Bachelor of Architecture, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS,

PARVEZ L. QURESHI

(Session 1973-1974)

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN ADVANCED STUDIES at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY May, 1979

Signature of Author.....-...... r.... 0 ...... Depaf{ti ent of Architecture, May, 1979

Certified by...... Horacio Caminos, Professor of Architecture Thesis Supervisor

Accepted by ...... J lian Beinart, Professor of Architecture Chairman, Departmental Committee for Graduate Students MANCUGH Ti~ iri Cop yy Q 1 Copyright @ PARVEZ QURESHI 197 JUL 1979

I1OA.Di-CQ

DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS,

LAHORE, PAKISTAN

PARVEZ L. QURESHI

Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 11, 1979, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture in Advanced Studies

ABSTRACT

This study presents a comparison of different typical low-income housing systems in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. It provides data to formulate, evaluate and implement housing policies especially in the physical planning aspects.

Thesis Supervisor...... Horacio caminos Professor of Architecture

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6

INTRODUCTION 7

PAKISTAN National Context 9

LAHORE Urban Context 12

CASE STUDIES 18 1. Walled City 20 2. Fazalia Colony 28 3. Kot Lakhpat 34

EVALUATIONS 43 Comparision 44 Physical Dat. Matrix 46 Time Process Perspective 48

CTITICAL ISSUES 50

CONCLUSIONS 52

GLOSSARY 54

REFERENCES/EXPLANATORY NOTES 58 6 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS: LAHORE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I gratefully aknowledge the guidance and support of Professor Horacio Caminos during the two years of this study. I sincerely appreciate the friendship, sugges- tions, and assistance of Reinhard Goethert at various stages of this work, to Happy and the members of the classes of 1978-79 and 1979-80 for their company and comments.

I also wish to extend my gratitude to Professor Samuel Noe, who managed to provide some very valuable insights to the problems of the Walled City; to Mr. Shahid Majeed and Mr. Naveed Malik for their assistance in photography; to Mr. Zahid Latif for his friendship and continued support; to Mr. Pervaiz Vandal for his interest and guidance; and to Mr. Irshad Ahmad for his personal encouragement.

I am also indebted to many people at the Housing and Physical Planning Cell, Government of Punjab, the Lahore Development Authority, the Department of Arch- itecture at the University of Engineering and Tech- nology, and to all those who directly or indirectly contributed to this study but are too numerous to mention here* COVER PHOTOGRAPH: An oblique aerial view of a squatter settlement I would also like to express my thanks ot the Dawood at Lahore. Foundation for the partial financial support in under- taking this study. Copyright (D 1979 Parvez L. Qureshi Finally, to Fauzia, and to my parents for their love, All rights reserved; no section of this work may be encouragement and support which is beyond the means reproduced by any means without the written permission of 'expression. of the author. INTRODUCTION 7

INTRODUCTION

Pakistan is no exception to the Third World phenomenon of rapid urbanization and the ensuing environmental choas. The urban issues of the country emerged right from its birth, with a large influx of immigrants coming from India at the time of partition in 1947. Over the last thirty years, the urban problems have assumed unmanageable proportions.

Many of the larger cities in the country are growing at the rate of five to eight percent annually. This growth has resulted in the creation of a multitude of socio-economic and physical problems. The housing and urban conditions in all these cities have been consist- ently deteriorating due to their rapid and unchecked growth during the last several decades. In this whole process, the low and very low income groups constituting a great majority of the urban population are adversely affected. They are socially and economically insecure; their basic needs of food, shelter, medical care, and education have not been fulfilled.

The private sector is the major contributor in providing housing in Pakistan, however its supply is restricted primarily to the middle and high income groups. The public sector, with its limited resources and lack of overall fiscal policy, has not been able to resolve the critical issues of providing housing to low income groups. The essential weakness in the government's approach is its piece-meal solution to immediate needs and problems rather than approaching the fundamental issues and understanding the long range implications. The consequence of an absence of a national policy for housing and urban develop- 8 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS :LAHORE

ment is reflected in the haphazard, unplanned, through a comparative analysis/evaluation of land deteriorating physical environments in a majority utilization, population densities, circulation of the urban areas. With scarce resources and efficiencies, and utility infrastructure and comm- increasing population, physical planning has a critical unity facilities. role to play.

The data is derived from field surveys carried out by The study focuses on the housing situation in the the author form 1975 to 1978. Included are interviews city of Lahore, which is the second largest city in and reports from public and private agencies. the country, with a population of approximately three million people. A large section of this population The study is intended to serve as a reference and to lives in environments which are in deteriorating provide a tentative set of guidelines for those physical conditions; their dwellings are semi-permanent involved in planning of residential developemts and and lack basic utilities and amenties. Nearly a half formulation of housing policies. It is intended to of the city's population belongs to the low income provide a framework for the analysis and evaluation groups. Due to their limaitedfinancial resources, of existing and proposed low income housing develop- shelter is a secondary priority for a majority of ments. them.

The study concentrates on the analyses of the existing dwelling environments in Lahore. A classification of present housing systems is outlined, with the aim of investigating existing patterns and conditions of different settlements; to relate and compare basic issues concerning land utilization and efficiency of settlement patterns; and to recognize, define and evaluate the limitations/potentials and evolution of these systems in terms of their physical structure.

In this connection, several representative localities in the city were selected for investigation and evaluation. The selected areas focus on the very low to middle income housing systems. The cases are representative of the overall dwelling environments in Lahore which have been identified as traditional, squatter, and public/institutional housing systems.

The cases are analysed at four scales: the locality, selected segment of the locality, a selected block of the segment and a typical dwelling unit. The dwelling systems emphasize the relationship between the efficiency of settlements and physical layouts NATIONAL CONTEXT 9

PAKISTAN 2. GEOGRAPHY Pakistan, situated between 24* and 37* North NATIONAL CONTEXT latitudes, extends from the Arabian Sea to 1600 kilometers northward across the Thal Desert to the eastern plains of the Hindu Kush and the foothills of the Himalayan Moun- tains. It is bounded on the east by India and west by Iran and Afghanistan. The dis- puted state of Jammu and Kashmir lies on the northeast tip of the country. There are four Provinces in Pakistan - Punjab, Sind, Northwest Frontier and Baluchistan - plus several centrally administered tribal areas located in the Northwest Frontier Province. The major rivers in Pakistan are the Indus and its four tributaries; the Ravi, Chenab, Sutlej, and Jhelum. The areas drained by these rivers are very fertile and intensely cultivated. The climate varies from hot and dry near the coast to cool in the north eastern region. Essentially three seasons are recognized; summer, winter, and monsoon. The summer is hot and dry from March to July and winter is cool from November to February. The monsoon is a rainy season from July to Septem- ber. On the plains the temperatures are sel- dom below freezing but often go as high as 110* F during the summer months. Annual rainfall averages less than 25 cm. China

1. PRIMARY INFORMATION 3. PEOPLE Country: Islamic Republic of Pakistan The ethnic and linguistic structure of Pakis- Capital: Islamabad tan reflects the interplay between the nations Population: 72,000,000 (1976) unique history of religious nationalism and 24 % urban, 76 % rural the ethnic pattern of its indigenous popula- Population growth: 3 % tion. Founded as a homeland of the subcon- Area: 796,095 sq. km. tinent's Muslims, Pakistan has been committed Languages: Urdu, Baluchi, English, to Urdu as the official language. This lan- Punjabi, Sindhi & Pushtu guage has been associated with Muslim govern- Currency: Rupee (9.8 Rupees ment and learning since Mughal times but is Iran uS $ 1, 1979) not indigenous to the territory of Pakistan. Per Capita Income, Rs 1200 (1976) The official language is native to approxi- Religion: 98 % Muslim, 2 % Hindu, mately 8 % of the people who are predominantly Christian & Parsi Urdu speaking migrants from various territories Government: Parliamentary Democracy now in North India. Pakistan's indigenous pop- India Major Cities: Karachi 4.2 million ulation includes four major geographically com- (1978) Lahore 3.3 million pact linguistic groups essentially based Peshawar 1.1 million according to the provinces in the country. KARACHI Hyderabad 1.1 million About 63 % of the population speaks Punjabi, Faisalabad 1.2 million 12 % Sindhi, and about 16 %speak Pushtu, Rawalpindi/ Baluchi and Brohi. English is an associate Arabia sa Islamabad .3 million language and is widely used. MAJOR CITIES IN PAKISTAN 10 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

80 4. HISTORY with losses of tens of thousands of lives as Pakistan and Bangla Desh. migration of some six million muslims from President Yahya Khan stepped down from the The forces which generated the concept of India to Pakistan took place and a like num- leadership after this debacle and was re- Pakistan as an independent nation for the ber of hindus and sikhs to India. placed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto who took over large muslim population of the subcontinent Soon after the partition, Pakistan underwent the country as President. Bhutto's govern- grew directly from developments in British a series of political turbulences beginning ment moved decisively on many broad fronts India in the first half of the twentieth with the death of Jinnah in 1948 and assin- to restore confidence in the nation's leader- century. Indirectly, however, they go back ation of his political successor Prime Minis- ship. Sweeping programs of nationalization hundreds of years. ter Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951 Political in- were instituted along with the return of the Muslim sailors reached the coast of Sind stability brought frequent partisan realign- constitutional order to the earlier form of early in the seventh century and muslims ments and cabinet changes resulting in grad- parliamentary government. Bhuttos's govern- made a temporary conquest of the area in ual economic deterioration. In 1958, Mar- ment lasted until 1977, when he was replaced the eighth century. Between the eleventh tial Law was declared by General Ayub Khan 1901 '21 '41 61 '81 by General Zia-ul-Haq. and eigheenth centuries, successive Afghan and the country was brought under the rule NATIONAL POPULATION GROWTH and Turkish invaders gradually spread their of the military. The following decade was horizontal: dates vertical: population in millions authority across most Source: Area Handbook for Pakistan, 1974. of northern India, of relative peace and stability. Again in reaching as far east as Bengal. Large num- 1969, Martial Law was imposed after sub- ber of Indians were converted to Islam dur- stantial political unrest and agitation. s0 ing this period of muslim rule. The Martial Law authorities under General By the last half of eighteenth century, B0 Yahya Khan stated their intent to restore 5. GOVERNMENT Great Britain began to assume control of constitutional rule when internal political 70 India and after 1857 it controlled conditions directly stabilized. Elections were fin- Pakistan is a democratic republic with a or indirectly the entire Indian subcontinent. ally held in December ii 1970, but the two parliamentary form of government. A per- 50 Muslim and hindu leaders began to agitate major parties who won majority seats in manent constitution was established on for an effective voice in Indian affairs. parliament (the Awami League under Sheikh August 14, 1973 which provides for a Presi- 40 The Indian National Congress was organized Mujib-ur-Rehman in East Pakistan and the dent as a ceremonial Chief of State, elected in 1885, the first Indian forum which peti- People's Party under 30 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in both by the Senate and the National Assembly. tioned the U.K. for a greater degree of home West Pakistan) were unable to come to an The head of the government, however, is a 20 rule. There were very few Muslims in the 2 agreement on the division of powers, East Prime Minister elected by the National J 10 Congress and to present their position more Pakistanis maintained that they had been Assembly. The National Assembly comprises r effectively, a number of muslim leaders under represented I 1 11f 1 1 1 1 1 0 in the central government of 200 members elected by universal adult formed the All India Muslim League in 1906 and denied their share 25, 20 15 10 5 M 0 F 5 10 15 20 25% of government revenues. suffrage plus 10 seats reserved for women, and adopted the goal of self government for The Pakistan military NATIONAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION intervened and banned having a term of five years unless dissolved India However, the Congress and the League the Awami horizontal: percentages vertical: ages League, arrested the leadership sooner. The Senate consists of 63 members les.:A femalesk P were unable to agree on a formula for the charging them with treason. In response, indirectly Scarce. Ares Handbook fee Pakistan., 1974. the elected for four years by the protection of Muslim religious and economic Awami League proclaimed the independence of Provincial Assemblies and tribal councils rights and representation in an independent East Pakistan in the name of Bangla Desh and with half the members up for reelection Indian government. Mounting tensions between established a government in exile in India. every two years. The Senate is not subject the two religious groups resulted in a series An insurgent fighting force called the Mukti- to dissolution. of bitter communal disturbances. The idea I I ,,000 & above Bahini (Liberation Force) was formed to fight The constitution permits a vote of no-con- of Pakistan as a separate muslim nation to the Pakistani Army. By late fall 1971 the fidence by a majority of the Assembly, pro- be created by a partition of India developed Mukti-Bahini, supported by India but oper- vided that the name of a successor is in- League led lo00,00 - 1,00o,0oo in 1930 and by 1940 the Muslim ating throughout East Pakistan were regularly cluded in the no-confidence motion. Two by Mohammad Ali Jinnah officially endorsed harrassing the Pakistan Army, by now composed lists - federal and concurrent - specify the goal of establishing Pakistan as a home- exclusively of soldiers from the West and jurisdiction on legislative subjects, and land for the muslims of the subcontinent, viewed as an army of occupation. :50,000 - loo00 India - all residual powers are vested in the Pro- In June 1947, the British government declared Pakistan tensions mounted until full scale vinces. Provincial Governors are appointed that it would grant full dominion status for fighting broke out on both the East and West by the President on the advice of the Prime two successor states - India and Pakistan. Pakistan borders in early December 50,00 & less 1971. Minister but act on the advice of the Chief Pakistan was to consist of the contingious The Pakistani Army in East Pakistan was Ministers who head the Provincial Ministries. muslim majority areas of British India, Ben- rapidly overwhelmed by the combined forces The Judiciary is a single, integrated, gal and Punjab were to be partitioned result- of India and Bangla Desh and subsequently hierarchial system, with the Supreme Court 40 30 20 10 ing in a bifurcated Pakistan; east and west a cease fire was agreed upon to terminate at the top, the High Courts at the Provin- separated by the breadth of India, a distance the hostilities. URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION Thus in late December cial level and lower courts at the district horizantal: percentage vertical: urban population of more than a thousand air miles. The 1971, Pakistan as concieved at the time of and local levels. The justices of the High Source: Area Handbook for Pakistan, 1974. partition was accompanied by communal rioting partition was dismembered into two countries, Courts are appointed by the President. NATIONAL CONTEXT 1

6. ECONOMY percent of GNP and is increasing. B. LIVING CONDITIONS Surplus labour results in high rates of un- Pakistan bears the usual burdens of a deve- employment and under-employment. Emigration Consumer goods and preferences vary widely loping country - low per capita income of labour to western and Arab countries pro- throughout the country. For a large sector (about US $ 120 in 1976); large and growing duces remittances which have become primary of the population, particularly rural and population; rigid, highly stratified tradi- source of foreign exchange. the urban poor, little money is left after tional society; minimal level of literacy Pakistan exports about 40 percent primary expenditures for food, clothing and shelter, and other needed skills; an archaic educa- products, and 60 percent manufactures and which are mostly obtained from what is tional system, predominantly agricultural semi-manufactures. Cotton and cotton pro- locally produced and availible. However, economy of vast, absentee-owned estates or ducts account for about 50 percent of the with increasing communication and extensive small farms primitively cultivated, inade- exports. Major markets for Pakistani goods transportation networks, wider distribution quate infrastructure and a difficult balance are the Far East, Middle East and the Euro- of consumer goods have been possible. of payments problem. Inspite of these diffi- pean Economic Community (EEC). Housing continues to be inadequate in the culties, the country does have adequate re- Imports are primarily raw materials for whole country. According to conservative sources to develop a viable economy It has consumer and capital goods. Major sources estimates, there is s shortage of over four one in the the largest irrigation system in the world, are the countries of the EEC, North America; million dwelling units; million in the rural fed by the Indus River. The river system and the Middle East., urban areas, and three million also powers a number of large hydro-electric The relationship of the public sector to areas. Basic services like water supply, stations. Natural gas is also being ex- the economy is divided between the central sewage disposal and electricity are inade- ploited. However, the backbone of the economy government and the provinces as prescribed quate in both rural and urban areas. Poor is its arable land which, under intensive in the constitution. Government revenues environmental conditions have created serious farming practices, is expected to make the and expenditures are collected and disbursed health hazards. The main objective of the nation self-sufficient in foodgrains within at three levels; central, provincial and national health program is the control and the next few years. local. The greater part of the taxing eradication of communicable diseases. The Agriculture accounts for almost 45 % of the power is concentrated in the central govern- overall medical economy is a mixed one, hav- gross domestic product (GDP), and industry ment. ing a general system of private practice and state for 20 to 25 percent, Agriculture absorbs and an extensive national training and about 50 to 60 percent of the working force, support of medical facilities, to several while industry absorbs about 15 percent. specialization. In addition Through the construction of large irrigation medical facilities following the western indigenous facilities and active land reclamation pro- pattern, several highly developed 7. EDUCATION serve an un- jects, food grain and cotton production is systems of medicine exist and now carried out in large areas of land known but probably substantial number of Pakistanis. which were previously arid and barren,, Education is primarily the responsiblity of Rice production in 1976 was estimated to individual provinces, with some specific be about 2.5 million metric tons, while powers and responsibilites reserved for the wheat production was about 8 million metric Central Government. This accounts for the tons. This production record was attri- lack of uniformity in the country's educat- butable largely to increased use of high- ional system. The predominant pattern of yield seeds and fertilizer. Rice and cot- education comprises of ten years of primary ton production have doubled in the past and elementary education followed by two decade. years of 'higher secondary' education, and The nations known minerals are limited and two to four years of university education include small amounts of petroleum (supply- is adopted in most of the provinces. ing 12 percent of local needs) and poor Urdu is the media of instruction at element- quality coal and iron ore. Natural gas is ary and secondary level. Regional languages used as fuel for power stations and as a and English are also a part of the curriculum. basic raw material for many fertilizer plants However, English is the media of instruction There was little organized industry in Pak- at the university level. istan at the time of independence in 1947. A number of measures have been adopted by In the late 1950's and 1960's a rapid expan- the Central and provincial governments to sion of light industry took place. New encourage education to adults and women. plants were established, generally based on Vocational and training programs have been SOURCES local raw materials, primarily in the fields introduced to lower the currently unsatis- Area Handbook for Pakistan, 1974. of textiles and fertilizers. Presently, factory high ratio of liberal arts graduates Population of Pakistan, 1974. industrial production accounts for about 15 to technically trained personnel. Geography of Pakistan, 1964. 12 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

