') ,.... v v « 0... ..- ,...... )(~ ,.... (J) (J) (0 Q) C\l "- ..-- L{) LO V (J) 0 ..-- L{) v C') C"') L!) v a tn LJ. T'""" (Y) 'U >- 0 .c .!:: >- Q) ...... 0') UJ oro- CD co T- O) V co LO f"- a (Y) 0 u.. ,....CD CD LO co V C"') C") LO V T- N 0 ,,_en CD -0 Q} .._ ..x: .... C') L!) ,...... Q) CO LO ,_.. CO V C\J f"- a C") .0 0 ,....V f"- LO C") N CD ~ C') E I ::J C 0 ,.... Z v ,_..CD ,_..a a. ~ v 0) v 0) v 0) 0) 0) v Q)• :::J 0 ,.... ,...... (Y) C") (ij I C\I C\I V LO co IJ) ,._0 (!) I I I I I I I I + a LO a LO 0 LO a 0 a L{) (5 « O'l en ,...... ,_.. C\I C\J C') C') V LO (0 (0 I- 265 The above table shows that among 363 (c) Special Awareness male non-workers; 202, 72, 69 and 20 are 1. Knowledge about family planning measures: full-time students, infants, dependent, and disabled, retired and rentier. Among 600 The information regarding awareness of females non-workers; 306 and 73 are doing family planning measures was obtained by either household duties or are infants. interviewing the members of each household. Dependent and disabled retired and rentier The table XII.6 presents the data regarding the among female non-workers are 63 and 5 knowledge about the family planning measures respectively. educational level and religion of the informants' Table XII.6 Knowledge about the family ,planning measures related to educational level and religion of the informant Religion of Educational level Total Number aware of Informant number Possibility Family of prevention planning of birth measures 1 2 3 4 5 Total (a) Illiterate 58 26 14 (b) Literate upto Matric 74 63 47 (c) Matric & above 83 83 64 215 172 125 Hindu (a) illiterate 39 17 6 (b) Literate upto matric 60 59 38 (c) M atric & above 73 73 54 Muslims (a) Illiterate 19 9 8 (b) Literate upto Matric 14 13 9 (c) M atric & above 9 9 9 Christian (a) M atric and above 1 1 1 (Based on Survey data) 266 The above table shows that out of 215 There is one Christian informant in sample informants, 58 {26.98 per cent}, 74 (34.41 per and he knows the possibility of birth prevention cent) and 83 (38.61 per cent) are illiterate, literate and is also aware of the family planning devices. upto matric and of educational level of matric and above. 2. Awareness of practice of family planning measures: It will be observed that among 58 illiterate informants, 26 are aware of the fact that family The informants were required to state whether planning measures prevent the possibility of any person known to them practised any of the birth but only 14 have knowledge of family plan family planning methods, if so whether he is his/ ning measures. Among 74 informants literate her kin/non-kin or caste. upto matric level, 63 believe that family planning measures' can prevent birth but only 47 among It has come to the notice that higher the them are aware of measures. The number of in level of education greater would be the chance formants whose educational level is matric and for adoption of family plannings measures. It has above IS 83 and all of them are aware that the been observed that irrespective of caste of the famIly planning measures can prevent birth but informant, ilhterates are the least aware of these only 64 have the knowledge about these meas measures. It seems that literacy level of the ures. It reveals that higher the educational level population is one of the strongest factor contrib better is the knowledge of family planning uting towards curtailment or limiting of popula measures as well as the degree of awareness tion rise. Most popular methods of family plan about the measures. ning adopted are the tubectomy operations and other temporary methods. If we take into the Among 172 Hindu informants 39 are illiter consideration, the attitude of spouse to the ates; and 60 and 73 are educated upto matric practice of family planning measures, it becomes or matric and above level respectively. Among evident that generally females display less reluc the above 30 Illiterates, 17 believe that the tancy than males whereas, the illiterates in the measures can prevent birth but only 6 of them both sexes feel some or other kind of reluctancy have knowledge about various family planning In the adoption of the various methods. devices. Among those who are educated upto matnc and matric and above 59 and 73 are (3) Particulars about the methods adopted aware that measures can prevent birth of a baby and the adoptees but only 38 and 54 Informants know about family planning devices. There are various measures for family planning, some are of temporary nature and Among Muslims, out of 42 informants, 26 needing precautions whereas others have an are ignorant about family planning measures. everlasting effect. Out of 19 Muslim illiterates, only 9 believe that measures can prevent birth while 8 of them are The cheapest temporary measure is aware of these measures. There are 13 infor 'Condom'. The measures of long duration or mants among educated upto matric level (14) everlasting effects are sterilization (vasectomy or who believe that these measures can prevent tubectomy) and copper 'T'. The vasectomy is birth but only 9 of them are aware of measures. performed on males and the latter two methods Among literates upto matric and above level all are females. The practice of family planning the 9 believe that measures can prevent birth measures by age-group in respect of males and and all of them are aware of devices. females is given In table XI!.7. 267 Table XII.7 Family Planning devices in vogue Age-group Number of (In years) Males adopting Females adopting Condom vasectomy Coprer 'T' Tubectomy 1 2 3 4 5 Less than 20 20-29 5 30-39 6 5 2 40-49 8 4 2 4 50+ 1 6 3 Total 20 10 10 6 (Based on Survey data) The above table Indicates the use of family 50+ age-group. Similarly among 10 females, planning measures In age-group 20, 20-29, 30- who have adopted copper 'T' 5, 3 and 2 are in 39, 40-49, and 50+ years. There are 30 males age-groups 30-39,50+ and 40-49. Among males and 16 females who have reported adoption of the most prevalent method IS condom, while It family planning practices VIZ; condom (20), is the copper 'T' in case of females. The fore Vasectomy (10), copper 'T' (10) and fubectomy going analysis shows that majonty of males and (6). Out of 20 males who reported the use of females prefers measures of casual nature. Condom 8, 6 and 5 are in the age-groups 40- 49, 30-39 and 20-29 while in case of one male (4) Practice of family planning measures by the age-group IS 50+. Vasectomy has been educational level adopted by 10 males. In these 4 males are in the age-group 40-49 and rest In 50+ age-group. The table XII 8 gives the data about prac of Similarly, among 10 females, who have adopted family planning measures by educational level copper 'T', 5, 3 and 2 are In age-groups 30-39, and sex'-- Table XI1.8 Practice of family planning measures by education and sex Educational level Male Female Number adopting Number adopting Condom Vesectomy Copper 'T' Tubectomy 1 2 3 4 5 illiterate 7 1 3 2 Literate upto matric 9 4 2 3 Matnc and above 4 5 5 1 Total 20 10 10 6 268 The table Indicates that out of 10 males who population for adoption of various family plan have undertaken vasectomy, the educational ning measures, It has been observed that females level of 5 IS matric and above, while only 1 and engaged In the primary activities rarely use the 4 are Illiterate and literate upto matric respec temporary methods of family planning while the tively There are 6 females who have undertaken females engaged in the service sector do use tubectomy, the educational level of one female these frequently. And also that vasectomy is less is matnc and above, where as 3 and 2 are literate popular among males working in the primary up matnc and illiterate respectively. It mayhow sector, though males working in the service ever, be observed that there are 20 males and sector have lesser Inhibitions about the adoption 10 females who are using condom and Copper of this particular method. The appendix XXII 'T' respectively. Among males 7 are illiterate and presents the data about use of family planning literacy level of 9 and 4 are literate upto Matric measures by occupation. and Matric and above respectively. Similarly, in females the educational level of 2 and 5 are (5) Duration of practice literate upto Matnc and Matric and above where as 3 are Illiterate. In both the sexes temporary It IS useful to know the duration of practice measures are much more popular. of family planning measure by literacy level The information of thiS aspect is presented in table Considering the mdustrlal category of the X11.9. Table XIf.9 : Duration of practice of family planning measures and education of adoptees (Males and females) Literacy level Duration of practice of family planning measures Less than 5-9 10+ Total 5 years years years M F M F M F T M F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Illiterate 5 2 3 1 2 13 8 5 2. Literate (a) Upto Matrie 7 4 4 2 1 18 13 5 (b) Matnc & above 3 2 2 4 4 15 9 6 Total 15 2 8 1 1 7 3 46 30 16 (Based on Surey data) 269 Among 30 males, 15 are using the meth (5) Aspiration for children (progeny) ods for less than 5 years and 8 and 7 for 5- 9 years and 10 or more years, while of the 16 The informants who had alive spouses were .females; 11 are using the family planning measures required to tell about their aspiration for number for 5-9 years and 3 and 2 for 10 or more years of children. The table XI1.10 shows their aspiration and less than 5 years respectively. about number of sons and daughte by literacy level. Table XII.10 : Aspiration for children by literacy level LIteracy level Aspiration for number of children (including those alive) Upto 2 3-5 6-7 Upto 8 Any number 1 2 3 4 5 6 Illiterate 1 44 3 2 Literate (a) Upto Matric 14 34 14 2 1 (b) Above Matric 22 38 12 1 Total 37 116 29 5 1 (Based on Survey data) The table shows that out of 188 respon workers are comparatively more eager to have dents 50, 65 and 73 are illiterate, literate upto more than five children. matnc and literate above matric. (7) Physical, psychological or any other Among these 116 (1670 per cent) infor after effect mants deSired to have 3-5 children and 37 (19.68 per cent) were In favour of having not more than While elliciting the information about know two children. It IS worth noticing that 29{15.43 ledge, attitude and practice of family planning per cent) and 5(2.66 per cent) Informants are in methods, the informant were required to state favour of haVing 6-7 and upto 8 children. The phYSical, psychological or any other after effect majority of informants have aspiration for 3-5 in adopting any particular method, The informa children. Hence there is no significant effect of tion regarding the above is presented In the literacy so far as choice for number of children appendix XXIV. is concerned. That appendix shows that about 85 per cent It is useful to know the aspiration of couples of the adoptees feel no problem or other effects for son or daughter belonging to different of practicing any method. However, such occupational backgrounds The appendix XXIII adoptees are proportionately larger among depicts information on this aspect. The salient males. Only 10 per cent male adoptees reported feature of that table is that the spouses engaged pain and weakness as an after-effect, whereas In primary sector or who are mainly manual female adoptees with such complaints are about 270 12 per cent. knowledge about the social legislation. The Survey data relating to knowledge about social (8) Awareness of social legislation measures legislation as related to religion/castes and edu cational level of informants IS recorded in the During the Survey, the information regard appendix XXV. ing knowledge, attitude and practice in respect The appendix records that among the of sOCial legIslations has been collected. The so informants educated above matric, about 73 per cial legislations comprrse Hindu Minority and cent are aware of social legislations while about Guardianship Act, Hindu Adoption and Mainte 60 per cent informants educated upto matric as nance Act, Dowry Prohibition Act, Child Restric well as all the Illiterates are not aware about tIon Act, Untouchability Act, Special Marriage social legislations. Act, AbolitIon of Child Labour, Abolrtlon of Bonded Labours and other Acts Each responsible member The number of person who have knowledge of the household was required to inform whether about social legislation by educational level is he/she was aware or not aware or had no summed up as follows:-- Table XI1.11 Knowledge about social legislation by educational level Educational level Aware Not aware No knowledge Total 1 2 3 4 5 Illiterate 65 65 Educated Upto Matnc 34 1 1 68 113 Educated above Matnc 27 9 1 37 Total 61 20 134 215 (28.37%) (9.30%) (62.33%) (100.00%) (Based on Survey data) The table indicates that among 215 infor There are only 61 Informants who are aware mants, 61 (2837 per cent) and 20(9.30 per cent) of social legislations. The number of informants are aware and not aware of social legislations by their literacy levels and castes is shown while 134{62.33 per cent) do not know about below:-- social legislations Table XII.12 Literacy level and caste of knowing informants EducatIonal Jevel Name of caste denominator indicating their total number In brackets 1 2 Upto Matric level Brahman (12), Yadav (1), Kayastha (3), Kshatriya (2), Kahar (1), Vaishya (2) Mali (1), Lohar (2), Kumhar (1), Muslim (6), Chamar (1) Above Matne level Brahman (12), Kayastha (6), Kshtriya (1), Kurmi (1), Vaishya (3), Chnstlan (1), Chamar (1) (Based on Survey data) 271 An idea about the Acts under Indian Social bright or dark aspects of the legislations. Their legislation has already been given. It has also opmions in this regard are listed in the appendIx been mentioned that out of 215 informants, only XXVII. 