DOCSLIB.ORG

Mycobacterial Infections in Cats and Dogs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mycobacterial Infections in Cats and Dogs Surveillance Vol.20 No.4 1993 Mycobacterial infections in cats and dogs Since 1974, Mycobacterium bovis has beeiz tion with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cases in which the histological findings isolatedfrom threeferal and 73 domestic cats principal cause of tuberculosisin humans. were not confirmed by bacterial cultur- in New Zealand. In marked contrast, only Experimental infections have demon- ing. The location of cats from these cases two isolates of this bacterial species have been strated that cats are more resistant to M. is summarised in Table 1. Apart from obtainedfrom dogs in the last 12 years. tuberculosis than to M. bovis. Dogs are seven exceptions, the infected cats came In New Zealand, the failure to eradi- relatively resistant to tuberculosis, but from suburban and rural areas of New cate bovine tuberculosis from cattle and bothM. tuberculosis and M. bovis can both Zealand where M.bouis is also present in farmed deer is due to the presence of a induce a progressive infection in this host. the wildlife. In 1985/86 a cluster of 12 wildlife reservoir of infection. While pos- A number of surveys conducted prior to cases was diagnosed over a 3 month pe- sums (Trichosurusvulpecula) are the most 1950 reported that approximately 70% of riod by a Lower Hutt veterinary practice. important reservoir, infected feral pigs, the cases of tuberculosis in dogs were No further cases of Mhovis infected cats deer, goats, ferrets and cats have been caused by M. tuberculosis and 30-40% by have been diagnosed by this practice. found in New Zealand. This wildlife res- M. bovis.' Only one further case of M.bovis infection ervoir is a potential source of infection in a cat from the Hutt Valley has been for a wide range of domestic animals, diagnosed since 1986. In 1992 five cases Mycobacterium bo vis infections of tuberculosis were diagnosed in cats including cats and dogs. Tuberculosis in in cats cats and dogs was first recognised over- belonging to an owner resident in the Central North Island. The affected cats seas last Prior to the effective Mycobacterium bouis was isolated from had a combination of lesions in the me- control of tuberculosis in cattle or hu- diagnostic samples from 57 cats submit- mans 2-10% of cats and dogs in Europe ted to Animal Health Laboratories from senteric and head lymph nodes. were found to have tuberculosis.' The 1974 to 1986.3A further l9M.bouis-infect- All but three of the 76 M. bovis cases vast majority of the cases of tuberculosis ed cats have been identified between 1987 were domestic cats. Investigations are in in cats were caused by Mycobacterium and 1992. These figures are based on progress to determine the prevalence of bovis, with only a few cases due to infec- isolation of M. bouis and do not include M. bovis infection in feral cats and ferrets. 24 Surveillance 20(4) Surveillance Vol.20 No.4 1993 Preliminary results from these surveys careful consideration of the risks of in- thermoresistibile,8 Mycobacterium xenopig indicate the presence of M. bovis infected fecting owners must be given prior to and the agent of cat leprosy being found feral cats in both the North and South treating tuberculous cats. Some of the in chronic skin lesions of cats. Histopa- Islands of New Zealand. cases of tuberculosis in cats in the Hutt thology can give some indication of the The range of clinical signs and distri- Valley have been successfully treated causative mycobacterial species.'O For bution of the gross lesions are summa- using a combination of surgery and long example, skin lesions associated with M. rised in Tables 2 and 3. The most com- term antimicrobial the rap^.^ smegmatis and some cases of M.fortuitum7 mon clinical signs were non-healing skin are predominantly in the subcutaneous lesions and enlarged lymph nodes, espe- adipose tissue between the dermis and cially the submandibular lymph node. Cat leprosy the panniculus camosus. This type of Skin lesions were moist and did not have Cat leprosy is defined as a mycobacte- lesion is not seen in cats infected with M. the offensive smell typical of many cat rial skin condition of cats caused by an bovis or the agent of cat leprosy. Howev- abscesses. They occurred in a variety of acid fast bacterium which cannot be cul- er, bacterial culture is recommended for locations including the legs, shoulder, tured using conventional techniques. all cases of mycobacterial skin infections flank and inguinal regions. The presence Indirect evidence from animal transmis- because it is the only procedure which of skin lesions suggests infection was sion studies suggest that some of the can yield an unequivocal diagnosis. spread by bites or scratches, possibly from cases of cat leprosy are caused by Myco- Mycobacteriumfortuitum has only been tuberculous possums. The most com- bacterium lepraemuri~rn.