LAHORE, PAKISTAN LAHORE 32* N 4.000.000

NORTH 3.000.000 URBAN CONTEXT

2000.000

WIND

1,000"00

500.000

TEMPERATURE 250,000 1. PRIMARY INFORMATION: 45C SUMMER I MONSOON WINTER gained its importance both as a military 31C Lahore the second largest city in Pakistan is stronghold and as a capital city for the 21C 1500 1700 1900 1970 200 situated about 1300 km north of Karachi in whole region. Due to its strategic loca- a OC URBAN POPULATION GROWTH the central part of the country. The city is tion, it was an important military objective. 18C horizontal: dates vertical: population located about 225 meters above sea level on As a result, the history of Lahore is one Source: Master Plan for Lahore, 1973 32 north latitude and 74 east longitude. It of alternating periods of devastation, decay HUMIDITY is connected to other parts of the country by and magnificence. However, it was under the extensive railway, highway and air route net- Moghul Empire (1525-1747) that Lahore 0 works. Physical features which define the reached its glory. The Moghuls consolidated, 50 80 boundaries of the city is the river Ravi fortified and enlarged the city they in- 25 which flows from north east - south west di- herited. They covered vast areas with 0070 rection in relation to the city. Other than richly designed architecture comprising of RAI 0 this the city is situated on almost flat mosques, tombs, palaces and gardens. The 50 land. wall around the city was constructed by 400mm The city is characterized by its hot dry Emperor Akbar in 1594-98. Emperor Shah 300mm 40 climate; summer temperatures go as high as Jahan had the Shalimar Gardens built and in 30 44 C, with hot winds and occasional sand the mid 1600's Emperor Aurangzeb supervised OOmm"- -. storms. The four coldest months (Nov.-Feb.) the construction of the Badshahi Mosque. 20 are mild with temperatures reaching 40C. The sikhs eventually gained control over Monsoons occur during June to September and the area and ruled it for over a hundred SNOW result in an average rainfall of 90 mm. 400.mm1 years, after which came the British. Over 25% 20 15 300mm 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25. the remains of the Moghul and Sikh empires, M F 200.m URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION the British (1846-1947) built their exten- _ _ __ shrizontal: percentages vertical: ages sive establishment of military cantonments 0ale M feales: F 2. HISTORY 0 M A O D source: Master Plan for Lahore, 1973 and administrative centers. A M AAS ON D J3PM Lahore is a city located where the historic- After independence, (1947) the city suffered al route from the Khyber Pass to Delhi its major crisis with a large influx of mi- 25000 crosses the River Ravi. The strategic lo- grants from India and a significant increase cation of the city which led to its founda- in the population of the city. This taxed 10000 tion is also the reason for its continued the services and infrastructure of the city 5000 growth and importance as 'a regional trade, to its maximum. Lahore became the provincial military and administrative center. The capital of the Punjab. Over the last early history of Lahore, its exact date of thirty years, it has become a center of com- 1000 founding and place of origin are obscure merce, education, industry and administra- and controversial. Archealogical evidence tion. SUN indicates that Lahore emerged as a settle- 250 ment between the first and the seventh Of centuries A.D. It developed into an im- 250 portant market for grain, a center for NORTH manufacture of wooden and metal handicrafts. 0 Lahore entered its Muslim period in 1002 PHOTOGRAPH: 9 % 50% 40 30 20 10 A.D. when it was captured by Mahmud of (OPPOSITE PAGE) Shahalmi Bazar in the Walled City. URBAN ANNUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION A prominant commercial e area of Lahore; it is the PLAN horizontal: percentages Ghazni. Under the Ghaznavid rule it re- focal point of number of adjoining markets. vertical: dollars Source: Master Plan for Lahore, 1973 ! C x' 13 ii

,,-- - .a

01'I 14 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAORE % JJ

KEY AREAS A Airport RESIDENTIAL

Primary Road COMMERCIAL

- Railroad INDUSTRIAL

Built-up Area 0 5 10 15Km

URBAN TOPOGRAPHY AND CIRCULATION URBAN LAND USE PATTERN 1:250000

3. ECONOMY: cations tend towards specialization while around Badami Bagh, there are a few medium 4. GOVERNMENT Lahore is a major commercial, industrial, shopping centers in newly developed areas sized industries. The Lahore Municipal Corporation (LMC) is administrative and educational center of are more heterogeneous, in character. Lahore as the admiistrative center of the headed by a Chairman - who is appointed by the country. The commercial and industrial According to estimates, there are over province contains large areas at various the provincial government. The executive activity are the economic backbone of the 10,000 industrial units in Lahore, ranging locations which are owned by government power of the municipality vests in the city. Lahore, being the capital of the from one man workshops to large industrial and semi-government organizations. The Chairman who is responsible for prescribing Province of Punjab, is the second most im- concerns employing more than a thousand shortage of office accommodation and housing duties of various establishments and super- portant commercial center of the country. people. The small scale manufacturing in- for administrative personnel has neces- vision of their work. The municipality It has all types and patterns of commercial dustry is scatered throughout the city es- sitated the acquisition of numerous pri- administers and executes functions relating activity - from major, district, local, and pecially in the older localities and in vatly owned buildings which are also to taxation and finance, engineering works, specialized shopping centers to wholesale, major roads and main bazars of the central widely distributed in the city. transportation, health and education. A retail and mixed markets. The evolution areas. Large scale industries, however, It is estimated that about 30 percent of the separate and somewhat parallel organization and growth of these centers and markets follow a well defined pattern. They are labor force in Lahore is employed by the known as the Lahore Development Authority have primarily contributed to the rapid concentrated in a linear pattern on both government, 30 percent in industry and the (LDA) exists whose functions comprise of expansion of the city. Most shopping sides of the roads leading to Wagah, Kasur, rest in trade, commerce, construction, etc. formulation and execution of major develop- centers and business activities located Pattokim Sheikhpura, and Gugranwala. In mental works of the city in the spheres of within the Walled City and in adjacent lo- the older parts of the city, particularly planning, transportation, housing, water URBAN CONTEXT 15 ,I

INCOMES KEY

VERY LOW HIGH

LOW MEDIUM

MIDDLE AND HIGH LOW

0 5 1 15K1m

URBAN INCOME PATTERN URBAN DENSITY PATTERN 1:250000

supply and sewage networks. view of the Provincial Government. The Board 6. SOCIO-CULTURAL emergent and heterogenous - occupies mid- Like most cities in Pakistan, Lahore has level professional, commercial and burea- The LDA is headed by a Director General who is responsible for planning, sub-division, of the people from diversified ethnic origins, cratic positions. In the lower class - is responsible directly to the Provincial community facilities and services socio-cultural backgrounds and occupations. economic and cultural variations are more Government. it has within its framework areas under its jurisdiction. The social system is one in which traditional predominant than in other groups. It is various agencies which deal with a variety values, institutions and patterns coexist composed of a variety of people; recent of aspects concerning the development of with those arising from economic develop- migrants, urban dwellers living in slums the city. One of these is the Water and 5. DEMOGRAPHY ment and social change. But equality of or illegal settlements. They reap few Sanitation Authority which is essentially participation in the overall socio-economic benefits from economic development and ex- responsible for the planning and execution The population of Lahore Municipal Area was development has been partially successful. pansion which virtually excludes them. of water supply and sewage networks for the 2,148,000 according to the 1971 census. This In spite of the fact that there are limited Expression of living patterns of various city. population represents an increase of over cultural differences amongst the overall groups is frequently found in their dwel- Another autonomous organization known as the 55 % in the last decade. Approximately, 52 % population of the city - three characteris- ling environments through uses of areas and Cantonment Board also exists in the city of the existing population was born outside tic class lines can be distinguished. The spaces of varying characters: verandahs, which is responsible for the administration the city. 44 % of the population is female. central courtyards, front and back yards, of Cantonment (military) areas. The Canton- The population can be divided into the follow- upper class - large storekeepers, landlords, industrialists - hold the highest political quality of the dwellings, number of rooms, ment Board is controlled directly by the ing age groups; 42 % below 14 years, 53 % years. positions. The middle class - small usage of roofs, etc. Ministry of Defence and is outside the pur- between 15 - 59 years, and 5 % above 60 16 DWELLING ENVIRNMENTSLAHORE

abandoned its course and has never since pockets in the urban area with physical en- returned to it. After the British took over, vironments resembling the villages. These /// the city expanded towards the south and the illegal settlements lack basic services. east where a large military and administra- The quality of housing, material and tech- tive establishment was built. Areas like nology used for construction depends on the the cantonment, Civil Lines, the Secretariat age of the settlement. Newer settlements along with large areas for the railways were have small dwellings made from assorted sal- developed. In order to control the changing vage materials. The dwellings are often made course of the river and to protect the city of scraps of wood, pieces of gunny sack, from flooding, numerous dykes and bunds were cardboard, straw, or sticks, supplemented by constructed and the river which used to have mud and stone and roofed with straw and mud. several branches, was contained in one chan- The houses frequently are located in areas nel. The first few years after independence subject to flooding and are often destroyed did not see much development in Lahore. By during heavy rains. The dwellings in the the mid 1950's several development schemes older settlements are consolidated using were initiated and implemented. However, mud or brick walls and clay tiles or galvan- it was not until the early 60's that effort ized iron roofs. They are spacious having towards making an overall Master Plan was one or two rooms and a verandah in the front. made. Under the plan, the city's undevelop- In general, the settlements have substandard ed land was subdivided, circulation and in- living conditions with high population den- frastructure networks developed. Zoning sities. regulations, municipal building by-laws, The squatters, as illegal occupants of the and other ordinances controlling the urban public and private land they occupy live in growth formulated, but all these have not constant threat of evacuation and demolition been successfully implemented or enforced. by the municipality. However, the develop- As a result the city has grown haphazardly ment authority in recent policies has under- with a concentration of commercial and taken a de-facto recognition of squatter DATES business in the centre and industries in settlemtns and are in the process of legal- 1840 small pockets all over the city. izing them to a certain extent. In this connection, certain essential 1900 utilities like water supply, sewerage and electricity is 1940 being provided to them in the process of 1975 9. HOUSING: upgrading these areas. Many pilot projects 18 0 5 A large part of the city's population lives have been inititated where this policy is in housing classified by the authorities as being currently implemented. As a result URBAN GROWTH PATTERN 1:250000 sub-standard or unfit. More than forty per- of this, many squatters have started improv- cent of the population lives in one room ing their physical environments by consoli- dwellings shared by six persons on the aver- dating and improving their dwellings. age. Approximately forty percent of the The analysis of the existing situation indi- 7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC: 8. URBAN DEVELOPMENT: population lives in traditional housing, cates that the public sector involvement has Approximately 40 percent of the city's popu- The history of the physical growth of the thirty percent in squatter settlements and been very marginal. The city lacks realistic lation, the low and very low income, earns city is closely related with the history twenty-seven percent in housing by the priv= urban development and housing policies. The less than Rs. 3600 (US$360.00) per year. of the course of the River Ravi. The shift- ate secotr and three percent in government development efforts are on a very small scale, About 50 percent consists of moderately low ing course of the river and its consequent housing projetcs. According to estimated scattered and only in response to immediate and lower income groups earning up to Rs. flooding have played an effective role in housing shortages in the city in 1975, about needs and requirements. The type of housing 10,000 (US$1,000.00) per year. The rest determining the direction of the expansion seventy percent was among low income people. options and the size of individual projects comprises of middle and high income groups. of the city. During the Moghul period, the A majority of low income people live in have varied according to the needs and The low and very low income population is Ravi flowed through a course which was about squatter settlements. This problem goes economic constraints of the past years, concentrated in the northern and western three kilometers to the east of its present back to 1947, at the time of partition when part of the city - in the industrial areas direction. In 1662, the shifting course of a large influx of mainly destitute refugees and in small pockets scattered throughout the river threatened the city and Emperor came to the city. Due toa high demand for the city. A large part of the lower income Aurangzeb ordered the construction of a housing, squatting became prevalent on open groups live in the walled city. The four rile long brick and mortar dyke around land of the city. The problem was further remaining population is housed in the north the city. The remnants of the bund can still exacerbated by the process of urbanization eastern and southern parts of the city. be seen to the northeast of the city. Soon which has taken place over the last thirty after completion of the bund, the river years. The settlements developed as rural URBAN CONTEXT 17

PHOTOGRAPHS: (Top) Due to lack of storm drainage and sewage, water collects in large cess pools in the majority of the squatter settlements. (Bottom) Typical interior of a dwelling in the squatter settlements. Majority of the structures are made out of mud walls with thatched roofs, Most activities take place outside the dwelling in open spaces, while the roses are primarily used for storage purposes.

SOURCES Topography and Circulation: (approximate) Master Plan for Greater hhore. 1973 Land Use Pattern: (approximate) IBID income Pattern: (approximate) IBID Density Pattern: (approximate) IBID Growth Pattern: (approximate) IBID Climate: (approximate) IBID Photographs: Author and Mr. Shahid Majeed 18 DUELLING ENVIRONMENTS :LAHORE

CASE STUDIES

The following section contains case studies des- the total population of the city. However, the cribing selected low income dwelling environments housing system in the Walled City is represen- within the Lahore Metropolitan Area. The three tative of about forty percent of Lahores' pop- case studies were selected on the basis of income ulation. groups, housing type, location, and the percentage PHOTOGRAPH: (OPPOSITE PAGE) of population that each system houses. The case (Bottom Left) A residential alley in the Mori studies are represented at four levels. Gate area of the Walled City.

2. FAZALIA COLONY LOCALITY: A locality is defined as a relatively, A spontaneous squatter settlement located in self-contained area. It is generally confined the inner ring of the city. There are over within physical boundaries. one hundred similar settlements located in small pockets scattered over the city. They LOCALITY SEGMENT: All localities differ in size primarily house very low income people and are and shape; for purposes of comparison, a segment representative of about thirty percent of the of 400 meters by 400 meters is taken from each total population of the city. laoality. PHOTOGRAPH: (OPPOSITE PAGE) (Bottom Right) A dwelling unit at Fazalia LOCALITY BLOCK: Within each locality segment, a Colony. typical residential block is selected in order to compare land utilization (patterns, percentages, 3. KOT LAKHPAT densities, and circulation). A public housing development located on the periphery of the city. Although intended for DWELLING UNIT: A typical self-contained unit for lower income groups, This development presently an individual, a family, or a group is selected houses lower middle to middle income groups. in each locality segment. It is the only housing system that contemplates the provision of instantly developed "packages" The case studies are arranged by locality as in- including utilities/services, dwelling units, dicated in the following: and community servides. Similar projects have also been executed in the inner ring of the 1. WALLED CITY city. This housing system represents about An old traditional development located in the three percent of the total population of the city center. Predominantly houses low income city. people although some middle and high income PHOTOGRAPH: (OPPOSITE PAGE) groups are also prevalent. The Walled City (Top) A residential street in Block 'B' of itself contains approximately ten percent of Lahore Township Scheme at Kot Lakhpat. CASE STUDIES 19 20 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

1 WALLED CITY Lahore TRADITIONAL HOUSING, PRIVATE, LOW INCOME

LOCATION: The Walled City of Lahore is generally oval in shape and covers an area of approximately 245 Hectares. At present, it forms the northeastern extension of the city center. The locality is defined by a circular road. Within the circular road, on the northern peripheries are located the Badshahi Mosque and the Lahore Fort. The Ravi River flows about 2 km. northwest of this area. The city railway station is on the east and the city bus terminal on the north of the locality.

ORIGINS: The origin of the Walled City is directly linked with the origins of Lahore. The locality was one of the oldest parts of the city. Archaeologists suggest that probably the first settlement was founded between the first and seventh centuries A.D. where the fort is located today.

