I Introduction to the Technical Notes N T R Purpose price estimates, including sources, methods, and conversion factors. O The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) develops, maintains, Reliable data for state-level prices rarely exist, especially as consistent series and operates the State Energy Data System (SEDS). The goal of SEDS is to over a long period. SEDS applies estimates and assumptions to fill data D provide historical time series of energy production, consumption, prices, and gaps and maintain consistent definitions in the data series over time. SEDS U expenditures by state that are defined as consistently as possible over time incorporates the most consistent series and procedures possible for these and across sectors. SEDS provides these estimates for Members of Congress, estimates and assumptions. However, users should recognize the limitations C federal and state agencies, the general public, and as inputs for EIA’s energy imposed on the system due to changing and inadequate data sources. SEDS T models. selects its sources and methods based on the availability, applicability as I indicators, continuity over time, and consistency among the various energy commodities. The original source documents (cited in this documentation) O The report include the collection of methods, imputation, or adjustment techniques, and N SEDS provides annual energy price and expenditure estimates for all energy errors associated with the individual processes. Due to the many collection sources by major economic sectors for the 50 states, District of Columbia, and forms and procedures associated with these reports, it is not possible to United States. These data are available on the EIA website at http://www.eia. develop a meaningful numerical estimate of the statistical errors of the gov/state/seds/seds-data-complete.php. Companion tables with state-level material published in the SEDS price and expenditure tables. consumption data can also be found at the same website. In addition, SEDS publishes the most recent year of data tables for state-level consumption, It is also important to note that, even within a state, a single average price price, and expenditure estimates by energy source as they are updated at may have limited meaning because it represents a consumption-weighted http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-fuel.php?sid=US. average over a whole state. For example, urban and rural electricity prices can vary significantly, and prices in one region of a state may differ from those Due to page-size constraints, most of the PDF time series tables show in another because of access to less expensive hydroelectricity. Differences estimates for only selected years. However, SEDS estimates price and within a state may also be greater than differences among adjacent states. expenditure data for 1970 forward and publishes the data in the HTML tables Thus, the principal value of the estimates in these tables lies in general and CSV data files on EIA’s website. The documentation in this report covers comparisons among the states, interstate comparisons for a given year, and the estimates for all years. the analysis of trends over time. In the published SEDS tables, all estimates with revisions since the last SEDS report that are large enough to be seen are preceded with an “R.” Estimation methods Most sources report fuel prices in physical units. SEDS uses the appropriate EIA conversion factors to create the Btu prices. SEDS only uses estimated Price estimates prices when specific state-level prices are not available for a given energy All SEDS price estimates are in current dollars per million Btu (British thermal source and sector. In some cases, SEDS assigns prices for energy consumed units) to facilitate comparison across energy sources. EIA uses gross heat in one sector in a state to another sector in the same state. Examples include: content values to convert prices in physical units to prices in million Btu. industrial steam coal prices assigned to the commercial and transportation See Appendix B of the SEDS Consumption Technical Notes at http://www. sectors’ steam coal use; industrial lubricants prices assigned to transportation eia.gov/state/seds/sep_use/notes/use_b.pdf. There is no adjustment for lubricants uses; and transportation motor gasoline prices assigned to general inflation over time. commercial and industrial use of motor gasoline. Sections 2 through 6 of the Technical Notes describe how SEDS develops the In addition, there are a few cases where state-level prices could not be