~This species of isolated in New Zealand once since 1981 monly affected lymph nodes were the mycobacteria can cause a generalised in- from the skin of a cat. In addition, MAF submandibular and mesenteric lymph fection in rats. Lesions are firm, painless, Quality Management pathologists have nodes indicative of spread of infection by singular or multiple skin nodules up to 3 observed histological evidence of pyo- the oral route. These infections most cm in diameter. Cat leprosy is relatively granulomatous skin infections with acid probably occurred by cats eating tuber- common in New Zealand. A survey car- fast bacteria associated within fat vacu- culous wildlife or licking skin lesions. ried out from 1974 to 1977 by Thompson oles (RA Fairley and A C Johnstone pers. Prior to the effective control of tuberculo- and colleagues5 identified 179 cases, 156 comm.). sis in cattle and the use of pasteurisation, of which were in the North Island.5Sub- Disseminated tuberculosis in cats M. bouis-contaminated milk was a com- sequently, cat leprosy has been identi- caused by members of theMycobacteriurn mon source of infection for cats. In New fied in areas such as Dunedin where in- avium complex has been observed over- Zealand this source of infection has been fections were not recorded in the 1974-77 seas." Such cases are very rare and are virtually eliminated. survey.s more likely to occur in immunocompro- Mycobacterium bovis can cause disease mised animals. It is highly likely that in humans which is clinically indistin- immunosuppression caused by infection guishable from that due to M. tuberculo- Other mycobacterial infections with viruses such as the feline immuno- sis. Therefore, M. bovis infected cats con- of cats deficiency virus will predispose cats to stitute a potential source of infection for infection with mycobacteria. their owners. No cases of spread of infec- There are reports in the literature of tion from cat to owner have been docu- M. bovis? Mycobacterium fortuitum,6 My- mented in New Zealand. Nethertheless, cobacterium ~megmatis,~Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in dogs Mycobacterium bouis has only been iso- lated from dogs in New Zealand on two Table 1: Location ofM.bovis infected cats. occasions since 1981. One of the dogs, a fox terrier, came from the Wairarapa. Location NO. 1974-863 NO. 1987-92 Tuberculosis The only gross tuberculous lesion in this in wildlife animal was an enlarged submandibular lymph node. The other M. bouis isolate Whangarei 1 No came from a German shepherd from the Auckaland 1 No Central North Island Yes Hutt Valley. These figures probably re- Wanganui 1 No flect the natural resistance of dogs to M. Wairarapa 9 Yes bovis rather than a lack of exposure to this Horowhenua Yes bacterial species. In New Zealand there Hutt Valley 30 Yes appear to be frequent opportunities for West Coast dogs to be infected with M.bouis. Dogs (South Island) 6 Yes are commonly used to hunt feral pigs, a Christchurch 3 No widespread wildlife host of M. bovis. OtagolSouthland & Furthermore, some dogs scavenge carri- Central Otago & Mackenzie Basin I Yes* on while others hunt possums. Veterinarians should be reminded that Total 57 19 dogs can become infected with M.- tuberculosis by a tuberculous owner. * Note: one of the 1974-86 cases came from an area of Otago where tuberculosis is not present in the Cordes and others'2described such a case wildlife. occurring in New Zealand in a cross bred fox terrier. A constant companion of the first owner of this animal died of pulmo- Table3: Distributionofthe tuberculous nary tuberculosis 18 months prior to the IesionsinM. bovis infertedcats, 1974-1992. Table2: ClinicalsignsofM. bovis infected dog becoming sick. cats, 1974-1992 Gross lesion No. (%) Mycobacterium avium complex Clinical signs No. (%) Skin 37 49 infections in dogs Generalised 18 24 Skin lesions 37 49 Head lymph nodes 7 9 Dogs, like many other mammals in- Lymphadenopathy 17 22 Mesenteric lymph nodes 5 7 cluding cats, can develop generalised fa- Weight loss 8 11 Lungdthoracic tal infections caused by members of the Respiratory 4 5 lymph nodes 3 4 Depressed 2 3 M. avium complex.'3 Members of this Axillary lymph node 1 1 complex are found not only in birds, but Ear infection 1 1 Middle ear 1 1 Unknown 7 9 Unknown 4 5 are widespread in the environment. Ex- posure to members of this complex is Surveillance 20(4) 25 Surveillance Vol.20 No.4 1993 very common, while generalised infec- tions in animals such as cats, dogs and humans are very rare. When infections do occur they are often found in animals with a compromised immune system. Mycobacterium avium complex are one of the most common secondary infections in humans with AIDS. In New Zealand, only one case of generalised M. avium complex infection in a dog has been diag- nosed since 1981.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mycobacteria of Veterinary Interest