PHOTOGRAPHS: MORE GATE, WALtED CITY, LAHORE; (Top) An oblique aerial view of the residential area. Notice the building conditions and the quality of the housing stock. (Bottom) Main street into the Mori Gate area. CASESTUDY:WALLED CITY 21

However, it was during the Moghul Empire (1525-1747) that the maximum development of this area took place. The wall around p4 the city was constructed by Emperor Akbar in 1594-98. In the 1660's the Badshahi Mosque was built by Emperor Aurangzeb. A subsequent moat was added outside the wall by the Sikhs in the early 1700's. Access shahi into the city was through twelve gates which linked the area to other parts of Lahore. The wall was partially demolished by the British and the moat converted into GATE a public garden. Today the wall is almost completely non-existent and only six of the ar original gates remain. The gardenhas been GATE SHreplaced by a broad, major thoroughfare GATE lined with commercial activity.

PORT ROAD TjA

EHI GLAYOUT:The layout of the Walled City is a classic example of a spontaneous unplanned development. The street system within the residential areas appear haphazardly and reflect an evolutionary, spontaneous growth. Exceptions of this are two areas where some form of "urban renewal" was practiced. One 0 of these is the area known as Shahalmi Bazar, a former Hindu area, which was totally destroyed at the time of partition. The boundaries of the redeveloped areas are BATTI GATE E apparent on the adjacent plan, since the street pattern is totally different from TE the rest of the city. The bazar itself is a wide road, providing the only access for GATE heavy trucks and buses to the center of the GA C CD city. The other redevelopment project is smaller and more modest in scale, but 0 SHAHALMI equally out of character from its environment. This is the Pakistan Cloth Market, built for the purpose of providing accommodation for wholesale textile merchants. 0 100 500M It is situated on an area, blocking completely, what was once a major street from LOCALITY PLAN 1:10000 Sheranwala Gate to the city center. 22 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHOR]

CIRCULAR ROAD LAND USE: The Walled City contains a multitude of diversified activities and has now reached a saturation point with mixed land use of residential and commercial areas. It is a major marketing center - not only for Lahore, but also for a great part of northeast R Pakistan. Wholesale and retail markets for cloth, shoes, u tensils, jewelry, foodgrains, plastics and ma ny other items are grouped together throughout the locality. Virtually all its major circulation routes are lined with retail sho pping.

...... ; ; F t

...... T C....MERC p -...... s

. D .. s...

...... T

- ...... -...... :...... -... s...... ~~~...... H~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ -...... T ...... s..

..-...... s s. s... -...... ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ...... :::::::::~ ~~~ ...... ~ ~ ~~ : ......

AREA C ....ULA.... OAD ...... ~REARRESIDENTIAL... .. COMMERCIAL ...... INDUSTRIAL KEY Pk Parking Police P F Fire Department S School Ch Church Recreation H Health PO Post Office SS Social Services M Market C Cemetery Mq Mosque T Temple Ft Fort

Bus ...... OPEN SPACES S 0in 500M

LOCALITY LAND USE PATTERN 1:10000 CASE STUDY:WALLED CITY 23

In a traditional sense,the Walled City is also a major industrial area. In its bazars and residential streets, there exists a wide variety of small workshops; shoemakers, tailors, printers, machinists, jewelers, manufacturers of plastic items etc. The old Moghul Fort and the adjoining Badshahi Mosque lie on the northern side of the city. These along with many other Moghul monuments and various bazars make the area a major tourist attraction. There are over 200 mosques dispersed over the whole area. Ad- jacent to the Badhahi Mosque is a large hospital complex and Lahore's red light district. There is a total absence of open areas or parks within the city itself.

5.** 5**'..

*. *. *.

.. *.* e*e*

** *.*. -

CIRCULATION: The city is surrounded by a major vehicular artery known as the Circular Road. Spaces outside the gates of the city act as transportation interchanges. Goods are unloaded from trucks onto horse, bullock, or push carts and then carried into the interior of the city. The traffic varies enormously in speed and volume. It includes pedestrian, bicycles, hand pulled carts, horse carts, motorcycles, auto rickshaws, cars, buses and stray animals. Vehicular traffic is virtually non existent inside the city mainly due to its narrow streets. The exceptions to this are the areas of Shahalmi Bazar, the Fort Road area, and the Pakistan Cloth Market area. Streets in the 0 100 5D0m residential areas are relatively quiet, dark, cool, winding and twisting and often LOCALITY CIRCULATION PATTERN 1: 10000 ending in cul-de-sacs. 24 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

400u.- LOCALITY CONSTRUCTIONTYPES

0 100

SHACK

MUD/WATTLE

WOOD MASONRY WOOD MASONRY CONRETE ON CONCRETE 300. - The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each construction type within the total number of dwellings and (2) building group that generally produces each type. Quality of information: Approximate

LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES

WATER SUPPLY

SANITARY SEWERAGE

STORM DRAINAGE -

ELECTRICITY

GAS

REFUSE COLLECTION

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

PAVED ROADS, WALKWAYS

TELEPHONE

STREET LIGHTING

LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES POLICE 4f FIRE PROTECTION 200m - HEALTH

SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS

RECREATION, OPEN SPACES

The chart illustrates the approximate availability of utilities, services, and community facilities at three levels: NONE, LIMITED, ADEQUATE. 1m -m Quality of information: Approximate

SELECTED BLOCK LAHORI GATE

0 5o 100 15Gm

LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN 1:2500 CASE STUDY:WALLED CITY 25

LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS POPULATION AND INCOME: It is estimated that about 10% of Lahore's population lives 1 Hectare in the Walled City, which amounts to approximately 300,000 people. This population consists mainly of working class people, relatively poor and poorly educated. In the past, upper middle and high income extended families lived in the locality. Many of them have moved to the suburbs by either selling or renting their property. A majority of the present occupants are con- rA i i tKN nected to the surrounding commercial areas. There is a great degree of cohesion and in- teraction amongst the populace. Average annual household income is around US$500.00

1 Hentar (Rs. 5000). There are also, according to some estimates, over 5000 cows and water buffaloes which populate the area, providing the locality with its milk and other diary products. LOCALITY SEGMENT/BLOCK: Public utilities are essentially inadequate in the Walled City. Water mains follow major and secondary streets, but the smaller residential alleys are supplied by means of bundles of PERCENTAGES streets/Walkways 13 pipes lying on the surface of the pavement. Playgrounds 3 The original open drains are still used Cluster Courts 2 Dwellings/Lots 82 but are inadequate for the population they now serve. 1 Hectare The lots are narrow and the houses have common walls to avoid heating by direct sun exposure. As protection against the hot dry climate 3 to 5 story houses shade narrow streets. A central courtyard is situated in most of the houses which provide a source of light and ventilation.

LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA Total Area Density DENSITY DENSITIES Nmber Hectares N/Ha 1210. Persons/Reetares LOTS 52 .6 87 o20Pens DWELLING UNITS 104 .6 3 PEOPLE 728 .6 1210

KEY AREAS Hectares Percentages 16 Hectares PUBLIC (streets, walkways, .08 13 open spaces) Public: streets elkay SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, .02 3 Semi-Public: playground. schools, community centers) PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, .49 82 Seni-Private: cluster c factories, lots) Pritc : lots SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) .01 2 .60 100 dwellings TOTAL NETWORK EFFICIENCY

Network length (streets, walkways) = 283 0 10 50M CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY Areas serve (total area) Meters/Hectare 283 LOTS LOCALITY BLOCK PLAN 1:1000 Average area, dimensions = 100 sq m 26 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

CASE STUDY SOURCES

Plan (approximate) Prof. Samuel Noe Field Survey 1976-1977-1978 Land Use Plan (approximate) IBID Circulation Plan (approximate) IBID Block Plan (approximate) IBID Segment Plan (accurate) Field Survey 1977-1978 Typical DWelling (approximate) IBID Physical Data (approximate) IBID Photographs The Author 1976-1977-1978 Ether Information Field Survey 1976-1977-1978 Prof. Samuel Noe

SECTION ELEVATION

-J

K-

T R R K

--J -J L --

FIRST FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR PLAN THIRD FLOOR PLAN

KEY 0 1 5 10m s Storage K Kitchen/Cooking Area B Room (multi-use) T Toilet/Bathroom TYPICAL DWELLING 1:200 CASE STUDY:WALLED CITY 27

PHYSICAL DATA (related to dwelling and land)

DWELLING UNIT type: HOUSE area (sq m): 364 tenure: LEGAL OWNERSHIP

LAND/LOT utilization: PRIVATE area (sq m): 210 tenure: LEGAL OWNERSHIP

DWELLING location: CITY CENTER type: ROW HOUSE number of floors: 3 utilization: SINGLE physical state: FAIR

DWELLING DEVELOPMENT mode: INCREMENTAL developer: PRIVATE builder: ARTISAN construction type: MASONRY, WOOD year of construction: 1905

MATERIALS foundation: BRICK floors: BRICK walls: BRICK roof: REINFORCED BRICKWORK DWELLING FACILITIES wc: 3 shower: 2 kitchen: 3 rooms: 16 other: INTERNAL COURTYARD SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA (related to user)

GENERAL: SOCIAL user's ethnic origin: PUNJA ABI place of birth: LAHO RE education level: SECON NDARY SCHOOL

NUMBER OF USERS EXTE NDED FAMILY married: 14 single: 5 children 33 total: 52

MIGRATION PATTERN number of moves: NONE rural - urban: - urban - urban: - urban - rural: - why came to urban area: - GENERAL: ECONOMIC user's income group: LOW employment: TAIL OR distance to work: 2 Km IS mode of travel: WALK /BICYCLE COSTS dwelling unit: - land - market value: -

DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS financing: SELF FINANCE rent/mortgage: - */ income for rent/mortgage: -

PHOTOGRAPHS: MORI GATE, WALLED CITY, LAHORE (Far right) Main commercial street in Mori Gate Area. (Right) Residential street/alley; notice the bundles of water supply pipes on the surface of the paveent. 28 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LARORE

2 FAZALIA COLONY Lahore SQUATTER SETTLEMENT, POPULAR, VERY LOW/LOW INCOME

LOCATION: The squatter settlement at Fazalia Colony is located between Ferozepur Road and Shah Jamal Colony. The settlement encompasses an area of approximately 8 Hectares. Most of this area is hidden behind large houses the main access into this area is primarily from Ferozepur Road which is a major link between the city center and the suburbs. The Bari Doab Canal runs about half a kilometer on the eastern periphery of this settlement.

PHOTOG APHS: FAZAILA COLONY, LAHORE: (Top) An oblique aerial view of a part of the settlement. Note the beds (Charpai's) on the roofs of various dwellings. The roofs are used for sleeping during the summer. (Bottem right and left) Due to lack of a sewage diposal system, water collects into large cess pools creating unhygenic conditions for the residents. CASE STUDY:FAZALIA COLONY 29

4f 4 4

AREAS KEY KEY

RESIDENTIAL S School VEHICUIAR

COMMERCIAL Ch Church ...... PEDESTRIAN Mq Mosque OPEN SPACES a 100 500M - Bus 1:10000

LOCALITY PLAN LOCALITY LAND USE PATTERN LOCALITY CIRCULATION PATTERN

ORIGINS: This settlement is the result of which have restricted the growth of the tributed over various locations. The cess paved. Excluding the main approaches, the the prevalent housing shortage within the settlement in those directions. The settle- pools generate foul odour and result in un- streets are narrow and winding, and can only city. The land on which this settlement is ment has grown over the years without any hygienic conditions for the residents. The accommodate pedestrian traffic. located was a depression in relation to ad- controls in a more or less spontaneous Lahore Development Authority in recent jacent areas and due to lack of storm manner. Essentially, the layout represents policies has undertaken a de facto recogni- drainage in the locality, collected rain an arbitrary pattern of land subdivision tion of this settlement and are in the pro- POPULATION & INCOME: It is estimated that water which turned into a pond during monsoon although there is some evidence of square/ cess of legalizing its existence. Under the approximately 5000 people live in this seasons. Most of the squatters initially rectangular blocks. "Kathchi Abadi Upgrading Scheme", this area particular settlement. It is relatively a came as displaced people from other parts of has been earmarked for development and up- small settlement compared to many others the city in mid 1960's. It began as a re- grading. In this connection certain essen- within the city. The squatters belong to latively small community but expanded at a LAND USE: The locality is primarily a high tial utilities,like water supply and sewer- the low and very low income category of the very high pace and now encompasses not only density residential area with very little age are being proposed at the communal level. cities population. Their average annual in- this area but also undeveloped areas in ad- commercial activity. The commercial activi- There are no supporting educational or com- come is approximately US$350.00 (Rs. 3500). jacent locations. The area on which squat- ty comprises of mall vegetable, fruit and munity/social services in the area. A large percentage of the male population ters are presently living is private property grocery stores. There are also a few works on daily wages as labour with a but the land owners have been unable to tailors and shoemakers in the area. There variety of small contractors. A few have evict them. is a total absence of open areas where CIRCULATION: Primary approaches into the more permanent jobs in industries while children can play. Recreational activity locality are from Ferozepur Road which pro- others are self employed. Women are mostly takes place in the streets and alleys of the vides the main access to the city center. employed by high income families in the LAYOUT: The locality is bounded on the locality. The city bus service connects this area to surrounding areas as domestic help. western side by large residences of the The settlement lacks the basic essential other parts of Lahore. There is no through upper income category of people from Lahore. utilities and services. There is a communal traffic inside the settlement. Only the On the eastern and southern peripheries of water supply and no sewerage. Most of the main street is wide enough for vehicles but the settlement are located large cess pools waste is dumped into large cess pools dis- it is rarely used. None of the streets are 30 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

480m - LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES

0 100 m

SHACK

MUD/WTTLE WOOD WDODMASONRY MASONRY CONCRETE

CONCRETE 300. The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each construction type within the total nuber of dwellings and (2) building group that generally produces each type. Quality of infornation: Approximate

LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES

WATER SUPPLY

SANITARY SEWERAGE

STORM DRAINAGE

ELECTRICITY 200.

GAS

REFUSE COLLECTION

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

PAVED ROADS, WALKWAYS

TELEPHONE

STREET LIGHTING

LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES

POLICE

FIRE PROTECTION Inc. - HEALTH

SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS

RECREATION, OPEN SPACES

The chart illustrates the approximate availability of utilities, services, and coemunity facilities at three levels: NONE, LIMITED, ADEQUATE. Quality of information: Approximate mdlM-

r I SELECTED L J BLOCK 0 -

0 50 100 1sm

LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN 1:2500 CASE STUDY:FAZALIA COLONY 31

LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS LOCALITY SEGMENT/BLOCK: The area contains a high population density. The utilities/ 1 Hectare services are provided at the community level, but are inadequate for the population they serve. The dwellings are generally shacks (jhuggies) made of mud walls with assorted salvage materials, and sometimes with brick walls reinforced by wood and thatch. They enclose a small area serving mainly as a storage space. Most of the activities take place outside in partly covered and open PATTERN spaces.

I Hectare ...... 0, ... Ii I! ill I * I. m.. a..." m i PERCENTAGES . Streets/Walkways 12 I Playgrounds 3 Cluster Courts Dwellings/Lots 8 5

1 Hctare

LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA Total Area Density DENSITY DENSITIES Number Hectares N/Ha 570 Persons/Hectare LOTS 30 .34 88 20 Person DWELLING UNITS 29 .34 85

s PEOPLE 197 .34 570

AREAS Hectares Percentages 16 Hectares PUBLIC walkways, .04 12 KEY (streets, open spaces) Public; streetswlkwas SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, .01 3 schools, community centers) Semi-Public: playgrounds PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, .29 85 Seri-Private: luster c,,rts factories, lots) Private: lots SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) - - TOTAL .34 100 dwellings NETWORKEFFICIENCY Network length (Streets, walkways) - 333 10 Sam CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY Areas served (total area) meters/Rectare 333 LOTS LOCALITY BLOCK PLAN 1:1000 Average area, dimensions = 50 sq, m 32 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

PHYSICAL DATA (related to dwelling and land)

DWELLING UNIT type: SHANTY area (sq m): 20 tenure: EXTRALEGAL

LAND/LOT utilization: PRIVATE area (sq m): 50 tenure: EXTRA LEGAL

DWELLING location: INNER RING type: ROW/SEMI-DETACHED number of floors: ONE utilization: SINGLE -7r~ I physical state: POOR DWELLING DEVELOPMENT mode: INCRENENTAL developer: POFULAR ELEVATION SECTION builder: SELF HELP construction type: SHACK year of construction: POOR

MATERIALS foundation: COMPACTED EARTH floors: EARTH walls: MUD I roof: WOOD, NUD

DWELLING FACILITIES wc: 1 shower: NONE kitchen: OPE AREA rooms: 3 other: OTEN P'LmTFOR

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA KEY (related to user)

GENERAL: SOCIAL K Kitchen/Cooking Area user's ethnic origin: PUNJABI place of birth: GUJRANWALA T Toilet/Bathroom education level: NONE S Storage NUMBER OF USERS R Room (multi-use) married: 2 single: l children: 4 total: 7

MIGRATION PATTERN J -4 STREET number of moves: 2 rural - urban: 1960 urban - urban: 1969 urban - rural: why came to urban area: EMPLOYMENT

GENERAL: PLAN ECONOMIC user's income group: VERY LOW employment: LABOUR distance to work: 4 Kms mode of travel: WALK/BUS

COSTS dwelling unit: - land - market value: -

0 1 5 10Ml DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS financing: SELF FINANCE rent/mortgage: TYPICAL DWELLING 1:200 % income for rent/mortgage: - CASE STUDY:FAZALIA COLONY 33

PH OGRAPHS: FAZALIA COLONY, LAHORE: (Left) A residential alley; sewage runs through open drains in the middle Of the alley. (Right) Typical dwelling in the settlement.