U.S. Energy Information Administration | State Energy Data 2019: Prices and Expenditures 1 I identified for any economic sector for a given energy source for some or all See Section 7 of the Technical Notes for further explanation of the adjusted years. In these instances, SEDS uses a national-level price for all states, as consumption for expenditure estimates at: http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/ N described in these Technical Notes. For example, SEDS assigns a national- sep_prices/notes/pr_consum_adjust.pdf. level price to all states for: transportation use of aviation gasoline; industrial T In the SEDS tables with primary energy, electricity, and total energy and transportation use of lubricants; and industrial use of some other R expenditure estimates, SEDS displays energy expenditures for the electric petroleum products. O power sector as negative values to indicate that they are subtracted from Finally, within a given energy source and sector where price data are usually primary energy expenditures to remove double-counting in the calculation of D available, there are some cases of missing prices for certain years. SEDS uses total energy expenditures. U two general approaches to estimate prices in cases where consumption occurs but no price is directly available from the data sources. The first approach is to C assign an adjacent state price, a simple average of adjacent states’ prices, or Energy-consuming sectors T the price of the region (such as Census division, Census region, or Petroleum SEDS estimates price and expenditure estimates for five energy-consuming I Administration for Defense district or subdistrict) that the state is located. sectors: The second approach is to apply the growth rate of the price of another state, O • Residential sector: An energy-consuming sector that consists of living the corresponding region, or the United States to the state’s previous year quarters for private households. Common uses of energy associated price, if it is available. N with this sector include: space heating, water heating, air conditioning, SEDS uses three state groupings—U.S. Census regions and divisions, federal lighting, refrigeration, cooking, and running a variety of other regions, and Petroleum Administration for Defense districts—as shown in appliances. The residential sector excludes institutional living quarters. Figures TN1, TN2, and TN3, on the following pages. SEDS identifies states • Commercial sector: An energy-consuming sector that consists by their two-letter postal code abbreviations shown in the map legends. of service-providing facilities and equipment of: businesses; Throughout the Technical Notes, the term “state” includes the District of federal, state, and local governments; and other private and public Columbia. organizations, such as religious, social, or fraternal groups. The commercial sector includes institutional living quarters. It also Expenditure estimates includes sewage treatment facilities. Common uses of energy All SEDS expenditure estimates are in millions of current dollars. There is no associated with this sector include: space heating, water heating, adjustment for general inflation over time. All expenditures are consumer air conditioning, lighting, refrigeration, cooking, and running a wide expenditures; that is, they represent estimates of money spent directly by variety of other equipment. Note: This sector includes generators that consumers to purchase energy, generally including taxes (see box on page produce electricity and/or useful thermal output primarily to support 4). commercial activities. SEDS calculates expenditure estimates as the product of SEDS Btu consumption • Industrial sector: An energy-consuming sector that consists of all estimates at the most detailed level and the corresponding price estimates. facilities and equipment used for producing, processing, or assembling SEDS adjusts the Btu consumption estimates for the expenditure calculations goods. The industrial sector encompasses the following types of to remove process fuels and intermediate products (such as refinery fuels and activity: manufacturing (NAICS codes 31-33); agriculture, forestry, biofuels blended into petroleum products) that are not purchased directly by fishing and hunting (NAICS code 11); mining, including oil and gas end users to avoid double counting. extraction (NAICS code 21); and construction (NAICS code 23). SEDS excludes electricity exported to Canada and Mexico from the Overall energy use in this sector is largely for process heat and cooling expenditure calculations. SEDS removes use of hydroelectric, geothermal, and powering machinery, with lesser amounts used for facility heating, wind, and solar energy sources from SEDS expenditure calculations because air conditioning, and lighting. Fossil fuels are also used as raw material there are no direct fuel costs for those energy sources. SEDS also removes inputs to manufactured products. Note: This sector includes generators consumption of wood and waste that were obtained at no cost. that produce electricity and/or useful thermal output primarily to

2 U.S. Energy Information Administration | State Energy Data 2019: Prices and Expenditures support industrial activities. of closely interrelated factors. Almost all residential sector prices are close to I • Transportation sector: An energy-consuming sector that consists retail prices, reflecting the relatively small quantities of individual purchases N of all vehicles whose primary purpose is transporting people and/or and the increased costs of extensive, multilayered distribution systems. goods from one physical location to another. Included are automobiles; Similarly, in the transportation sector more consumers pay the same retail- T trucks; buses; motorcycles; trains, subways, and other rail vehicles; like price for motor gasoline, regardless of volume purchased or location of R aircraft; and ships, barges, and other waterborne vehicles. Vehicles purchase. Conversely, residual fuel oil prices in the transportation sector are certainly more wholesale-like as a result of large deliveries to bulk facilities O whose primary purpose is not transportation (e.g., construction cranes in major ports. In the same manner, most large industrial and many large D and bulldozers, farming vehicles, and warehouse tractors and forklifts) commercial expenditures can be thought of as near wholesale, frequently are classified in the sector of their primary use. In this report, natural involving direct access to a producer or bulk distribution facility for very large U gas used in the operation of natural gas pipelines is included in the quantities. Many smaller industrial and commercial facilities pay something C transportation sector. much closer to retail prices as a result of the small quantities involved and T • Electric power sector: An energy-consuming sector that consists their institutional distance from primary suppliers. Notable exceptions of electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power plants within the to these relationships include natural gas and electricity suppliers, which I NAICS (North American Industry Classification System) 22 category typically establish fixed rates for each of several classes of service, depending O whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to on representative quantities, service factors, and distribution expenses. N the public. Note: This sector includes electric utilities and independent power producers.