    Rev. salud pública. 12 sup (2): 67-70, 2010 Virulence and pathogenicity - Conferences 67 Poster Presentation Mycobacteria of veterinary interest Production and potency of PPDs Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium fortuitum isolated soils from La Pampa-Argentina Amelia Bernardelli1, Bernardo Alonso2, Delia Oriani3 1 SENASA, Dirección de Laboratorio y Control Técnico(DILAB),Lab. de Referencia en Paratuberculosis y Tuberculosis Bovina de la OIE, Buenos Aires-Republica Argentina. 2 SENASA (DILAB). 3 Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Microbiología, Gral. Pico, La Pampa -Republica Argentina. The Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM),whose habitat the environment has ac- quired importance in the last years because of the immunosupressed patients, in- fected HIV ,and also in develop countries that have managed to eradicated the bovine tuberculosis. Where it has been verified that certain NTM interfere in the diagnosis of tuberculosis when it is applied to the delayed hypersensitivity test with purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin from Mycobacterium bovis. In the works to field exists controversy about the relevance of these environmental mycobacteria when control and eradication of animal tuberculosis are applied.The production of PPDs from the isolated soils from the province of La Pampa and the verification of the possible crossed reaction with bovine tuberculin PPD, prescribed test for international trade. Two lots of PPDs corresponding of M. phlei and M. fortuitum were elaborated with a protein content of 1.5mg/mL both.Guinea pigs were sensitized with dead M. phlei, M. fortuitum and M. bovis.After 60 days the potency tests were made bioassay at the guinea pigs, using also like standard of reference bovine PPD,Lot.N°5 DILAB and employing a Latin square design.
    [Show full text]
  • 면역정상인에서 발생한 Mycobacterium Abscessus에 의한 척추골 수염 제동모・강철인・정지영・정혜민・조윤영・허경민・백경란 성균관대학교 의과대학 내과학교실
    Case Report Infection & http://dx.doi.org/10.3947/ic.2012.44.6.530 Chemotherapy Infect Chemother 2012;44(6):530-534 pISSN 2093-2340 eISSN 2092-6448 면역정상인에서 발생한 Mycobacterium abscessus에 의한 척추골 수염 제동모・강철인・정지영・정혜민・조윤영・허경민・백경란 성균관대학교 의과대학 내과학교실 Vertebral Osteomyelitis caused by Mycobacterium Dongmo Je, Cheol-In Kang, Ji young Joung, Hyemin abscessus in an Immunocompetent Patient Jeong, Yoon Young Cho, Kyungmin Huh, and Kyong Ran Peck Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is rarely reported, especially in an immunocompetent host. NTM are usually not susceptible Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical in vitro to antituberculous drugs, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy for Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, treatment of NTM infection is based on susceptibility results, which vary between Seoul, Korea different NTM species; therefore, treatment of vertebral osteomyelitis caused by NTM is challenging. We report on the first case of vertebral osteomyelitis caused by M. abscessus in an otherwise healthy individual, confirmed by cultures of bone tissue obtained during surgery. Clinical cure was achieved with a combination of antimicrobial therapy and surgery. We also review previous reports of vertebral osteomyelitis caused by NTM. Key Words: Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Mycobacterium abscessus, Vertebral Osteomyelitis, Immunocompetent Host This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Introduction Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are free-living organisms that are is properly cited. ubiquitous in the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Accepted Manuscript
