A Review of Some Basic Concepts of Topology and Measure Theory

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Review of Some Basic Concepts of Topology and Measure Theory APPENDIX 1 A Review of Some Basic Concepts of Topology and Measure Theory In this appendix we summarize, mainly without proof, some standard results from topology and measure theory. The aims are to establish terminology and notation, to set out results needed at various stages in the text in some specific form for convenient reference, and to provide some brief perspectives on the development of the theory. For proofs and further details the reader should refer, in particular, to Kingman and Taylor (1966), Chapters 1-6, whose development and terminology we have followed rather closely. Al.l. Set Theory A set A of a space !![ is a collection of elements or points of !!l. When x is an element of the set A, we write x E A (x belongs to or is included in A). The set of points of!![ not included in A is the complement of A, written A c. If A, B are two sets of points from !![ their union, written A u B, is the set of points in either A or B or both; their symmetric difference, written A/::::,. B, is the set of points in A or B but not both; and their intersection, written A n B, is the set of points in both. If every element of B is also an element of A we say B is included in A (B ~ A), or ·A contains B (A 2 B). In this case the proper difference of A and B, written either A - BorA \B, is the set of points of A but not B. More generally, we use A - B for A n Be, but A - B = A/::::,. B only when A2B. The operations n and /::::,. on subsets of!![ are commutative, associative, and distributive. The class of all such subsets thus forms an algebra with respect to these operations, where 0, the empty set, plays the role of identity for 6, Al.2. Topologies 593 and !!l the role of identity for n. The special relation AnA=A implies that the algebra is Boolean. More generally, any class of sets closed under the operations of n and !::,. is called a ring, or an algebra if !!l itself is a member of the class. A semiring is a class of sets .91 with the properties (i) .91 is closed under intersections, and (ii) every symmetric difference of sets in .91 can be represented as a finite union of disjoint sets in .91. The ring generated by an arbitrary family of sets 1F is the smallest ring containing 17, or, equiv­ alently, the intersection of all rings containing !F. Every element in the ring generated by a semiring .91 can be represented as a union of disjoint sets of .91. If qt is a finite ring, there exists a basis of disjoint elements of 9t such that every element in 9t can be represented uniquely as a union of disjoint elements of the basis. The notions of union and intersection can be extended to arbitrary classes of sets. If {An; n = 1, 2, ... } is a sequence of sets, we write An j A = lim An if An£ An+l• n = 1, 2, ... ' and A= Uf An; similarly, if An 2 An+l• n = 1, 2, ... ' we write An! A = lim An if A = nf An. A monotone class is a class of sets closed under monotone increasing sequences. A ring (algebra) that is closed under countable as well as finite unions is called a a-ring (a-algebra). The a-ring generated by a class of sets rl, written a(rl), is the smallest a-ring containing rl. A a-ring is countably generated if it can be generated by a countable class ofrl. The following result, linking a-rings to monotone classes, is useful in identifying the a-ring generated by certain classes of sets. Proposition Al.l.I (Monotone Class Theorem). If 9t is a ring, and rl is a monotone class containing qt, then rl contains a(!Jt). A closely related result uses the concept of a Dynkin system: !?) is a Dynkin system if (i) !!£ E !?); (ii) !?) is closed under proper differences; and (iii) !?) is closed under monotone increasing limits. Proposition Al.l.II (Dynkin System Theorem). If [I' is a class of sets closed under finite intersections, and !?) is a Dynkin system containing Y, then !?) contains a(Y). A1.2. Topologies A topology 1111 on a space !!l is a class of subsets of !!l that is closed under arbitrary unions and finite intersections and that includes the empty set 0 and the whole space !!l; the members of 1111 are open sets, while their comple- 594 APPENDIX 1. A Review of Some Basic Concepts ments are closed sets. The pair (&r, Cl//) is a topological space. The closure of an arbitrary set A from &r, written A, is the smallest closed set (equivalently, the intersection of all closed sets) containing A. The interior of A, written A 0 , is the largest open set (equivalently, the union of all open sets) contained within A. The boundary of A, written oA, is the difference A\A0 • The following elementary properties of boundaries are needed in the discussion of weak convergence of measures. Proposition A1.2.1. (a) o(A u B) ~ oA u oB; (b) o(A n B) ~ oA u oB; (c) oAC = oA. A neighbourhood of the point x E &r with respect to the topology Cllt (or, more briefly, a 1111-neighbourhood of x) is an open set from Cl/t containing x. Cl/t is a Hausdorff or T2 topology if the open sets separate points, that is, if for x =F y, x and y possess disjoint neighbourhoods. A family of sets ff forms a base for the topology 1111 if every U E 1111 can be represented as a union of sets in ff, and ff ~ 1111. 