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To Sleep, Perchance to Dream? Focus “I Have Too Much to Do

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To Sleep, Perchance to Dream? Focus “I Have Too Much to Do DECEMBER 2017 Volume 10 • Issue 4 2 EDITORIAL Editorial: Contents To Sleep, Perchance to Dream? Focus “I have too much to do. I can sleep when I’m dead.” Sound familiar? Why do we 3 Don’t Give Up On Your Dreams. Sleep On! even bother spending a third of our lives unconscious? In this issue of the 4 „Mum, how do dolphins sleep?“: Sleep throughout the Snoozeletter (sorry), we drift off to dreamland to explore one of the most myste- animal kingdom rious neurological phenomena of all time. 5 Case Study: A new study from Caltech suggests Have you ever wondered whether your pets dream (about you, hopefully) (pages jellyfi sh may need sleep too. 4-5)? Or whether skipping a few hours of shuteye is a good idea? Spoiler alert: it’s not! You need it to remember (page 6), to develop (page 11), and work on your 6a Nobel Prize 2017: What Makes Our Cells Tick? fi ne motor skills (page 13). And with enough sleep deprivation, you will also learn 6b Sleep to Remember: Benefi ts of a Long and Restful how things go downhill really fast (pages 9 and 14). Think that your sleeping Night patterns probably don’t match a 9 to 5 schedule? Check out our article on social jetlag (page 7). We cover this year’s Nobel laureates’ work (page 6) and how it 7 Owls, Larks and Social Jetlag could affect treatment of medical illnesses (page 10). So perhaps you shouldn’t feel so guilty for having that session of Napfl ix & Chill. 8 Clearly Dreaming: An Interview with Dr. Denholm Aspy 9 Sleep Disorders: When will your brain ever shut up? Sounds interesting? Well, we also talked to researchers working in a sleep lab (13), as sleep consultants (14), and even studying lucid dreaming (8). From the busiest 10 Chronotherapeutics: Why Physicians Should Check human to the humble jellyfi sh (page 5), we all need our shuteye. Or perhaps you Your Time! are dreaming a new collaborative research project? Hear about this year’s excit- ing DESIRE conference from our correspondent Aliénor Ragot (14). 11a Hallucinations on the Cusp of Sleep 11b Sleeping Like a Baby So put on your pyjamas, crawl into bed with a glass of Glühwein, and get into December hibernation-mode with some great writing from the Berlin neuroscience 12 Sleep Deprivation: One-way ticket to a speedy death? community. Happy reading, and enjoy the winter holidays! 13a Musicians Got It Right! Constance Holman & Helge Hasselmann Co-editors-in-chief 13b One Night in the Sleep Lab 14 The DESIRE Project for Epilepsy: Is Collaboration in Science More Effi cient Than Competition? Contest 15 Shleep Ad Like what you see? Interested in contributing? We are always looking for new authors and submission on anything related to the topic of neuroscience. Send us an article, some beautiful shots from your microscope, poems, short stories, critiques, reviews- anything! The best contribution will be rewarded with the book Career Development Measuring The World by Daniel Kehlman. 16 From Sleep Researcher to Consultant to Entrepreneur Come on and write like there’s no tomor- Meet Els van der Helm, the ‘Sleep Geek’ row! Send your contribution to cns-news- 18 TissUse: Humans on a Chip? [email protected] to win. This issue’s winner is Annika Reinhold, who wrote a fascinating piece about the many forms that sleep can take in the 19 News in Brief the animal kingdom. A special honorable mention (the newly inaugurated “Golden Neuron Award”) goes to James Kerr for the worst wordplay (“Snoozeletter”). 19 Imprint Congratulations, and thank you very much for your contributions! 2017 International Graduate Program Medical Neurosciences FOCUS 3 Don’t Give Up On Your Dreams. Sleep On! Sleep is an almost universal behavior through- tivity and slow rolling eye movements. Likewise, dreaming occurs during these phases of a out the animal kingdom. Humans spend rough- body temperature and metabolism slow down. night’s sleep. Dreaming can also occur during ly a third of their life sleeping, therefore we The next stage (stage 2) is characterized by 12- non-REM sleep, although with a much lower in- can call it a truly integral part of life. However, 14Hz activity sleep spindles and K complexes, cidence and slightly different characteristics [2]. is sleep just a uniform state of unconsciousness opposite Sleep Is Not a to being awake? Like most uniforme State! animals, humans’ sleep and Each sleeper moves through wakefulness are modeled by REM and the 4 stages of non- inner circadian rhythms and REM sleep several times a external cues, so-called night in cycles of 90-110 min- zeitgebers (see also the ar- utes. During a night’s sleep, ticle on chronotherapeutics http://bit.ly/2zp9M61 Image source: the stages do not succeed on page 10), to a period of eachother in a particular roughly 24 hours. In particu- order and also change in lar, sunlight is able to