    Genome-based taxonomic revision detects a number of synonymous taxa in the genus Mycobacterium Item Type Article Authors Tortoli, E.; Meehan, Conor J.; Grottola, A.; Fregni Serpini, J.; Fabio, A.; Trovato, A.; Pecorari, M.; Cirillo, D.M. Citation Tortoli E, Meehan CJ, Grottola A et al (2019) Genome-based taxonomic revision detects a number of synonymous taxa in the genus Mycobacterium. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 75: 103983. Rights © 2019 Elsevier. Reproduced in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Download date 29/09/2021 07:10:28 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17474 Accepted Manuscript Genome-based taxonomic revision detects a number of synonymous taxa in the genus Mycobacterium Enrico Tortoli, Conor J. Meehan, Antonella Grottola, Giulia Fregni Serpini, Anna Fabio, Alberto Trovato, Monica Pecorari, Daniela M. Cirillo PII: S1567-1348(19)30201-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103983 Article Number: 103983 Reference: MEEGID 103983 To appear in: Infection, Genetics and Evolution Received date: 13 June 2019 Revised date: 21 July 2019 Accepted date: 25 July 2019 Please cite this article as: E. Tortoli, C.J. Meehan, A. Grottola, et al., Genome-based taxonomic revision detects a number of synonymous taxa in the genus Mycobacterium, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103983 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycobacterium Avium Complex Genitourinary Infections: Case Report and Literature Review
    Case Report Mycobacterium Avium Complex Genitourinary Infections: Case Report and Literature Review Sanu Rajendraprasad 1, Christopher Destache 2 and David Quimby 1,* 1 School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68124, USA; [email protected] 2 College of Pharmacy, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68124, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) genitourinary (GU) infections are relatively rare, and there is frequently a delay in diagnosis. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) cases seem to be less frequent than other NTM as a cause of these infections. In addition, there are no set treatment guidelines for these organisms in the GU tract. Given the limitations of data this review summarizes a case presentation of this infection and the literature available on the topic. Many different antimicrobial regimens and durations have been used in the published literature. While the infrequency of these infections suggests that there will not be randomized controlled trials to determine optimal therapy, our case suggests that a brief course of amikacin may play a useful role in those who cannot tolerate other antibiotics. Keywords: nontuberculous mycobacteria; mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex; urinary tract infections; genitourinary infections Citation: Rajendraprasad, S.; Destache, C.; Quimby, D. 1. Introduction Mycobacterium Avium Complex In recent decades, the incidence and prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria Genitourinary Infections: Case (NTM) causing extrapulmonary infections have greatly increased, becoming a major world- Report and Literature Review. Infect. wide public health problem [1,2]. Among numerous NTM species, the Mycobacterium avium Dis. Rep. 2021, 13, 454–464. complex (MAC) is the most common cause of infection in humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathogenicity of Mycobacterium Fortuitum and Mycobacterium Smegmatis to Goldfish, Carassius Auratus Adel M
    Veterinary Microbiology 66 (1999) 151±164 Pathogenicity of Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium smegmatis to goldfish, Carassius auratus Adel M. Talaata,b,1, Michele Trucksisa,c, Andrew S. Kaneb, Renate Reimschuesselb,* aCenter for Vaccine Development, Division of Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA bDepartment of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA cMedical Service, Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Received 3 June 1998; accepted 22 December 1998 Abstract Despite the ubiquitous presence of atypical mycobacteria in the environment and the potential risk of infection in humans and animals, the pathogenesis of diseases caused by infection with atypical mycobacteria has been poorly characterized. In this study, goldfish, Carassius auratus were infected either with the rapidly growing fish pathogen, Mycobacterium fortuitum or with another rapidly growing mycobacteria, Mycobacterium smegmatis. Bacterial persistence and pathological host response to mycobacterial infection in the goldfish are described. Mycobacteria were recovered from a high percentage of inoculated fish that developed a characteristic chronic granulomatous response similar to that associated with natural mycobacterial infection. Both M. fortuitum and M. smegmatis were pathogenic to fish. Fish infected with M. smegmatis ATCC 19420 showed the highest level of giant cell recruitment compared to fish inoculated with M. smegmatis mc2155 and M. fortuitum. Of the three strains of mycobacteria examined, M. smegmatis ATCC 19420 was the most virulent strain to goldfish followed by M. fortuitum and M. smegmatis mc2155, respectively. # 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Fish; Virulence; Mycobacteria; Mycobacterium fortuitum; Mycobacterium smegmatis; Pathogenesis * Corresponding author.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis: Powerful Tools for an Improved Diagnosis of Fish Mycobacteriosis Caused by Mycobacterium Fortuitum Group Members
