THE U.S. COAL SECTOR Recent and Continuing Challenges
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U.S. Energy in the 21St Century: a Primer
U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer March 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46723 SUMMARY R46723 U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer March 16, 2021 Since the start of the 21st century, the U.S. energy system has changed tremendously. Technological advances in energy production have driven changes in energy consumption, and Melissa N. Diaz, the United States has moved from being a net importer of most forms of energy to a declining Coordinator importer—and a net exporter in 2019. The United States remains the second largest producer and Analyst in Energy Policy consumer of energy in the world, behind China. Overall energy consumption in the United States has held relatively steady since 2000, while the mix of energy sources has changed. Between 2000 and 2019, consumption of natural gas and renewable energy increased, while oil and nuclear power were relatively flat and coal decreased. In the same period, production of oil, natural gas, and renewables increased, while nuclear power was relatively flat and coal decreased. Overall energy production increased by 42% over the same period. Increases in the production of oil and natural gas are due in part to technological improvements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling that have facilitated access to resources in unconventional formations (e.g., shale). U.S. oil production (including natural gas liquids and crude oil) and natural gas production hit record highs in 2019. The United States is the largest producer of natural gas, a net exporter, and the largest consumer. Oil, natural gas, and other liquid fuels depend on a network of over three million miles of pipeline infrastructure. -
Views on Coal Liquefaction, Used As a Basis for This Survey Are: M
L~OLVENT REFINED COAL AND COAL-OIL MIXTURES/ A Thesis presented to The Faculty of the College of Engineering and Technology Ohio University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Avant! E-mbalia; June 13, 1981 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank his advisor, Professor Robert L. Savage, for his advice and guidance in bringing this work to a successful com pletion. The author wishes to thank the Pittsburgh Midway Coal Mining Company of Dupont, Washington for supplying SRCI and SRCII samples. Finally, the author also wishes to thank Louella Rich and Diana Miller at the Word Processing Center of The Standard Oil Co, Cleveland, Ohio, for the typing of this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 COAL-OIL MIXTURES 6 Coal-Oil Mixture Technology 6 Stability of Coal-Oil Mixture 7 Testing Procedures Used for Stability Study 8 Density of Coal-Oil Mixture 11 COAL LIQUEFACTION 12 Relations of Coal and Solvent for Extraction 13 Variables Important for Extraction 17 SRC Technology 19 OBJECTIVES 23 EQUIPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 25 Stability Study 25 Viscosity -and Density Measurements of Coal-Oil Mixtures 38 Coal-Oil Mixture Sample Preparation 41 Preparation of Low-Ash Coal 43 Apparatus 47 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 50 Stability Studies 50 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) PAGE Coal Concentration with Height 72 Tuned Circuit Detector 90 Viscosity of Coal-Oil Mixtures 104 Density of Coal-Oil Mixtures 117 Low-Ash Coal 121 CONCLUSIONS 130 RECOMMENDATIONS 132 REFERENCES 134 Appendix A- Derivation of the -
Hydroelectric Power -- What Is It? It=S a Form of Energy … a Renewable Resource
INTRODUCTION Hydroelectric Power -- what is it? It=s a form of energy … a renewable resource. Hydropower provides about 96 percent of the renewable energy in the United States. Other renewable resources include geothermal, wave power, tidal power, wind power, and solar power. Hydroelectric powerplants do not use up resources to create electricity nor do they pollute the air, land, or water, as other powerplants may. Hydroelectric power has played an important part in the development of this Nation's electric power industry. Both small and large hydroelectric power developments were instrumental in the early expansion of the electric power industry. Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water … winter and spring runoff from mountain streams and clear lakes. Water, when it is falling by the force of gravity, can be used to turn turbines and generators that produce electricity. Hydroelectric power is important to our Nation. Growing populations and modern technologies require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building, and expanding. In the 1920's, hydroelectric plants supplied as much as 40 percent of the electric energy produced. Although the amount of energy produced by this means has steadily increased, the amount produced by other types of powerplants has increased at a faster rate and hydroelectric power presently supplies about 10 percent of the electrical generating capacity of the United States. Hydropower is an essential contributor in the national power grid because of its ability to respond quickly to rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base load plants with steam systems powered by combustion or nuclear processes cannot accommodate. Reclamation=s 58 powerplants throughout the Western United States produce an average of 42 billion kWh (kilowatt-hours) per year, enough to meet the residential needs of more than 14 million people. -