61 are aware about such legislq_tions. Further, the informants have been classified by age The view of the Informants reportIng the groups below 20, 20-44 and 45+. The infor Impllmentatlon of Act in the area classified by mants were also asked to report the name of their religion, tribe or community and education Act and penod of time since when they are IS recorded In the appendix XXVIII. aware. The appendix XXVI gives informatIon about the knowledge of Indian Social legislations (D) Religious festivals and fairs in the town by time and sex and age of informants. The Hindu appendix XXVI reveals that the most heard of acts are the Dowry Prohibition and the Untouch Hindu calendar IS full of various festivais ability Acts. and fairs through out the year. Starting with the first month of Chaltra (February and March of The informants who were aware about the each year), there are fairs and festivals round the social legislations were requested to narrate the year. The same are presented below:-- Table XIt.13 Hindu fairs and festivals in the town Month Timing as per Festival/fair Remarks vikram calendar 1 2 3 4 1. Chaitra 1 st day/bright half Navaratra Sacred to Devi of moon--Ilt night 2. -do- 8th day/bright half Shltla Ashtaml Worship of goddess Shltia 3. -do- 9th day/bright half Ram Naumi BIrthday of Rama, devotees keep fast, eat special non-cereal dishes and read the 'Ramayana" 4. Jaestha 10th day /bnght half Ganoa Dasahra Bathing fastlval 5. Sravana 5th day /bnght half Nag Panch ami Sacred to the serpents 6 -do- 1 st day/of the Hindu Rakshabandhan The orthodox change their month (Purnima) sacred threads, some Brahmans tie Rakhi (thread of protection), sisters tie Rakhis on those of their brothers. 272 1 2 3 4 7 Bhadra 8th day/dark half Krishna The bnth day of God Krishna. Janmashtaml Decorated cradle containing the images of the God are installed in temple and homes Devotees keep fast and kirtan program mes are held. 8 Asvina 15th day/dark half Pltra Visharjan The festival IS devoted to the Amavasaya memory of deceased kinsmen 9 -do- next nine days/bright Navaratra Sacred to Durga devi half (last of these days IS Durga Nauml) 10 -do- after mne days/bnght Oasahra or It commemorates the victury half Ramilia fair of Rama over Ravana It IS the biggest fair in the town and attracts about one lakh of persons. 11. Kartlka 4th day/first half Karwa Chauth The festival IS observed by marned women as a fasting day for the health prospenty and well being of their husbands. 12 Kartlka 13th day/first half Dhan Teras Special purchase of metal utensils and jwellery. 13 Kartjka 14th day/first half N arak Chaturdasi or Chhoti Dlwall 14 -do- 15th day/first half Dipawall or On this occasion homes and Ban Dlwali shops are cleaned and white washed and illuminated Fire works are displayed Lakshml, the Goddess of wealth and Ganesh the Auspicious are worshipped. Sweets are distri- buted and gifts exchanged. 15 -do- The next day Govardhan Puja after Dlwali 273 1 2 3 4 16 -do- The day Bhaiya Dooj Sisters entertain their brothers followIng and pray for the latters well Govardhan PUja being 17. -do- Purnima Kartlka Purnima The greatest bathing festIval 18. Magha Usually 14th Makar Bathing festIval of January Sankrantl 19. Magha 5th day/bright Vas ant Panchml Worship of Goddess Saraswatl half (Goddess of Languages or learnIng) 20. Phalguna 13th day/dark half Shlvaratri It is the greatest 1estlval held in honour of Siva, when devotees keep fast & worshIp the god 21. Phalguna Purnima Holi Celebrated as the spring festi val, when bonfires are burnt on crossroads, and newly harvested ears of barley roasted in them for offenng to the gods. The next day people in gay and joyful mood, throw coloured water and apply coloured powder like abir or gulal on each other . • Muslim festivals (as observed in the town) 3. Moharram 1. Id~uz-zuha It is festival of mourning. Shlas of the town particularly observe this festIval in memory of the The festival is celebrated on the 10th of zllhij martyrdom of Immam Hussain and his com in memory of Prophet Ibrahim's submission to rades on the battle-fIeld of Kerbala. Imambaras the will of god. are Illuminated and majlises are held on Ashra. The last day, tazias are taken out in pro 2. Id-ul-Fitra ceSSIon The festIval indicates the successful com 4. Barawafat pletIon of Ramzan (the month of fasts) and occurs on the fIrst of 'Shawwal'. People offer It falls on 12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal. The date prayers collectIvely In the Jdgah or In mosques is taken as representing the birthday of the and exchange greetings and gIfts. Prophet Muhammad 274 5. Shab-e-barat locality of Civil Lines. One local version says that the temple is about 100 years old, while the other It IS observed on 14th of Shaban. The claims It as old as about 300 years. Common festIVal IS celebrated by a display of fireworks belief IS that the Devi was buried beneath a and distributing sweets. neem tree. A certain maharani got the goddess installed at its present location. Principal deity of Apart from the above festivals the Muslims the temple is Kalyani Devi. Other deities are of the town also organise a number of urs. These Annapurna, KaliJi and Hanumanjl. Navrat IS held are held annually at the tombs of various PJ(s with great festiVity in the temple during the (Muslim saints) month of February and October of each year (Chaltra and Asvina respectively). Dunng these Others months, thousands of pilgrims viSit the temple In the year 1958, a Committee was formed to The festivals and fairs of others religious look after the temple. On Fridays and Mondays communities, which are numerically few In the of each week, many devotees visit from every town, do not take place as conspicuously as nook and corner of the town In summer however, these of Hindus and Muslims. the number of devotees visiting daily the temple Increases about 100 to 150. Place of worship 3. Bhuri Oevi Temple The town has a number of Hindu temples and dozen masjids. Besides, there is a church a The temple IS located at Bhun Devi mahalla. and a gurudwara It IS about 100 years old. The complex has two shivalas (houses for lord Siva). The big one IS Temples about 25" in height and 32" x 40" in area. The main deity is lord Siva The smaller temple IS 1. Siddhnath Temple of about 8' In height and the main deity in thiS temple IS Bhuri Devi. The temple is managed by It IS located near the mound of old 'alia' the Bhuri Devi Samltl registered in 1955. Siva is the pnnclpal diety in the temple. Shlvaratri (usually In the month of February of each year) 4. Ladaiti Oevi Temple is celebrated here on a grand scale. On this occalson about five thousand devotees assemble Ladaiti Devi temple is located on Dhawan On normal days about 100 to 125 devotees VISit road. It has been renovated In 1968. It is said dally. The temple is looked after by the Siddhnath that Idol of this temple was found by a person Mandir Committee, Unnao. Apart from the main during a fight. Pnncipal deity of the temple is temple, there are SIX other temples in this known as Ladaiti Devi At Amavasya of each complex. Central hall of the main temple con month, there is a special prayer. About hundred tains the Siva idol. An ida! of Nandi, made of of people viSit the temple daily. marble is also there. The temple has about 21 large metal made bells, which are suspended by Gurudwara two large beams of iron There are also hun dreds of small metal belts There is one Gurudwara in the town. Sikhs of the town gather here for offering prayers to 2. Kalyani Devi Temple Guru-Granth-Sahlb. The Gurudwara is located near the Municipal Board office on the old The temple IS situated In the peaceful Kanpur-Lucknow Highway At the entrance of the 275 Gurudwara at a place is erected the Nisan Sahib construction work was started in year 1882 with It is erected on a platform of septagonal shape, aid from one Rev. John W. Mcgregore. As has which is raised upto 10 Inches high. A further been stated earher, the present construction platform above the previous one (made of marble came into eXistence in year 1922, with addition in octagonal shape) is also erected. The latter of a solid brick bUilding for the parsonage in platform IS 4 feet in height and 5 feel in length 1960 in place of the old construction. later, and breadth. Height of the Nisan Sahib is about some sort of improvement was also made in the 30. It is made of iron and IS wrapped in a yellow older Church itself. At the top of the Church a cloth. At the upper end of it, Nlsan is placed. cross made of Iron in size of 2' x 4' is placed It IS made of steel with proviSion of tubelight on Church building is made of red-coloured bricks. the top of it. In side the Church, the altar area IS about Gurudwara IS located about 50 meters away 10' x 6' Support-wall of the altar contains from the railway station It is two storeyed wooden Cross In the size of 2' x 3'. For keep building. In the upper storey there is Gurudwara Ing the Mass articles, there IS a table by size and in the lower storey there IS a shopping of 5' x 3'. Altar railing IS made of wood. At the complex The building is constructed in a 60' x right side of the altar IS the Pulpit, a place where 20' area. Walls are made of bricks and cement. stands only the Father of the Church. A smaller Gurudwara IS called In local parlance as 'Oarbar Pulpit is also there, where guests can offer read Sahab-Ka-Hall'. About 10 away in the side of the ing services. About a hundred devotees can north-east wall is placed a wooden takhat in the eaSily assemble in the Church. Church roof is Hall, which is of a size of 6' x 8'. Takhat is made of cement and asbestos sheets There are wrappad by a large cloth piece and above it is three celiling fans and for light seven mercury placed a small peedha in size of 3' x 4'. This rods. Also there is a wall-clock. The main peedha IS also wrapped in a cloth piece and over entrance is from the east Side. it there ar some pillows Amidst pillows Guru Granth Sahab is kept. Important festivals asso Prayer is offered to the God. Main festivals ciated with the Gurudwara are Guru Nanak Dev observed in the Church are Easter, Christmas Jayanti in Kartlka, Guru Govmd Singh Jayanti in and Good Friday. Father of the Church is one Paush and Vaishakhi in the month of Vaishakh. Rev. R.P. Satyavrat. The Church IS under the ju One nursery school is run by the Gurudwara risdiction of lucknow Conference of the Meth Committee, and there IS provision for solemnlsing odist Churches. The income and expenditure are Anand Karya (marriage cermony). Gurudwara is about three thousand rupees annually. Church managed by Shri Gurudwara Singh Sahab of assets are worth rupees one lakh. Normally, Unnao, whose present pradhan is one Shri about 20 devotees visit the Church every sun Gurumeet Singh Kalara. Income and expenditure day. in a year are around 35-40 thousand in each case. Assets are around Rs. 25-30 lakhs and Muslim places of worship there is no liability. About 10-12 devotees visit In the town there are several old Dargahs daily for offenng prayers and every devotee IS with glazed tiles on the domes and 10 masjids. offered batasha as prasad. Some of the masjlds in the town are about Methodist Church 3 to 4 centuries old /dgah is located in the west side of the town at a distance of about one and There is one Methodist Church in the town. half kilometres from the Sara Chauraha Intersec It IS located on the main road near bus stand tion, near railway line coming from Kanpur. Most (across the road). It was erected In 1922 The of the mosques are Inside the town 276 (E) Crime statistics and related institutions average number of prisoners from 1964 to 1969 is as following:-- (1) Early History Table XII.14 Average number