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The Productivity of the Red-Head (Aythya Americana) in the Flathead Valley Montana

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The Productivity of the Red-Head (Aythya Americana) in the Flathead Valley Montana University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1962 The productivity of the red-head (Aythya americana) in the Flathead Valley Montana. John Theodore Lokemoen The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Lokemoen, John Theodore, "The productivity of the red-head (Aythya americana) in the Flathead Valley Montana." (1962). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5668. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5668 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE RED-HEAD (AYTHYA AMERICANA) IN THE FLATHEAD VALLEY, MONTANA by JOHN LOKEMOEN B. S. Central State College, Wisconsin 1959 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Montana State University 1962 Approved: Chairman, Board of Examiners /*, /t, ^ . De'an, Graduate School 5 1962 Date UMI Number: EP41132 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI D atM tttton Publishing UMI EP41132 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION ......... 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY A R E A .............. 4 Geography .............................. 4 Climate .•••••............ 5 F a u n a ........... • •• •• .............. 7 Wintering B i r d s .... .......... ....... ••••• $ Pothole Description ....... £ Pothole Water Conditions ..••••................. 9 Pothole Depth and Fluctuation •••••••••.... 11 Pothole Size and Density ......e........... •••••• 12 Emergent Vegetation ....... 14 Submergent and Floating Vegetation »•••»....... 17 Aquatic Grasses and Forbs ..... .••••••••«..... 1& Some General Pothole Characteristics ..... • •••• 19 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES ................................ 20 PRENESTING ACTIVITIES ............................ 24 Redhead Arrival ..«..«« ....o..e.................. 24 Courting and Pairing....... 25 Breeding Population ........••••«• 26 Sex Ratios .o.oo................................. 2S REDHEAD TERRITORIALITY ON THE POTHOLE .............. 30 The Territory and Home Range... ........ 30 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) PAGE Description of Pre-nesting Potholes 33 NESTING ............................................. 39 Movements to Nesting Cover ..................... 39 Nest Initiation ..»..•••••............... •...... 40 Nesting Cover ................................... * 44 Cover Density ....... »••••••••................ 46 Aspects of the Emergent Vegetation ............. 4$ Bottom of the Potholes ...... 51 Nest Description 53 Water Depth Below the Nests • •............. ..... 56 Components of a Preferred Redhead Nesting Site** 57 Nesting Success ..... 57 Discussion of the Low Nesting Success ..•••»•••• 60 FATE OF NESTS .................. ................... 6S Desertion «.e.«»«c»e««easeoooao«.oe.o.oo. « 6S Mammalian Predators ............ 69 Avian Predators ...............a....... 70 Flooding and Drying .oooo...........0000.00.0... 71 CLUTCH SIZE AND FATE OF EGGS. ...... 73 PARASITISM AND COMMUNAL NESTING ................... 77 Evolvement of Parasitism ............ 77 Communal Nesting •••»«>*»e.aoeo..o..oo.so........ SB Interspecific Parasitism o.ooo.o................ S4 Parasitism on Redhead Nesting ........... &7 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) PAGE Discussion of Parasitism ......................... BROOD COVER AND ACTIVITIES.......................... 90 Types of Potholes Utilized by Broods ............ 92 POSTNESTING ACTIVITIES .............................. 99 DISCUSSION OF MANAGEMENT ............................. 102 Water Manipulations ............................... 102 Burning »• ........................................ 103 Cultivation .................... 104 Nesting Cover ...................................... 104 Grazing ............................................ 105 Avian Predators .................................... 106 SUMMARY .............................................. 107 LITERATURE CITED ..................................... 110 APPENDICES ............................................ 115 Appendix A ...................................... 116 Appendix B ......................................... 117 Appendix C ....................................... 118 Appendix D ...................................... 