201520003 [Third Party Communication: Release Date: 5/15/2015 Date of Communication: Month DD, YYYY] Index Number: 45.00-00 Person to Contact: ------, ID No
Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury Washington, DC 20224 Number: 201520003 [Third Party Communication: Release Date: 5/15/2015 Date of Communication: Month DD, YYYY] Index Number: 45.00-00 Person To Contact: ----------------------------- ----------------------, ID No. ----------- ------------------------------------------- Telephone Number: --------------------- -------------------- ------------------------------- Refer Reply To: CC:PSI:B06 PLR-128569-14 Date: December 10, 2014 LEGEND Taxpayer = ---------------------------------------------- Parent = ---------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- Corp A = --------------------------------------------------------------- Corp B = ------------------ Corp C = -------------------------------------------- Corp D = --------------------------------------------------------- Corp E = ------------------------------- State = ------------ Facility = ---------------------------------------- Power Plant = --------------------------------- Location 1 = ----------------------- Date 1 = --------------------- Date 2 = -------------------------- A = ----------------------------------- a = --- b = --- c = --- d = --- e = ----- Process = ----------- Process A = -------------- Process B = -------------- PLR-128569-14 2 Dear -------------: This is in response to your request, submitted by your authorized representative on Date 7, to supplement ruling PLR-141119-11 dated November 30, 2011, concerning the federal income tax consequences of the transaction described -
Power Electronics for Distributed Energy Systems and Transmission and Distribution Applications
ORNL/TM-2005/230 POWER ELECTRONICS FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION APPLICATIONS L. M. Tolbert T. J. King B. Ozpineci J. B. Campbell G. Muralidharan D. T. Rizy A. S. Sabau H. Zhang* W. Zhang* Y. Xu* H. F. Huq* H. Liu* December 2005 *The University of Tennessee-Knoxville ORNL/TM-2005/230 Engineering Science and Technology Division POWER ELECTRONICS FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION APPLICATIONS L. M. Tolbert T. J. King B. Ozpineci J. B. Campbell G. Muralidharan D. T. Rizy A. S. Sabau H. Zhang W. Zhang Y. Xu H. F. Huq H. Liu Publication Date: December 2005 Prepared by the OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge. Web site http://www.osti.gov/bridge Not available externally. Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source. Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. -
Post-EPIRA Impacts of Electric Power Industry Competition Policies
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Navarro, Adoracion M.; Detros, Keith C.; Dela Cruz, Kirsten J. Working Paper Post-EPIRA impacts of electric power industry competition policies PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2016-15 Provided in Cooperation with: Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Philippines Suggested Citation: Navarro, Adoracion M.; Detros, Keith C.; Dela Cruz, Kirsten J. (2016) : Post-EPIRA impacts of electric power industry competition policies, PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2016-15, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Quezon City This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/173536 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Philippine Institute for Development Studies Surian sa mga Pag-aaral Pangkaunlaran ng Pilipinas Post-EPIRA Impacts of Electric Power Industry Competition Policies Adoracion M. -
Solar Electric Power -- the U.S. Photovoltaic Industry Roadmap