of prisoners At the close of the nineteenth century the police station at the town was one of the 13 Yeai Convicts Under trial police stations existing at that period in the prisoners district. In 1903, besides the regular police force, there were about 19 constables under the Unnao 1964 11.044 3,203 Municipal Police. Following the civil police committee report, 1923, the municipal police 1965 11,009 3,375 was merged Into the regular police. Now the 1966 9,005 2,068 Kotwall police station of the town functions under 1967 8,543 2,136 the direct control of the Supenntendent of Police. Sadar, Olia and CIVil Lines police out-posts were 1968 9,017 2,741 attached to the Kotwall police station of the town 1969 6,366 2,861 In 1973 At that time, the Kotwali police station of the town was under the charge of a Circle (Source--Dlstrict Gazetteer, Unnao) Inspector, who was In turn assisted by five Sub Inspectors, two head constables and 25 con (3) History of set up of courts, etc. in the town stables Each out-post under the charge of a head constable was assisted by a number of A district probation officer was posted at the constables Besides, the Civil police set-up as town in 1950 under the U. P First Offence described above, the Reserve Police Force of Probation Act 1938 (U.P. Act-VI of 1938). the district is stationed in the town at the Reserve \ Police Lines. The prosecution staff of the police The Act provides for the release of first dealt with the presentation of the police cases offenders on probation If they are under the age in the cnminal courts of town. Previously there of 24 years. The Probation Officer got released was a Railway Pollee out-post in the town, which on probation 70 first offenders in 1969. During was subsequently raised as to a police station the year, the Probation Officer paid 127 Visits of in 1970 Then It's staff consisted of a Sub domiCIliary nature. Inspector, a head constable and eleven con stables It's staff was responsible for the main In 1879, under the Oudh Civil Courts Act tenance of law and order and crime control of 1871, the Magistrates and Revenue Officers Within the Railway premises. were deauthonsed to deal With the civil suits and (2) The District Jail the ciVil courts were made separate. At the star1 of thiS century, the district of Unnao was a part The Dlstnct Jail was built in 1860. It is at of the Hardol Judgeship. There was then a a short distance from the district courts. The Subjudge at Unnao for the trial of ciVil suits. In Jail remained under the charge of the CiVil 1912 the district was included in the Lucknow Surgeon of the dlstnct till 1942 and afterwards Judgeship. In April 1930, the judgeship for a whole time supenntendent of Jail was ap Unnao was separately created. pointed. In 1974 there were three Deputy jailors, six Assistant jailors, and 76 Wardens working Presently for the native district, there are under the Superintendent. At that time the jail courts of Sessions judge, the ciVil and assistant had an accommodation for 1,150 prisoners The Sessions judge, the Munsif (south) and the 277 Munsif (north). The distnct and sessions judge of Judicial Magistrate, Additional District Magis IS the head of the Judiciary in the district. The trate (Judicial) and Sessions judge the number dlstnct and Sessions judge constitutes the chief of persons who were convicted under various criminal court located at 1he 1own. In 1he courts cnmes in 1968 and 1969 are given below:-- Table XII.15 Number of convicted persons in 1968 and 1969 (A) Nature of offence Judicial Magistrates/Munsif court Sessions/Court 1968 1969 1968 1969 2 3 4 5 Affecting life 186 167 86 103 Kidnapping and forclables 20 20 1 6 Hurt 181 302 6 12 Rape 15 7 7 6 Un-natural offences 6 2 Robbery and dacolty 85 133 60 101 Other cases 793 664 99 129 (8) Persons tried/sentenced Judicial Magistrates/Munsif court Sessions/Court 1968 1969 1968 1969 1 2 3 4 5 Tried 2,278 3,041 902 830 Sentenced to death 3 10 Life Imprisonment 27 25 Rigorous Imprisoment 105 141 192 184 Simple Impnsonment 65 241 1 Fines only 171 47 3 22 Other punishments 96 (Source District Gazetteer, Unnao) The separation of the judiciary from the administrative control of the Commissioner, was magistenal level was further marked with effect transfered to the control of the District and from October, 1967 when the additional district Sessions judge. The A.D M. (Judicial) tries cases magistrate Gudlclal) who was till then under the under the Indian Penal Code. 278 (4) Crime statistics of the town present 1 2 The Kotwall Police Station of the town performs the job of a Crime registerer and main Murder 13 tainer of the law and order. During the year 1986, Arson 12 the number of criminal cases dealt with and Relating to section 308 (I PC) 11 registered was 464, whereas challan cases totalled 304 9 to 185. The number of cases which were dealt 279/304A 28 with on the ground of the breach of law and 279/337/388 65 order was 12 The number of other cases during 324/325 33 1986 IS given in following Table XI1.16:-- Nakbazani (burglary) 56 Theft ordinary 71 Table XI1.16 : Details about specific cases Theft (animals) Nil (Other cases during 1986) Theft (cycles) 18 Theft (Transformer) 1 Type Number Theft (electnctIY) 6 Theft (automobile) 6 i 2 Section of I.P.C. Rail related 6 Machine related 1 336/366 2 376/377 1 Fire related 1 364 2 POisoning related 7 452/323 9 Bus Injury related 26 2 Drowned 7 435/436 428/429 4 Neck-hanging (suicide) 9 419/420 26 Others 16 406/409 10 332/353 10 Total 73 342/323 1 354 6 Out of the total 464 cases registered in the 294 Kotwall Police Station which were sent to the 9 161 courts by their nature of offences are given in 3 Table" XII.17:-- 336 1 461 1 Table XI1.17 : Number of registered 188 7 criminal cases at the police 498 2 1 station 1986 430/431 41/411 9 223/223 2 Nature of offences Number of cases 328 1 Others 2 1 2 Grand total 464 Dacoity (Robbery) 6 Encounter 4 (Source. The Kotwall Police Station) Loot 9 279 Temple of Sidhnath Temple of Sidhnath Temple of Kalyani Devi Temple of S[dhnath Church and Temple Near Unnao Bus Stand A Methodist Church Unnao A Distant View of Gurudwara Behind Unnao -Sus Stand .... Oldest Mosque at Fort Unnao Jama Maszid Unnao A Beautiful Mosque at Talib Sarai Idgah Unnao Nirala Park Unnao Kamla Nehru Park Unnao Chandra Shekhar Azad Park Unnao Unnao Stadium Grave Yard Unnao Shivay Cinema Unnao Unnao Jail District Jail Unnao Nyaya Bhawan Unnao LibralY Unnao CHAPTER XIII LINKAGE AND CONTINUA 1. Location, Boundary, Area and Population The main rivers of the district are the Ganga of the native district and the Sai The river Ganga forms the western and southern boundaries of the district and the The dlstnct Unnao is situated in the south latter flows on the northern and eastern bounda west part of the Lucknow DivIsion and bounded ries. Other main streams in the district are the by districts Hardol on the north, Lucknow on the Kalyani, the Tinal, the Loni and the Mor 31'11 east, Rae Barel! on the south, while the holy river (Naurahl). Ganga on the west separates It from Kanpur and 2. Dynamics of Population Fatehpur districts. The area of district according to Surveyor General, India IS 4,558.0 square The district occupies the thirty-third rank In kilometres. area and thirty-fourth place in respect of the population among a" the districts in the state as The district is divided into four tahsils namely per 1981 Census At the 1981 Census, the saflpur, Hasanganj, Unnao and Purwa. Purwa is district comprised of 1,822,591 persons. In rural the largest tahsil spread over in an area of and urban areas there were 1,606,267 (88 13 per 1416.7 sq. km. The smallest tahsil is Unnao cent) and 216,324 (11.87 per cent) persons. The (Sadar) With a total area of 1016.0 sq. km. The over a" decadal Increase was 228 per cent area of the remaining tahsils Safipur and Has During the decade 1971-81 decadal Incr8ase In anganj is 1072 5 and 1177 2 sq. km. respec population of rural area was 11.1 per cent wtlde tlvely. At the 1981 Census, the district had 18 In urban areas it was 66 4 per cent. The donslty' towns (2 municipal boards and 16 town areas). of population in the rural and urban areas was Unnao and Bangarmau are the two mUnicipal respectively 357 and 4,002 persons per sq km, boards. The latter is In tahSil saflpur. The town and for the dIstrict as a whole It was 400 The areas are Safipur. Ganj Muradabad, Ugu, Kur definItion of urban area adopted at the 1981 sath, Fatehpur-Chaurasi In Saflpur tahSil, Mohan, Census, had led to a change In the status of Nawabganj, Rasulabad, Nlyotanl, Hyderabad and 17 localities. The table given below shows the Auras in Hasanganj tahSil, Gangaghat in Unnao decadal variation [percentage decadal decrease tahsil and Purwa, Maurawan, Bighapur and (-) increase (+)] In the population of the dIstrict Bhagwantnagar In Purwa tahsil. since 1901 291 Table XIII.1 : Population and decadal variation [percentage decadal decrease (~-)/increase (+)] in population since 1901 (of Unnao district) Year Persons Decadal Percentage Male Female variation decadal decrease or increase in population 1 • 2 3 4 5 6 1901 976,590 498,990 477,600 1911 910,869 -- 65,721 -. 6.73 478,561 432,308 1921 819,087 .- 91,782 -- 10.08 433,591 385,496 1931 855,657 + 36,570 + 4.46 452,802 402,855 1941 959,493 +103,836 + 12.14 506,129 453,364 1951 1,067,001 + 107,508 + 11.20 561,077 505,924 1961 1,226,779 + 159,778 + 14.97 648,461 578,318 1971 1,484,393 +257,614 +21.00 785,755 698,638 1981 1,822,591 +338,198 +22.78 964,622 857,969 (Based on Census data) The above table shows that the population and 1951-61 there had been an increase of of the district had decreased during the decades 12.14, 11.20 and 14.97 per cent. After the 1961 1901 .. 1911 and 1911-21. In these decades the Census, d,uring the two successive decades the population had decreased due to plague and percentage growth had been 21.00 and 22.78 influenza epidemics. But since 1921 there has respectively. been continuous increase during all the succes- 3. Population by Age and Sex siva decades. It was lowest (4 46 per cent) during 1921-31 but in the 1931*1941,1941·51 It is being given in the following table:-- 292 Table XIII.2 Population of the district classified by broad age-group and sex Broad age~groups Population 0-14 15-34 35-59 60+ All ages years years years years 1 2 3 4 5 6 Persons 748,392 539,317 409,247 124,844 1,822,591 (41,08) (29,60) (22.46) (6,86) (100.00) Males 395,148 288,249 214,280 66,424 964,622 (40.99) (29.90) (22.23) (6.88) (100.00) Females 353,244 251,068 194,967 58,420 857,969 (41.19) (29.27) (22.73) (6.81 ) (100.00) (Based on the Census-data) It is evident from the above table that out district is progressive as per Sand-Berg criteria. of 1,822,591 persons, 748,392 (41,08 per cent) The proportion of population in the age-group are in the age-group O~ 14. In the remaining 60+ is 6.86 per cent. It indicates that popula broad age-groups viz., 15-34, 35-59 and 60 or tion depletes fastly in old age perhaps due to more years the corresponding number is 539,31'7 higher mortality in the older-ages. (29.60 per cent) 409,247 (2246 per cent) and 124,844 (6.86 per cent). On reviewing the 4. Sex ratio in the district since 1931 composition of population in different broad age groups It is found that the population of Unnao It is provided in the following table:-- Table XIII.3 : Sex ratio in the native district and the town during the years 1931, 1941, 1951, 1961, 1971 and 1981 District Year Total Rural Urban Unnao M.B. 1 2 3 4 5 1931 890 894 810 701 1941 896 898 864 790 1951 902 905 844 769 1961 892 895 784 784 1971 889 891 809 809 1981 889 891 875 855 (Based on Census data) 293 The table shows the sex ratio in the district 5. Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in total, rural and urban areas as well In the Unnao the district (M.S.). For the district it varies from 889 (in 1971 and 1981) to 902 (In 1951), but the correspond The Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tnbe ing vanatlon In rural areas In a little higher (891 communities are not only economically weaker, to 905).