    microorganisms Article Gene Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis: Powerful Tools for an Improved Diagnosis of Fish Mycobacteriosis Caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum Group Members Davide Mugetti 1,* , Mattia Tomasoni 1, Paolo Pastorino 1 , Giuseppe Esposito 2, Vasco Menconi 1 , Alessandro Dondo 1 and Marino Prearo 1 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (P.P.); [email protected] (V.M.); [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (M.P.) 2 Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-01-1268-6251 Abstract: The Mycobacterium fortuitum group (MFG) consists of about 15 species of fast-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). These globally distributed microorganisms can cause diseases in humans and animals, especially fish. The increase in the number of species belonging to MFG and the diagnostic techniques panel do not allow to clarify their real clinical significance. In this study, biomolecular techniques were adopted for species determination of 130 isolates derived from fish Citation: Mugetti, D.; Tomasoni, M.; initially identified through biochemical tests as NTM belonging to MFG. Specifically, gene sequencing Pastorino, P.; Esposito, G.; Menconi, and phylogenetic analysis were used based on a fragment of the gene encoding the 65 KDa heat V.; Dondo, A.; Prearo, M. Gene shock protein (hsp65). The analyzes made it possible to confirm that all the isolates belong to MFG, Sequencing and Phylogenetic allowing to identify the strains at species level.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycobacterium Haemophilum: a Challenging Treatment Dilemma in an Immunocompromised Patient
    CASE LETTER Mycobacterium haemophilum: A Challenging Treatment Dilemma in an Immunocompromised Patient Nicholas A. Ross, MD; Katie L. Osley, MD; Joya Sahu, MD; Margaret Kasner, MD; Bryan Hess, MD haemophilum infections largely are cutaneous and PRACTICE POINTS generally are seen in AIDS patients and bone marrow • Mycobacterium haemophilum is a slow-growing transplant recipientscopy who are iatrogenically immuno- acid-fast bacillus that requires iron-supplemented suppressed.4,5 No species-specific treatment guidelines media and incubation temperatures of 30°C to exist2; however, triple-drug therapy combining a mac- 32°C for culture. Because these requirements for rolide, rifamycin, and a quinolone for a minimum of growth are not standard for acid-fast bacteria cul- 12 notmonths often is recommended. tures, M haemophilum infection may be underrecog- A 64-year-old man with a history of coronary artery nized and underreported. disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and acute myelog- • There are no species-specific treatment guidelines, enous leukemia (AML) underwent allogenic stem cell but extended course of treatment with multiple activeDo transplantation. His posttransplant course was compli- antibacterials typically is recommended. cated by multiple deep vein thromboses, hypogamma- globulinemia, and graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) of the skin and gastrointestinal tract that manifested as chronic diarrhea, which was managed with chronic prednisone. To the Editor: Thirteen months after the transplant, the patient pre- The increase in nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) sented to his outpatient oncologist (M.K.) for evaluation infections over the last 3 decades likely is multifaceted, of painless, nonpruritic, erythematous papules and nod- including increased clinical awareness, improved labora- ules that had emerged on the right side of the chest, right tory diagnostics, growing numbersCUTIS of immunocompro - arm, and left leg of approximately 2 weeks’ duration.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Diseases