CONTRIBUTORS U.S. Photovoltaic Industry Roadmap Steering Committee • Allen Barnett, AstroPower, Inc. • Larry Crowley (retired), formerly with Idaho Power • J. Michael Davis, Avista Labs • Chet Farris, Siemens Solar Industries • Harvey Forest (retired), formerly with Solarex Corp. • Glenn Hamer, Solar Energy Industries Association • Lionel Kimerling, Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Roger Little, Spire Corporation • Michael Paranzino, Solar Energy Industries Association • William Roppenecker (retired), formerly with Trace Engineering • Richard Schwartz, Purdue University • Harry Shimp, BP Solar • Scott Sklar, The Stella Group, Ltd.; formerly with SEIA Roadmap Workshop Participants • National Center for Photovoltaics: Workshop on PV Program Strategic Direction, July 14-15, 1997 (Golden, Colorado) • U.S. Photovoltaics Industry PV Technology Roadmap Workshop, June 23-25, 1999 (Chicago, Illinois) • PV Roadmap Conference, December 13-14, 2000 (Dallas, Texas) SOLAR-ELECTRIC POWER THE U.S. PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY ROADMAP “…providing the electricity consumer with competitive and environmentally friendly energy products and services from a thriving United States-based solar-electric power industry.” Reprinted January 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1. Introducing the Photovoltaic Industry Roadmap … Full Speed Ahead........................5 Chapter 2. PV's Value to Customers and the Nation … Why Travel the -
U.S. Electric Power Industry - Context and Structure
U.S. Electric Power Industry - Context and Structure Authored by Analysis Group for Advanced Energy Economy November 2011 Industry Organization The electric industry across the United States contains Figure 1 significant variations from the perspectives of structure, A History of the U.S. Electric Industry organization, physical infrastructure characteristics, 1870 cost/price drivers, and regulatory oversight. The variation stems from a mix of geographical influences, population Thomas Edison demonstrates the electric light bulb and generator and industry make up, and the evolution of federal and 1880 state energy law and policy. Edison launches Pearl Street station, the first modern electricity generation station th In the early part of the 20 century, the electric industry 1890 evolved quickly through the creation, growth and Development begins on the Niagra Falls hydroelectric project consolidation of vertically-integrated utilities – that is, Samuel Insull suggests the utility industry is a natural companies that own and operate all of the power plants, 1900 monopoly - electric industry starts to become vertically transmission lines, and distribution systems that generate integrated and deliver power to ultimate customers. At the same Wisconsin enacts first private utility regulation and 30 states time, efficiency of electricity generation dramatically follow suit shortly thereafter 1910 improved, encouraging growth, consolidation of the industry, and expansion into more and more cities, and The Federal Power Act created the Federal Power Commission across a wider geographic area. Over time, consolidated (now FERC) utilities were granted monopoly franchises with exclusive 1920 service territories by states, in exchange for an obligation to serve customers within that territory at rates for service 1 1930 based on state-regulated, cost-of-service ratemaking. -
Quarterly Coal Report July–September 2020
Quarterly Coal Report July–September 2020 January 2021 Independent Statistics & Analysis U.S. Department of Energy www.eia.gov Was hington, DC 20585 This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA’s data, analyses, and forecasts are independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States Government. The views in this report therefore should not be construed as representing those of the U.S. Department of Energy or other federal agencies. U.S. Energy Information Administration | Quarterly Coal Report July–September 2020 i January 2021 Contacts This publication was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). You can request general information about the data in this report by emailing [email protected]. You can send questions about coal statistics to the Office of Stakeholder Outreach and Communications at 202- 586-8800 or at [email protected]. U.S. Energy Information Administration | Quarterly Coal Report July–September 2020 ii January 2021 Preface EIA publishes this report to fulfill data collection and dissemination responsibilities under the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-275), as amended. The Quarterly Coal Report (QCR) provides information about U.S. coal production, exports, imports, receipts, prices, consumption, quality, stocks, and refined coal data to a wide audience, including Congress, federal and state agencies, the coal industry, and the general public. In addition, the QCR offers U.S. coke production, consumption, stocks, imports, and exports data. The third-quarter 2020 QCR includes detailed quarterly coal data for July 2020 to September 2020 and aggregated quarterly historical coal data for 2014 through third- quarter 2020. -
Assessment of On-Site Power Opportunities in the Industrial Sector