CASE STUDY SOURCES

Plan : (approximate) Lahore Developent Land Use Plan Authority; Field Survey 1977-1978 Circulation Plan : (approximate) Field Survey 1977-1978 Segment Plan : (approximate) IBID Block Plan : (approximate) IBID Typical Dwelling : (accurate) IBID Physical Data : (approximate) IBID Photographs : The Author 1976-1977-1978 Other Information : Field Survey 1976-1977-1978 34 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

3 KOT LAKHPAT Lahore PUBLIC HOUSING SCHEME, MIDDLE INCOME

LOCATION: The Lahore Township Scheme at Kot Lakhpat is located approximately ten kilometers from the city center on the southern periphery of the overall city of Lahore. The whole township area is over one thousand hectares. Only "Block B" of this township, where a major public housing project was developed is the area for this case study. This block of the township encompasses an area of approximately two hundred hectares. Located due north of the area is Model Town, an old suburb of the city. The Kot Lakhpat Railway Station is located due east, about two kilometers from the locality. Major accesses to the development are either from Model Town or from Ferozepur Road which runs on the eastern side of this area.

PHOTOGRAPHS: KOT LAKHPAT, LAHORE: (Top) An oblique aerial view of the main cammercial street in "Block B" of the Rot takhpat Township scheme. All the structures mn the right of the picture are encroachments. (Bott) Com.,erial street in the same area. Notice the width of the street in relation to the nomber of autanobiles. 7ASE STUDY:KOT LAKHPAT 35

ORIGINS: The whole project was initially concieved in the early 1960's as a complete township comprising of residential, commercial, institutional and industrial areas. Adjacent to the project site was a large industrial area - one of the largest concen- trations of industrial activity in Lahore. The scope and purpose of the township II It 11 W included; - resettlement of a large number of squatters being displaced from the central --l-I- i - I' parts of the city - to provide residential accomodation to the lower echelons of government/semi- government employees ~ .6 ...-.- -- - to provide housing for some of the industrial workers being employed in adjacent areas. It was the first large scale, low income public housing project in Lahore. It was initiated and executed by the Housing and Physical Planning Cell of the Government of Punjab. The project was to be implemented in phases and only a portion of the project has been implemented so far. This kind of a development has been the most important government response to the housing shortage of the city. It focuses on the provision of finished houses for low income groups.

LAYOUT: The site has no major contours and is relatively flat. The layout followed is gridiron; a pattern with limited attention to land utilization. The design criteria and norms generally adopted for this project suggest a very low density development. The design is based on auto oriented streets even though there are limited cars, a western commercial center instead of public markets and corner shops. The lot size is the basic dimension for the intervals between public circulation networks; either vehicular or pedestrian. Since the lots are relatively small, this dimension is determined by the size of two lots back to back, which increases the length and area of public circu- 0 E 500m lation. All these conditions indicate excessive waste of land and an increase of LOCALITY PLAN 1:10000 maintenance costs. 36 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

LAND USE: The locality is predominatly a low density residential area. There are 4 provisions of stores and service shops within the project itself, however, their locations are inappropriate and questionable. As a result, commercial activities have grown along intersections of major roads. Most 111MEMEMENE people use their front rooms as a store, mmmmmmmi service shop or a restaurant. Small shops g immmmmgi apwmmmmqw- MI...... for daily purchases have developed on the ...... NNN0 \N , \: 0:0 \\NUNN...... RN'\\0. \0 N more frequented corners. There has also R \g ONME been a substantial amount of encroachment iRaikiiim ...... 'Wad' g \\\J'\;1I II I !ggg, 100: for commercial activity on public land along A immmmm"Rommmin,,am S major circulation routes. Encroachers have MN xx ...... erected gx0 0 0M semi-permanent structures and use \\N these as stores and retail shops dealing ...... REMMENEWE INMEM I M 111111111111\\m...... X N\ with a variety of items . IN 1 ...... \\M There is no industrial activity in this NEMEN area although there are a variety of small workshops within the residential streets. RENN These workshops comprise of blacksmiths, INNE&V tailors, shoemakers, a few machinists, manu- \31 10\\\\\\\\'\ 1001MEEN,MARKETINNN I ------\\N mwx IN NN \\\\\x nNEWEEMEN EM facturers of bangles etc. m ...... 11 10N a NN, There are no community facilities, although INEEN, \\mo-\ SH NN \N \\\\\\w!!!!: EME ...... WEN a few schools have been built. However, '\0K..... X\ N...... community facilities are proposed on open Cown spaces scattered throughout the site. 'Mmommwoommma" ammomm, Amonx 0 M High percentage of public areas in this mmomms" vmmm"' \NNNNNI \1\EN1::::::::: MEN !SN: ...... deveopment have resulted in high capital in- ...... vestment and subsequent maintenance costs :3 NN ..... gmmm MMM\MMM ...... for streets, public green areas, playgrounds WONN and walkways. The percentage of semi-public 0 areas is also negligible. There are no aw"Bot10 11 \1 N®RL OMMEIN I definitions of the utilization of Ch Ra", WME clear ...... i NEW. "I MWlWoN 'IN open spcaes in the locality. As a conse- AREAS 0 'Nx...... :-::-:- -::- -::- I \NIN quence, a large portion of the land remains PESIDENTIAL als under land unutilized or utilized. Better ...... -:::::: COE4ERCIAL Ift :: N' subdivision with specific designated uses , 11 sail S '\', \ o \N\\\- all,0\N' 0...... would have diminished the percentage of INDUSTRIAL public land. NOWN" OPEN SPACES

KEY

S School Ch Church P Police Po Post Office MqMosque M Market C Cemetery - Bus

0 100 500

LOCALITY LAND USE PATTERN 1:10000 CASESTUDY:KOT LAKHPAT 37

CIRCULATION: Public transportation connects the locality with the city, a bus terminal o is located on the south west side of the o locality. The bus route to the city is either through Model Town or via Ferozepur - Road which runs on the eastern part of the e development. It is also possible to take a * . ... - train from the Kot Lakhpat Railway Station e: ...... to the main city railway terminal. Within the locality itself, all streets are open to both vehicular and pedestrian ...... e...... traffic. The streets vary in width from six meters _ _in residential streets to twenty meters on main circulation routes. All streets are ...... paved although none have any foot paths or ...... walkways.

......

-...r.-.-.n.- ...-.-. . .. * ...-.. * W ...... *...ee 0

* . . . ..

.haroeta POUATO AN INOE *ntal .o men lo in.m pepe How .h evr cos of iniida lots/dwel..... 0

.eon wa th ecnmccpciyoeh o .nom.ra .op..a.i.n.. .eto *f .h *. .... * ... e ee eh ee er ei u t p l s n l i n i n

e~~ti*idl .re ar inOULTONADoNOM:Teproject wash

approximate income ranges between Rs 500 to z 800 ( US $ 50 - 80 ) per month. The estimated population of this locality is about twenty five thousand people.

KEY VEHICULAR

...... PEDLSTRIAN

0 100 500M

LOCALITY CIRCULATION PATTERN 1:10000 38 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES 400"

0 100 NOR MARKET ROAD TO BECO ROAD

SHACK

MUD/WATTLE

WOOD MASONRY WOOD r MASONRY CONCRETE MA I =n CONCRETE 1 14140001

The chart showo (1) approximate percentage of each 10111F.Mr-wroo,I constrution type Within the tctal number of dwellings and (2) huilding group that generally produaces cach type. - - Quality of information: LI - -- 0PEN AREA------LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES

WATER SUPPLY

SANITARY SEWERAGE

STORM DRAINAGE o ELECTRICITY -- - -I GAS

REFUSE COLLECTION

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PAVED ROADS, WALKWAYS IN TELEPHONE

STREET LIGHTING

LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES

POLICE

FIRE PROTECTION

HEALTH

SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS

RECREATION, OPEN SPACES ii II I Ii le ohart the approxinate availart of ii illustr ates lity OPEN AREA uti lotis, nervices, and commnity facilities at I I I I Ii three levels: NONE, LIMITED, ADEQUATE. I I I Quality of information: Approximate II I IEl SITE FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL I ii I IH I ii ii I I - - - r I SELECTED I I El --- L. . BLOCK h

0 50 100 15Sam

LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN 1:2500 CASE STUDY:KOT LAKHPAT 39

LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS LOCALITY SEGMENT/BLOCK: The area has a low population density. All dwellings have 1 Hectare utilities and services. The original plan of the dwellings comprised of one room with a verandah and toilet facilites. Over the years, the individual households have added additional rooms, as and when the need arose. A two meter strip of land in front of the lots also belongs to the individual residents. According to zoning and building regulations, the residents are not allowed PATTERN to erect any structures on this area; it is meant to act as a green strip. Over time, the residents have started to encroach on this land by initially building a small wall and then ultimately coverting it to a ...... a....m.me..m..... 1 Hectare room which is either rented or used as the part of the dwelling.

INI

------i |

PERCENTAGES Streets/Walkways 30 , - .s.. -C -C -- *-.. .-. - I.-.-.--.- Playgrounds 7 ClusterCourts mmem a m eme amm m mIea a i Dwellings/Lots 63

.. .. =... e 1 Hectare

LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA Total Area Density DENSITY DENSITIES Number Hectares N/Ha 403 Persons/Hectare LOTS 22 .3 73 * 20 persons DWELLING UNITS 22 .3 73 PEOPLE 121 .3 403

AREAS Hectares Percentages 16 Hectare PUBLIC (streets, walkways, .1 30 KEY open spaces) SEMI-PUBLIC (opes spaces, .02 7 Public: streets/walkwass schools, commusity centers) Semi-Public: playgrounds PRIVATE (dwelling., shops, .21 63 factories, lots) Semi-Private: cluster courts SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) - - .33 100 Private: lots TOTAL dwellings NETWORK EFFICIENCY Network length (streets, walkways) 3_5 .33 0 10 50M CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY Areas serve (total area) ~

400 Meters/Hectare LOTS =400m/Na LOCALITY BLOCK PLAN 1:1000 Average area, dimensions - 100 sq.m. 40 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

PHYSICAL DATA (related to dwelling and land)

DWELLING UNIT type: HOUSE area (sq m): 32 tenure: LEGAL OWNERSHI]

LAND/LOT utilization: PRIVATE area (sq m): 100 tenure: LEGAL OWNERSHI P

DWELLING location: PERIPHERY type: ROW HOUSE number of floors: ONE utilization: SINGLE physical state: GOOD

DWELLING DEVELOPMENT ELEVATION SECTION mode: INSTANT developer: PUBLIC builder: LARGE CONTRACT OR construction type: MASONRY, CONCRJETE year of construction: 1966 MATERIALS foundation: BRICK I floors: CEMENT PLASTER walls: BRICK roof: CONCRETE DWELLING FACILITIES wc: 1 shower: 1 kitchen: 1 rooms: 2 other: VERANDAH

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA (related to user)

GENERAL SOCIAL user's ethnic origin: PUNJABI place of birth: GUJRAT education level: EIGHTH CLASS KEY NUMBER OF USERS married: 2 * Kitchen/Cooking Area single: - children: 4 T Toilet/Bathroom total: 6 S Storage MIGRATION PATTERN * Room (multi-use) number of moves: 2 rural - urban: 1960 urban - urban: 1970 urban - rural: - why came to urban area: EMPLOYMENT

GENERAL: ECONOMIC I user's income group: LoW employment: PEON ORIGINAL PLAN MODIFIED PLAN distance to work: 10 Kms mode of travel: BUS

COSTS dwelling unit: - land - market value: -

0 1 5 0m DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS financing: SELF FINANCED rent/mortgage: - TYPICAL DWELLING 1:200 Sincome for rent/mortgage: - CASE STUDY:KOT LAKHPAT 41

PHOTOGRAPHS: KOT LAKHPAT, LAHORE: (Top) Residential street is in the process of being converted into a commercial street. (Bottom) View of residential street in this area. Notice the initial stages of encroachment.

CASE STUDY SOURCES

Plan : (approximate) Housing & Physical Planning Cell, Government of Pun- jab; Field Survey 1976-1977-1978 Land Use Plan (approximate) Field Survey 1976-1977-1978 Circulation Plan (approximate) IBID Segment Plan (approximate) IBID Block Plan (accurate) IBID Typical Dwelling (accurate) IBID Physical Data (approximate) IBID Photographs The Author and Mr Shahid Majeed 1977-1978 Other Information Field Survey 1976-1977-1978 42 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS : LAHORE EVALUATIONS 43

EVALUATIONS

Existing dwelling systems are the most valuable reference and source of information for formulating urban land policies and housing programs. Dwelling environments provide a guide to basic questions of land use (for what?), distributions (for whom?), an and subdivision (how?). They also raise more specific issues concerning population, incomes, densities, and efficiency of land utilization as well as cultural and social values.

Each of the three case studies described on the following pages represents a basic dwelling type of the low income urban environments of Lahore. A comparative overview of the dwelling systems is presented in the Evaluations, analysing each case from a different perspective. The following sections are included in the Evaluations.

LAND UTILIZATION: Patterns, Percentages, Densities, and Circulation. A graphic comparison of land utilization.

PHOTOGRAPHS: (OPPOSITE PAGE) PHYSICAL DATA MATRIX: a comprehensive summary of Glimpses of Informal Sector Employment: (TOP LEFT) A cobler at work under a tree; next to it is a barber waiting for a the data with a matrix. customer. (TOP RIGHT) Semi-permanent encroachments on a main street at Kot Lakhpat. Small shops and push carts are a major characteristic of commercial activity. TIME/PROCESS PERSPECTIVE: a chart relating the (BOTTOM LEFT) Venders selling eatables in a squatter settlement. (BOTTOMRIGHT) Two tailors' shops adjacent to each other; activities extend case studies to their originatingmodels. on to the street during the day. 44 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

The cases are arranged in a chronological order of LAND UTILIZATION: development. The cosraprison shows a trend towards PATTERNS. PERCENTAGES, reduction in private areas and ecessive circulation DENSITIES. CIRCULATION areas. The criteria used in the evaluation of efficiency of physical layouts in the survey are:

PATTERNS

Lot configurations, blocks and circulation patterns are primary indicators in determining infrastructure network lengths. For example, when certain layouts have excessive network lengths or are very complicated , this results in higher costs per person for the overall development.

PERCENTAGES

Proportion of public and private areas are indicators in determining maintenance, responsiblity, user control and functional efficiency of a layout. For exaniple, a large percentage of land for circulation results in high costs of installation per person and extensive maintenance for the public sector, indicating an inefficient layout.