The first four energy-consuming sectors—residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors—are also called end-use sectors.

Sector definition discrepancies and other price issues Although end-use allocations of energy consumption and expenditures follow those guidelines as closely as possible, some data sources collect information using different classifications. For example, electric utilities often classify commercial and industrial users by the quantity of electricity purchases rather than by the business activity of the purchaser. Agricultural use of natural gas is collected and reported in the commercial sector through 1995 and in the industrial sector for 1996 forward. Because agricultural use of natural gas cannot be identified separately, the discrepancy cannot be reconciled. Another example is master-metered condominiums, apartments, and buildings with a combination of residential and commercial units. In many cases, billing and metering practices cause residential energy usage of electricity, natural gas, or fuel oil to be included in the commercial sector. In those cases, there is no basis for separating residential from commercial use. Readers are advised to consult the SEDS Consumption Technical Notes for specific assumptions regarding the consumption estimates. Except where specified, it is generally not possible to describe the SEDS price estimates as entirely “wholesale” or “retail.” The prices paid in each consuming sector are usually a combination of both sets of prices, depending on a number

U.S. Energy Information Administration | State Energy Data 2019: Prices and Expenditures 3 I N Taxes in the price and expenditure data T R The goal of SEDS state energy price is to provide estimates that include consumer sales taxes may not be covered in full. For more information all taxes, but data sources often do not treat taxes uniformly. When see End-Use Taxes: Current EIA Practices, page 23 of 134 in the PDF file, O the source data include taxes, SEDS includes them in the price and http://www.eia.gov/finance/archive/0583.pdf. expenditure estimates. When the source doesn’t include taxes, but D Petroleum. Prices of motor gasoline, diesel fuel, and propane used for SEDS can separately estimate them, SEDS includes them, with some transportation include excise and other per-gallon taxes. Due to the U exceptions listed below. In many cases, states and localities provide lack of uniformity in application, SEDS does not include state general tax exemptions for various activities or groups of end users. SEDS C sales taxes and local fuel and sales taxes. Other hydrocarbon gas does not include these complex exemptions into the state energy T liquids, distillate fuel oil, kerosene, and residual fuel oil prices include prices. EIA continues to analyze these cases to improve its estimates. sales taxes in all years. Jet fuel, aviation gasoline, asphalt and road oil, I A comprehensive and detailed study of taxes in EIA data is available lubricants, industrial petroleum coke, and other petroleum products in the report End-Use Taxes: Current EIA Practices, DOE/EIA-0583 O (such as petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, and waxes) do (Washington, DC, August 1994). The report is available from EIA’s not include taxes. N Internet site at http://www.eia.gov/finance/archive/0583.pdf. Wood and Waste. Wood and waste prices for the residential, The status of tax data in the price and expenditure tables is summarized commercial, and industrial sectors include taxes. below and described more fully in the sections for each energy source and sector. Electricity. SEDS assumes that taxes paid directly by the electric power sector (rather than end users) are part of the operating costs Energy sources consumed by the end-use sectors and passed on to the end users as part of the price. Sales and other use taxes are included in the prices. Coal. All steam coal and coking coal prices include taxes in all years. Appropriately, coal imports and exports in the industrial sector do not include end-user taxes. Fuels consumed by the electric power sector Coal, natural gas, petroleum coke, nuclear, and wood and waste prices Natural Gas. Natural gas prices are intended to include all federal, include all taxes, transportation, and handling costs. There are no state, and local taxes, surcharges, and adjustments billed to direct fuel costs (or taxes) for hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, or wind consumers. Although the EIA data collection form states that taxes energy. Capital, operation, and maintenance costs and related taxes are to be included in the reported gross revenues, it is most likely that associated with these energy sources are included indirectly because respondents would not consider sales taxes as part of their companies’ electricity prices reflect their presence in the rate base. gross revenues, and some may not be reporting them. As a result,

4 U.S. Energy Information Administration | State Energy Data 2019: Prices and Expenditures Figure TN1. U.S. Census regions and divisions I N 1 T 1 R O 9 9 2 D U 4 3 2 4 3 C 88 T I 5 5 O 6 N 6 77