ORNL/TM-2001/169 Assessment of On-Site Power Opportunities in the Industrial Sector September 2001 Prepared by: Onsite Energy Corporation Under contract No. 85X-TA008V 701 Palomar Airport Road, Suite 200 Carlsbad, California 92009 Teresa Bryson William Major Ken Darrow ORNL/TM-2001/169 ASSESSMENT OF ON-SITE POWER OPPORTUNITIES IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR Energy Division September 2001 Prepared by OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6285 managed by UT-Battelle, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC-00OR22725 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................. ix ACRONYMS..................................................................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................xiii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................ES-1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... ES-1 EXISTING ON-SITE GENERATION IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR................................ ES-1 REMAINING POTENTIAL FOR ON-SITE GENERATION IN THE INDUSTRIAL -
Electric Power Grid Modernization Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities
Electric Power Grid Modernization Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities Michael I. Henderson, Damir Novosel, and Mariesa L. Crow November 2017. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 United States License. Background The traditional electric power grid connected large central generating stations through a high- voltage (HV) transmission system to a distribution system that directly fed customer demand. Generating stations consisted primarily of steam stations that used fossil fuels and hydro turbines that turned high inertia turbines to produce electricity. The transmission system grew from local and regional grids into a large interconnected network that was managed by coordinated operating and planning procedures. Peak demand and energy consumption grew at predictable rates, and technology evolved in a relatively well-defined operational and regulatory environment. Ove the last hundred years, there have been considerable technological advances for the bulk power grid. The power grid has been continually updated with new technologies including increased efficient and environmentally friendly generating sources higher voltage equipment power electronics in the form of HV direct current (HVdc) and flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) advancements in computerized monitoring, protection, control, and grid management techniques for planning, real-time operations, and maintenance methods of demand response and energy-efficient load management. The rate of change in the electric power industry continues to accelerate annually. Drivers for Change Public policies, economics, and technological innovations are driving the rapid rate of change in the electric power system. The power system advances toward the goal of supplying reliable electricity from increasingly clean and inexpensive resources. The electrical power system has transitioned to the new two-way power flow system with a fast rate and continues to move forward (Figure 1). -
Production Tax Credit for Refined Coal Part
Production Tax Credit for Refined Coal Part III - Administrative, Procedural, and Miscellaneous Notice 2009-90 SECTION 1. PURPOSE This notice sets forth interim guidance pending the issuance of regulations relating to the tax credit under § 45 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) for refined coal. SECTION 2. BACKGROUND Sections 45(c)(7), (d)(8), and (e)(8) of the Code provide definitions and rules relating to the tax credit for refined coal (the refined coal credit). Section 45(e)(8) provides that the refined coal credit increases a taxpayer’s credit determined under the other provisions of § 45. The credit is allowed for qualified refined coal (1) produced by the taxpayer at a refined coal production facility during the ten-year period beginning on the date the facility is originally placed in service, and (2) sold by the taxpayer to an unrelated person during that ten-year period. Sections 45(c)(7), (d)(8), and (e)(8) were added to the Code by sections 710(a), (b)(1), and (b)(2), respectively, of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, 2 Pub. L. No. 108-357. These provisions were amended by sections 403(t) and 412(j)(1) and (2) of the Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-135, and by sections 101 and 108 of the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, Division B of Pub. L. No. 110-343. SECTION 3. DEFINITIONS, ETC. The following definitions apply for purposes of this notice: .01 Refined Coal. (1) In General. Except as otherwise provided in this section 3.01, the term “refined coal” means fuel that-- (a) is a liquid, gaseous, or solid fuel produced from coal (including lignite) or high carbon fly ash, including (except to the extent inconsistent with section 3.01(1)(b) of this notice) such fuel used as a feedstock; (b) is sold by the taxpayer (producer), to an unrelated person, with the reasonable expectation that it will be used for the purpose of producing steam; and (c) is certified by the taxpayer as resulting (when used in the production of steam) in a qualified emission reduction.