DENSITY

O WALLED CITY The number of persons per hectare relates to COLONY O FAZALIA both the number of lots and the types of O KOT LAKHPAT dwellings per hectare. This determines the intensity of land use; low densities reflect 0 5 10Km higher developemnt costs per person. CASE STUDY LOCATIONS 1:250000

CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY

A relation between public circulation lengths and the area served indicates the network efficiency; a high ratio reflects a less efficient network in terms of direct capital investment and future maintenance costs. AREAS The different case studies are represented here in terms of land utilization (patterns, percentages, INDUSTRIAL AREA densities, and circulation efficiencies) in a format that allows comparison and evaluatin of the physical BUILT-UP AREA layout of each of the dwelling systems. EVALUATIONS 45

1 WALLED CITY 2 FAZALIA COLONY 3 KOT LAKHPAT Traditional housing Squatter settlement Public Housing Schene P'rivate, Low income Popular, Very low/low inome Middle income

Low percetage of land for High density; low percen- Very high percentage of streets; high percentage f tage of dwelling area; land for streets; low den- for lots. High population extra-legality of land/lot sity; poor layout with dens ity; deteriorating stan- tenure the issue. undefined responsibilities dard of services due to results in excessive public layout pattern. I Hectare land

aEri

tare 1 Hectare 1 Hectare

Streets/Walkways 13 Playgrounds 3 Playgrounds 3 Cluster Courts 2 Cluster Courts - Dwellings/Lots 82 Dwellings/Lots 85

1 Hectare 1 Hectare 1 Hectare

4000000

10000000 0000000 0 0 0 0 Q 00000000 000 0000 Penrsns/ectare 1200 Persons/Hectare 570 Persons/Hectare 403 * 20 Persons 0 20 Persons 0 20 Persons

16 Hectares 16 Hectares 16 Hectares

Meters/Hectare 283 Meters/Hectare 400 46 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

PHYSICAL DATA MATRIX

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 USER DWELLING UNIT DWELLING UTILITIES AND SERVICES COMMUNITY LAND CIRCU- DENSITY FACILITIES UTILIZATION LATION

S~ 4$ 0.-4

.o > t to o o Ott01 H 0 o H 0 . o o 44 t >- to-O-w Q Ot o- 0-t- 4 0 1 $ o 0 0H. to 'too

O .a OAIY, H ey o t, o oH.0 to 4- teo o to to to .to - o to o H t H tom LOCALITY 0 t 4 M.-'t.> ~ 0 to to-t > 4 ot 0 5 t F- ca~> 0 to 0 0 4 to to to :'tto t 0 H to 0 Q4 to a4to,to - n_ CASE STUDIES

A 1,300,000 40 WALLED CITY 6.5 Low House 100 Owner/ City Row 3 Poor A A L A L L A L A A A L L L 14 3 2 81 283 1200 I(Traditional) Rental Center

B 1,000,000 30 FAZALIA COLONY 6.8 Very Low Shack 50 Extra- Inner Row 1 Poor L N N L N N A N N L N L L N 12 - 85 333 570 (Squatter) Legal Ring

C 1 C000 3 KOT LAKHPAT 5.5 Middle House 100 Owner/ Outer Row 1 Fair A A A A A L L L A L L L A L 30 7 - 63 400 410 (Public) Rental Ring

D 500,000 15 GUJJARPURA 6,8 Low/Middle House 45 Owner/ Inner Row 2 Fair A L N A L L A L L L L L L L (Traditional) Rental Ring

E 60,000 2 RIVAZ GARDENS 4.8 Middle/High Apart 60 Owner/ Inner Apart 4 Good A A A A A A A L A A A A A L Ring (Public) Rental

F 300,000 10 OTHERS

3,300,000 TOTAL POPULATION OF LAHORE

KEY (1) CATEGORY Cat./Income Dwelling Type Developer The data three case of dwelling physical of studies (2) POPULATION PER CATEGORY: Number of people environments plus information and data from two other A Low/Middle Traditional Private OF TOTAL localities in Lahore are summarized in the physical The matrix illustrates the approximate availibility (3) PERCENTAGE POPULATION data with following The physical B Very low/Low Shanty Popular matrix the comments. of community facilities, utilities and services in (4) NAME OF LOCALITIES AND CASE STUDIES: data matrix permits: a) a comprehensive view of the the five case studies. Three levels are indicated C Middle House Public spectrum of lw income dwelling types, and b) a com- as follows: The three case studies plus data from two parison and determination of trends and patterns. D Low/Middle House Private other localities of the city have been grouped E Middle/High Apart Public The population figures represent those living within N No provision at all in five categories, identifying different in- the municipality boundary and correspond to the inhab- come groups, housing systems and selected Catergory A includes low and middle income itants of similar dwelling systems in the city. The L Limited or occasional population per category are tentative estimates, and physical characteristics. The five categories groups living in the traditional dwelling are indicated here only to provide an approximate A Adequate or normal are represented in the following manner. system. It represents approximately 40% of reference. EVALUATIONS 47

the city's population. Categories B and D (7) DWELLING; Location: The city center generally overloaded. Break-downs due to areas irrespective of individual localities. include very low and low income groups and is occupied by moderately low and middle in- choking and backing are very frequent. Most Their area of operation varies considerably represent approximately 50% of the urban come groups. Very low and low income groups of the middle and high income dwelling in size and population. population. Category C and E includes are located mostly in squatter settlements systems are connected to the network, Low moderately low, middle and high income in pockets within the high income residen- and very low income settlements are generally (9) COMMUNITY FACILITES; Fire Protection: groups representing 5% of the population. tial areas of the city. devoid of such facilities, Fires are less frequent and, therefore, the fire stations are located at greater dis- (5) USER; Family Size: The average family (7) DWELLING; Type: Detached shanties are (8) UTILITIES; Storm Drainage: Storm tances from each other size is taken as an indicator in the analysis found among very low income squatter settle- drainage is found to be very inadequate. of various dwelling systems of the city. The ments. The traditional housing is mostly in Flooding of low lying areas during monsoons (9) COMMUNITY FACILITIES; Health: Public family size in relation to other physical the walled city and also some in adjacent and other rainy seasons is very common and and private facilities are generally avail- characteristics of the locality indicate that localities. Public housing projects repre- frequent. able in the entire city. Private clinics in very low/low income parts of the city, the sent row/grouped dwelling types accommodating outnumber public clinics, however, these family size is higher and the average family middle income groups. (8) UTILITIES; Electricity: It is are beyond the economic reach of the low size reduces as the income level increases. generally adequate in the city, however, the income groups. (7) DWELLING; Number of Floors: Most of installation process is long and tedious. (5) USER; Income Group: The income level the dwellings in very low income groups are (9) COMMUNITY FACILITES; Schools/Play- is a major factor in analysing different single story structures, In low income (8) UTILITIES; Gas: Gas service network grounds: Public and private schools are dwelling environments. Field observations groups, as in the case of the walled city, exists in most parts of the city. It is scattered throughout the urban area. Most and surveys indicate that for very low income 3 to 5 story walk-ups are also prevalent. relatively cheap and is used predominantly schools do not have adequate playgrounds groups, housing is a secondary priority. In Public housing developments have 3 to 4 as fuel for cooking. However, this service fact, the dwellings are little more than a story walk-ups generally for middle/high does not exist in most parts of the walled (9) COMMUNITY FACILITIES; Recreation: storage space and most activities are under- income groups. city or in any of the squatter settlements. Cinemas are the major form of recreation taken on adjacent open spaces or on circula- Dry cow dung, wood and coal are the most There are no community centers and very few tion paths, whereas in higher income groups (7) DWELLING; Physical State: The pattern common subsitutes. clubs. Open spaces are prevalent in most housing becomes a commodity or a service. is usually as follows: "Bad state" is a areas except in the walled city. These Squatter settlements represent the lowest in- visible feature of very low and low income (8) UTILITIES; Refuse Collection: Most areas generally remain undeveloped and un- come groups. groups in squatter settlements and in the of the waste produced in residential areas maintained until finally being invaded by old city. No investment is put into the is organic. There are limited numbers of squatters. dwelling since housing is a secondary prio- containers provided for refuse collection by the city. As result, waste is dumped (6) DWELLING UNIT; Type: A pattern is rity for the tenant/owner. "Fair state" is a defined in terms of income groups; shanty found in public housing projects in the city; along road sides to be picked up by muni- (10) LAND UTILIZATION: The data from the and room: very low and low income, apart- and good physical state is typical of middle cipality trucks. case studies indicates that in traditional ment and house: moderately low, middle and and high income dwellings. and squatter settlements, there is a higher high income. (8) UTILITIES; Public Transportation: percentage of residential areas as compared Bus services are operated by the Urban Trans- to public housing developments. (6) DWELLING UNIT; Area: It is observed (8) UTILITIES; Water; Almost the entire port Corporation of the province and connects to be a function of household income. In city is connected to the city water supply the entire urban area. It is adequate but low income groups the dwelling usually con- network. Water is pumped through numerous is expensive for low income people. (11) CIRCULATION EFFICIENCY: The analysis sists of one room. Middle and high income tube well stations located in various parts of the case studies indicates that in the dwellings are larger having two or more of the city. The supply is limited; there- (8) UTILITES; Telephone: Its supply is traditional and squatter areas there is rooms, a kitchen, and a bathroom. The dwel- fore, the provision is restricted to 2-3 so scarce that even high income groups ac- greater circulation efficiency resulting in ling unit area ranges from 15 sq.m. in squat- hours in the morning and for the same quire it with difficulty. greater utilization of land in relation to ters to 100 sq.m. in public housing projects. period in the evenings. Most of the middle public housing developments. and high income dwellings have overhead (8) UTILITIES; Paved Roads/Walkways: (6) DWELLING UNIT; Tenure: Three situa- water tanks. However, in low income settle- Except for major streets, the internal str tions are found among very low and low in- ments with common water taps, restricted streets are often unpaved in many parts of come groups: a) extralegal ownership/ supply creates many social problems. At the city. Roads in public residential (12) DENSITIES: Higher densities generally rental; generally a characteristic of fresh present, water is supplied without any developments are generally paved. Walkways indicate low income groups living in shanties/ migrants in the existing pockets of squatter charges, except for some lump sum charged with compacted earth surface are more fre- rooms/row houses and low densities indicate settlements within the city, b) legal rental in some areas of the city. quent. high income groups living in apartments and c) legal onwership; both of which require houses. The walled city has the highest payment in the form of rent to the government (8) UTILITIES; Sewage Disposal: A major density. It should be noted that in the case or a private party. In moderately low, part of the city is connected to a sewage (9) CDMMUNITY FACILITES; Police: Police studies, due to unavailibility of information, middle and high income groups, legal rental disposal network. It was installed and ex- protection is generally adequate. Police the densities are not always precisely com- and legal ownership are the general norm. tended through piece-meal efforts and is stations are located in only major urban puted but rather approximately estimated. 48 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAHORE

TIME/PROCESS PERSPECIVE

The case Studies and infer- mation regarding housing endels from other areas cover the range from very low to middle income groups. They are representative of dwelling types which origin- SECTION _ ' = ated, have developed, and are evolving in different rw~ wayn.

In this evaluation, the dwelling types are arranged horizontally according to their income levels, and related vertically to their past, present and future conditions, in order to see them in a broader time/pers- PLAN pective. The chart presents the observation of users, .a densities and trends as they change over time. m

Dwelling system INDIVIDUAL SHANTIES SQUATTERSETTLEMENTS ROW HOUSES z Dwelling Lot Irregular/small lots Irregular/narrow lots. Small narrow 0 Configuration Stories 1 Single Layout room/shelter with shared open space in front. Compact multi-uss rooms; most activities undertaken outside. Rooms in the back with front ortyard. Blaocoo.t in a- Location Center/inner ring, pockets of deteriorated areas. Center; in pockets of amaontained public or private land. Periphery (cheaper land). Slack layout Accretion Accretion Planned gridiron Land utilization Acceptable Acceptable Bad and acceptable Origin Rural Rural Universal Localities Garhi Shahu, Creole, Baja Line Fazalia colony, Ravi Road, Basti Saidan Shah. Kot Lakhpat, Iqbal Town Urban population 10 % served 20 % 3 %

income groups User Very low Very low Low Dwelling utilization Single/multiple Single/multiple Population density Single/multiple Low/medium Medium Low Tread Continuing Continuing Continuing

User income groups Very low Very low Moderate Deling utilization Single/multiple Single/multiple Single/multiple uJ Population density Medium/high High Low Trend Proliferating Proliferating Continuing

I User lea me groups Very low Very low Moderate Dwelling Single/eultiple atilization Single/multiple Single/multiple Population density High High Low -i Tread Proliferating Proliferating Continuing

Cultural acceptance Yes Yes

Income group feasibility Unskilled newcomers; accessibility to job is main priority. Unskilled newcomers; no capacity to pay for better dwellings. Salaried moderate income groups. Model Employment facilities generated, land/housing supply improved, Tenureship should be clarified: maximum effort towards pro- Layout would be more efficient if public circulation areas and exercise greater control 2: over unoccupied land. vision of utilities and infrastructure should be made. are minimized and semi-public areas provided. Model should 0X: U cater for maximization of private responsiblity. EVALUATIONS 49

-fSECTION

L. -J TAE Z PLAN COURT VRANDRI

ROW / TRADITIONAL HOUSES WALK-UP APARTMENTS SEMI-DETACHED ROW HOUSES Dwelling system

Big square Large square/rectangular Narrow rectangular Lot Dwelling 3-5 4 1-2 Stories Configuration Central courtyard with rooms around it. Compact multi-use rooms with adjacent covered verandah. Multi-use rooms with front and back yards; also a side alley. Layout

Center (deteriorated areas). Center, inner ring, periphery; developments in small pockets. Inner ring, periphery (relatively new developments). Location Spontaneous irregular Gridiron Gridiron Block layout Acceptable Bad Acceptable Land utilization Universal Universal western Origin Walled City, Gowalmandi, Brandreth Road Area, Ravi Road Area. Rivaz Gardens, Iqbal Town, Garden Town, Baghbanpura Samnabad, Iqbal Town, Icchra Localities 40 % 2 % 15 % Urban population served

Middle Low/middle Middle User income groups Single/multiple Single/multiple Single/multiple Dwelling utiliation Medium Medium Low/medium Population density Continuing Continuing continuing Trend

Low Middle Middle/high User nom groups Single/multiple Single/nultiple Single/multiple Dwelling utilization u, High Medium Medium Popalation density Continuing Continuing Continuing Trend

Very low/low Middle/high High User income groups w Single/multiple Single/multiple Single Dwelling utilization High Medium Medium Population density Saturated Continuing Continuing Trend I

Yes Doubtful Yes Cultural acceptance

Poor inhabitants with cultural affliations; no other options. Salaried middle and high income people. Middle and high income people. Income group feasibility

Resolve questions of tenure/ownership; will lead to improve- Revised layout should respond to local user needs; posssi- A revised model should avoid present tendency to encourage Model Z ment of dwelling units. Develop a program to upgrade area bility of expansion and flexibility of spaces is reconmeeded. urban sprawl, and include traditional values in dwelling by improving service infrastructure and community facilities. Avoid land dispersion and encourage user responsiblity. design. 50 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS

CRITICAL ISSUES

TRADITIONAL AREAS Dwelling unit type: House Developer: Private

The foregoing study, encompassing a wide range of The study indicates that a substantial percent of existing dwelling environments in Lahore, provides the dwelling units in this housing system (over 50% factual data and information in a comparative format. in the Walled City itself) have questionable/unclear Different dwelling types used by various income tenure. Due to the consequent insecurity of occu- groups are observed to have a variety of problems pancy, caused by the ambiguity in tenureship, the and different levels of services. It also indicates individual residents are not willing/do not desire that over sixty percent of the city's population to invest their savings and resources in improving live in substandard dwelling units of poor physical their dwellings. It is also probably due to this state. The urgency of the dwelling needs of this factor that the localities are physically deterior- large section of the population demands a substantial ating. In this connection, it is suggested that program of improvements. With limited resources of either through a summary judicial set-up or other- the public sector, it has become necessary to opti- wise, a system needs to be devised through which mize its utilization to promote greater social equity. questions regarding tenureship may be resolved.

Various issues emerge from the analysis/evaluation The study also indicates insufficient utilities in of the dwelling systems, and although their nature this housing system. This is a result of problems may be similar, the causes and solutions vary sub- posed by the physical layout of these areas, which stantially. Identification of these issues becomes were implemented long before the present service crucial for future policies concerning the upgrading/ lines were installed. The problems are essentially development of residential areas of the city. They engineering issues which need careful assessment and also provide guidelines for better control and opti- evaluation. Furthermore, the numerous narrow streets mizing the public sector involvement with respect make it difficult for vehicular traffic and add to the to the planning process and financial investment. conjestion.

In this connection, an attempt has been made to For a population of this economic level with very identify certain critical issues in the existing little buying power, mutual dependency is the answer dwelling systems and to suggest possible options for to many problems and, therefore, a cohesive cluster their solutions. The options are only illustrative or a group of houses becomes a very important issue of the factors that need attention of the concerned in upgrading or redevelopment. Clusters promoting authorities in order to formulate a comprehensive the social/communal interactions are more desirable framework for housing. They are indicated in the and should be a major determining factor in any following: future layout design. CRITICAL ISSUES 51

SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS ROW HOUSES Dwelling unit type: Shanties Dwelling unit: House Developer: Popular Developer: Public

The study indicates that a substantial part of the The layout followed for this type of a development city's population comprises of very low income groups. is an auto oriented design, when less than one per- To obtain housing facilities on a legal tenure of cent of the residents own cars. This implies ex- land/lot at the market level is beyond their economic cessive capital investment and maintenance costs. capabilities. Apart from the cost, the supply of dwelling units cannot cope with the demand, leaving Unbalanced distribution of public/semipublic and no other options but to squat on undeveloped pieces private/semiprivate areas is a characteristic of of public/private land. this system. Large tracts of land which are meant to be open areas, the development and maintenance A prominant feature of these settlements is the lack of which is public responsibility, remain undeveloped or inadequacy of utilities/services. Traditionally, or poorly maintained for a variety of reasons. If the public authorities have taken minimal action in possible, elimination of these areas at the planning this direction due to complications arising out of stage is desirable. Existence of such areas within provision of services without any legal title to a residential development, if not maintained, pro- the land. Usually, this has resulted in the demo- motes squatting and encroachment. lition of these settlements, partially or completely, often with no avail as the squatters return and Finally, it is suggested that the administration rebuild their dwellings after a short duration. should restrict its activities to providing site However, in the recent past, the government has for- and services projects and limit its involvement in mulated a policy of de-facto recognition and legal- building complete dwelling units. ization of many of these settlements and are in process of upgrading these areas. This policy has been an appropriate move, however, there are other issues which need to be investigated. Issues of levels of utilities and infrastructure; community facilites, in terms of schools and health facilities; employment; financing; implementation; and community particiaption need to be resolved.