reset length. For example, phases our inner clocks, thereby of REM sleep can take 1-60 enabling us to adjust our minutes and may be accom- daily rhythm, e.g. after in- panied by brief periods of tercontinental fl ights. Not waking [3]. The cycles sleep itself, but rather when through the different phases we sleep is regulated by the suprachiasmic biphasic high-voltage waves. The sleep stages of sleep, the sleep “architecture”, differ between nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus, which 3 and 4 are also referred to as slow-wave sleep, subjects, single nights, and also change with functions like an internal clock and is affected as EEG recordings of these phases are dominat- age. In early childhood, much more time sleep- by environmental inputs (again, especially ed by delta waves of only 0.5-2Hz frequencies. ing is spent in deeper sleep stages 3 and 4 sunlight, which reaches the hypothalamus via In contrast to the characteristics of the four whereas in older age stage 2 sleep dominates the retinohypothalamic tract) [1]. stages of non-REM sleep, brain activity in REM [4]. sleep resembles wakefulness, with some popu- Is sleep just a consequence of the brain being lations of neurons being even more active when But what’s the point of such a complicated sleep less active because it’s tired? Although this you are in REM sleep than when you are awake. architecture? As also discussed in the articles explanation might appeal to many fellow PhD REM sleep is accompanied by an increase of “Evolutionary basis of sleep” on page 5 and students, sleep is characterised by a complex body temperature and metabolic rate but an “Sleep and learning ” on page 6 of this issue, pattern of brain activity! Key aspects of sleep almost complete loss of muscle tone, except for sleep serves important functions for the body are: little motor activity, little response to stim- the eyes which characteristically move rapidly and thus is necessary. However, being unrespon- ulation, typical postures (like lying down curled [1]. Interestingly, it is easier to wake a person sive to potential threats is a signifi cant problem, up) and the state being quite easily reversible up during REM sleep than stage 3-4 of non-REM which is in part circumvented by the fact that (distinguishing sleep from coma, for example) [2]. As brain activity during REM sleep pretty we alternate between periods of deeper and [1]. These features can be monitored by conven- much resembles EEG patterns during wakeful- lighter sleep [3]. tional electrical recordings, including electro- ness, it may not seem surprising that most myography and electroencephalography (EEG). As you can see sleep is much more than just the When people (and animals) fall asleep, EEG re- most unproductive period between two days. It cordings show a drastic change in neuronal is quite complex and interesting and science still activity. needs a lot of effort to unravel all its mysteries. Therefore, everyone should spend more time in Sleep = Brain Activity?! personal fi eld studies. For example, at home - Broadly speaking, sleep comes in two fl avors: sleeping. Good Night! REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and non-REM sleep, which consists of four stages of charac- Bettina Schmerl teristic brain activity patterns. Wakefulness PhD Student, AG Shoichet typically comprises approximately 20 Hz waves. When people fall asleep, this frequency falls to [1] Kandel, Schwarz, Jessel. Principles of Neural Science, 2003 10 Hz and entering sleep stage 1 is characterized [2] Staunton, Naturwissenschaften, 2005 [3] Voss, Rev Neurosci. 2004 by mixed frequency patterns, light muscle ac- [4] Zepelin et al., J Gerontol, 1983 Image source: http://bit.ly/2yFBDBZ www.medical-neurosciences.de 4 FOCUS “Mum, how do Dolphins Sleep?” – Sleep throughout the Animal Kingdom Have you ever wondered whether your dog work in many sharks, since they need constant Yet, the animal kingdom consists of more than sleeps like you – and yaps because he is prob- fl ow through their gills to be able to breathe. vertebrates. What about insects, nematodes and ably dreaming about the mailman? Do all ani- Some seem to solve this problem by doing “yo- porifera (sponges)? While for porifera there is mals need sleep as much as we do? And how yo diving“: First they no evidence of sleeping on Earth do they continue swimming or even swim to the surface to behavior, the fruitfl y D. fl ying during sleep? then glide downwards, Do all animals sleep melanogaster has not giving themselves a for the same reason? only been shown to have Smart Because of Mattresses? short period of rest [5]. sleep-like resting pat- First of all, we should defi ne what we are talking terns but also exhibit about: Sleep can be characterized in many ways, Different Animals Sleep Differently cognitive impairment upon sleep deprivation but without electroencephalography with wild The sleeping behaviour of terrestrial animals [1].
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