120 Appendix E ......................................... 121 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. The Fifty Year Average Precipitation at Ninepipe National Wildlife Refuge Compared to the Years 1959, I960, and 1961 ......... 6 II. Maximum and Minimum Temperatures at the Ninepipe National Wildlife Refuge for 1959-1961 .............................. 6 III. The Classification of Potholes by Depth...... 11 IV. Classification of Potholes by Acreage ....... 14 V. Dominance and Sub-dominance of Emergent Nesting and Shore Vegetation ................ 16 VI. A List of Common Submergent and Floating Aquatic Plants and Habitat of the Potholes ..... ••••••• 1$ VII. The Arrival Dates of Redheads at Ninepipe Federal Refuge 1951-1961 (Taken from the Files of Ninepipei National Wildlife Refuge Charlo, Montana) ............. 24 VIII. Summary of the Spring Breeding Population of Redheads on the Ninepipe Area •••••.... 2$ IX. Pothole Acreage in Relation to Pre-nesting Potholes ...................... 34 LIST OF TABLES (Continued) TABLE PAGE X. Territorial Pothole Depth, Dominant Emergent Vegetation and Permanency in Comparison with all Potholes on the Study Area 37 XI. Shows the Number of Potholes Classified under each Dominant Vegetative Nesting Type and the Number of Nests Found in Each Type • ••••.... ............ ••••••••.. 45 XII. Vegetation Density Correlated with Nest Initiation and Success ••.•••••••••••••••• 47 XIII. Various Patterns of Cattail Growth in Relation to Nest Establishment and Success •»»••••••...... .............. 49 XIV. Relation Between the Width of the Emergent Stand of all Species and Nest Establish-* ment and Success ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 50 XV. Relation of Irregularities in the Pothole Perimeter to Nest Establishment and Success .................. 51 XVIo Relation of Bottom Contour to Nest Establishment and Success ................ 52 LIST OF TABLES (Continued) TABLE PAGE XVII* A Summary of Nesting Depth, Distances to the Upland and Openings, and Per­ cent of Nests with Cupolas.*.* *.... 56 XVIII. Summary of Redhead Nest and Egg Hatching Success, I960, 1961..................... 5$ XIX. Summary of Nesting Success for the Redhead. 61 XX. Fate of 13& Redhead Nests Found in I960 and 1961 •••••.».»••............ 6S XXI. Fate of Eggs in Clutches which Hatched 74 XXII. Comparison of Redhead and Mallard Sex Ratios, June 15> I960 «o«............... Si XXIII. Comparison of Redhead and Lesser Scaup Sex Ratios, June 30, 1961 ...... Si XXIV. Interspecific Parasitic Laying by the Redhead Hen S5 XXV. Relation of Brood Pothole Characteristics to Use by Broods 93 XXVI. Occurence of Aquatic Plants in 23 Brood Potholes ................0.000.......... 96 XXVII. A Summary of Brood Counts Taken in I960 and 1961 ................................ 97 XXVIII. Totals of Redheads in Mid-summer on Nine­ pipe and Pablo Reservoirs ............. 100 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. The Average Fluctuation of Water Levels in Three Permanent and Three Semi­ permanent Potholes from April 1 to September 31, 1961.............................. 13 2. A Male Redhead with a Plastic Head Marker........ 22 3. Highly Used Pre-nesting Pothole, 376-0, Near the Reservoir .................................. 3$ A. Medium Cattail Edged Pre-nesting Pothole, 466-J.. 3$ 5. Above are the Movements in Sequence from (A) to (F) of a Marked Pair of Redheads. Adjacent to each pothole are the dates the pair was observed on that pothole ...................... 41 6. The Spring and Nesting Movements of Normal Redhead hen (B) and the Spring and Parasi­ tizing movements of hen (A). Adjacent to each Pothole are the Dates the Hen or Pair were Observed on that Pothole.................. 1+2 7. The Number of Nests Initiated each Week of the Nesting Season Late April to Mid-June, 1960-1961 43 S. An Excellent Renesting Pothole Containing a Heavy Growth of Cattails .................... ?6a LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) PAGE FIGURE 9. The Movements of One Marked and One Unmarked Brood on the Potholes of the Ninepipe Study Area ................. .. 91 INTRODUCTION Of all waterfowl the Redhead (Aythya americana) has probably shown the most serious decline in numbers (Phillips and Lincoln, 1930; Hochbaum, 1946b; Low, 1945)* In I960 it was removed from the game list and given complete protection. Drainage, drought, overshooting, and something wrong
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