1111 is second countable if it has a countable base, that is, if there exists a countable family ff with these properties. The topology Cl//1 generated by the base !F;_ has the same open sets as, and hence coincides with, the topology 11112 generated by the base ff,_ if every set in /#'1 can be represented as a union of sets in :#'2 , and vice versa. In this case the topological spaces (&r, Cl/t 1 ) and (&r, Cllt 2 ) are said to be equivalent. Given a topology Cl/t on &r, a notion of convergence of sequences (or more generally nets, but we do not need the latter concept) can be introduced by saying xn--+ x in the topology 1111 if, given any Cl//-neighbourhood of x, 1111x, there exists an integer N (depending on the neighbourhood in general) such that Xn E Ux for n ~ N. Conversely, nearly all the important types of convergence can be described in terms of a suitable topology. In this book, the over­ whelming emphasis is on metric topologies, where the open sets are defined in terms of a metric or distance function p( ·) satisfying for arbitrary x, y, z E &r the conditions (i) p(x, y) = p(y, x); (ii) p(x, y) ~ 0 and p(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y; (iii) (triangle inequality) p(x, y) + p(y, z) ~ p(x, z). With respect to a given distance function p, the open sphere S(x, e) is the set {y: p(x, y) < e}, being defined for any e > 0. The metric topology generated by p is the smallest topology containing the open spheres; it is necessarily Hausdorff. A set is open in this topology if and only if every point in the set can be enclosed by an open sphere lying wholly within the set. A sequence of points {xn} converges to x in this topology if and only if p(xn, x) --+ 0. A limit point y of a set A is a limit of a sequence of points Xn E A, with Xn =I= y; y need not necessarily be in A. The closure of A in the metric topology is the union of A and its limit points. A space &r with topology 1111 is metrizable if a distance A1.2. Topologies 595 function p can be found such that if/1 is equivalent to the metric topology generated by p. Two metrics on the same space X are equivalent if they each generate the same topology on X. A sequence of points {x": n ;;:,: 1} in a metric space is a Cauchy sequence if p(x", xm)--+ 0 as n, m--+ oo. The space is complete if every Cauchy sequence has a limit, that is, if for every Cauchy sequence {x"} there exists a point x EX such that p(x", x)--+ 0. A set ::0 is dense in X if, for every e > 0, every point in X can be approximated by points in ::0, that is, given x E X, there exists d E ::0 such that p(x, d) < e. The space X is separable if there exists a countable dense set, also called a separability set. If X is a separable metric space, the spheres with rational radii and centres on a countable dense set form a countable basis for the topology. Given two topological spaces (X1 , if/11 ) and (X2 , if/12 ), a mapping f( ·)from (X1 , if/1 1 ) into (X2 , if/12 ) is continuous if the inverse imagef-1 (U) of every open set U in if/12 is an open set in if/1 1 • If both spaces are metric spaces, the mapping is continuous if and only if for every x E X1 and every e > 0, there exists c5 > 0 such that p2 (f(x'),f(x)) < e whenever p 1 (x', x) < c5, where Pu p2 are the metrics in Xu X2 , respectively, a statement we can more loosely express by saying f(x')--+ f(x) whenever x' --+ x.
Recommended publications
  • 1 Sets and Classes
    Prerequisites Topological spaces. A set E in a space X is σ-compact if there exists a S1 sequence of compact sets such that E = n=1 Cn. A space X is locally compact if every point of X has a neighborhood whose closure is compact. A subset E of a locally compact space is bounded if there exists a compact set C such that E ⊂ C. Topological groups. The set xE [or Ex] is called a left translation [or right translation.] If Y is a subgroup of X, the sets xY and Y x are called (left and right) cosets of Y . A topological group is a group X which is a Hausdorff space such that the transformation (from X ×X onto X) which sends (x; y) into x−1y is continuous. A class N of open sets containing e in a topological group is a base at e if (a) for every x different form e there exists a set U in N such that x2 = U, (b) for any two sets U and V in N there exists a set W in N such that W ⊂ U \ V , (c) for any set U 2 N there exists a set W 2 N such that V −1V ⊂ U, (d) for any set U 2 N and any element x 2 X, there exists a set V 2 N such that V ⊂ xUx−1, and (e) for any set U 2 N there exists a set V 2 N such that V x ⊂ U. If N is a satisfies the conditions described above, and if the class of all translation of sets of N is taken for a base, then, with respect to the topology so defined, X becomes a topological group.