~ In urban areas, the sex ratio varies but also socially and culturally backward. In Uttar between 784 (1961) and 875 {1981}. In the town, Pradesh, the proportion of Scheduled Castes sex ratio at the 1931 Census was 701 and It and Scheduled Tribes population to the total Increased In each census year except in the year population at the 1981 Census was 21.16 and 1951. It vaned between 701 (1931) and 790 0.21 per cent respectively. The following table (1941). In the year 1981, It worked out to 855. gives the proportIon of scheduled castes and In the years 1961 and 1971 the sex ratio In dis scheduled tribes In total, rural and urban areas tnct (urban) and In town IS the same, because of distnct and in various towns of district at the then Cnnao M.B. was the only town In the district 1981 Census :-- Table XII1.4 ; Percentage of Scheduled caste/Scheduled tribe population to total population in district and its towns at 1981 Census District/towns Scheueled Castes Scheduled Tribes Total Percentage Total Percentage 1 2 3 4 5 DIstrict Unnao T 547,962 30.07 2,238 0.12 R 518,063 3225 2,231 0.14 U 29,899 1382 7 0.03 1 . Auras (T.A) 1,026 34.39 2. Bangermau (M.B.) 1,339 8.95 3 Bhagwantnagar (T A.) 949 20.69 4 Bighapur (T A ) 933 1820 5. Fatehpur Chaurasl (T A ) 176 5.17 6. Gangaghat (T A ) 2,959 11 36 7. Ganj Muradabad (T.A.) 503 7.97 8. Hydrabad (T A ) 898 20.39 9 Kursath (T.A) 379 9.37 10. Maurawan (T.A.) 1,202 11.59 11- Mohan (T A) 1,127 1354 12 Nawabganj (T.A) 1,001 1788 13 Nlyotanl (T.A) 1,265 27.04 14 Purwa (T.A) 2,299 1509 15. Rasulabad (T.A) 966 19.26 16. Safipur (T A.) 1,994 14.53 17 Ugu (T A.) 1,516 27.73 18. Unnao (M B) 9,371 12.33 7 0.01 (Based on 1981 Census) 294 It will be seen that in total, rural and urban per cent) and Rasulabad (T A.) (24.94 per cent). areas of the district, the percentage of scheduled The highest proportion of literates are In Ganga caste population is 30.07, 32.25 and 13.82 Ghat (T.A.) (50.74 Per cent) closely followed by respectively. In Unnao (M.B.) the proportion of Unnao (M.B.) (49.19). The other towns where the scheduled caste population to total population literacy rate is above 40.00 per cent are Brghapur works out 12.33 per cent. (T.A.) (48.47 per cent) and Bangermau (M.B) (40.21 per cent). Except in town area Auras (34.39)in other town areas of Bhagwantnagar, Hydrabad, Niyotani Considering the sex-wIse literacy rate, It is and Ugu the proportion of scheduled caste observed that female literacy is Just about half population to total population varies between of male literacy. 20.39 per cent and 27.73 per cent In Bighapur, Nawabganj, Purwa and Rasulabad it ranged 7. Marital status of the district population between 15 and 20 per cent. In Bangermau, Fatehpur Chaurasi, Gan] Muradabad and Kur The table XIII 6 gives the marital status of sath It vanes between 5 17 per cent and 10 per population of the district Unnao by qUInquennial cent. age-groups and sex. In Unnao district there are 2,238 scheduled The table reveals that out of 1,821 ,800 tribe persons, out of which 7 are In its urban area persons in the district, 908,452, (49.87 per cent) and all of the latter are found in Unnao (M.S.). and 811,446 (44.54 per cent) are never married and married respectively. An inSignificant num ber of them viz. 96,524 (5.30 per cent) and 3,604 6. Literacy (0.20 per cent) persons is wrdowed and divorced and separated respectively. The literacy level IS one of the indicators of socia-economic advancement. The percentage of literates to total population gives a crude in Among 908,452 never married persons dex of literacy. At 1981 Census, 25.28 per cent 740,743 and 158,554 are in age-groups 0-14 and were literate in Unnao district as against 27.16 15-34. Similarly, among married persons an per cent In the state. It Indicates that the Insignificant number j e., 7,384 and 49,543 in percentage of literacy in Unnao district is below age-groups 10-14 and 15-19 respectively the state average. In urban areas of Unnao and Unnao M.B. the proportion of literate and educated It is worth notiCing that 90 and 411 persons presons is 41.39 and 49.19 per cent respectively. in age-groups 10-14 and 15-19 are widowed. In The table XII1.5 shows the total population by sex these two age-groups, 15 and 226 persons are and literate and educated persons in Unnao and divorced and separated also. in all towns of the district. It may however, be observed that among The table indicates that literacy rate in the married males and females in younger age native district at the 1981 Census was 25.28 per groups Le., 10-14, 15-19 and 20-24, females are cent. In rural and urban areas the proportion of considerably larger in comparison to males. literate works out to 23 11 per cent and 41.39 whereas, in other age-groups I.e., 25-29 and per cent. Among the towns of the district the 30-34 number of females IS little more than lowest literacy rate is rn Nlyotanl (T.A.) (24.22 per males. In age-groups 35-49, 50-59, 60-69 and cent) closely followed by Kursath (T.A.) (24.24 70 +, the males out-number females. 295 (J.) (0"-co - C'Jv"- - m cocql() _ o~ co ~l() E t\!t\!-co <1> a ...... LL ,... LO - C'J O)M l!)(Y)o co"! (,Oa.i - ...... coc\!l() _ £1 c:: coCO"- - v- o (DC\!. cor;;:v . en -I.[) ._ C") ,..... Q) 0> C") ...... CO 0) "I';f'"_ g E C'J ...... C\I Q) .,... LL 8 c: T- 0) LO (0 co .;:;o O) l!) co "It" M C\I 0: - :::::s ctl o E .... co ._ ::J c:: Q) a. Ol .s:::. c:: c:: (L) :::::> ctl TO m LL U t5._ ...... ::: .- en 1;) ,... C\1 M c5 £5 296 -.. en ::l (/) C Q) (.) OM' ,.....0...... - co C\J 0) o I.!) co I.!) 0) ~ C'? (.0 o C\l V I.!) ~ v_ cq_ C\j C\I C\I ('.J L!) ,.....co co C"') C\J (") C\I,...._ CO C"') C\J o 0) CO L!) L!) C"') ~ C\J .-.:- .-.:- -:- -« - n:s 0 ctS ~ ::s CU CO OJ C X I ~ ~ ~ Z Z 0.. a: (/) ~ ~ CI.) :c CO m 0 ...-- C\i M V L!) CO ,...._ CO ~ ,... ,... I- ..- ..- ...... - ..- ..- ...-- 297 II) II) u Q) ~ ro a.. Q) rn o o l{) cry l{) C'J ?2 C\I ~ co 0_ u Q) ,,_o I.() co I.() o ..q- ~ LO ffi_ o a.. o o CD Ij) N C\I C") r u.. N (!) N o o C'J r- r- 8 C\I a... "'.. ~ C\I C") C") N I.() I.() (!) u.. o It) Lri' I.t) ~ I.() co co C\!,....._ .....,.... -co .,.... 'i: o M -co N r ,..... :E u.. C\I P.i co C\! (!) C\I - co r-_ - g l{) o r I.() Ij) II) II) en cry a.. Ij) co en_ ~_ a,....._ g en I.() N c o C\!,.... o,.... fa ,.... "'5 C\I C'!.. Q_ crS ...... o II) r- a.. C\I cry <0 en r I.() ffi I.() ex) N r-- cry ...... co N Ij) Ij) (ij ~ 6 I.() II)~ (5 C\I C") I- 298 (j) ~ C\J U) r- (I) ~ It') c co ~ Q) "!. (.) ...- co m It') CD CD It') ...- " <0 CD I{) c ('t') -Q) N m t- (.) [8 " M CO ..- t- C'\J C\J I{) eo m eo ~ 0 ,.- I{) t- o) M V m M 0 ,.- ..- I{) l{') 0 w-V CO q ~ " X CJ) Table XIII.7 : Workers by sex in Unnao district District Population Workers Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unnao Total 1,822,591 964,622 857,969 534,835 503,234 31,601 (29.34) (52.17) (3.68) Rural 1,606,267 849,231 757,036 477,689 448,301 29,388 (29.74) (52.79) (3.88) Urban 216,324 115,391 100,933 57,146 54,933 2,213 (26.41 ) (47.61) (2.19) (Based on 1981 Census) It wi" be seen that in the district more than 9. Number of urban centres per 100 villages half of the males (52 17 per cent) are workers while the proportion of workers among females In the district there are 1,792 villages, out is very inSignificant (3 68 per cent). Almost of which 1,687 are Inhabited and 105 uninhab Similar trend is found in rural areas. The propor ited. Out of each 1,000 persons in the district, tion of workers among males and females of 119 live in urban areas and 881 in rural areas. urban areas are 47.61 and 2.19 per cent respec The average population per inhabited village tively. works out to 952 as against 851 in 1971. The table given below shows the number of towns, per 100 villages:-- 300 Table XIII.S Number of villages and towns in tahsils District/Tahsil No. of villages Towns No. of per 100 town inhabi- uninha- villages ted bited 1 2 3 4 5 Unnao District 18 1 r687 105 1.07 Safipur Tahsil 6 376 24 1.60 Hasanganj Tahsil 6 489 26 1.23 Unnao Tahsil 2 276 22 0.72 Purwa Tahsil 4 546 33 0.73 (Based on Census data) It may be seen that the number of towns Villages classified by population size per 100 villages is highest in Safipur tahsil (1.60) followed by Hasanganj tahsil (1.23). Both the The table XII1.9 gives the number of villages tahsils have equal number of towns. In Unnao by size-class of population and the percentage tahsil the number of towns per 190 villages is rural population in different size of population to lowest. In tahsil Purwa, there are four towns and total rural population of the district. the ratio is 0.73. Table XIII.9 : Villages classified by populati c:1 size Population size No. of villages Total population Proportion to total rural population of district 1 2 3 4 Less than 200 112 (6.64) 13,200 0.82 200-499 469 (27.BO) 164,343 10.23 500-999 599 (35.51) 419,394 26.10 1,000-1,999 341 (20.21 ) 465,986 29.01 2,000-4999 147 (8.71 ) 417,770 26.11 5000-9,999 19 (1.13) 125,574 7.83 10,000+ Total 1,687 (100.00) 1,606,267 100.00 (Based on CenSUS-data) 301 The above table reveals that 599,469 and 10. Density of population in rural and urban 341 villages respectively out of 1687 are in areas of the district at the 1981 Census population size of 500·999, 200-499 and 1,000- 1,999. The number of villages In population size The table XIII. 1° shows the density of of less than 200 is (112), In 2000-4999 it is 147 population in total, rural and urban areas of the and in 5,000-9,999 it IS 19. Their number is below district, tahsils and towns. 10 per cent in each above size class. There is no village in slze·class of 10,000+. Table XIII.10 : Density of population in the district/tahsil/town DistnctjTahslljTown Total Population Area in sq. Density of Rural km. population Urban per sq.km. 1 2 3 4 5 Unnao District T 1,822,591 4,558.0 400 R 1,606,267 4,503.9 357 U 216,324 54.1 4,002 1. Safipur Tahsil T 419,592 1,072.5 391 R 371,717 1,059.0 351 U 47,875 13.5 3,533 Bangermau M.B. U 14,958 1.28 11,686 Safipur T .A. U 13.728 2.00 6,864 Ganj Muradabad T.A. U 6,312 200 3,156 Ugu T.A. U 5,467 3.00 1,822 Kursath T.A. U 4,003 4.27 937 Fatehpur Chaurasl T.A. U 3,407 1.00 3,407 2. Hasanganj Tahsil T 433,769 1,177.2 368 R 402,671 1,165.5 345 U 31,098 11.7 2,667 Mohan T.A. U 8,322 4.00 2,081 Nawabganj T.A. U 5,597 1.62 3,455 Rasulabad T.A. U 5,016 0.91 5,512 Niyotani T.A. U 4,678 2.00 2.339 Hydrabad T .A. U 4,502 1.13 3,984 Hasanganj T.A. U 2,983 2.00 1,492 3. Unnao Tahsil T 449,002 1,016.00 442 R 346,969 995.5 349 U 102.033 205 4.989 Unnao M.B. U 75.983 15.54 4 t890 Gangaghat T .A. U 26,050 4.91 5,305 302 1 2 3 4 5 4 Purwa Tahsil T 520,228 14167 367 R 484,910 1,408.3 344 U 35,318 84 4,210 Purwa T.A. U 15,235 3.74 4,074 Maurawan T.A U 10,372 400 2,593 Bighapur T A. U 5,125 023 22,283 Bhagwantnagar T.A. U 4,586 0.42 10,919 (Based on Census data) It will be seen in the above table that in rural Agriculture holds key to the district econ area of the district, density of population per sq omy. In the district by the year 1980-81, there km IS 357 whereas In urban area of the district were about 161 thousand holdings in the size it IS 4,002. In the rural area of the tahsils, the below 0.5 hectare, 85.4 thousand In the size density vanes between 344 (In Purwa) to 351 (in class of 0 5 - 1 0 hect~re, 63 5 thousand in the Saflpur). In the rural areas of tahsils HasanganJ size class 2 0 - 3 0,7.5 thousand in the size class and Unnao, It IS 345 and 349. The density in 3 0 - 4 0, 3 7 thousand In the size class 4 0 - urbap areas of Unnao M B. and Purwa T.A. is 5.0, 4 1 thousand in the size class 5.0 - 10 0 and 4,890 and 4,074 In urban areas or Safipur T.A. o 5 thousand in the size above 10 0 hectares. and HasanganJ T A., it IS 6,864 and 1,492 respectively Among the towns, Bighapur T.A. Crop-intensity in the district, which was (22,283 persons)ls the most densly populated 131.0 in 1978-79 rose to 1466 in 1982-83. The followed by Bangermau M.B. (11 ,686)and Bhagh net irrigated area was 39.6 per cent of net area wantnagar T.A. (10,91'9) The other towns where sown in 1970-71, which rose to 61.2 per cent the density of population IS more than 4,000 a decade later in 1980-81. The gross irrigated persons per sq.km are Rasulabad T.A. (5,512), area was 34.3 per cent to the gross area sown and Gangaghat T A (5,305). The lowest density in the district in 1970-71, which went up to 524 is found in Kursath T.A. (937). per cent by 1980-81. In the Irngational network of the district, minor irngation works play crucial 11. Main productive activities role. As on April 1 st, 1984, there were 3,885 Out of total population of 1,822,591 in the masonary well, 774 persian-wheels, 7; 137 distrIct as per the Census 1981, 503,234 men pumping-sets and 5,756 private tube-wells In the and 31 601 women were main workers. In these district. Rearing of livestock and poultry supple workers 384,310 men and 16 ,818 women were ments the agricultural sector of the district econ farmers, 10,319 men and 1,510 women were ag omy. In 1982, there were 329,795 bulls and riculture labourers and 66,462 men and 3,968 bullocks, 133,749 cows, 622,950 cattles, 258,622 women were labourers engaged in industries. In buffaloes, 56,503 sheep, 193,859 goats, 5,422 the district, 42,143 men and 9,305 women were horses and ponies, 535 mules, 3,765 donkeys, other workers, while 3,750 men and 27,160 211 camels and 68,043 pigs in the district. In women were partially employed at 1981 Census. short, total number of livestock (excluding dogs) In the above Census, 457,638 men and 799,208 was 1,209,910 in year 1982, while the total women were non-workers. poultry amounted to 98,773. 