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Prey Selectivity in Utricularia Gibba

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Prey Selectivity in Utricularia Gibba ABSTRACT PREY SELECTIVITY IN UTRICULARIA GIBBA Suction feeding is one of the primary methods aquatic organisms use to capture prey. Suction feeding in aquatic organisms is well understood in adult fish, but poorly understood in fry. Hydrodynamic theory predicts that suction feeding is not effective in smaller organisms, where a minimum gape diameter is required for a successful suction event. This minimum gape diameter is the lower limit where suction feeding is still viable. Studies have shown that fish larvae have low capture success, but there are few data on similar sized plant suction feeders. Aquatic bladderwort species (Utricularia gibba, U. vulgaris) capture microscopic prey using suction feeding in underwater bladder-shaped traps at dimensions typically less than 1 mm. This project examines how bladderworts suction feed by quantifying the capture success, trap morphology and prey morphology to address the following questions: (1) do smaller traps catch smaller and fewer prey; (2) do smaller traps have a relatively larger gape (characterized as gape diameter relative to total trap size) than larger traps to limit the negative effects of being small on capture success. Bladderwort traps capture prey relative to gape diameter, with smaller bladders catching smaller-sized and fewer prey overall compared to larger bladders. Smaller bladderwort traps display isometric allometry, with smaller traps having relatively same gape length as larger traps. Nolan Lynn Avery May 2017 PREY SELECTIVITY IN UTRICULARIA GIBBA by Nolan Lynn Avery A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology in the College of Science and Mathematics California State University, Fresno May 2017 APPROVED For the Department of Biology: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Nolan Lynn Avery Thesis Author Ulrike Muller (Chair) Biology Otto Berg Chemistry Katherine Waselkov Biology For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS X I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship. Permission to reproduce this thesis in part or in its entirety must be obtained from me. Signature of thesis author: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to give thanks to my mentor and advisor, Dr. Ulrike Muller. Without her guidance and support throughout this project, I would not be where I am today. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Otto Berg and Dr. Katherine Waselkov with their help in this project. In addition, I would like to thank all the people who have helped me on this research project for the last few years: Alejandra Tapia, Rayhan Kabir, Jennifer Espinosa, Juan Villalobos, Edgar Munoz, Fatima Hildago, Ricardo Rameriz, Ronnie Oldea, Cory Mayfield, and Andrew Jones. Lastly, I would like to thank the Biology Department for FSSRA funding, graduate travel grants, and IRA funding to help fund this project and/or support me during this project. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 The Mechanics of Suction Feeding: State of Current Knowledge .................. 1 The Effects of Gape Size on Suction Feeding .................................................. 3 Predator-Prey Interactions in Bladderwort ....................................................... 4 Utricularia vulgaris and Utricularia gibba ...................................................... 5 HYPOTHESES AND SPECIFIC AIMS .................................................................. 8 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................ 8 Aims ................................................................................................................ 9 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN .................................................................................. 10 Methods to Address Aims 1, 2, and 3 ............................................................. 10 Rationale for Using Ostracods as Prey ........................................................... 11 Predator-Prey Interaction Experiments ........................................................... 11 Scanning Setups for Prepared Predator and Prey............................................ 12 Predator-Prey Trial Experiment ...................................................................... 12 Post-Trial Data Collection .............................................................................. 13 Data Analysis – Processing of the Images Collected ...................................... 13 Methods to Address Aim 2 ............................................................................. 14 Methods to Address Aim 3 ............................................................................. 15 RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 17 Utricularia gibba and U. vulgaris Morphology ............................................. 17 Utricularia gibba and U. vulgaris Allometry Graphs .................................... 17 vi vi Page Utricularia gibba and U. vulgaris Prey Size Selectivity ................................ 18 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 20 FIGURES ............................................................................................................... 23 TABLES ................................................................................................................. 43 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 51 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1-1: Utricularia gibba Shapiro-Wilk Test for body .................................... 43 Table 1-2: Normal Q-Q plot of Utriculaira gibba body ....................................... 44 Table 2-1: Utricularia vulgaris Shapiro-Wilk Test for body ................................ 45 Table 2-2: Normal Q-Q plot of Utriculaira vulgaris body ................................... 46 Table 3-1: Utricularia vulgaris Shapiro-Wilk Test for gape ................................ 47 Table 3-2: Normal Q-Q plot of Utriculaira vulgaris gape .................................... 48 Table 4-1: Utricularia gibba Shapiro-Wilk Test for gape .................................... 49 Table 4-2: Normal Q-Q plot of Utriculaira gibba gape ........................................ 50 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Confocal image of a Utricularia vulgaris bladderwort. ........................ 23 Figure 2. U. vulgaris before (left) & after (right) triggering. Image taken in lab using a Phantom v12.1 camera. ........................................................ 24 Figure 3. A diagram showing how the velocity profile of a fluid changes as you move away from the surface of the pipe. ......................................... 24 Figure 4. A comparison between bladderwort species of Utricularia gibba, and Utricularia vulgaris. U. vulgaris is on top, U. gibba is on below. .. 25 Figure 5. A strand of Utricularia gibba post prey trial scanned using a CanoScan 8600F flatbed scanner. ........................................................... 26 Figure 6. A graphic displaying the different morphological features of Ostracods (Green, 1959). ........................................................................ 27 Figure 7. An image showing a bladderwort strand (Utricularia gibba) in a post-prey experimental setup. ................................................................. 28 Figure 8. A scanned image of an Ostracod prey pool before being added to a predator-prey experimental setup. .......................................................... 29 Figure 9. A scanned image of a bladderwort strand (Utricularia gibba) before being added to a predator-prey experimental setup. ............................... 30 Figure 10. An image of Utricularia gibba post prey trial scanned using a CanoScan 8600F flatbed scanner. ........................................................... 31 Figure 11: An image of the ostracods used for the predator-prey interaction trials, taken using a color microscope. .................................................... 31 Figure 12. Histogram of 3553 U. vulgaris gape measurements.. .......................... 32 Figure 13. Histogram of 2179 U. gibba gape measurements.. .............................. 33 Figure 14. Histogram of 2179 U. gibba bladderwort length measurements.. ....... 34 Figure 15. Histogram of 2179 U. vulgaris bladderwort length measurements. .... 35 Figure 16. Graph of the allometry of U. gibba. Data plotted is the length of the bladderwort (mm) against the gape (mm) as a log10 function. ......... 36 Figure 17. Graph of the allometry of U. vulgaris. Data plotted is the length of the bladderwort (mm) against the gape (mm) as a
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