    [Show full text]
  • On Families of Mutually Exclusive Sets
    ANNALS OF MATHEMATICS Vol. 44, No . 2, April, 1943 ON FAMILIES OF MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE SETS BY P . ERDÖS AND A. TARSKI (Received August 11, 1942) In this paper we shall be concerned with a certain particular problem from the general theory of sets, namely with the problem of the existence of families of mutually exclusive sets with a maximal power . It will turn out-in a rather unexpected way that the solution of these problems essentially involves the notion of the so-called "inaccessible numbers ." In this connection we shall make some general remarks regarding inaccessible numbers in the last section of our paper . §1. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM . TERMINOLOGY' The problem in which we are interested can be stated as follows : Is it true that every field F of sets contains a family of mutually exclusive sets with a maximal power, i .e . a family O whose cardinal number is not smaller than the cardinal number of any other family of mutually exclusive sets contained in F . By a field of sets we understand here as usual a family F of sets which to- gether with every two sets X and Y contains also their union X U Y and their difference X - Y (i.e. the set of those elements of X which do not belong to Y) among its elements . A family O is called a family of mutually exclusive sets if no set X of X of O is empty and if any two different sets of O have an empty inter- section. A similar problem can be formulated for other families e .g .
    [Show full text]
  • Completely Representable Lattices
    Completely representable lattices Robert Egrot and Robin Hirsch Abstract It is known that a lattice is representable as a ring of sets iff the lattice is distributive. CRL is the class of bounded distributive lattices (DLs) which have representations preserving arbitrary joins and meets. jCRL is the class of DLs which have representations preserving arbitrary joins, mCRL is the class of DLs which have representations preserving arbitrary meets, and biCRL is defined to be jCRL ∩ mCRL. We prove CRL ⊂ biCRL = mCRL ∩ jCRL ⊂ mCRL =6 jCRL ⊂ DL where the marked inclusions are proper. Let L be a DL. Then L ∈ mCRL iff L has a distinguishing set of complete, prime filters. Similarly, L ∈ jCRL iff L has a distinguishing set of completely prime filters, and L ∈ CRL iff L has a distinguishing set of complete, completely prime filters. Each of the classes above is shown to be pseudo-elementary hence closed under ultraproducts. The class CRL is not closed under elementary equivalence, hence it is not elementary. 1 Introduction An atomic representation h of a Boolean algebra B is a representation h: B → ℘(X) (some set X) where h(1) = {h(a): a is an atom of B}. It is known that a representation of a Boolean algebraS is a complete representation (in the sense of a complete embedding into a field of sets) if and only if it is an atomic repre- sentation and hence that the class of completely representable Boolean algebras is precisely the class of atomic Boolean algebras, and hence is elementary [6]. arXiv:1201.2331v3 [math.RA] 30 Aug 2016 This result is not obvious as the usual definition of a complete representation is thoroughly second order.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 17.5. the Carathéodry-Hahn Theorem: the Extension of A
    17.5. The Carath´eodory-Hahn Theorem 1 Section 17.5. The Carath´eodry-Hahn Theorem: The Extension of a Premeasure to a Measure Note. We have µ defined on S and use µ to define µ∗ on X. We then restrict µ∗ to a subset of X on which µ∗ is a measure (denoted µ). Unlike with Lebesgue measure where the elements of S are measurable sets themselves (and S is the set of open intervals), we may not have µ defined on S. In this section, we look for conditions on µ : S → [0, ∞] which imply the measurability of the elements of S. Under these conditions, µ is then an extension of µ from S to M (the σ-algebra of measurable sets). ∞ Definition. A set function µ : S → [0, ∞] is finitely additive if whenever {Ek}k=1 ∞ is a finite disjoint collection of sets in S and ∪k=1Ek ∈ S, we have n n µ · Ek = µ(Ek). k=1 ! k=1 [ X Note. We have previously defined finitely monotone for set functions and Propo- sition 17.6 gives finite additivity for an outer measure on M, but this is the first time we have discussed a finitely additive set function. Proposition 17.11. Let S be a collection of subsets of X and µ : S → [0, ∞] a set function. In order that the Carath´eodory measure µ induced by µ be an extension of µ (that is, µ = µ on S) it is necessary that µ be both finitely additive and countably monotone and, if ∅ ∈ S, then µ(∅) = 0.