303 Large scale and small scale industrial units 12. Industrial estate were set up in the district dUring and after the seyond world war. After Independence a large An industrial estate was established at number of units have been opened. The district Akrampur in Unnao tahSil in 1965. It covers an distinguishes in production of bone-meal and area of 6.48 hectares and had 10 industrial units other bone products, cattle and poultry feed, producing a number of articles. Three of these sulphuric acid and phosphates, alcohal and units were closed in 1969. Automobile parts, glass. Magarwara has a fertilizer factory. Country nuts and bolts, aluminium utensils, paints, liquor and rectified and denatured spirit are agricultural implements, machine parts, conduit~ made at Unnao. Super phosphate is produced pipes and electrical goods are bl9ing produced at Magarwara and also the cattle and poultry in these units. feed. There are several glass producing units at Unnao. Bangermau manufactures soap, cast The industrial estate is being expanded by iron made flush cisterns and small crushers; establishing an industrial belt on the Lucknow Bhagwantnagar town produces bidi, carpets and Kanpur road, which will be located between Rae printed cloth; Gangaghat has several units Bareli railway crossing and Dahi Chowk. For this producing straw board, iron almirah and to purpose, 345 acres (136.6 hectares) of land has bacco; Ganj Muradabad yields tobacco and been acquired and the plots are being allotted handloom cloth; Hydrabad is famous for parched by the U.P. Industrial Development Corporation, rice as also Kursath (bldi is also made at Kanpur. Kursath); Maurawan produces shoes and earthent pots; Mohan has few of the units producing 13. Recent Significant economic developments leather goods; Nawabganj makes tin boxes and in the district shoes; Niyotani prepares cotton cloth; Purwa is famous for its rice production; Safipur town In 1954, the Standard or Modern Refinery makes earthen pots and shoes, Ugu also pro and Distillary limited, Unnao was established. duces shoes and the town of Unnao is well The industrial Estate, Akrampur was developed known for its production of glass wares, ink and in 1965. The Ideal Class works Unnao was set leather goads. up before 1969. The town has a place in respect of glass-wares maunfacturing centre in the state. There are a large number of small scale The Zam Zam Tanners at Unnao was set up in industries in the district producing oil from oil 1947. Apart from all these developments, the seeds, khan dsa ri, da/, jaggery, tobacco, ice industrial activity in the district had received a cream candy, flour, cardboard, tanned~leather, big puSh by the opening of Kanpur Balamau glue, pesticides, paints, washing soap, scented Railway line in 1955. oil candles, glass ware, miniature bubls, pottery, umbrella, bricks, timber, auto~moblle parts, iron bars, pipes, agricultural implements and brass 14. Relation with other towns in the district ware. These units are largely found at Banger mau, Safipur, NawabganJ, Shuklaganj, Unnao, The number of towns in the district from Magarwana, Sahjani, Bhagwantnagar and Akram 1901 Census to 1981 Census is presented in pur (the industrial estate of the Unnao town). table X1I1.11. 304 Table XIII.11 : Number of towns in the revised definition adopted in 1981 Census, the native district at various censuses number of towns at that Census had risen to 18. Thus 17 towns were added to the list of 1971, Census years No. of towns out of which few were entirely new towns. The places with a population of under 5,000 were 2 1 classified as towns for the first time in 1981 and these are Niyotani, Hydrabad, Kursath, Fatehpur 1981 18 Chaurasi and Auras. The towns in the district are 1971 1 linked with Unnao M.B. administratively and po 1961 1 litically. During the Mutiny days people of all the 1951 6 towns in the district made Unnao-town as their 1941 6 common fighting place. 1931 6 1921 6 15. Travel-index of the population in the town 1911 8 1901 10 of Unnao (Based on Census data) The table XII1.12 shows the travel-index by sex of various localities in the town. In working There was no change in the number of out travel-index, the population aged 5 years and towns in the district during 1921 to 1951. Due above only have been considered. The maxi to change in definition of town in 1961, the mum distance travelled by each of them has number of towns was then reduced to only one. been added up and divided by the number of The number of towns at the 1971 Census was persons, males and females separately, in order also one as the definition of towns adopted at to work out the travel index by sex. The said that census was similar to that of 1961. Due to table is presented below:-- Table XIII.12 : Travel index of persons by locality and sex Locality Travel index (ward numbers) Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 1. 726.2 769.9 649.9 2. 564.5 575.9 514.6 3. 467.9 564.3 335.3 4. 606.6 676.9 532.2 5. 287.3 215.4 361.7 6. 331.9 480.9 130.3 305 1 2 3 4 7 307.0 386.1 162.8 8. 594.5 669.2 514.0 9. 144.9 162.5 124.3 10. 776.9 790.4 738.3 11. 336.9 463.3 102.3 12. 71.8 70.2 72.9 13. 450.0 450.0 Nil 14. 678.7 678.7 Nil (Based on Survey data) The above table indicates that among total none of the female of ward nos. 13 and 14 has population the travel Index varies between 71.8 ever travelled. However, the trend is almost the km. (In Ward No. 12) to 776 9 km. (in Ward No. same as in case of total population. 10). The travel index IS more than 500 kms. in Ward Nos. 14 (678.7 km); 4(6068 km.); 8{594.5 km.) and 2(5645 km). Among males almost The travel index of different castes is sImilar pattern IS noticed, but among females, presented in table XJ11.13. Table XJJI.13 : Travel index by sex and caste/tribe or community Caste/Tribe/ Travel index Community Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 Bari 420.2 277.5 515.3 Bhujwa 195.1 298.4 23.0 Brahman 466.5 598.6 242.0 Gadariya 600.0 600.0 Kahar 297.5 435.0 160.0 306 1 2 3 4 Kayastha 471 9 461.5 4855 Khatri 258.3 3600 55.0 Kshatnya 559.3 651.2 415.0 } (Based on Survey data) The travel mdex is highest in case of 400 kms. among Bart (515.3); Chrtstlan (1,365), Christians (1,365 km) and is more than 400 kms Kayastha (485.5); Vaishya (750.7) Kshatnya (415); for Sari (4202); Brahman (466.5 km.); Kayastha and Sunar (500), but below 100 kms. among (471.9); Kshatnya (559 3); Gadariya (600); Muslim Yadav (86); Bhujwa (23); Dhobi (23), Nai (68), (639.1); and Vaishya (843.2) communities. It is Chamar (81.7); Khatri (55) and Vishwakarma below 250 km. In case of Yadav (107.8); Shujwa (23). None of the female of Gadanya community (195.1); Chamar (125.5), Dhabi (142.2); Khatik has ever travelled. (187.5); Kumhar (1586); Lodh (196.6); Mali (149.5); Sunar (2033), Nal (7004); and Vish wakarma (75.3) Among males the trend is The travel index of workers by occupation almost as in the total For females it is above IS given in the following table:-- 307 Table XII1.14 Travel index by sex and occupational category SI. Occupations Persons Travel Index No. Total Male Female Total Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Electncal and 10 10 695.6 6956 electronic engineering overseers and technicians etc. 2. Labour, social welfare 35 25 10 4256 5676 320.5 and polItical workers; lawyers, teachers etc 3. AdminIstrative, execu- 17 17 894.4 894.4 tive and managerial workers 4 Clerical and related 48 48 290.0 290.0 workers 5 Sales workers 46 46 391.3 391.3 6. Service workers 19 17 2 61.2 67.1 11.5 7. Farmers, fishermen, 27 25 2 141.8 145.1 100.00 loggers and related workers etc. 8 Metal processors, 28 28 3924 392.4 chemical processors, Spinners, weavers, printers, dyers and related workers etc. 9. Shoemakers, leather- 24 24 512.9 512.9 goods makers, carpenters, Cabinet and related wood workers etc. 10. Compositors, pnnting- 53 49 4 279.6 302.4 pressmen, painters, bncklayers, stone masons and tile setters etc. Total 307 289 18 359.2 391.3 190.4 (Based on Survey data) 308 The above table shows that the travel index sale of commodities, 281 and 90 commuters are of workers of the town is about 350 kms. In the of the villages Achalganj and Khowajgipur re workers, males have a travel index about double spectively. The number of commuters from each to that what females do have. Female workers of the remaining villages is below 21. In thiS engaged in petty Jobs lIke brick-laying, tile context, it is worthwhile to keep In view that setting, loading and unloading of materials etc., Kanpur IS nearly 18 km. from Unnao town and have not travelled at all. Female workers in other Villages Magarwara and Bantha have convenient fIelds of economic activity do have travelled less mode of transport for Kanpur (M.C.) obviously, than their males counterparts. the commuters from these villages prefer to sale their goods in Kanpur (M.C.), because they may 16. Interaction between the town and its possibly get a good return. sorrounding villages It is worth notiCing, that out of 668 students, (a) Commutation to and from the town the largest number commute to the town from the villages Khowajgipur (221) followed by Village The data on commuters to and from the Magarwara (175). For higher education it is easy town have been collected from 9 Villages situ to get admisson In the colleges at Unnao rather ated at dIstances ranging between 2 to 19 kms., than at Kanpur (M.C.). Among 212 commuters from the town The total population of these who come for service, 49 are from Village Villages IS 28,800. Among 2,34'? persons who Magarwara. It is higher in comparison to other come dally to the town, 429 come for commodi villages due to its having a population of 4,000 ties, 212 for service reasons, 472 for persuing or more. private professions, 668 for education, and 566 come for other reasons such as for medical The table indicates that 676 persons treatment etc. The number of the town dwellers commute from Unnao M.B. to the neighbounng who ViSit these Villages In turn for various purposes 9 villages. Viliage Magarwara is centre of IS 676. Thus the proportion of persons commut commuters from Unnao town. Out of 676 com Ing from the town IS little less than one-fourth muters from Unnao, 281 go to Magarwara, 169 of persons commuting to the town. The table to Achalganj and 94 to Khowajgipur. The village XII1.15 shows the number of commuters to and Magarwara has industries and the latter two vil from the town lages have easy access to the town by bus, auto-riekshaw and tanga. Thus the town IS The table XII1.15 reveals that predominant economically, culturally and socially linked WIth type of economy In the selected Villages is ob the adjoining villages. viously cultivation The mode of transport is tempo and rickshaw or tanga In case of villages (b) Visits to places outside the town located within 10 kms , while It is bus for villages located beyond 10 kms The households from rural areas have their affiliations and bonds WIth the members and It will be seen that barring two villages, SOCiety at the place from where they hailed It Loharkhera (276 persons) and Sayed Abbaspur is useful to study the frequency of visits to the (965 persons), the population of all the villages place from where the migrant households have is above one thousand The former village is only come. The table XII1.16 shows the frequency of 2 kms. from the town, and the latter 6 kms. visit to rural areas by members of households classified by locality and the distance of the Among the 429 commuters who come for places visited. 309 (]) o o .c: m ,.... lO en .... a ,.... LO oo;t ...... o I- 0> c S E .... C I (ij ,...... (])O::::lOU l() E .c: CJ) (3 C 0- o en co o ...... m - "0 ,.... U o (]) 2.. "0 (]) -0 ..... E ~ ~ C ,...... o o :J 0 ,.... CW) M "0".; W c: ~ .... (]) o .0 (]) I C E ,...... - ::::I 1S> 2 0 co Ol C 0;:: e Ci5 M (L c.. CJ) ...... (]) E m o E ... -X o .....o C") -"C c.. c: ca c.. « (]) CJ) o _"0 o ,...... co ,.... en ca 0 0 co ,.... co ,.... Oloo (f) 0 C\I ~ C\J -c: o co o ..... :;:; g, J9 - :::J ~ E "0 ~ c E ~ ...c ~ (tI o c:: CJ) c: o ~ .::s::. ~ o -~ a. ~ a: ~ E o Q) -U) o o o I- o c.. 0. a. c...... E E E • .!2 (]) (]) (]) E o :::J (]) o l- I-- I- +-' V t: I >- e ca E - E o o c 0 I I I I I I a.. "0 ttl o~ 6 o 6 o o o o o ~ oS; § +-' "9 "9 V V "9 V V "9 (L (.) ::::J U') (]) o T"'". (]) , >- CJ) - om .0 ,.... ::::J o X ttl ::::J - c.. C m ~ ~ .!!! = 0 o ,.... (]) o:S D > c.. ".; 0 C\I ....CO ,...... C\I ,....o C\I,.... ,.... ..... :::s c... CJ) ~ ..0 E' « .... (tI (tI o .._ "0 .c: (tI (]) ca > c ..c: ..c: (tI -(tI (.) Q) (f) CD « CD C\J 310 co +-'ea "'0 >-Q) rn ...... M ...... V 0 ~ v 0') ~ ...... <0 c= 0) ~ 0 ::J ~ co to <0 V ..