    American Thoracic Society Documents An Official ATS/IDSA Statement: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Diseases David E. Griffith, Timothy Aksamit, Barbara A. Brown-Elliott, Antonino Catanzaro, Charles Daley, Fred Gordin, Steven M. Holland, Robert Horsburgh, Gwen Huitt, Michael F. Iademarco, Michael Iseman, Kenneth Olivier, Stephen Ruoss, C. Fordham von Reyn, Richard J. Wallace, Jr., and Kevin Winthrop, on behalf of the ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee This Official Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) was adopted by the ATS Board Of Directors, September 2006, and by the IDSA Board of Directors, January 2007 CONTENTS Health Care– and Hygiene-associated Disease and Disease Prevention Summary NTM Species: Clinical Aspects and Treatment Guidelines Diagnostic Criteria of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial M. avium Complex (MAC) Lung Disease Key Laboratory Features of NTM M. kansasii Health Care- and Hygiene-associated M. abscessus Disease Prevention M. chelonae Prophylaxis and Treatment of NTM Disease M. fortuitum Introduction M. genavense Methods M. gordonae Taxonomy M. haemophilum Epidemiology M. immunogenum Pathogenesis M. malmoense Host Defense and Immune Defects M. marinum Pulmonary Disease M. mucogenicum Body Morphotype M. nonchromogenicum Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibition M. scrofulaceum Laboratory Procedures M. simiae Collection, Digestion, Decontamination, and Staining M. smegmatis of Specimens M. szulgai Respiratory Specimens M. terrae
    [Show full text]
  • Repurposing Avermectins and Milbemycins Against Mycobacteroides Abscessus and Other Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
    antibiotics Article Repurposing Avermectins and Milbemycins against Mycobacteroides abscessus and Other Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Lara Muñoz-Muñoz 1,2,*, Carolyn Shoen 3, Gaye Sweet 4, Asunción Vitoria 1,2, Tim J. Bull 5 , Michael Cynamon 3, Charles J. Thompson 4 and Santiago Ramón-García 1,6,7,* 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; [email protected] 2 Microbiology Unit, Clinical University Hospital Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain 3 State University of New York Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; [email protected] (C.S.); [email protected] (M.C.) 4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; [email protected] (G.S.); [email protected] (C.J.T.) 5 Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; [email protected] 6 Research & Development Agency of Aragón (ARAID) Foundation, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain 7 CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.M.-M.); [email protected] (S.R.-G.) Citation: Muñoz-Muñoz, L.; Shoen, Abstract: Infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasing worldwide, C.; Sweet, G.; Vitoria, A.; Bull, T.J.; resulting in a new global health concern. NTM treatment is complex and requires combinations of Cynamon, M.; Thompson, C.J.; several drugs for lengthy periods. In spite of this, NTM disease is often associated with poor treatment Ramón-García, S. Repurposing outcomes. The anti-parasitic family of macrocyclic lactones (ML) (divided in two subfamilies: Avermectins and Milbemycins avermectins and milbemycins) was previously described as having activity against mycobacteria, against Mycobacteroides abscessus and including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium ulcerans, and Mycobacterium marinum, among Other Nontuberculous Mycobacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Monitoring for Your Zebrafish Colonies
    IDEXX BioAnalytics Discover better insight Health Monitoring for your zebrafish colonies IDEXX BioAnalytics The clear choice for a comprehensive health monitoring program. Contents Introduction . 3 Edwardsiella ictaluri. 4 Flavobacterium columnare . 5 Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. 6 Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) . 7 Mycobacterium abscessus . 8 Mycobacterium chelonae . .9 Mycobacterium fortuitum. 10 Mycobacterium haemophilum. 11 Mycobacterium marinum. 12 Mycobacterium peregrinum . 13 Piscinoodinium pillulare . 14 Pleistophora hyphessobryconis . 15 Pseudocapillaria tomentosa . 16 Pseudoloma neurophilia . 17 Profiles and Pricing. 18 Specimen preparation and shipping . 20 Additional resources . 