Region 1 Northeast Region 2 Midwest Region 3 South Region 4 West

Division 1 Division 3 Division 4 Division 5 Division 6 Division 8 Division 9 (New England) (East North Central) (West North Central) (South Atlantic) (East South Central) (Mountain) (Pacific) Connecticut (CT) Illinois (IL) Iowa (IA) Delaware(DE) Alabama (AL) Arizona (AZ) Alaska (AK) Maine (ME) Indiana (IN) Kansas (KS) District of Columbia (DC) Kentucky (KY) Colorado (CO) California (CA) Massachusetts (MA) Michigan (MI) Minnesota (MN) Florida (FL) Mississippi (MS) Idaho (ID) Hawaii (HI) New Hampshire (NH) Ohio (OH) Missouri (MO) Georgia (GA) Tennessee (TN) Montana (MT) Oregon (OR) Rhode Island (RI) Wisconsin (WI) Nebraska (NE) Maryland (MD) Nevada (NV) Washington (WA) Vermont (VT) North Dakota (ND) North Carolina (NC) New Mexico (NM) South Dakota (SD) South Carolina (SC) Division 7 Utah (UT) Virginia (VA) (West South Central) Wyoming (WY) Division 2 West Virginia (WV) (Middle Atlantic) Arkansas (AR) Louisiana (LA) New Jersey (NJ) Oklahoma (OK) New York (NY) Texas (TX) Pennsylvania (PA)

U.S. Energy Information Administration | State Energy Data 2019: Prices and Expenditures 5 Figure TN2. Federal regions I N T 1010 R O 1 1 D 5 U 2 2 8 8 C 33 T 9 7 5 I 7 O N 4 4 66

Region 1 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5 Region 7 Region 9 New England Mid Atlantic South Atlantic Midwest Central West

Connecticut (CT) Delaware (DE) Alabama (AL) Illinois (IL) Iowa (IA) Arizona (AZ) Maine (ME) District of Columbia (DC) Florida (FL) Indiana (IN) Kansas (KS) California (CA) Massachusetts (MA) Maryland (MD) Georgia (GA) Michigan (MI) Missouri (MO) Hawaii (HI) New Hampshire (NH) Pennsylvania (PA) Kentucky (KY) Minnesota (MN) Nebraska (NE) Nevada (NV) Rhode Island (RI) Virginia (VA) Mississippi (MS) Ohio (OH) Vermont (VT) West Virginia (WV) North Carolina (NC) Wisconsin (WI) South Carolina (SC) Region 8 Region 10 Tennessee (TN) North Central Northwest Region 2 Region 6 New York/New Jersey Southwest Colorado (CO) Alaska (AK) Montana (MT) Idaho (ID) New Jersey (NJ) Arkansas (AR) North Dakota (ND) Oregon (OR) New York (NY) Louisiana (LA) South Dakota (SD) Washington (WA) New Mexico (NM) Utah (UT) Oklahoma (OK) Wyoming (WY) Texas (TX)

6 U.S. Energy Information Administration | State Energy Data 2019: Prices and Expenditures Figure TN3. Petroleum Administration for Defense districts and subdistricts I N T R 4 1A O 5 1B D U 2 C T I O N 1C 3

Subdistrict 1A Subdistrict 1C District 2 District 3 District 4 District 5 Connecticut (CT) Florida (FL) Illinois (IL) Alabama (AL) Colorado (CO) Alaska (AK) Maine (ME) Georgia (GA) Indiana (IN) Arkansas (AR) Idaho (ID) Arizona (AZ) Massachusetts (MA) North Carolina (NC) Iowa (IA) Louisiana (LA) Montana (MT) California (CA) New Hampshire (NH) South Carolina (SC) Kansas (KS) Mississippi (MS) Utah (UT) Hawaii (HI) Rhode Island (RI) Virginia (VA) Kentucky (KY) New Mexico (NM) Wyoming (WY) Nevada (NV) Vermont (VT) West Virginia (WV) Michigan (MI) Texas (TX) Oregon (OR) Minnesota (MN) Washington (WA) Missouri (MO) Subdistrict 1B Nebraska (NE) North Dakota (ND) Delaware (DE) Ohio (OH) District of Columbia (DC) Oklahoma (OK) Maryland (MD) South Dakota (SD) New Jersey (NJ) Tennessee (TN) New York (NY) Wisconsin (WI) Pennsylvania (PA)

U.S. Energy Information Administration | State Energy Data 2019: Prices and Expenditures 7