- ...... - a N r- <0 0 CI) l- 0 0 c ~ a "- "'0 Q) (/) ea c co a 0'> >- (/) .- --- (/) a ro c ro Q) Q) "'0 ,!:2 ,.... C\I co ,.... V 0> ,.... C\I L{) M -C .... ::J "'0 :-B ,....co C") ,.... N lO .._ Q) - ~ u '(3 ...... 0 Q) c E ea <.0 ...... c...... -=- ,.... ,...Q) 0 - - -::; E ....0 ...... c:: 0') 0 c .;:; ...... ro lO M 0 'V ~ 'V 'V co lO ...... r:::- ::J u ~ M C\I co ::J co E "'0 ,....C\I E UJ 0 U --- r.n c 0 .....r.n (1) c 0 c...... Q) '(;5 (/) oq- 0 Q) ,.... 0') C\I 0 0 M C\I - ~ ...... co L{) .... C\I M .... 0 C\I N ..... -0> C> LL ,._ C\I .D c.. ,.... E ~ ::J C ...... Q) ro E Q) X () a M M ~ 0 co CO) 0 C") co .... ,.... ,... M 'V ,... co ~ 0 -0) a. Q.l r- a. CI) lO « -~ (/) "'0 Q) 0 0 C\I C\I C\I 'V 'V 'V M ,... 0 N C\I ro ,... M 'V .,... V .,... U') a:> (f) 0> -- .,... ~ C\I -a -C\I -:-- "C 13 .... C ::J 0 a. (/) U .... ea ::::J L-ro .D -11) Q) a. ~ Q.l .D 'c .-. J::. ..c '0 « ro .... ro ::::s::: ro ...... _ ~ "0 ~ .c: 01 - (5- ::J '~ Q) en 1ij ro co ..c ~ >< (/) .c: co t:» c:: .c: ::J "'ffi Q) >- ea -- Q) Q) Q) __.a J::. ..c ea en () ro a :is E Clro (.) ::::s::: (f) ~ (]) « (]) l- I-- ea ro I- Z :> T- C\I M v L{) co r--.: co 0> 311 Table XII1.16 : Frequency of visits to rural area. by members of households classified by locality and distance of the places visited No. of household members of which visited Locality of Total No. Number of Distances • household of house- households of places holds whose visited Once Twice Thrice Four Five members times times or visited more rural areas 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ward No 1 32 17 Upto 10 km 1 1 11-20 km. 1 2 21-50 km 3 2 2 3 51-100 km. 1 101-200 km 201 + 1 Total 5 3 3 1 5 Ward No 2 20 12 Upto 10 km. 1 1 11-20 km 3 21-50 km 1 2 1 51-100 km. 1 1 101-200 km 201 + 1 Total 3 7 2 Ward No 3 16 12 Upto 10 km 11-20 km. 4 1 21-50 km. 1 1 51-100 km. 3 1 1 101-200 km 201 + Tota! 8 2 2 Ward No 4 19 15 Upto 10 km 1 1 1 11-20 km 21-50 km. 3 4 1 51-100 km. 1 1 101-200 km 1 201 + 1 Total 5 8 1 1 312 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ward No. 5 18 9 Upto 10 km. 1 1 1 3 11-20 km. 1 21-50 km. 1 51-100 km. 1 101-200 km 201 + Total 2 2 1 4 Ward 6 13 9 Upto 10 km 1 11-20 km. 2 21-50 km. 4 51-100 km. 101-200 km 2 201 + Total 9 - Ward No 7 18 15 Upto -1'0 km 1 11-20 km. 2 21-50 km. 5 3 51-100 km. 3 101-200 km 1 201 + Total 11 3 1 Ward No 8 18 5 Upto 10 km. 2 11-20 km. 1 21-50 km. 1 1 51-100 km. 101-200 km 201 + Total 2 2 1 Ward NO.9 13 3 Upto 10 km. 11-20 km 1 21-50 km. 1 51-100 km 1 101-200 km. 201 + Total 3 3i3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ward No 10 5 2 Upto 10 km 11-20 km. 1 21-50 km. 1 51-100 km 101-200 km. 201+ Total Ward No 11 12 4 Upto 10 km 11-20 km. 1 21-50 km. 1 51-100 km. 2 101-200 km 201 + Total 1 3 Ward No 12 12 5 Upto 10 km 11-20 km 1 1 21-50 km 2 1 51-100 km. 101-200 km 201+ Total 3 2 Ward No 13 3 UPto 10 km 11-20 km 21-50 km. 51-100 km. NA. 101-200 km 201 + km Ward No 14 16 7 Upto 10 km 11-20 km 2 1 21-50 km 1 1 1 51-100 km 1 201+ Total 1 4 1 Grand Total 215 115 51 34 12 5 13 (4435) (2957) (1043) (435) (11 36) (Based on Survey data) 314 The table indicates that members of 51 holds (out of a total of 215 households surveyed) (44.35 per cent) and 34 (29.57 per cent) house~ have members who visit to rural areas of the holds have visited once and twice in a year native district and other surrounding district of respectively. Members of 12 (10 43 per cent), 5 the native State. There are 43 households whose (4.35 per cent) and 13 (11.30 per cent) house heads were born In the town and their members holds have visited three, four and five times visit to rural areas. As compared to them, such respectively. migrant households total to 56. It may be seen that more than 50 per cent Largest number of households (87) are of households from wards 1 to 7 and less than such whose members visit to the rural areas of 50 per cent from wards 8 to 12 and 14 have the native district, followed by such households affiliations with rural areas from where head of (21) whose members viSit to the rural areas of households have migrated. In Ward No. 13 no other district of the native state. The survey data member of any household has visited. Perhaps shows that there are no such households whose all these households have no relatives left in rural members visit either to rural areas of other states areas. In Ward No.6, out of 13 sample house~ or to other countries. Visits to rural areas of the hold members of 9 and in Ward NO.7 out of native district is characterized by a variety of 18 sample household members of 15 house frequency much denser (even upto four or five holds have viSited rural areas. Among these, times), while the frequency of visits to the rural members of 11 and 3 have vIsited once and areas of other districts of the native state are less twice respectively, while only one has visited five marked. times or more. Similar pattern is witnessed in Ward NO.3. In Ward No. 9 and 10 out of 13 The table indicates that out of 108 house and 5 households, members of three and holds, 43 are non-migrants. Among them the two have visited rural areas once and thrice members of 32 households visited rural areas respectively. of district Unnao. SlmllarlYI among 49 migrant households from rural areas of the native district, The table XIII.17 exhibits the purpose for 48 visited rural areas of district Unnao. Sixteen which members visit rural areas. migrant households are from other districts of the state. Out of them 8 each households belong The table XIII. 17 reveals that out of 115 10 rural and urban areas of other districts in the households, members of 95 {82.61 per cent} state. households have visited rural areas to meet their family members, 9 (7.8 per cent) households to Among 87 households in which the members supervise agricultural operations and each of 4 visited rural areas of the district, the members households for attending marriage and other of 38 (43.68 per cent) and. 22 (25.29 per cent) social gatherings. Out of 9 households whose households visited once and twice respectively, members viSited rural area for supervision of and members of 10 (11.49 per cent), 4 (4.60 per agricultural work, 4 are in Ward No. 1 and out cent) and 13 (14.94 per cent) households visited of 4 households whose members visited for thrice, 4 times and five times or more respec social meetings, three are In Ward No.8. tively from the remaining 21 households, the members visited areas other than the district The migration status of visiting households Unnao, the members of 12 (57.14 per cent), 6 is presented in the table X1I1.18. (28.57 per cent), 1 (4.76 per cent) and 2 (9.53 per cent) households visited once, twice, thrice, The table XII1.18 shows that 108 house- five times or more respectively. 315 (/) .::t:...... ~ co "C E ..- -0 0,) >- c:: ..... ('\J (") v l{) co t- oo 0) 0 ...- ('\J C") v , ...- ,_ ,... ,... 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I- C ::l Q) o o <{ o.... z Q) ~ ..c o- Q) o c:: o Q) o c ""'"':' o "C c (])o U ;:: c .!: c: "'C 319 -.,.... -I -..- -..- -..- II) ---::E -:2 -:E o~ o c: ,... .,.... .,.... .,...... c ca - - - - ...... -..- ..... fi --..- --...... u _ 0... Q_ - -a.... a.... -a.... -a.... a.... a... Q.. (f) :..=. ------ >u ~ Q) " o l{) ..- ,.._" co Q) ~ co C") l{) a ~ C') C\l - .... 0) o en o l{) en en :.:; ..- C\.I ..- .,... C\.I -o Q) .= .= Ol ca II) .-~ E ~ l{) C") <:( v C\.I to c:: o co C\.I o co "1 Q) ;?; o C") Z co o .,.... (.) ..... C\.I C'\j L- Q) a.... co co o co o 0- o o C") C\I l{) ..... l{) q o C\.I o ~ ~ --o or- ...... ,...... ,.... ._ CI) ,c o C/) II) ~ Q) I.(') .,.... II) (/) N o - C") C\J "'C C ::l ,....C\J C'\J. C CD 0 ...... CO '0 U.s:::. ._ .5::! Q) .c:::: ..0 Q. E e :::l I 0) Z (I) (/) o en-o LO 0) o ::J 0 C'\j C") ...... E C\.I ..... Q) o .s:::. o I t: o ,.._ .~ Q) g Ol c:: ca c :> ::J ._ ._ ._ ._ :::J ::J :::J :::J E a. c.. C. C. o .c -0 Q) .::: E t: E en (I) E ~ Q) ~ ca ..::.:: .s:::. .c "ii z « (j) U (j) o,... ....- N,.... 320 -..- -..- 0::> -N (.)-- 0') --I :::Ja... ..- I ..- ..- ..- ---N - -or" c:::r - (.) -::2: -~ --::2: --:r: -I --::2: 0 ..- ..- ..- Cl> or" ..- ..- ..- N LO C\I or" C\I ..- ..- ..- ..c. ------~ ------.... a... a... a... a... a... a... a... a... ---a... --a... --a... --a... ---a... ------c 0 "0 Cl> ,...._ ,...._ ,...._ (/) ..- 0::> LO 0 0 ,...._..- ,...._0') 0::> ..-,...._ eo CO ~ C") C") N 0 0 C') « 0::> ~ CO (Xl N 0 N eo C\I CD 0::> «i 0 0::> CD Z 0') ~ C") ..- N ..:t N C\I N ~ ~ C") C") N -- o LO ..- eo o LO o or- 0') C") Q) o ,...._ 0::> o o o o LO 0::> LO « 0::> f-- ,...._ N 0::> C") ,..... o LO C\I o z C") ~ LO ..- ..- ..- LO ..- N Q) C"') ,...._ <.D o ..- eo LO LO LO ..- ,...._ ,...._ o C") o o co 0::> o N ..... C\I ,.... C") « N o .,..... ,..... z ,...._ ,...._ ..- Q) N ,.... o 0::> Q) C") Q) C") ,....C") « ,....0::> N CD 0::> eo z ,...._ ,_0 0::> ..... '<1" ,...._N Q) eo ..-- Q) ..... CO ..... I{) ~ ,...._co C') C") Q) LO 0::> eo ,...._eo ..- ~ C") 0') N C') 0::> LO 0 CD C\I N 0::> 0r- ,...._ O) ~ CD N C\I LO en N eo N <0 C\I I{) C") N C") C'? ..- ..... N CD CD Q) N N ..... CD C") ~ CD ~ C") '<1" ~ C") 0::> Q) CD N C") en ~- ..- '<1"- .- .,f C') t.ri' ri .,f ...... ri .- .- ..- R ro 0::> m 0 0- ..... C\I Distance from Density of population per sq km. town (kms.) II Less 200- 500- 1000+ Total than 200 500 1000 1 2 3 4 5 6 Less than 2 2 1 3 2-5 1 3 2 6 5-10 1 8 1 10 10-15 2 1 1 4 15+ 1 3 1 5 Total 4 9 13 2 28 (Based on Census data) The table XII1.20 reveals that majority of (1,211 persons) has Primary school and Junior Villages having a density between 500 to 1000 high school and electric facility for agricultural are at a distance of 5 to 10 kms. from the town. use. While the other two villages Gadankhera This hardly Justifies the hypothesis that villages (1,115 persons) and Chand pur (1,058 persons) with high urban influence tend to have larger have a Primary school each, but in Husain Nagar population and greater density compared to (3,125 persons) none of these facilities are other villages of the region. Apart from the urban available. For all other amenities the villages are influence, It seems there are other factors as well dependent on the town. which decide the extent 01 population and density. In other villages lying at a distance of 10 The villages near the town mostly depend kms most of amenities except electricity are on it for educational, medical, post and telegraph available depending on the size of population of amenities and prefer to purchase goods from the villages. Thus it ratifies the hypothesIs, that town. The table XIII.21 gives the availability of villages near the town have comparatively esay the above amenities In the Villages as well as availability of amenities and services. the source of dnnking water, communication, power supply and if there is any post office in In the Villages located at a distance of 6- the village: 10 kms., or 10-20 kms. from the town, there are middle schools, maternity and child welfare clin The table indicates that among the villages ics, post offices, post and telegraph offices, bus within the distance of five kms. from the town, stop and market usually tWice a week. village Sheshpur Sari (4,095 persons) has Primary school, a recognised medical practitioner, post The indices prescribed for analysing the office, bus-stand, electricity for agricultural use urban influence are perhaps the crude Indices and a local market held on wednesdays and to find out the urban influence, because growth saturdays. The source of drinking weter is well, of the population IS Significantly higher in rural as in all other villages. The other village Galgalha areas too. After every 20 to 30 years it almost 322 (/) ..Y (ij E o C :::l CI) 0' -, > ._ -o L{) c: o ~ .rJ- 'i: ~, IA o- ..-.. - -...... - -...... -=-0... 0...- ~, a:- 0.. c o ,...._ en,...._ L{) L{) ro I{) ~ "l ...... "l I.{) I.D "'3 ...... q en Q_ ...... (") o 0.. ._ :::l a.. Q) (if 0: ..... E 't: co: ro ..Y :::l ._ 0'1 ._ T'""" (1) CO (.) ...... m c ,.... t'I3 ...... +-' (1) (/) ~ .c ..- +-' :.0 -. (1) ~ ..._C') c: .c I- 0 .....+-' 0 0- "0 (1) ..- M -..- ff ~ @: (1) ~ :::r i=" i=" I- Z Z Z (/) (.) - 0 I.{) ~ Q) -lO 1.0 LO LO 0 (.) <.D .....!..- l- -.....!..- 0 0 0 8 --!- 0 .....!..- .....!..- 0 . a. I ~ a.. a.. a.. a. I a.. . . a.. .c t'I3 tn a.. .~ ...... I en -I Q) I- .... -...c: Le., radio and television sets and auto-vehicles The above fact shows that among 28 villages t such as scooter or motor cycles and fabrics 11 comprise more than 50 per cent of area under dresses. The above Indices definltly show the forest, irrigation and cultivable waste including positive and greater urban influence in the vil gauchar and groves lages. Among the above Villages, three are within In order to test the hypothesis, that villages a distance of five kms. four Villages between the with high urban Influence have compara distance of 6 to 9 kms, and remaining four tively:-- between the distance of 16 to 19 kms. Thus It neither confirms nor contradicts the hypothesis (i) Less proportion of land under forest, uncul- stated above. 