    [Show full text]
  • Rings of Integer-Valued Continuous Functions
    RINGS OF INTEGER-VALUED CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS BY R. S. PIERCE« Introduction. The purpose of this paper is to study the ring C(X, Z) of all integer-valued continuous functions on a topological space X. Our subject is similar in many ways to the ring C(X) of all real-valued continuous functions on X. It is not surprising therefore that the development of the paper closely follows the theory of C(X). During the past twenty years extensive work has been done on the ring C(X). The pioneer papers in the subject are [8] for compact X and [3] for arbitrary X. A significant part of this work has recently been summarized in the book [2]. Concerning the ring C(X, Z), very little has been written. This is natural, since C(X, Z) is less important in problems of topology and analy- sis than C(X). Nevertheless, for some problems of topology, analysis and algebra, C(X, Z) is a useful tool. Moreover, a comparison of the theories of C(X) and C(X, Z) should illuminate those aspects of the theory of C(X) which derive from the special properties of the field of real numbers. For these reasons it seems worthwhile to devote some attention to C(X, Z). The paper is divided into six sections. The first of these treats topological questions. An analogue of the Stone-Cech compactification is developed and studied. In §2, the ideals in C(X, Z) are related to the filters in a certain lattice of sets. The correspondence is similar to that which exists between the ideals of C(X) and the filters in the lattice of zero sets of continuous functions on X.
    [Show full text]
  • By JACK GRESHAM ELLIOTT AIT ABSTRACT Submitted to The
    CHARACTERIZATIONS OP THE SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE AND THE STRUCTURE OF STONE ALGEBRAS By JACK GRESHAM ELLIOTT AIT ABSTRACT Submitted to the School for Advanced Graduate Studies of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Mathematics 19?8 d m % 1 JACK GRESHAM ELLIOTT ABSTRACT It is well known that the symmetric difference in a Boolean algebra is a group operation. It is also an abstract metric operation, in the sense that it satisfies lattice relationships formally equivalent to the geometrical relationships defining a metric distance function. It is shown first that the symmetric difference In a Boolean algebra Is the only binary relation which is simultaneously an abstract metric and a group operation. This character­ ization is then extended by successive relaxing of some of the group and metric postulates. Next the symmetric difference is characterized in several ways among the Boolean operations. Finally, the symmetric difference in a Boolean algebra Is characterized as the only binary operation satisfying certain other side conditions. Brouwerian algebras having a least element 0 and a greatest element I may be regarded as extensions of Boolean algebras in which the relationship (a1)* = a is replaced by the weaker relationship Kla) < a, \Yhere a' and ~|a denote respectively the Boolean and Brouwerian complements of a. Lhile a Brouwerian algebra in which a«"| a = 0 for all a is necessarily a Boolean algebra, there exist Brouwerian algebras which are not Boolean algebras and in which l a d Ha) = 0 identically.
    [Show full text]
  • Sigma-Algebra from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Chapter 1
    Sigma-algebra From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Chapter 1 Algebra of sets The algebra of sets defines the properties and laws of sets, the set-theoretic operations of union, intersection, and complementation and the relations of set equality and set inclusion. It also provides systematic procedures for evalu- ating expressions, and performing calculations, involving these operations and relations. Any set of sets closed under the set-theoretic operations forms a Boolean algebra with the join operator being union, the meet operator being intersection, and the complement operator being set complement. 1.1 Fundamentals The algebra of sets is the set-theoretic analogue of the algebra of numbers. Just as arithmetic addition and multiplication are associative and commutative, so are set union and intersection; just as the arithmetic relation “less than or equal” is reflexive, antisymmetric and transitive, so is the set relation of “subset”. It is the algebra of the set-theoretic operations of union, intersection and complementation, and the relations of equality and inclusion. For a basic introduction to sets see the article on sets, for a fuller account see naive set theory, and for a full rigorous axiomatic treatment see axiomatic set theory. 1.2 The fundamental laws of set algebra The binary operations of set union ( [ ) and intersection ( \ ) satisfy many identities. Several of these identities or “laws” have well established names. Commutative laws: • A [ B = B [ A • A \ B = B \ A Associative laws: • (A [ B) [ C = A [ (B [ C) • (A \ B) \ C = A \ (B \ C) Distributive laws: • A [ (B \ C) = (A [ B) \ (A [ C) • A \ (B [ C) = (A \ B) [ (A \ C) The analogy between unions and intersections of sets, and addition and multiplication of numbers, is quite striking.