Basic to all other optional solutions is the recognition of the enormous potential that the squatter settlements have in providing a solution to housing. 52 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS: LAHORE

CONCLUSIONS

Although government policies have had limited success, a reorientation of their efforts and attitudes is required in controlling the formid- able housing problems existing in the city. It is inevitable that Lahore will continue to grow Housing must be considered as a part of the overall in the immediate future. According to estimates, process of urban development and the governments at the current rate of growth, the population will emphasis should be directed towards the improvement double within the next fifteen years. It is expected of the low income people. Participation of the that about fifty percent of that population will not private sector should be promoted and the public be able to reach the formal housing market0 The sector involvement towards implementation of large housing gap will continue into the foreseeable scale projects must continue. However, the instit- future and thus new slums and shanty settlements utionalized, instant, public projects approach must will continue to be created to meet the require- change. Immediate action should be taken in the ments of the low income people. provision of infrastructure and community services over which the administration has direct control This rapid urbanization will have disastrous impli- and responsibility. The provision of dwellings by cations on all facets of life, unless remedial the popular sector must be encouraged and supported actions are not undertaken immediately. by the government.

It must be recognized that in the past, the govern- A characteristic implication of this study is that ment's policies have proven to be highly inefficient the existing situation prevalent in the dwellings and have had limited impact. Results of the govern- systems must be accepted as a starting point for ments attempts to eliminate squatter settlements any reasonable program of action and improvement. and provide alternate accomodation have been dis- The existing dwelling systems have certain negative appointing both qualitatively and quantitatively. and positive elements which the authorities need Their public works approach to larger urban issues to recognize. The polices and actions, subsequently has had a negative effect in relation to controlling should be geared towards exploiting these potentials. land sub-division, land distribution, appropriate Basic to all other options is the fact that existing directions of growth, and improving the housing dwelling environments provide the framework for conditions of the majority of the population. planning and executing future developments.

54 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS :LAHORE

BACKFILL. Earth or other material used to replace region itself; any population cluster. (U.S.D.P.) DETACHEDDWELLING. Individual dwelling unit, sepa- GLOSSARY material removed during construction, such as in rated from others. (U.S.D.P.) culvert, sewer, and pipeline trenches and behind COMMUNITYFACILITIES/SERVICES. Facilities/services bridge abutments and retaining walls or between an used in common by a number of people. It may include: DEVELOPMENT. Gradual advance or growth through pro- old structure and a new lining. (DePina, 1972) schools, health, recreation, police, fire, public gressive changes; a developed tract of land (U.S.D.P.) The criteria for the preparation of the defini- transportation, community center, etc. (U.S.D.P.) tions have been as follows; BARRIER. (A boundary) as a topographic feature or a DEVELOPMENTSIZE. There are two general ranges of -FIRST PREFERENCE: definitions from "Webster 'a Third physical or psychological quality that tends to sep- COMMUNITYRECREATION FACILITIES. Facilities for ac- size: LARGE: may be independent comunities requiring New International Dictionary", Merriam-Nebster, 1971. arate or restrict the free movement (to and from the tivities voluntarily undertaken for pleasure, fun, their own utilities, services, and comnunity facili- -SECOND PREFERENCE: from definitions technical dic- site) . (Merriam-Webster, 1971) relaxation, exercise, self-expression, or release ties; SMALL: generally are part of an adjacent urban- reference tionaries, text books, or emanuais. from boredom, worry, or tension. (U.S.D.P.) ization and can one its utilities, -THIRD PREFERENCE: supporting ser- definitions from the urban BETTERMENT (TAX). A tax on the increment in value vices, and community facilities. (U.S.D.P.) Settlement Design Program (U.S.D.P.) Files. They are accruing to an owner because of development and im- COMPONENT. A constituent part of the utility network. used when sources were existing not quite appapriate/ provement work carried out by local authorities. (U.S.D.P.) DIRECT CURRENT (D.C.) (An electric current that) satisfactory. (U.S.D.P.) flows continuously in one direction. (ROT ST 45-7, Words included for specificity and to focus on CONDOMINIUM. Condominium is a system of direct own- 1953) a particular context are indicated in parenthesis. BINDER COURSE. A transitional layer of bituminous ership of a single unit in a multi-unit whole. The Sources of in definitions are indicated paren- paving between the crushed stone base and the sur- individual owns the unit in much the same manner as DISCHARGE (Q). Flow from a culvert, sewer, channel, (Se REFERENCES). thesis. also: face course (to increase bond between base and sur- if it were a single family dwelling: he holds direct etc. (DePina, 1972) face course). (DePina, 1972) legal title to the unit and a proportionate interest in the common land and areas. Two types of condomi- DISTANCE. The degree or amount of separation between BITUMINOUS. A coating of or containing bitumin; an niums are recognized: HORIZONTAL: detached, semi- two points (the site and each other element of the asphalt or tar. (DePina, 1972) detached, row/grouped dwelling types; VERTICAL; walk- urban context) measured along the shortest path ad- up, high-use dwelling types. (U.S.D.P.) joining them (paths of travel). (Merriam-Webster, BLOCK. A block is a portion of land bounded and 1971) served by lines of public streets. (U.S.D.P.) CONDUCTORS. Materials which allow current to flow such as aluminum, copper, iron. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) DISTRIBUTION (STATION). The part of an electric sup- BOUNDARY. Something (a line or urea) that fixes or ply system between bulk power sources (as generating ACCESSES. The pedestrian/vehicular linkages from/to indicates a limit or extent (of the site). (Merriam- CONDUIT. A pipe or other opening, buried or above stations or transformation station tapped from trans- the site to/from existing or planned approaches (ur- Webster, 1971) ground, for conveying hydraulic traffic, pipelines, mission lines) and the consumers' service switches. ban streets, limited access highways, public trans- cables, or other utilities. (DePina, 1972) (Merria-Webster, 1971) portation systeme, and other systems such as: water- BUILDING CODE. 'A body of legislative regulations or ways, airlines, etc.) (U.S.D.P.) by-laws that provide minimum standards to safeguard CONSERVATIONEASEMENT. An easement acquired by the DISTURBED SOIL. Soils that have been disturbed by life or limb, health, property, and public welfare by public and designed to open privately owned lands for artificial process, such as excavation, transporta- ACTUAL LAND COST. "(The cost of land is)... set regulating and controlling the design, construction, recreational purposes or to restrict the use of priv- tion, and compaction in fill. (U.S.D.P.) solely by the level of demand. The price of land is quality of materials, one and occupancy, location and ate land in order to preserve open space and protect not a function of any cost conditions; it is set by maintenance of all buildings and structures within certain natural resources. (U.S.D.P.) DRAINAGE. Interception and removal of ground water the users themselves in competition."(Turner, 1971) the city, and certain equipment specifically regulated or surface water, by artificial or natural means. therein." (BOCA, 1967) CONURBATION. Area of large urban communities where (De Pina, 1972) AD VALOREM (TAX). A tax based on a property's value; towns, etc. have spread and became joined beyond the value taxed by local governments is not always BUILDING DRAIN. Lowest horizontal piping of the their administrative boundaries. (AS. Hornby, A.P. DUST/DIRT. Fine dry pulverized particles of earth, or even uslly the market value, but only a valua- building drainage system receiving discharge from Ouwie, J. Windsor Lewis. 1975) grit, refuse, waste, litter, etc. (Merriam-Webster, tion for tan purposes. (U.S.D.P.) soil, waste, and other drainage pipes. It is con- 1971) nected to the building sewer. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) CONURBATION. An aggregation or continuous network AIRPORT DISTURBANCE. The act or process of destroy- of urban comunities. (Merriam-Webster, 1963) DWELLING. The general, global designation of a building the rest, tranquility, or settled state of (the BUILDING MAIN. Water-supply pipe and fittings from ing/shelter in which people live. A dwelling contains site by the annoyance of airport noise, vibration, the water main or other source of supply to the first CORPORATION COCK/CORPORATIONSTOP. A water or gas one or more 'Iwelling units. (U.S.D.P.) hazards, etc.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971) branch of the water-distribution system of a building. cock by means of which utility-company employees (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) connect or disconnect service lines to a consumer. DWELLING BUILDER. Four groups are considered: SELF- AIRPORT ZONING RESTRICTIONS. The regulation of the (Merriam-Webster, 1971) HELP BUILT: where the dwelling unit is directly built height or type of structures in the path of moving CESS POOL. An underground catch basin that is used by the user or occupant; ARTISAN BUILT: where the aircraft. (Abrams, 1971) where there is no sewer and into which household COSTS OF URBANIZATION. Include the following: CAPI- dwelling unit is totally or partially built by a sewage or other liquid waste is drained to permit TAL: cost of land and infrastructure; OPERATIG: cost skilled craftsman hired by the user or occupant; pay- ALTERNATINCCURRENT (A.C.) (an electric) current leaching of the liquid into the surrounding soil. of administration, maintenance, etc.; DIRECT: include mentscan be monetary or an exchange of services; that reverses its direction of flew at regular inter- (Merriam-Webster, 1971) capital and operating costs; INDIRECT; include envi- SMALL CONRACTOR WILT: where the dwelling unit is vals. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) ronmental and personal effects. (U.S.D.P.) totally built by a small organization hired by the CIRCULATION. System(s) of movement/passage of people, user, occupant, or developer; 'small' contractor is AMENITY. Something that conduces to physical or ma- goods from place to place; streets, walkways, parking CURRENT (See; ALTERNATINGCURRENT, DIRECT CURRENT). defined by the scale of operations, financially and terial comfort or convenience, or which contributes areas. (U.S.D.P.) An electric current is a movement of positive or ne- materially; the scale being limited to the construc- satisfaction rather than money income to its owner. gative electric particles (as electrons) accompanied tion of single dwelling units or single complexes; (Merriam-Webster, 1971) CLAY. A lusterless colloidal substance, plastic when by such observable effects as the production of heat, LARGE CONTRAC2OR WILT: where the dwelling unit is moist (crystalline grains less than 0.002m in diame- of a magnetic field, or of chemical transformation. totally built by a large organization hired by a AMPERES. Amperes (amp) are s measure of the rate of ter). (U.S.D.P.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971) developer; 'large' contractor is defined by the scale flow of electricity. It in somewhat comparable to of operations, financially and materially; the scale the rate of flow of water (quantity/time). A steady CLEANOUT. A plug or similar fitting to permit access CYCLE. One complete performance of a vibration, reflects a more comprehensive and larger size of oper- current produced by one volt applied across a resis- to traps or sewer lines. Cleanouts are usually used electri oscillation, current alternation, or other ations encompassing the building of large quantities tance of one ohm. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) at turns and other points of collection. (ROTC ST periodic process. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) of similar units, or a singularly large complex. 45-7, 1953) (U.S.D.P.) APPRAISAL. An estimate and opinion of value, espe- DAN. A barrier preventing the flow of water; a bar- cially by one fitted to judge. (Merriam-Webster, CLIMATE. The average condition of the weather at a rier built across a water course to confine and keep DWELLING DENSITY. The number of dwellings, dwelling 1971) particular place over a period of years as exhibited back flowing water. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) units, people or families per unit hectare. Gross by temperature, wind, precipitation, sun energy, density is the density of an overall area (ex. in- APPROACHES. The main routes external to the site humidity, etc. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) DEPRECIATION ACCELERATION (TAX). A tax incentive cluding lots, streets). Net density is the density (pedestrian/vehicular) by which the site can be designed to encourage new construction by allowing a of selected, discrete portions of an area (ex. in- reached from other parts of the urban context. COLLECTION SYSTEM. The systeR of pipes in a sewage faster write-off during the early life of a building. cluding only lots). (U.S.D.P.) (U.S.D.P.) network, comprised of house service, collection lines, (U.S.D.P.) manholes, laterals, mains. (U.S.D.P.) DWELLING DEVELOPER. Three sectors are considered in ASSESSED VALUE. A valuation placed upon property by DESIGN. 1) The arrangement of elements that make up the supply of dwellings: POPULAR SECTOR: the marginal a public officer or board as a basis for taxation. COMBINED SEWER. A sewer that carries both storm a work of art, a machine or other man-made object. sector with limited or no access to the formal finan- (Keyes, 1971) water and sanitary or industrial wastes. (DePina, 2) The process of selecting the means and contriving cial, administrative, legal, technical institutions 1972) the elements, steps, and procedures for producing involved in the provision of dwellings. The housing ASSESSMENT. The valuation of property for the pur- what will adequately satisfy some need. (Merriam- process (promotion, financing, construction, opera- pose of levying a tax or the amount of the tax COMMUNITY. The people living in a particular place Webster, 1971) tion) is carried out by the Popular Sector generally levied. (Keyes, 1971) or region and usually linked by common interests: the for 'self use' and sometimes for profit. PUBLIC SEC- LCSSARY 55