325 ._ _... .-... ..- ..-...... --...... E c ..- cry t- ~ eo .... 0 .- <.0 0 0 --- ,..... 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() C\J t- O) ,..... t- C'J 0 C C'J 0 "'0 CD ---. en ~ c;) co L{) 0 ro ro a - O) -t- L{) eo t- -- --...- co ..__N l{) 0) co ai <0 ...... $.. N - ~ - -- ("') ("') ~ t- 0) -- L{) oct" --C\,I co co 0) t- 0') v o co ~ C\I ...... 0 ...... t- C") 0') lO co 0) ,..... C\I -;;;:- ~ 0 L{) co C\J -cry - L{) -- <0 --C"') <0 C\J co C') lO 0) N ...... : C\l ...... : -- .._...cry ~ ~ .._...L{) ~ co C\J O) -- C\J t- C\J ~ co ~ 0) 0) C\J C\J co co t- cry C\J 0 U'> to 0) ro 0) l{) ..,... ,..... lO ~ ~ T-" .--. .-- ...- 0 ...- ~ '8 c<) c<) c<) oct" L{) ,...co R 00- -C\J C\J 0) ---o::t 0 C\J 0 oct" oct" t- N --0 ro eo t- - ~ 0') 0 eo co C\I C\I 0') C"') 0) 0) 0 oct" oct" co 0) 0) I.!) ~ oct" oct" --3: 0 ~ - 1.0,..... (") ~~ ~ ~ -- --w -. 3: --- -3= ~ 0 3= R oct" C\J I- ---0 -...... I.!) (!) -'o;t LC l- I.!) s: 0) -I.!) C"') -.. en enC\,I C") ""'" - ..- oct" oct" ..- oct" I"'- ,... C") co C\J "': 'o;t 0) t- I"'- ...... L{) ("') <0 L{) L{) l"'- to t- t- C\I t- ~ ,... 0) ,... ..-0 C'\I I"'- M ...... ,...... - ..- ..- -,..... -,.....C\J ...... <0 ---,.....t- ,.....eo --...... 0) 0)...... ------ -::2 0 c: 0 ..;:::: C,.) ro ~ -N ro ro C ...... N c ro ~ (/) .... >- .... ro 0> ro "~ ro - ,...... :::s:. Ci3 ro .0 ~ X ::l ...c: ~ ..c:..... "co "{ij :::::J :::::J ~ (.) ~ (l) ro .c ro ('3 .:a4) a:: « ~ CD c:o (!) Z I- ca C\J C") oo::t I.!) co t- a:> l- N N C\l C\J N N C\J 328 Akrampur ViUage Unnao """':' "0 U c::: o 2- .,...a:). = >< :cCD ~ CHAPTER XIV CONCLUSION Unnao town was made a district head Employees State Insurance Dispensary. quarters in 1856 and latter on It gained the status of a municipality In 1869 It lies on the Lucknow About 73 per cent of the total population Kanpur road barely 18 kms. from Kanpur. There was returned as non-worker at the 1981 Census. are several other roads passing through the Over half of It'S male population and nearly entire town. One goes to Hardoi on the north-west, female population was recorded as non-workers. other to Rae Barell on the east, yet another to It has been a mono functIonal service town since Dalmau In dlstnct Rae Bareh and on to Allahabad 1961 Census. Nearly 44 per cent of total workers on the south-east, and to the headquarters of at the 1961 Census and about 47 per cent at outlying tahslls--Saflpur, Hasanganj and Purwa. the 1971 Census were engaged in vanous Balamau (in district Hardol), Lucknow, Dalmau services In the town. (In district Rae Bareli) and Kanpur are also connected with the town by branch lines of the It's population at the recent Census of 1981, Northern Railway. The trunk line of the Lucknow consisted of two chief religions-Hindus number Agra section also passes through the town. This Ing nearly 50 thousand accounted for 65.52 per line of the North-Eastern Railway connects the cent of the total population and Muslims with 26 town wIth such far off places as Kanpur, Fatehgarh, thousand population constituted about 34 per KasganJ and Mathura. cent of the total population. Hindi is spoken by about 82 per cent of the Inhabitants followed by The tract on which the present day town of Urdu (18 per cent). About 12 per cent of the total Unnao is located was a forest area about twelve population was of the scheduled castes at the centuries ago. Unwant Singh built a fort here and last Census of 1981. At that Census nearly 58 renamed the place after hImself. Probably in year per cent of the males and about 39 per cent of 1540, Zaidi Saiylds won this town. In a battle on the females were literates. July 29, 1857 in the town, General Havelock defeated the freedom fighters. The whole of the At the 1971 Census, about 40 per cent of district was influenced from the heroic deeds of the total population was of the migrants. The freedom fighters. Probably as a result of that, the survey results show that about 53 per cent of town has produced several noted personalities all the migrants have their place of last residence In various fields. It has an area of 15.54 Sq. kms., elsewhere in the native district, as against about and a population of over 75 thousand. The office 45 per cent, who have their place of last of the district magistrate lies at a short distance residences In other districts of the native state. towards north of the Railway Station. Chief About 35 per cent migrants are residing in the commercial area of the town lIes along the town tor over 20 years. About 51 per cent at total Lucknow-Kanpur national highway. The male migrants in 1971, were workers, while such Dayanand Subhash National College, Govern temales were below 4 per cent. ment Inter College and the Government Inter College for girls are the main educational insti Some of the localities of yore in the town tutions In the town. It also possesses the District still possess their distinctive flavours. The me Hospital, the Pohce Hospital, the Jail Hospital, dieval layout and configuration are stili observ a T B. Clinic, two Eye Hospitals and the able in Gaddiyana, Kaithlyana, Sheikhwara and 331 Chaudhrlyana wards. In the Gaddiyana locality, holds which lack any of the basic amenity such according to the Survey data nearly 73 per cent as drinking water, electricity, toilet facility; it is of the inhabitants are the Muslims. These are observed that more than 50 per cent of house mostly the descendants of the earliest stock of holds in wards Adarsh Nagar, Akrampur, Chaudhri the Muslims whose history can be traced down yana and Tallb Sarai lack these basic amenities. to 1540 A.D. Kaithiyana is the other medieval However, the town does not have any notified ward, where Muslims are greater (56.60 per cent) slum. in number than their other counterparts. Kayast has are as well significantly settled in the old Congress party has remained as the most medieval wards as in the modern wards of the politically popular party for a long period. But the two Civil Lines. On one hand they are nearly 24 workers in the town are equally divided under per cent in the modern locality of Civil Lines- II, the influence of the former party and the C.P.I. while on the other, they also form about 25 per Thus there is existence of rival trade union cent of such an old locality as Chaudhriyana. As organisations. The town's representatives are against to them, Brahmans are dominant only currently ministers at the state and the Union in the first four wards of the town, which are levels. Being a mofussil town, its influence over modern in nature. the political and social affairs of the native diS trict is qUite considerable Households in the town are generally of large size. About 27 per cent of all the house It has about a dozen parks, a stadium, a holds have six to seven members each. Single town hall, several clubs and libraries, four cinema member-households are very few in the town houses and a host of voluntary organizations. and similar IS the position of households having Three Hindi dailies and nine Hindi weeklies are thirteen members or more. The average size of locally published. Sports and games activities households consists of about 6 members. The attract the attention of only 0.33 per cent of the tYPical age-group for the headship of a house population, though about 76 per cent of the hold in the town IS that of 40-49 years. surveyed population are non-workers. The town contains several old Oargahs with glazed tiles At the 1981 Census, there was one house on the domes, 10 masjids and 14 noted Hindu hold per occupied residential house in the town. temples. In the Siddhnath temple complex, sculp Of the 8,280 occupied Census houses, nearly tural fragments are seen lying around on open 76 per cent were used for residence purposes air terraces. There is a Methodist Church and at 1971 Census. The predominant material of a Gurudwara also. Police station in the town is wall was burnt bricks while it was concrete for called the Kotwali. Sadar, Qila and CiVil Lines roof. About 51 per cent of total households at police out posts were attached to the Kotwali the 1981 Census were availing the benefit of Police Station in 1973. The district Jail was bUilt electriCity and about 63 per cent had toilet in 1860. It is at a short distance from the district facility. According to the Survey data, on an courts. average each household has three rooms. In other words, there is a room in the town, for The native district is divided into four tahsils every two persons. However, about 28 per cent viz., Safipur, Hasanganj, Unnao and Purwa. At of households each are only in possession of the 1981 Census, the district had 18 towns one room and two rooms tenements, respec Including Unnao The native district had a tively. population of 1,822 thousands at the 1981 Census, 88 per cent of that was living in rural Conslderino the wardwise position of house- areas as against only 12 per cent in urban areas. 332 About 41 per cent of the total population of the even now does not present a glimpse of life of native district was composed of persons below a modern town in absence of required amenities 14 years of age. The number of females per worthy of a town. In the midst of hustle and 1,000 males in the district was 889. About 30 bustle and commuting to and fro, the first per cent of the district population were the casualty has been the old world strong famili scheduled castes. Their proportion in urban alties and cordiality. As stated in earlier chapters, areas was low (nearly 14 per cent) as compared the town is a monofunctional one (service-type). to the rural areas (about 32 per cent). The It's recent growths in respect of size and population literacy rate in the urban areas of the district was have slightly changed it's rural edges. about 41 per cent as against about 49 per cent In the town. About 27 per cent of it's people were However, on the other hand, the town has workers. a residential pattern on the basis of castel community clusters as is predominant elsewhere It is perched a top the middle of the In the native district. The existence of castewise Gangetic plains of Uttar Pradesh, and like rest residential clusters is much more predominant of the towns in plains, it has adopted to its sur in areas such as the Akrampur, Adarsh Nagar, rounding natural environments. The native dis etc. More or less, the same can be said to be trict of which the town IS a nucleus, largely true in cases of wards, Moti Nagar and Civil lines depends on agriculture. The town has a huge or rest of other wards in the town. Nonetheless, grain mandi, which serves the hinterland villages. it can be argued that the social structure of the Kalserganj IS the biggest grain-market. The town, town has become of late more amenable to fast inturn, re-transport cereals mainly to Kanpur City, urban growth. Here migrants do not feel alien especially the oil seeds produce. It's population ated. In turn, a blind search to the living space has varied upward or downward on the pattern has begun to give rise to a crack in the balance of the native district. Prior to 1921, the population of man-nature relationship. Most of the new had a declining trend both in the case of the residential pockets are getting developed at the town and the native district. Thereafter, it rose cost of ever shrinking flora and fauna. in both cases. Only dUring the decade 1971-81, there has been an exceptional rise in the case The Chrystller formulation that a town as a of the town vis-a-vis the native district. It was central place has a cluster of service function mainly due to the junsdictiooa~ changes and in which spread even the surrounding areas to the clusion of several villages into its limits. Conse extent it is economically viable holds justified in quent upon rising tempo of urbanization, so the case of Unnao town. There has been no many industrial units have come-up. The tech murmur or uprising in the vicinity of the town and nology being used In the mills are generally hence there is no question of springing up of similar to mills located elsewhere in the district. competitive townships, in the areas under the In the end, the social organisation in the town influence of the town. Being a district headquar is least distinctive as compared to other places ters town and situated conveniently on rail and of the district. road routes, its place is secure In this respect. The size of the town has trebled In com The zonal formulation of urban growth put parison to what it was before the 1981 Census. forward by Burgess can be seen attested in case