    [Show full text]
  • Semiring of Sets
    FORMALIZED MATHEMATICS Vol. 22, No. 1, Pages 79–84, 2014 DOI: 10.2478/forma-2014-0008 degruyter.com/view/j/forma Semiring of Sets Roland Coghetto Rue de la Brasserie 5 7100 La Louvi`ere,Belgium Summary. Schmets [22] has developed a measure theory from a generali- zed notion of a semiring of sets. Goguadze [15] has introduced another generalized notion of semiring of sets and proved that all known properties that semiring ha- ve according to the old definitions are preserved. We show that this two notions are almost equivalent. We note that Patriota [20] has defined this quasi-semiring. We propose the formalization of some properties developed by the authors. MSC: 28A05 03E02 03E30 03B35 Keywords: sets; set partitions; distributive lattice MML identifier: SRINGS 1, version: 8.1.03 5.23.1204 The notation and terminology used in this paper have been introduced in the following articles: [1], [3], [4], [21], [6], [12], [24], [8], [9], [25], [13], [23], [11], [5], [17], [18], [27], [28], [19], [26], [14], [16], and [10]. 1. Preliminaries From now on X denotes a set and S denotes a family of subsets of X. Now we state the proposition: (1) Let us consider sets X, Y. Then (X ∪ Y ) \ (Y \ X) = X. Let us consider X and S. Let S1, S2 be finite subsets of S. Let us note that S1 e S2 is finite. Now we state the proposition: (2) Let us consider a family S of subsets of X and an element A of S. Then {x, where x is an element of S : x ∈ S(PARTITIONS(A) ∩ Fin S)} = S(PARTITIONS(A) ∩ Fin S).
    [Show full text]
  • Measure Theory
    Measure Theory V. Liskevich 1998 1 Introduction We always denote by X our universe, i.e. all the sets we shall consider are subsets of X. Recall some standard notation. 2X everywhere denotes the set of all subsets of a given set X. If A ∩ B = ∅ then we often write A t B rather than A ∪ B, to underline the disjointness. The complement (in X) of a set A is denoted by Ac. By A4B the symmetric difference of A and B is denoted, i.e. A 4 B = (A \ B) ∪ (B \ A). Letters i, j, k always denote positive integers. The sign is used for restriction of a function (operator etc.) to a subset (subspace). 1.1 The Riemann integral Recall how to construct the Riemannian integral. Let f :[a, b] → R. Consider a partition π of [a, b]: a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . < xn−1 < xn = b and set ∆xk = xk+1 − xk, |π| = max{∆xk : k = 0, 1, . , n − 1}, mk = inf{f(x): x ∈ [xk, xk+1]},Mk = sup{f(x): x ∈ [xk, xk+1]}. Define the upper and lower Riemann— Darboux sums n−1 n−1 X X s(f, π) = mk∆xk, s¯(f, π) = Mk∆xk. k=0 k=0 One can show (the Darboux theorem) that the following limits exist Z b lim s(f, π) = sup s(f, π) = fdx |π|→0 π a Z b lim s¯(f, π) = inf s¯(f, π) = fdx. |π|→0 π a 1 Clearly, Z b Z b s(f, π) ≤ fdx ≤ fdx ≤ s¯(f, π) a a for any partition π.