WR: the government or non-profit organizations partitions and specifically used for living; for the circuit with the voltage dropping to zero twice in FLOW METER. A device to measure flow of water. involved in the provision of dwellings. The housing example, a living rom, a dining room, a bedroom, but each cycle. In three-phase currents flow through the (U.S.D.P.) process (promotion, financing, construction, opera- not a bath/toilet, kitchen, laundry, or storage room. circuit with the power never dropping to zero. tion) is carried out by the Public Sector for service SEVERAL ROOM UNITS are contained in a building/shelter (U.S.D.P.) FLUSH TANK TOILET. Toilet with storage tank of water (non-profit or subsidized housing). PRIVATE SECTOR: and share the use of the parcel of land on which they used for flushing bowl. (U.S.D.P.) the individuals, groups or societies, who have access are built (open spaces) as well as crmm facilities ELECTRICAL POWER. The source or means of supplying to the formal financial, administrative, legal, tech- (circulation, toilets, kitchens). APARTMENT: A MULTI- energy for use; measured in watts. (U.S.D.P.) FLUSH VALVE TOILET. Toilet with self-closing valve nical institutions in the provision of dwellings. The PLE SPACE (room/set of rooms with bath, kitchen, etc.) which supplies water directly from pipe. It requires housing process (promotion, financing, construction, SEVERAL APARTMENTUNITS are contained in a building ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEMS. May either he single-phase adequate pressure for proper functioning. (U.S.D.P.) operation) is carried out by the Private Sector for and share the use of the parcel of land on which they or three-phase. SINGLE-PRASE: 2 hot wires with 1 neu- profit. (U.S.D.P.) are built (open spaces) as well as some common faci- tral wire; THREE-PRASE: 3 hot wires with I neutral FOOT CANDLE. A unit of illuminance on a surface that lities (circulation). HOUSE: A MULTIPLE SPACE (rom/ wire. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) is everywhere one foot from a uniform point source of WELLING DEVELOPMENTMODE. 'wo modes are considered: set of rooms with or without bath, kitchen, etc.) ONE light of one candle and equal to one lumen per square PROGRESSIVE: the construction of the dwelling and the HOUSE UNIT is contained in a building/shelter and has ELECTRICITY. Electrification: the process (network) foot. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) development of the local infrastructure to modern the private use of the parcel of land on which it is for supplying (the site) with electric power. standards by stages, often starting with provisional built (open spaces) as well as the facilities avail- (Merriam-Webster, 1971) FUMES. Gaseous emissions that are usually odorous and structures and underdeveloped land. This essentially able. SHANTY: A SINGLE OR MULTIPLE SPACE (small, sometimes noxious. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) traditional procedure is generally practiced by crudely built). ONE SHANTY UNIT is contained in a EMBANKMENT(or FILL). A bank of earth, rock, or squatters with de facto security of tenure and an, shelter and shares with other shanties the use of the other material constructed above the natural ground GAS. A system for supplying natural gas , manufactured adequate building site. INSTANT: the formal develop- parcel of land on which they are built (open spacems). surface. (DePina, 1972) gas, or liquefied petroleum gas to the site and indi- ment procedure in which all structures and services (U.S.D.P.) vidual users. (U.S.D.P.) are completed before occupation. (U.S.D.P.) EROSION. The general process whereby materials of DWELLINGUTILIZA.TION. The utilization indicates the the earth's crust are worn eway and removed by natur- GRADM. Profile of the center of a roadway, or the DWELLING FOORS. The following numbers are consid- type of use with respect to the number of inhabitants/ al agencies including weathering, solution, corrosion, invert of a culvert or sewer. (DePina, 1972) ered: ONE: single story; generally associated with families. SINGLE: an individual or family inhabiting and transportation; (specific) land destruction and detached, semi-detached and row/group dwelling types. a dwelling. MULTIPLE: a group of individuals or fami- simultaneous removal of particles (as of soil) by run- GRID BIOCKS. The block determined by a convenient TWD: double story; generally associated with detached, lies inhabiting a dwelling. (U.S.D.P.) ning water, waves and currents, moving ice, or wind. public circulation and not by dimensions of lots. In semi-detached and rem/group dwelling types. THREE OR (Merriam-Webster, 1971) grid blocks some lots have indirect access to public MORE:generally associated with walk-up and high- EASEMENT. Servitude: a right in respect of an object streets. (U.S.D.P.) rise dwelling types. (U.S.D.P.) (as land owned by one person) in virtue of which the EXCRETA. Waste matter eliminated from the body. Object (land) is subject to a specified use or enjoy- (U.S.D.P.) GRIDIRON BIOCKS. The blocks determined by the dimen- WELLING GROUP. The context of the dwelling in its ment by another person or for the benefit of another sions of the lots. In gridiron blocks all the lota immediate surroundings. (U.S.D.P.) thing. (Merriam-webster, 1971) EXISTING STRUCTURE. Something constructed or built have direct access to public streets. (U.S.D.P.) (on the site). (U.S.D.P.) DWELLING/LAND SYSTEM. A distinct dwelling environ- EFFICIENCY. Capacity to produce desired results with GRID LAYOUTS. The urban layouts with grid blocks. ment/housingsituation characterized by its users as a minimum expenditure of energy, time, money or mate- EXPLORATORYBORING. Initial subsurface investigations (U.S.D.P.) well as by its physical environment. (U.S.D.P.) rials. (Merrian-Webster, 1971) (borings) are done on a grid superimposed on the ar-as of interest and on areas indicated as limited/res.- GRIDIRON LAYOUTS. The urban layouts with gridiron DWELLINGLOCATION. Three sectors are considered in EFFLUENT. Outflow or discharge from a sewer or sewage tricted/hazard in the initial survey. (U.S.D.P.) blocks. (U.S.D.P.) single or multi-center urban areas. Sectors are treatment equipment. (DePina, 1972) identified by position as well as by the density of EXTERIOR CIRCULATION/ACCESSES(SITE PLANNING). The GOVERNENT/MUNICIPAL REGULATIONS. In urban areas, the buildings as follows: CENTER; the area recognized ELEOTRIC PEEBER. That part of the electric distribu- existing and proposed circulation systeaVaccesses out- development of the physical environment is a process as the business center of the city, generally the tion system between the transformer and the service side but affecting the site. These include limited usually controlled by a government/municipality most densely built-up sector; INNER RING: the area drop or drops. (HUD, Mobile Court Guide, 1970) access highways as well as mashingaccess to the sur- through all or some of the following regulations: located between the city center and the urban periph- rounding area. Exterior circulation/accesses are Master Plan, Zoning Ordinance, Subdivision Regulations, ery, generally a densely built-up sector; PERIPHERY: ELECTRIC SERVICE DROP. That part of the electric generally given onditions. (U.S.D.P.) Building Code. (U.S.D.P.) the area located between the inner ring and the rural distribution system from a feeder to the user's ser- areas, generally a scatteredly built-up sector. vice equipment serving one or more lots. (HUD, Mobile FAUCET (also TAP). A fixture for drawing liquid from HEAD. (Static). The height of water above any plane (U.S.D.P.) Court Guide, 1970) a pipe, cask, or other vessel. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) or4 point of reference. Head in feet - (lb/sq. in. x 1 4)/(Density in lb/cu. ft. ) For water at 68*F. DWELLINGPHYSICAL STATE. A qualitative evaluation of ELECTRIC TRANSFORMER. A device which changes the mag- FINANCING. The process of raising or providing funds. (DePina, 1972) the physical condition of the dwelling types: room, nitude of alternating voltages and currents; generally SELF FINANCED: provided by own funds: PRIVATE/PUBLIC apartment, house; the shanty unit is not evaluated. from distribution voltages to user voltages; a distri- FINANCED: provided by loan; PUBLIC SUBSIDIZED: pro- HIGH-RISE. Dwelling units grouped in five or more BAD: generally poor state of structural stability, bution cmonent that converts power to usable volt- vided by grant or aid. (U.S.D.P.) stories with stairs and lifts for vertical circula- weather protection, and maintenance. PAIR: generally age. (TM 5 765 US Army, 1970; U.S.D.P,) tion. (U.S.D.P.) acceptable state of structural stability, weather pro- FIRE/ErPOSION HAZARDS. Danger: the state of being tection, and maintenance with some deviation. GOOD: ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT. A closed, complete electrical exposed to harm; liable to injury, pain, or loss from HOT WIRE. Wire carrying voltage between itself and a generally acceptable state of structural stability, path with various connected loads. Circuits may fire/explosion (at or near the site). (Merriam- ground. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) weather protection, and maintenance without deviation. either be 'parallel' (voltage constant for all con- Webster, 1971) (U.S.D.P.) nected loads) or 'series' (voltage divided among con- HYDRAULICS. That branch of science or engineering nected loads). Parallel circuits are fixtures wired FIRE FLOW. The quantity (in time) of water available that deals with water or other fluid in motion. (De- DELLING TYPE. The physical arrangement of the dwell- independent of each other, which are used in nearly for fire-protection purposes in excess of that re- Pins, 1972) ing unit: DETACHED: individual dwelling unit, sepa- all building wiring. (U.S.D.P.; ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) quired for other purposes. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) rated from others. SENI-DETACHED: two dwelling unite ILLEGAL. That which is contrary to or violating a sharing a comon wall (duplex). ROW/GROUPED: dwelling ELECTRICAL FREQUENCY. The number of times an alter- FIRE HYDRANT. A water tap to which fire hoses are rule or regulation or something having the force of units grouped together linearly or in clusters. WALE- nating electric current changes direction in a given connected in order to smother fires. (U.S.D.P.) law. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) UP: dwelling units grouped in two to five stories with period of time. Measured in cycles per second: hertz. stairs for vertical circulation. HIGH-RISE: dwelling (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) FIRE PROTECTION. Measures and practices for prevent- INCOME. The amount (measured in money) of gains from usits grouped in five or more stories with stairs and ing or reducing injury and loss of life or property capital or labor. The aunt of such gain received by lifts for vertical circulation. (U.S.D.P.) ELECTRIC GROUND. The electrical connection with the by fire. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) a family per year may be used as an indicator of earth or other ground. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) income groups. (U.S.D.P.) DWELLING UNIT. A self-contained unit in a dwelling FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. A pavement structure which main- for an individual, a family, or a group. (U.S.D.P.) ELECTRICAL NETWORK COMPONENTS. It is composed of the tains intimate contact with and distributes loads to INCOMEGROUPS. A group of people or families within 2 following: GENERATION: produces electricity; TRANS- the subgrade and depends upon aggregate interlock, the same range of incomes. (U.S.D.P.) MELLING UNIT AREA. The dwelling unit area (m ) is MISSION: transports energy to user groups; DISTRIBU- particle friction, and cohesion for stability. the built-up, covered area of a dwelling unit. TION STATION: divides power among main user groups; (DePina, 1972) INCREMENT (TAX). A special tax on the increased (U.S.D.P.) SUBSTATION: manipulates power into useful energy lev- value of land, which is due to no labor/expenditure els for consumption; DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: provides FLOODING. A rising and overflowing of a body of water by the owner, but rather to natural causes such as IMELLINGUNIT COST. The initial amount of money paid electric service to user. (U.S.D.P.) that covers land not usually under water. (U.S.D.P.) the increase of population, general progress of so- for the dwelling unit or the present monetary equiv- ciety, etc. (U.S.D.P.) alent for replacing the dwelling unit. (U.S.D.P.) ELECTRIC PHASE. May be either a single-phase circuit FIDODWAYFRINGE. The floodplain area landward of the (for small electrical devices) or a three-phase cir- natural floodway which would be inundated by low velo- INFRASTRUCTURE. The underlying foundation or basic DWELLINGUNIT TYPE. Four types of dwelling units are cuit (for heavy equipment, large electrical devices). city flood waters. (U.S.D.P.) framswork for utilities and services: streets; sewage, considered: ROON: A SINGLE SPACE usually bounded by In single-phase only one current is flowing through water network; storm drainage,* electrical network; 56 DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS:LAnORE

gas network; telephone network, public transportation; a room (as in a barracks or hospital) or enclosure site) to another (other parts of the urban context). Webster, 1971) police and fire protection; refuse collection, health, (as in a camp) containing such a receptacle. (U.S.D.P.) schools, playgrounds, parks, open spaces. (U.S.D.P.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971) POPULATIONDENSITY. It is the ratio between the popu- MODEL (OF URBAN LAYOUT). A representation of an urban lation of a given area and the area. It is expressed INSULATOR. A material or body that is a poor conduc- LAYOUT. The plan or design or arrangement of some- residential area illustrating circulation, land utili- in people per hectare. It can be: GROSS DENSITY: in- tor of electricity, heat, or sound. (Merriame-Webster, thing that is laid out. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) nation, land subdivision, and utility network of a cludes any kind of land utilization, residential, cir- 1971) specific layout and lot. (U.S.D.P.) culation, public facilities, etc. NET DENSITY: in- LEVELS OF SERVICES. 'wo levels are considered: MINI- cludes only the residential land and does not include INTERIOR CIRCULATION NE'WORK (SITE PLANNING). The MUM, are admissible or possible levels below the MUTUALOWNERSHIP. Private land ownership shared by land for other ones. (U.S.D.P.) pedetrian/vehicolar circulation system inside the standard; STANDARD, are levels set up and established two or more persons and site. their heir under mutual agree- It hould be de.igned based upon the exterior by authority, cutom of general consent, as a model, ment. (U.S.D.P.) POSITION. The point or area in space actually occu- circulation/accesses and land development require- example or rule for the measure of quantity, weight pied by a physical object (the site). (Merriam- (U.S.D.P.) ents. extent, value or quality. (U.S.D.P.) NATURALFEATURES. Prominent objects in or produced by Webster, 1971) nature. (U.S.D.P.) INTERVAL. A space of time (or distance) between the LIFT PUMP. A collection system cmponent that forces PRIMER. A small introductory book on a specific sub- recurrencen of nimilar conditions or states. (Merriam- sewage to a higher elevation to avoid deep pipe net- NATURALUNDISTURBED SOIL. Soils that have not been ject. (U.S.D.P.) Webster, 1971) works. (U.S.D.P.) disturbed by artificial process. Although natural, they depend greatly on local conditions, environment, PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP. The absolute tenure of land KIlOWATT (kw). (1000 watts) A convenient manner of LOCALITY. A relatively self-contained residential and past geological history of the formations. to a person and his heirs without restriction of time. expressing large wattages. Kilowatt hours (kwh) me- area/cinouity/neighborhood/settlement within an ur- (U.S.D.P.) (U.S.D.P.) sure the total quantity of energy consumed in a given ban area which may contain one or more dwelling/land time. One kwh an represents the use of average of 1 systema. (U.S.D.P.) NEIGHBORHOOD. A section lived in by neighbors and PRIVY. A small, often detached building having a kilowatt of electrical energy for a period of 1 hour. having distinguishing characteristics. (U.S.D.P.) bench with one or more round r oval holes through (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) LOCALITY SEGMENT. A 400m x 400m area taken from and which the user may defecate or urinate (as into a pit representing the residential character and layout of NETWORKEFFICIENCY (LAYOUTEFFICIENCY). The ratio of or tub) and ordinarily lacking any means of automatic LAMPHOLE. A vertical pipe or shaft leading from the a locality. (U.S.D.P.) the length of the network to the area(s) contained discharge of the matter deposited. (Merriam-Webster, surface of the ground to a sewer, for admitting light within; or tangent to it. (U.S.D.P.) 1971) for purposes of inspection. (U.S.D.P.) LOCATION. Situation: the way in which something (the site) is placed in relation to its surroundings (the NEUTRAL WIRE. Wire carrying no Voltage between itself PROJECT. A plan undertaken; a spebific plan or de- LAND COST. Price: the amount of money given or set as urban context). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) and a ground. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) sign. (U.S.D.P.) the amount to be given as a connideration for the sale a of specific thing (the nite). (Merriam- If. A measured parcel of land having fixed bounda- NOISE. Any sound (affecting the site) that is unde- PUBLIC CIRCULATION. The circulation network which is Webster, 1971) ries and access to public circulation. (U.S.D.P.) sired (such as that produced by: traffic, airports, owned, controlled, and maintained by public agencies industry, etc.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971) and is accessible to all mebers of a community. LAND DEVELOPMENTCOSTS. The costs of making raw land LOT CLUSTER. A group of lots (owned individually) (U.S.D.P.) ready for development through the provision of utili- around a semipublic common court (owned in condoni- ODOR. A quality of something that affects the sense ties, services, accesses etc. (U.S.D.P.) nitan). (U.S.D.P.) of smell. (Merrim-Webster, 1971) PUBLIC FACILITIES. Facilities such as schools, playgrounds, parks, other accessible to all LAND facilities LEASE. The renting of land for a term of years IDT COVERAGE. The ratio of building area to the total OHMS (electrical). The unit of resistance to the membersof a community which are owned, controlled, for an agreed sum; leases of land may run as long as lot area. (U.S.D.P.) flow electricity. The higher the nmber of ohm, the and maintained by public agencies. (U.S.D.P.) 99 (U.S.D.P.) years. greater the resistance. When resistance is constant, LOT PROPORTION. The ratio of lot width to lot depth. amperage (and wattage) are in direct proportion to PUBLIC SERVICES AND COMMEIITYFACILITES. Includes: LAND-MARKETVALUE. Refern to: 1) the present mone- (U.S.D.P.) voltage. Resistance varies inversely with the cross- public transportation, police protection, fire pro- tary equivalent to replace the land; 2) the present sectional area of the wire. Ohms - volts/amperes. tection, refuse collection, health, schools, and tan baned value of the land, or 3) the present com- LUMINAIRE. In highway lighting, a complete lighting R - E/I. The practical eks unit of electrical resis- playgrounds, recreation and open spaces, other commercial market value of the land. (U.S.D.P.) device consisting of a light source, plus a globe, tance that is equal to the resistance of a circuit in munity facilities, business, commercial, small indus- reflector, refractor, housing and Such support as is which a potential difference of one volt produces a tries, markets. (U.S.D.P.) LAND OWNERSHIP. The exclusive right of control and integral with the housing. (Depina, 1972) current of one ampere or to the resistance in which possession of a parcel of land. (U.S.D.P.) one watt of power is dissipated when one ampere flows PUBLIC SYSTEM (general). A system which is owned and MANHOLE. An access hole sised for a man to enter, through it and that is taken as standard in the U.S. operated by a local governmental authority or by an LANDSUBDIVISION. The division of the land in blocks, particularly in sewer and stonm drainage pipe systems (U.S.D.P.; ROTC ST 45-7, 1953; Merriam-Webster, 1971) established public utility company which is con- and Out lots laying streets. (U.S.D.P.) for cleaning, maintenance and inspection. (U.S.D.P.) trolled and regulated by a governmental authority. OPTIMIZE/OPTIflLIZE. To bring to a peak of economic (HUD/AID, Minimm Standards, 1966) LAND TENANCY. The temporary holding or mode of hold- MATRIX (OF BASIC REFERENCE MODELS). A set of models efficiency, specially by the one of precise analytical ing a parcel of land of another. (U.S.D.P.) of urban layouts arranged in rows and columns. methods. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) PUBLIC UTILITIES. Includes: water supply, sanitary (U.S.D.P.) sewerage, storm drainage, electricity, LAND UTILIZATION. A qualification of the land around street light- ORGANIC SOILS. Soils composed mostly of plant mate- ing, telephone, circulation networks. (U.S.D.P.) a dwelling in relation to user, phyical controls and MASTER PLAN. A comprehensive, long range plan intend- rial. (U.S.D.P.) responsiblity. PUBLIC (streets, walkways, open ed to guide the growth and development of a city, town PUMP. A device or machine that raises, transfers, or spaes): user -anyone/unlimited; physical controls or region, expressing official contemplations on the OXIDATION POND (LAGOON). A method of sewage treat- compresses or attenuates gases -minimum; fluids that especially responsibility -public Sector. SENIPUBLIC course its transportation, housing and community faci- ment using action of bacteria and algae to digest/ by suction or pressure or both. (Merriam-Webster,1971) (open spaces, playgrounds, schools): user -limited lities should take, and making proposals for indus- decompose wastes. (U.S.D.P.) group of people; physical controls -partial or coa- trial settlement, commerce, population distribution REFUSE COLLECTION. The service for collection and plete; and responsibility -public Sector user. PRI- and other aspects of growth and development. (Abrams, PERCENT RENT/ORTGAGE. The fraction of income allo- disposal of all the solid wastes from a comeunity. VATE (dwellings, lots): user -owner or tenant or 1972). cated for dwelling rental or dwelling mortgage pay- (U.S.D.P.) squatter; physical controls -complete; responsibility ments;expressed as a percentage of total family -user. SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts) : user -group of MEDIAN BARRIER. A double-faced guard rail in the income. (U.S.D.P.) RESERVOIR. Large-scale storage of water; also func- owners and/or tenants; physical controls -partial or median or island dividing two adjacent roadways. (De- tions to control fluctuations in supply and pressure. omplete; responsibility -user. (U.S.D.P.) Pina, 1972) PIT PRIVY/LATRINE. A simple hole in the ground, (U.S.D.P.) usually hand dug, covered with slab and protective LAND UTILIZATION: PHYSICAL CONTROLS. The physical/ MESHING BOUNDARIES. Characterised by continuing, superstructure; for disposal of human excreta. RESIDENTIAL AREA. An area containing the basic legal ann or methods of directing, regulating, and hoogeneous land uses or topography, expressed as: (U.S.D.P.) needs/requirements for daily life activities: hous- coordinating the use and maintenance of land by the LINES: property lines, political or municipal divi- ing, education, recreation, shopping, work. (U.S.D.P.) owners/users. (U.S.D.P.) sions, main streets, etc.; AREAS: similar residential PLANNING. The establishment of goals, policies, and ones, compatible uas (as parks with residential). procedures for a social or economic unit, i.e. city. RESISTANCE. The opposition to electrical flow. (Re- LAND UTILIZATION: RESPONSIBILITY. The quality/state (U.S.D.P.) (U.S.D.P.) sistance increases as the length of wires is in- of being morally/legally responsible for the one and creased and decreases as the cross-sectional area of maintenance of land by the owners/users. (U.S.D.P.) MICROCLIMATE. The local climate of a given site or PLOT/LOT. A measured parcel of land having fixed wires is increased). (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) habitat varying in sine from a tiny crevice to a boundaries and access to public circulation. (U.S.D.P.) LATERAL SEWER. A collector pipe receiving sewage large land area, but being usually characterised by RIGHT-OF-WAY. A legal right of passage over another from building connection only. (U.S.D.P.) considerable uniformity of climate. (Merriam-Webster, POLICE PROTECTION. Police force: a body of trained person's ground (land), the area or way over which a 1971) men and Women entrusted by a government with the main- such as: a path or thorough-fare LATRINE. A receptacle (as a pit in right-of-way exists the earth or a tenance of public peace and order, enforcement of which one may lawfully one, the of land devoted water strip closet) for one in defecation and urination, or MODEOF TRAVEL. Manner of moving from one place (the laws, prevention and detection of crime. (Merriam- to or over which is built a public road, the land GLOSSARY 57