The Increase in the area of the town has of late of Unnao town, when we consider the spread effected certain aspects of the town life. Drain of industrial areas and estates away from the on the mUnicipality is now felt on a greater scale central place on the two different sides of the as a large part of the town (erstwhile rural areas) town. Further, new residential pockets are being 333 developed in the suburbs of the town by the others were the inhabitants of the villages merged governmental and private societies. Nothing more in the municipal limits causing a higher level of can be stated in support of the above claim, as rise in population dUring the decade 1971-81. there are still large agricultural tracts being used The migrants were about 40 per cent of the for growing crops. The Hoyt formulation on the population of the town in 1971, and they were other hand, cannot be ruled out even partially; infact mainly responsible for the abnormal growth as the town IS qUIte compact and dense at the rate of over 98 per cent during the decade 1971- centre, while It's outskirts are large and open to 81. It simply could not have taken place only development especially in the areas towards Rae on account of the natural rise in population On Bareli and Hardoi roads. account of this higher rate of growth, new colonies like the Azad Colony are coming up. Chauncy Harries has a chance of coming It is an example of shift in population at the out as justified in his conception that towns grow outskirts. The new comers or the migrants found up like a senes of cells, jOined up with others themselves in the multiple dwellings in the In a living organism; with the most powerful central parts of the town. All thiS caused a nucleus drawing the rest together and giving deterioration in the housing standard of the them a certain Integration. Unnao was created town. as a heaven for the service class in year 1856, when it was made a district headquarters town. Unnao is a town marked as a settlement Subsequently, It was made a municipality in of many an ethnic groups. Naturally, it has cer 1869. Transportation facilities have been pro tain urban characteristics as shown by all such vided on modern lines and other facilities like towns which are characterized with a dense educational, medical, etc, came up in the latter population and a heterogenous community. There part of the last century. Behind all this manoev are special localities of certain castes and groups ers lay the nucleus of the distnct offices and of workers. In some of the older localities of the other district level offices and establishments in town, clusters of Muslim artisans are located, the serene area of the Collectorate. It has acted where the inhabitants are engaged in making of as pivot around which the growth of the town textiles printing. Many of the trade unions here has been revolVing. With the rise of the popu are quite vocal and are the constituents of the lation of the town, the lower classes have State level machineries of the trade unions. increased enormously. Part of them were rural There is no discrimination on castes, or religion folks who came in search of job after the open basis, as mosques, church, temples and other ing of industrial units after 1975 in the town, and assorted shrines are located near each other. 334 APPENDICES Q) C C N o N l() (J) L.. (]) D- 15 '- (]) '0 .D en E r:: c~ .,....o -Q,) E Q.) ..r: (S .~ E D .._ (0 § .... 0.... 0 f/) D .._ -Q,) "§ D (]) a> I a> « ~ ~ o c (S 0. o a> ,-C) Z 15 (J) Q.) C/) ,_ Q) (.) .._ CO (.) CO N « ..- "¢ z I I .._ a> a> ~ (J) §.._ _.D ...... 15 c C\I N D co E co Q.) o. E ~ c (i) E « a> CO CCl '0.._ '0.._ (]) (]) E E E E o o (.) (.) ~ "0c: Q) Q. Q.. .!. ~ « Q) .;:: .c Q) c 15 -a> ~ § (i).._E CO ...... C'C.c -01- g a> .'!2 a> 0 0 ~ CCl CO -0 >-.D .;;:::: C C ._0-0 c - C c Q_co U:::::J:::J N 337 0) 0 m 0) CO CO ..-C\I - C"') CD C\I ...- ~I ..- l.C) ex) 0) ..- c en l.C) .... CO l.C) Q) C\I ..- c.o ..l:I::.... IX) a == l.C) " (.) (.) .... ;:: .;:: .... ,_ Q) Q) -- Q) Q) Q) Q) (.) C'O (.) 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J 0 """I """I """I I 0 Q) 0 LO LO LO + I- (J) ,.... 0 « N M CO 374 c 0 (/) T""" (/) T""" :2 c: 0 0 .r: en IV U) :) 0 >: .s:: !t:: Description of No of occupation persons 1 2 Physical science technicians 1 CIVIl engineers 1 C,vil engineering overseers and techmcians 1 Teachers, University and College 1 Teachers, Higher Secondary and High School 2 Working proprietors, directors and managers manufacturing 1 OTher supervisors (Inspectors etc) 1 Clerks (General) 2 Store-keepers and related workers 2 Office attendent (peon, daftarees etc) 2 Radio, communication and wireless operators 1 Merchants and shop-keepers, Retail trade 2 Sales supervisors 2 Laundrymen, washermen and Dhobis 2 Dry Cleaners and Pressure Cleaners 2 Policemen and detectlvemen 1 Watermen, chowkidars and gate-keepers 2 Cultivators (owners) 10 Total 36 (Based on Survey data) 376 Appendix XIV: Particulars of non-workers, family members who are staying outside, nature of activity and relationship to head of household Nature of Number who are related to head of households activity of non- Fa- Mo- Son Oau- 8ro- Sis- Other Kins (specify) worker's ther ther ghter ther ter family Hus- Wife Son's Son's members band wife son staying outside 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Household 14 2 duty Dependent 6 8 1 Student 6 2 2 2 1 Retired 4 1 Seeking 1 employment Total 10 22 7 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 (Based on Survey data) 377 Appendix XV : Households whose close family members are outside by religion and caste/tribe or community and place of belonging of head of household Religion and castel Total Number of households whose family members tribe/community number of are staying outside and whose heads of the of head of households households households belonging to Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh 1 2 3 4 (A) HINDU (Including SC) 172 47 1 1 Sari 2 2 Shujwa 2 3 Brahman 62 23 4 Gadanya 2 5 Kahar 2 2 6 Kayastha 16 3 1 7 Khatri 2 2 8 Kshatnya 10 3 9 Kumhar 1 10 Kurmi 1 1 11 Lodh 10 12 Lohar 3 13 Mali 3 2 14 Nal 2 15 Sunar 1 16 Valshya 13 2 17 Vishwakarma 2 18 Yadav 8 3 19 Chamar 9 3 20 Dhanuk 2 21 Dhobi 7 3 22 Khatlk 1 23 Kori 4 24 Pasi 7 (8) MUSLIM 42 9 (C) CHRISTIAN 1 1 Total 215 57 1 378 Appendix XVI : Households whose family members are staying outside by religion, caste/tribe/ community and distance of place of last residence of heads of households Religion and castel Total number No of households whose family members are staying tribe/community of households outside and whose distance of place of last residence of heads of households IS (In kms) Same 50 or 51 ~ 101- 201- 500 + less 100 200 500 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (A) Hindu Ban 2 2 BhuJwa 2 3 Brahman 62 1 11 7 3 1 4 Gadanya 2 5 Kahar 2 1 1 6 Kayastha 16 1 2 1 7 Khatri 2 1 1 8 Kshatriya 10 1 1 1 9 Kumhar 1 10 Kurml 1 1 11 Lodh 10 12 Lohar 3 13 Mali 3 2 14 Nal 2 15 Sunar 1 16 Valshya 13 1 1 17 Vlshwakarma 2 18 Yadav 8 2 1 19 Chamar 9 1 1 1 20 Dhanuk 2 21 Dhabi 7 2 1 22 Khatlk 1 23 Kori 4 24 Pas] 7 (8) MUSLIM 42 5 3 1 (C) CHRISTIAN 1 1 Total 215 10 28 11 3 4 2 379 Appendix xvn : Number of households whose family members are staying outside and whose heads of households are in occupation Occupation No, of households 1 2 Engineering technicians 2 Physician and surgeon 2 Jurists 2 Teachers 4 Working proprIetors, directors, wholesale and retail trade 3 Director and manager 2 Working proprietors, girectors 1 Clencal and other supervisors 1 Book keepers and cashiers 1 Clencal and related workers 11 Shop keepers 3 Sales workers 1 Launderers, dry cleaners 1 Farm workers 2 Spinners, weavers, knrtters & dyers 2 Tailors 1 Shoe makers 1 Blacksmiths 2 Printing and related workers 1 Transport equipment operator 1 Labourers, (N E C ) 1 Workers 45 Non-workers 13 380 en ..::s:. 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Q) Q) o"§ U 01 Ol 01 0 01 01 Ol ~ .c ctI > co: > ctI > .c ctI > ._ CO > CO (f) ..... 0 ~ 0 ... 0 u 0 0 ~ ~ til Males Females Industrial category Condom Vasectomy Copper'T' Tubectomy 1 2 3 4 5 1 Agricultural production 1 1 2 Coal, petroleum & natural gas 1 3 Manufacture of food products 1 4 Manufacture of cotton textiles 2 5 Manufacture of textile products 1 6 Manufacture of wood and wood 1 products, Furntture 7 Manufacture of leather 1 1 and leather products 8 Manufacture of electrical machinery, 1 aparatus, appliances supply 9 Repair 1 1 10 Electricity 1 1 11 Retail trade in food & food articles, 1 1 1 beverage, tobacoo and intoxicants 12 Retail trade in and other utilities 1 and durables 13 Retail trade in others 3 14 Land and transport 2 15 Communications 1 16 Banking and similar type of financial 1 Institutions 17 Public administration and defence 2 4 1 services 18 Education, sCientific and research 1 2 2 services 19 Medical & health services 1 2 20 Personal services 1 21 Services not elsewhere classified 4 1 Total 20 10 10 6 (Based on survey data) 396 Appendix XXIII : Number of children by occupation Occupational Children upto DIVISions upto 3-5 6-7 upto Any Total 2 8 number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Division 0-1 3 7 1 1 12 Professional, Technical & 2 related worker 1 1 3 DIVIsion 2 4 12 1 17 Administrative, Executive and Managerial workers 4 Division 3 1 8 1 10 Clerical & related worker 5 DiviSion 4 1 5 1 7 Sales workers 6 Division 5 1 4 5 Service workers 7 Division 6 8 14 4 1 1 28 Farmers, Fishermen, Hunters,Loggers & related workers 8 Division 7 3 8 1 12 Production and related workers, Transport 5 6 3 14 9 Division 8 10 41 10 3 64 Equipment operators and labourers 10 Division 9 11 Non-workers 1 11 6 20 Total 37 116 29 5 1 188 (Based on Survey data) 397 Q) § Q) - c:: ca-~ 0 -5IJ) __E co>oVJ IJ) ~ ca :::l ~.... c;;-:x:::::E CO E - ~~ Q) ._~ co a: .... > ca co ..c. -0 IJ) co -o '!I:::>- E o (1) o Z .0 ....- ec. .... 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C') -'tJ C3 C 0 0> N N N (") (") C\l C\l ..- ..... ,.... ,.... N \0 U N -.;t .- - C\l ca ~ E "'- ,~ ca "0 .... .::.:: "'- c ca ca ca .._ o~ c .._ .t: .::t: £ E i1) ~ (/') E ~ ca ~ o~ ca c.. 5" ';:: £ 0;::- (i5 CO ca (ij £ (/') ca E c c.. £ 'as £ ca 0 £- .c:. :J :J ..c :J 0 C/) - Name of Acts Age groups Remarks 20-44 45 + M F M F 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Hindu Succession Act 15 2 13 1 Brahman (13). Yadav (1). Kayastha (6). Khatri (2). Vaishya (3). Lahar (1). Kon (1). Kurmi (1). Sunar (1). Muslim (1) 2 Hindu Marriage Act 10 2 14 1 kayastha (7). Vaishya (4). Brahman (12). Yadav (1), Kurmi (1), Sutlaf (1) 3 Hindu Minority & Kayastha (1), Guardianship Act 4 Hindu Adoption and 1 3 Kayastha (2), Brahman (2) Maintenance Act 5 Dowery Prohibition Act 20 5 25 1 Brahman (21), Kayastha (7). Vaishya (4). Kshatriya (3), Kori & Lahar (2 each) Yadav, Kureel, Kurml, Kahar, Mall, Kumhar & Sunar (1 each), Muslim (5) 6 Untouchability Act 16 2 15 1 Brahman (15), , Kshtriya, Karl, Lohar & Muslim (2 eacl\r; Yadav, Kurml, Kahar, Mati, Kumhar and Sunar (1 each) Kayastha (5) 7 Child Marriage 12 2 9 0 Brahman (12), Kayastha (4), Restriction Act Lahar (2), Kshatnya, Kurml, Kon, Kumhar & Muslim (1 each). 401 Appendix XXVI (Concld.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 Special Marnage Act 1 Kayastha 9 Abolition of Child 9 2 9 0 Brahman (12), Kayastha (3), Labour Act Muslim (2) Kshatriya. Kurml & kahar (1 each) 10 Abolition of Bonded 9 2 9 1 Brahman (11). Kayastha (4), labour Act Lohar (2). Kurmi. Kumhar. Kshatrlya & Muslim (1 each) 11 Acts relating to 2 2 1 1 Muslim Muslims 12 Acts relating to 1 Christians Christians. (Based on Survey datd) 402 Appendix XXVII Name of social legislation Brighter side of the enactment (no of Informants) 1 2 1 Hindu Succession Act (a) To give equality and Justice (16) (b) ProvIsion of equal share In the property of father (15) 2 Hindu Marnage Act (a) Help to check birth (22) (b) To abolish the divorce (5) 3 Hindu Minority and No comment (27) Guardianship Act 4 Hindu Adoption & ProvIsion to adopt a child legally (1) Maintenance Act 5 Dowery Prohibition Act (a) A check on dowery demanders (42) (b) Unnecessary transfer of property (9) 6 Child Marriage Assignment of marriageable age of girl and Restraining Act boy, 17 to 21 years reports (23). 7 Untouchability Offences Act To help In abolishing touchabihty (34) 8 Special Marnage Act It gives nght to Inter-caste marriages (1) 9 Abolition of child Child is not phySically fit for labour (20) Labour Act 10 Abolition of bonded Check on forceful work as everyone is set Labour Act free (21) 11 Acts relating to Muslims It IS made for social welfare (1) 12 Acts relating to Christians It is made for social welfare (1) (Based on Survey data) 403 o.>-g>- Eo 0.>.... 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