    [Show full text]
  • On Rings of Sets II. Zero-Sets
    ON RINGS OF SETS H. ZERO-SETS Dedicated to the memory of Hanna Neumann T. P. SPEED (Received 2 May 1972) Communicated by G. B. Preston Introduction In an earlier paper [llj we discussed the problem of when an (m, n)-complete lattice L is isomorphic to an (m, n)-ring of sets. The condition obtained was simply that there should exist sufficiently many prime ideals of a certain kind, and illustrations were given from topology and elsewhere. However, in these illus- trations the prime ideals in question were all principal, and it is desirable to find and study examples where this simplification does not occur. Such an example is the lattice Z(X) of all zero-sets of a topological space X; we refer to Gillman and Jerison [5] for the simple proof that TAX) is a (2, <r)-ring of subsets of X, where we denote aleph-zero by a. Lattices of the form Z(X) have occurred recently in lattice theory in a number of places, see, for example, Mandelker [10] and Cornish [4]. These writers have used such lattices to provide examples which illuminate a number of results concerning annihilators and Stone lattices. We also note that, following Alexandroff, a construction of the Stone-Cech compactification can be given using ultrafilters on Z(X); the more recent Hewitt realcompactification can be done similarly, and these topics are discussed in [5]. A relation between these two streams of development will be given below. In yet another context, Gordon [6], extending some aspects of the work of Lorch [9], introduced the notion of a zero-set space (X,2£).
    [Show full text]
  • A Representation Theory for Prime and Implicative Semilattices
    A REPRESENTATION THEORY FOR PRIME AND IMPLICATIVE SEMILATTICES by RAYMOND BALBES 1. Introduction. A large part of the theory of pseudo complemented lattices can be extended to pseudo complemented semilattices, as was pointed out by O. Frink in [3]. In [5], W. Nemitz makes a similar observation concerning implicative lattices and implicative semilattices. In the first part of this paper we find necessary and sufficient conditions for a semilattice L to be isomorphic with a family R of sets so that finite products in L correspond to intersections in R, and finite sums in L—when they exist—correspond to unions in R. Semilattices satisfying this condition will be called prime. The term isomorphism is used for a correspondence between partially ordered sets which preserves order in both directions [1, p. 3]. In §3, a representation theory for prime semilattices is presented. It shows that a prime semilattice L is essentially a collection C of compact-open sets of a Stone space. As expected, L is a lattice if and only if C consists of all compact-open sets. Thus, we have a natural generalization of the Stone representation theorem for distributive lattices [8]. An interesting example of a prime semilattice is an impli- cative semilattice. The last section is concerned with the properties of the repre- sentation space of these semilattices. 2. Prime semilattices. For a subset {x1;..., xn} of a semilattice L, xx.xn will denote the greatest lower bound; the least upper bound—if it exists—will be denoted by xx + ■■ ■ + xn. Definition 2.1. A nonempty subset F of a semilattice is a filter in L provided: (1) If x e F and x^y then y e F, and (2) if x, ye F then xy e F.
    [Show full text]
  • Measure Theory
    Measure theory Jan Derezi´nski Department of Mathematical Methods in Physics Warsaw University Ho_za74, 00-682, Warszawa, Poland Lecture notes, version of Jan. 2006 November 22, 2017 Contents 1 Measurability 3 1.1 Notation . 3 1.2 Rings and fields . 3 1.3 Ordered spaces . 4 1.4 Elementary functions . 4 1.5 σ-rings and σ-fields . 4 1.6 Transport of subsets . 5 1.7 Transport of σ-rings . 6 1.8 Measurable transformations . 6 1.9 Measurable real functions . 7 1.10 Spaces L1 ............................................ 8 2 Measure and integral 10 2.1 Contents . 10 2.2 Measures . 10 2.3 µ − σ-finite sets . 10 2.4 Integral on elementary functions I . 11 2.5 Integral on elementary functions II . 11 2.6 Integral on positive measurable functions I . 12 2.7 Integral on positive measurable functions II . 13 2.8 Integral of functions with a varying sign . 14 2.9 Transport of a measure|the change of variables in an integral . 15 2.10 Integrability . 15 2.11 The H¨olderand Minkowski inequalities . 16 2.12 Dominated Convergence Theorem . 17 2.13 Lp spaces . 18 2.14 Egorov theorem . 20 1 3 Extension of a measure 20 3.1 Hereditary families . 20 3.2 Extension of a measure by null sets . 21 3.3 Complete measures . 21 3.4 External measures . 21 3.5 External measure generated by a measure . 23 3.6 Extension of a measure to localizable sets . 24 3.7 Sum-finite measures . 25 3.8 Boolean rings . 25 3.9 Measures on Boolean rings .
    [Show full text]