occupied by a railroad, the land used by a public SITE AND SERVICES. The subdivision of urban land and TAX EXEMPTION. A grant by a government of immunity group that can afford housing without subsidy, by utility. Rights-of-way may be shared (as streets; the provision of services for residential use and com- from taxes; (a ten-year tax exemption on new housing cash purchase, through mortgage payments, or by rent; pedestrians and automobiles) or exclusive (as rapid plementary comercial use. Site and services projects in New York stimulated new construction in the 1920'.; VERY HIGH(10 x subsistence level): the income group transit routes; subways, railroads, etc.) (Merriam- are aimed to improve the housing conditions for the to ease its housing shortage, Turkey granted a ten- that represents the most economically mobile sector Webster, 1971; U.S.D.P.) low income groups of the population by providing: year tax exeuption on new buildings). (Abrams, 1966) of the population. (U.S.D.P.) a) SITE: the access to a piece of land where people ROADWAY(HIGHWAY). Portion of the highway included can build their own dwellings; b) SERVICES: the TAX INCENTIVE. Favorable tax treatment to induce the USUFRUCT. The right to profit from a parcel of land between the outside lines of gutter or side ditches, opportunity of access to employment, utilities, ser- beneficiary to do something he would not otherwise be or control of a parcel of land without becoming the including all slopes, ditches, channels, and appurte- vices and comunity facilities, financing and conmu- likely to do. (U.S.D.P.) owner or formal leasee; legal possession by decree nances necessary to proper drainage, protection, and nications. (U.S.D.P.) without charge. (U.S.D.P.) use. (DePina, 1972) TAX STRUCTURE - TAXATION. The method by which a SIZE. Physical magnitude or extent (of the site), nation (state, municipality) implements decisions to UTILITIES. Include: water supply, sanitary sewerage, ROW/GROUPEDHOUSING. Dwelling units grouped together relative or proportionate dimensions (of the site). transfer resources from the private sector to the storm drainage, electricity, street lighting, gas, linearly or in clusters. (U.S.D.P.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971) public sector. (U.S.D.P.) telephone. (U.S.D.P.)

RUNOFF. That part of precipitation carried off from SLOPE. Degree or extent of deviation (of the land TELEPHONE. An electrical voice communication network DTILITY/SERVICE. The organization and/or infrastruc- it the area upon which falls. (DePina, 1972) surface) from the horizontal. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) interconnecting all subscribing individuals and ture for meeting the general need (as for water sup- transmitting over wires. (U.S.D.P.) ply, wastewater removal, electricity, etc.) in the RUNOFF-RAINFALL RATIO. The percentage (ratio) of, SMOKE. The gaseous products of burning carbonaceous public interest. (U.S.D.P.) stornwater runoff that is not reduced by evaporation, materials made visible by the presence of carbon par- TENURE. 'wo situations of tenure of the dwelling depression storage, surface wetting, and percolation; ticles. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) units and/or the lot/land are considered: LEGAL: VALVE. A water supply distribution component which with increased rainfall duration, runoff-rainfall having formal status derived from law; EXTRALEGAL: interrupts the supply for maintenance purposes. ratios rise increasing runoff flow. (U.S.D.P.) SOIL. Soil structure: the arrangement of soil parti- not regulated or sanctioned by law. Four types of (U.S.D.P.) cles in various aggregates differring in shape, size, tenure are considered: RENTAL: where the users pay a SAND. toose, distinguishable grains of quartz/feld- stability, and degree of adhesion to one another. fee (daily, weekly, monthly) for the use of the dwell- VENT. A pipe opening to the atmosphere, which pro- spar, mica (ranging from 2mm to 0.02mm in diameter) . (Merriam-Webster, 1971) ing unit and/or the lot/land; LEASE: where the users vides ventilation for a drainage system and prevents (U.S.D.P.) pay a fee for long-term use (generally for a year) trap siphonage or back pressure. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) SOIL INVESTIGATION. It is the process to find the for a dwelling unit and/or the lot/land from the owner SANITARY SEWERAGE. The system of artificial usually soil structure and other characteristics. It may (an individual, a public agency, or a private organi- VIBRATION. A quivering or trembling motion (such as subterranean conduits to carry off sewage composed of: include the following stages: initial soil survey, zation); OWRERSHIP:where the users hold in freehold that produced by: heavy traffic, industry, aircraft, excrera: waste matter eliminated from the human body; exploratory boring, construction boring. (U.S.D.P.) the dwelling unit and/or the lot/land which the unit etc. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) domestic wastes; used water from a home/community occupies; EMPLOYER-PROVIDED where the users are containing 0.1% total solids; and some industrial SOIL PIPE. The pipe in a dwelling which carries the provided a dwelling unit by an employer in exchange VIEWS. That which is revealed to the vision or can be wastes, but not water from ground, surface, or storm. pipe discharge from water closets. (U.S.D.P.) for services, i.e. domestic live-in servant. (U.S.D.P.) seen (from the site). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) (U.S.D.P.) SOIL SURVEY (INITIAL). An on-site examination of TITLE. The instrument (as a deed) that constitutes a WALK-UP. Dwelling units grouped in two to five sto- SEI-DETACHED DWELLING. Two dwelling units sharing a surface soil conditions and reference to a GENERAL legally just cause of exclusive possession (of land, ries with stairs for vertical circulation. (U.S.D.P.) common wall (duplex). (U.S.D.P.) SOIL MAP. It is need to reveal obvious limitations/ dwellings, or both). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) restrictions/haeards for early planning considera- WASTE PIPE. A pipe (in a dwelling) which carries SEPTIC TANK. A tank in which the organic solid sat- tion. (U.S.D.P.) TOILET. A fixture for defecation and urination, esp. water from wash basins, sinks, and similar fixtures. ter of continuously flowing sewage is deposited and water closet. (7th Collegiate Webster, 1963) (RDTC ST 45-7, 1953) retained until it has been disintegrated by anaerobic STACK. The vertical pipe in a dwelling of the soil-, bacteria. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) waste-, or vent-pipe systema. (RDTC ST 45-7, 1953) TOPOGRAPHY. The configuration of a (land) surface WATER SUPPLY. Source , means , or process of supplying including its relief and the position of its natural water, (as for a comunity) usually involving reser- SERIES CIRCUIT. Fixtures connected in a circuit by a STANDARD. 1) Something that is established by author- and man-made features. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) voirs , pipelines, and often the watershed from which single wire. When one fixture is out, the circuit is ity, custom or general consent as a model or example the water is ultimately drawn. (Merriam-Webster, broken. Fixtures with different amperages cannot be to be followed. 2) Something that is set up and es- TRANSPORTATION. Means of conveyance or travel from 1971) used efficiently in the same circuit. (ROTC ST 45-7, tablished by authority as a role for the measure of one place (the site) to another (other parts of the 1953) quantity, weight, extent, value or quality. (Merriam- urban context). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) WATERSHED. The catchment area or drainage basin from Webster, 1971) which the waters of a stream or stream system are SETTLEMENT. Occupation by settlers to establish a TRAP. A fitting that provides a water seal to pre- drawn. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) residence or colony. (U.S.D.P.) STANDPIPE. A pipe riser with tap used as a source of vent sewer gases and odors being discharged through water for domestic purposes. (HUD/AID, Minimum Stan- fixtures. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) WATERWORKS. The whole system of reservoirs, channels, SEWAGE. The effluent in a sewer network. (U.S.D.P.) dards, 1966) mains, and pumping and purifying equipment by which TREATMENTWORKS. Filtration plant, reservoirs, and a water supply is obtained and distributed to con- SEWER. The conduit in a subterranean network used to STORM DRAINAGE. Storm seWer: a sewer (system) de- all other construction required for the treatment of sumers. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) carry off water and waste matter. (U.S.D.P.) signed to carry water wastes except sewage (exclu- a water supply. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) sively store water, surface runoff, or street wash). WATT. Watts (w) measurethe power of the flow of SEWERBUILDING CONNECTION. The pipe connecting the (Merriam-Webster, 1971) UNIT. A determinate quantity adopted as a standard energy through a circuit. wattage is the product of dwelling with the sewer network. (U.S.D.P.) of measurement for other quantities of the same kind. volts times amperes. Both watts7 and hosepower denote STREET LIGHTING. Illumination to improve vision at (Nerriam-Webster, 1971) the rate of work being done. 46w - ihp. (MTC ST SEWERAGE. Sewerage system: the system of sewers in a night for security and for the extension of activi- 45-7, 1953) city, town or locality. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) ties. (U.S.D.P.) URBAN TRANSPORTATION. Means of conveyance of passen- gers or goods from one place to another along ways, ZONING ORDINANCE. The dmmarcation of a city by ordi- SHAPE. Formv/configuration of the site surface as SUBDIVISION REGULATIONS. Regulations governing the routes of circulation in a metropolitan context. nance into nones (areas/dimtricts) and the establish- defined by its perimeter/boundaries. (U.S.D.P.) development of raw land for residential or other pur- (U.S.D.P.) ment of regulations 5o govern the use of land and the poses. (Abrams, 1972) location, bulk, height, shape, use, population den- SHOPPING. (Facilities for) searching for, inspecting, URBANIZATION. The quality or state of being or be- sity, and coverage of structures within each mone. or buying available goods or services. (U.S.D.P.) SUBGRADE. The layer of natural soil or fill (com- coming urbanized; to cause to take on urban character- (U.S.D.P.) pacted soil) upon which the pavement structure in- istics. (U.S.D.P.) SILT. Loose, unconsolidated sedimentary rock parti- cluding curbs is constructed. (DePina, 1972) cles (ranging from .02m, to 0.002e in diameter). USE TAX. The tax on land aimed primarily at enforcing (U.S.D.P.) SUBMAINor BRANCH SEWER. A collector pipe receiving its use or improvement. (U.S.D.P.) sewage from lateral sewer Only. (U.S.D.P.) SITE. Land (that could be) made suitable for building USER INCOME GROUPS. Based upon the subsistence (min- purposes by dividing into lots, laying out streets and SUBSISTENCE INCOME. The minimue amount of money re- imum wage) income per year, five income groups are providing facilities. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) quired for the purchase of food and fuel for an aver- distinguished: VERY LOW (below subsistence level): age family to survive. (U.S.D.P.) the income group with no household income available SITE AREAS. Two types are considered: GROSS AREA: in- for housing, services, or transportation; LOW (I r cludes the whole site or the bounded piece of ground. SULLAGE. Drainage or refuse especially from a house, subsistence level): the income group that can afford USABLE AREA: includes only the portion of the site farmyard, or street. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) no or very limited subsidixed housing; MODERATE(3 that can be fully utilized for buildings, streets, e subsistence level): the income group that can playgrounds, recreation facilities, gardens, or other TAP (also PAUCET). A fixture for drawing a liquid from afford limited housing and rent only with goveroment structures. (U.S.D.P.) a pipe, cask, orother vessel. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) assistance; HIGH(5 x subsistence level): the income 58 DWELLING ENvIRONMENTS:LAHORE

REFERENCES EXPLANATORY NOTES

QUALITY OF INFORMATION ABRAMS, Charles, Language of Cities, The V HOUSING AND PHYSICAL PLANNING DEPARTMENT, Viking Press, New York, 1971 Master Plan for Greater Lahore, Government The quality of information given in drawings, charts and descriptions has been qualified in of Punjab, Pakistan, 1973. the following manner: ABRAMS, Charles, Man's Struggle for Shelter Approximate: when deducted from different in an Urbanizing World, M.I.T. Press, LYNCH, Kevin, Image of a City, M.I.T. Press and/or not completely reliable Cambridge, US 1966. 1960. sources. Accurate: when taken from reliable or actual sources.- AFZAL, Mohammed, The Population of Pakistan PEPAC, Urban Housing Issues and Strategic Tentative: when based upon rough estisations of limited sources. Ferozesons Ltd.,Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 1974 Solutions: The Case of Lahore, Report by Pakistan Environmental and Architectural QUALITY OF SERVICES, FACILITIES AND UTILITIES

AHMED, Kazi S., A Geography of Pakistan, Consultants Ltd., Lahore, Pakistan. None: when the existence of services, Oxford University Press. Pakistan, 1964. facilities and utilities are un- available to a locality. PATEL, Nimish, Urban Dwelling Environments: Limited: when the exi tence of services, ALI, M. Ahmed, Town Planning in Pakistan Ahmedabad, India, M.I.T. Thesis, 1976. facilities and utilities are available to a locality in a and India, Liberty Printers, Pakistan 1971 limited manner due to proximity. RAMIZEZ, Carlos C., Urban Case Studies: Adequate: when the existence of services, facilities and utilities are BALDWIN, J., Guide for Survey-evaluation Guadalajara, Mexico, Low-Income Dwelling available to a locality. of Urban Dwelling Environments, Urban Surveys and a Site and Services Project METRIC SYSTEM EQUIVALENTS Settlement Design for Developing Countries, M.I.T. Thesis, 1978. Program, M.I.T., Cambridge, US: 1974. Linear Measures SOLOMON, Arthur P., Housing the Urban Poor, 1 centimeter - 0.3937 inches CAMINOS, Horacio. R. Goethert, Urbanization M.I.T. Press, 1974 1 meter = 100 centimeters=39.37 inches or Primer, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge US, 1978 3.28 feet 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters = 3,280.83 feet URBAN SETTLEMENT DESIGN IN DEVELOPING or 0.62137 miles CAMINOS, H., J, Turner, J. Steffiani, Urban 1 inch = 2.54 centi- COUNTRIES PROGRAM, Files, M.I.T., Cambridge, meters Survey Dwelling Environments: An Elementary US ,1978-1979. 1 foot = 0.3048 meters of Settlements for Study of Design 1 mile = 1.60935 kilometers Determinants, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge US 1969 US GOVERNMENT OFFICE, Area Handbook for Pakistan, American University, Washing- Square Measures CHAVDA, Alka and Vidyadhar, Rural/Urban ton D.C., 1974. 1 square meter 1,550 square Dwelling Environments: Gujarat State, India inches or 10.7639 square M.I.T. Thesis, 1977. WORLD BANK, Publications and reports on feet Site and Service Projects, Urban Projects 1 hectare = 10,000 sq.meters = 2.4711 acres foot = sauare DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Background Notes- Department, 1974. 1 square 0.0929 ters Pakistan, Printing Office Public Documents, 1 acre = 0.4087 mehectares Washington D.C. US, 1974. DOLLAR EQUIVALENTS catahave DOXIADIS, C.A.4nthropopolis-City for Humun All iroome, cost and rent/mortgate been expressed in terms of the U.S. :quivalent, Developments, W & W Norton and Company Inc. 1 US Dollar = 9.90 Rupees (May 1979) New York, US, 1974.

FATHY, Hassan, Architecture for the Poor, University of Chicago Press, 1973.

HEILBRUM, James, Urban Economics and Public Policy, St. Martins Press, 1974.