21 Introduction A growing number of researchers are choosing zebrafish as models for biomedical research because of the advantages zebrafish offer over other animal models for certain studies. First, their small size and ease of breeding make zebrafish relatively inexpensive to maintain, which allows researchers to perform experiments using zebrafish that would be cost prohibitive using larger animal models. Secondly, embryos are transparent, which allows easy visualization of cell and organ development and permits experimental manipulations involving DNA or mRNA injection, cell labeling and transplantation. Zebrafish are now commonly employed as models in a diverse range of bioresearch fields, such as immunology, infectious disease, cardiac and vascular disease research, chemical and drug toxicity studies, reproductive biology and cancer research to name a few. As with other vertebrate models used in research, undetected infections can alter, confound or invalidate experimental results. Therefore, it is important to develop and utilize a health monitoring program to detect infectious agents that may affect the animal and the research outcomes. IDEXX BioAnalytics has developed sensitive molecular diagnostic assays to improve health monitoring for zebrafish colonies.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria: Molecular and Physiological Bases of Virulence and Adaptation to Ecological Niches
    microorganisms Review Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria: Molecular and Physiological Bases of Virulence and Adaptation to Ecological Niches André C. Pereira 1,2 , Beatriz Ramos 1,2 , Ana C. Reis 1,2 and Mónica V. Cunha 1,2,* 1 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; [email protected] (A.C.P.); [email protected] (B.R.); [email protected] (A.C.R.) 2 Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-217-500-000 (ext. 22461) Received: 26 August 2020; Accepted: 7 September 2020; Published: 9 September 2020 Abstract: Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are paradigmatic colonizers of the total environment, circulating at the interfaces of the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere. Their striking adaptive ecology on the interconnection of multiple spheres results from the combination of several biological features related to their exclusive hydrophobic and lipid-rich impermeable cell wall, transcriptional regulation signatures, biofilm phenotype, and symbiosis with protozoa. This unique blend of traits is reviewed in this work, with highlights to the prodigious plasticity and persistence hallmarks of NTM in a wide diversity of environments, from extreme natural milieus to microniches in the human body. Knowledge on the taxonomy, evolution, and functional diversity of NTM is updated, as well as the molecular and physiological bases for environmental adaptation, tolerance to xenobiotics, and infection biology in the human and non-human host. The complex interplay between individual, species-specific and ecological niche traits contributing to NTM resilience across ecosystems are also explored.
    [Show full text]
  • Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Endophthalmitis: Case Series And
    Pinitpuwadol et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2020) 20:877 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05606-2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Nontuberculous mycobacterial endophthalmitis: case series and review of literature Warinyupa Pinitpuwadol, Nattaporn Tesavibul, Sutasinee Boonsopon, Darin Sakiyalak, Sucheera Sarunket and Pitipol Choopong* Abstract Background: To report three cases of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) endophthalmitis following multiple ocular surgeries and to review previous literature in order to study the clinical profile, treatment modalities, and visual outcomes among patients with NTM endophthalmitis. Methods: Clinical manifestation and management of patients with NTM endophthalmitis in the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand were described. In addition, a review of previously reported cases and case series from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL was performed. The clinical information and type of NTM from the previous studies and our cases were summarized. Results: We reported three cases of NTM endophthalmitis caused by M. haemophilum, M. fortuitum and M. abscessus and a summarized review of 112 additional cases previously published. Of 115 patients, there were 101 exogenous endophthalmitis (87.8%) and 14 endogenous endophthalmitis (12.2%). The patients’ age ranged from 13 to 89 years with mean of 60.5 ± 17.7 years with no gender predominance. Exogenous endophthalmitis occurred in both healthy and immunocompromised hosts, mainly caused by cataract surgery (67.3%). In contrast, almost all endogenous endophthalmitis patients were immunocompromised. Among all patients, previous history of tuberculosis infection was identified in 4 cases (3.5%). Rapid growing NTMs were responsible for exogenous endophthalmitis, while endogenous endophthalmitis were commonly caused by slow growers.
    [Show full text]