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When the Gods Speak: Oracular Communication and Concepts of Language in Sophocles by Amy Nicole Pistone a Dissertation Submitted

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When the Gods Speak: Oracular Communication and Concepts of Language in Sophocles by Amy Nicole Pistone a Dissertation Submitted When the Gods Speak: Oracular Communication and Concepts of Language in Sophocles by Amy Nicole Pistone A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Classical Studies) in the University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Professor Ruth Scodel, Chair Professor Sara Ahbel-Rappe Professor Richard Janko Associate Professor Ezra Keshet Amy Nicole Pistone [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2822-7154 © Amy Nicole Pistone 2017 For my mom, who taught me to love literature before I could read it on my own, and my dad, who taught me that a challenge builds character. ii Acknowledgments I am sure that I will not adequately thank everyone who contributed to my completing this project, and I apologize in advance for that. The list is long indeed. First, I owe my committee a great deal, and my chair above all. Ruth Scodel gave me the room to explore my own ideas and the support to help make something of them. I needed to spin my wheels a bit before I started making any progress on my dissertation, and she allowed me space to spin and then also helped set me on a productive path. For that I am deeply grateful, and for the wealth of knowledge she has shared with me while still allowing my research to be my own. She has taught me a great deal about how to be a scholar and an instructor, as well as a colleague, and I will take those lessons with me. I also owe a great debt to my committee members—Richard Janko, Sara Ahbel-Rappe, and Ezra Keshet—all of whom have helped refine my ideas and pointed me toward useful scholarship to develop my research. Their support and encouragement has also been extremely valuable to me. Celia Schultz and Donald Sells and Benjamin Fortson have also helped me along the way, and their willingness to answer all my ad hoc questions and requests (often for letters for things, with less lead time than I should have given them) is something I appreciate very much. Michelle Biggs and Molly Cravens have also made everything around this process run as smoothly as possible, and this would not have been completed or submitted without their support, both practical and moral. Naturally, I am also extremely thankful to the Department of Classical Studies and Rackham Graduate School for the funding they have provided me. I have been fortunate to have wonderful peers and colleagues as well: in particular, my cohort (the Third Triumvirate) of Nick Geller and Jacqui Stimson, as well as Tiggy McLaughlin, and Tim Hart. They have made me a better scholar and have kept me grounded during this graduate school process. I hope that I have given them a portion of what they have given me. Clara Bosak- Schroeder, Matt Newman, and Evan and Ellen Lee have also helped me a great deal, as well as Rebecca Kennedy, who has been both a friend and mentor to me. iii Finally, I would like to thank my friends outside my department for keeping me grounded and giving me perspective. In particular, my running group, PR Fitness, has given me an outlet and support and a great deal of my productivity has been due to regular long runs with them. I appreciate all that you have given me. Of course, I owe so much to my family. My parents have encouraged me to pursue my academic dreams, even if they don’t always understand the details of what I work on or why I work on it. Their love and encouragement means everything, as does my brother’s. Finally, I cannot thank my partner, Mike, enough for loving me and putting up with me through all the highs and lows of graduate school and for asking if I needed anything when I was cursing at my laptop of a pile of books who weren’t cooperating. To everyone I mentioned and those I forgot, know that I appreciate all of your help along the way. Thank you for your help in making my scholarship and my academic life better and, it goes without saying, any faults that remain are entirely my own. iv Table of Contents Dedication .................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... iii List of Appendices ..................................................................................................................... vii Abstract .................................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Sophocles and Linguistics ............................................................................................................. 2 Gricean Maxims and Implicature .............................................................................................4 Scalar Implicature ..................................................................................................................... 10 Implicature conclusions .......................................................................................................... 14 Ambiguity ................................................................................................................................... 15 Linguistic Case Study: Orestes and Electra’s Recognition Scene (El. 1098-1230)..................... 20 Linguistic Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 26 Other Aspects of Oracles in the Ancient World .......................................................................... 28 Historical Oracles ................................................................................................................... 28 Oracles in Herodotus.............................................................................................................. 35 Other Literary Oracles ........................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 1: The Trachiniae and Tragic Misunderstandings ......................................................... 46 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 46 Pragmatic Theory ....................................................................................................................... 48 The Multiform Prophecy from Zeus.......................................................................................... 50 43-8: Deianeira's ominous δέλτος ......................................................................................... 50 76-85: Deianeira's first account ............................................................................................... 51 164-174: Deianeira's second account ...................................................................................... 54 821-830: The Chorus' account ............................................................................................... 59 568-577: Nessus' dying words ................................................................................................. 62 1159-1173: Heracles' prophecies and interpretations ............................................................ 69 Pragmatic Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 71 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 77 v Chapter 2: Oedipus, Tiresias, and Apollo Loxias ........................................................................ 81 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 81 The Riddle of the Sphinx ........................................................................................................... 82 Mechanics of Greek Riddles .................................................................................................. 89 Oracles and Prophecy in the Oedipus Tyrannus ......................................................................... 97 1. Oracular Instructions and the Plague ................................................................................ 98 2. Prophecies about Laius and Jocasta ................................................................................. 108 3. Tiresias: Most like the Lord Apollo .................................................................................. 130 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 146 Chapter 3: The Other Plays and What Is Found There ............................................................. 152 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 152 The Transmission of Fate: Calchas’ Words in the Ajax ............................................................. 154 The Use and Misuse of Oracles in the Electra .......................................................................... 162 A Prophecy or a Curse? Tiresias’ Words in the Antigone ......................................................... 167 Odysseus the Sophist: Rhetoric and a Prophecy in the Philoctetes ........................................... 173 Building
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