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Candidato Loredana Nalli-Tesi Di Dottorato in Diritti

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Candidato Loredana Nalli-Tesi Di Dottorato in Diritti 1 Indice Introduzione..................................................................................................................4 Parte prima. La communis doctrina. Giulio Claro, Tiberio Deciani e Prospero Farinacci .........................................................................................................................17 1. Donne protagoniste del processo penale tra fragilitas sexus e capacità di agire..........................................................................................................................24 1. I criteri per l’individuazione del tribunale competente.............................24 2. L’introduzione del giudizio penale: donne e potere di accusa.................35 3. Le prove del reato: dolo e movente...............................................................43 3.1. Il sistema delle presunzioni....................................................................45 3.2. La prova testimoniale..............................................................................50 3.3. La tortura...................................................................................................54 4. L’applicazione della pena...............................................................................56 4.1. La carcerazione.........................................................................................57 4.2. La carcerazione delle meretrici...............................................................60 5. La ‘scusabilità’ del reato..................................................................................62 6. La meretrice nell’esecuzione capitale di un uomo......................................64 2. L’incidenza del sesso e dello status sulla realizzazione della fattispecie. I reati sessuali............................................................................................................67 1. L’adulterio.........................................................................................................67 2. Lo stuprum .........................................................................................................79 3. L’aborto..............................................................................................................85 4. Il parto supposto..............................................................................................87 5. Il concubinato...................................................................................................89 6. Il ratto................................................................................................................92 3. Duo in carne una : la rilevanza in ambito penale del matrimonio e del vincolo di sangue..................................................................................................................95 2 1. Complicità nel reato: l’opinione dissonante di Prospero Farinacci.............................................................................................................95 2. Episodi domestici al confine della legalità: la verberatio e l’incuria del marito...............................................................................................................100 3. Un’eccezione al principio della responsabilità personale dell’illecito: il vincolo di sangue nel crimen lesae maiestatis ...............................................103 Parte seconda. Il Regno di Sicilia ..............................................................................106 1. Donne e processo penale.....................................................................................107 1. Il sistema delle fonti........................................................................................107 2. La giurisdizione penale tra Federico II ed Alfonso V.................................112 3. Le miserabiles personae : i privilegi di vedive e vergini.................................115 4. Il tribunale non era un luogo adatto alle donne: accusa e presenza in giudizio.............................................................................................................126 5. La testimonianza..............................................................................................137 6. Tribunale competente e privilegium fori ........................................................143 6.1 Dispute dottrinarie attorno ai privilegi di foro ....................................147 7. La ‘restitutio in integrum’...............................................................................151 8. La possibilità di accordaris fino alla sentenza: un privilegio speciale dei cittadini di Palermo.........................................................................................153 2. I crimini sessuali più ricorrenti nella normativa del Regno.............................159 1. Lo stuprum ........................................................................................................159 2. L’adulterio........................................................................................................167 Appendice 1. La legislazione.........................................................................................175 Appendice 2. Le consuetudini.......................................................................................197 Appendice 3. La dottrina..............................................................................................208 Fonti..................................................................................................................................311 Bibliografia.......................................................................................................................313 3 Introduzione Il presente lavoro si propone come obiettivo quello di ricostruire il profilo processualpenalistico delle donne relativamente ai secoli XVI e XVII, con un interesse particolare per il contesto specifico del Regno di Sicilia. La scelta del tema della ricerca è apparsa necessaria in quanto sul ruolo delle donne nel processo penale in età moderna non esiste a tutt’oggi uno studio complessivo, né il tema è stato trattato in forma parziale, relativa, ad esempio, ad una fase specifica del processo penale. Pertanto, non si poteva attendere oltre per aggiungere tale ulteriore tassello al panorama storiografico. Per meglio mettere a fuoco i risultati dell’indagine e per evidenziare le peculiarità proprie del contesto siciliano si è ritenuto opportuno articolare in lavoro in due parti. In particolare, la prima parte, recante il titolo “La communis doctrina : Giulio Claro, Tiberio Deciani e Prospero Farinacci”, contiene una ricostruzione della condizione giuridica delle donne in ambito penale condotta attraverso l’analisi dei trattati di diritto criminale di tre autori cinquecenteschi comunemente ritenuti i maggiori esponenti della prima dottrina penalistica,1 Tiberio Deciani (1509- 1587), Giulio Claro (1525-1575) e Prospero Farinacci (1544- 1618). Nella seconda parte, invece, si portano alla luce gli esiti dell’analisi compiuta sulle fonti del Regno di Sicilia, 1 I. BIROCCHI , Alla ricerca dell’ordine. Fonti e cultura giuridica nell’età moderna , pp. 253-269. 4 che mostrano una sostanziale omogeneità di pensiero dei giuristi moderni, posto che la realtà siciliana mostra un forte radicamento a livello culturale di una tradizionale politica di protezione attuata dai sovrani, che si sono succeduti sin dalla fondazione del Regno, nei confronti delle donne. Sul sistema giudiziario penale siciliano di età moderna, e quindi sul processo penale, si sa veramente poco. L’unico studio organico sulla giustizia criminale nel Cinquecento, di recente pubblicazione, è quello di Rosalba Sorice, 2 la quale tenta una ricostruzione dell’apparato giudiziario criminale, delle norme che regolavano il processo penale, nonché dei profili istituzionali del supremo tribunale del Regno, giudice di appello per le cause penali, cioè la Regia Gran Corte. Prima di lei, solo Andrea Romano aveva ripercorso la storia della Gran Corte 3 e aveva fornito poche altre notizie sulle strutture giudiziarie del Regno e sulla riforma della giustizia posta in essere da Alfonso V nel 1446, 4 affrontando un tema anticipato anche da Beatrice Pasciuta. 5 Si tratta insomma di una lacuna evidente negli studi e tanto più eclatante in quanto, invece, sull’impianto giurisdizionale del Regno al tempo di 2 R. SORICE , “…Quae omnia bonus iudex considerabit…”. La giustizia criminale nel Regno di Sicilia (secolo XVI) . 3 A. ROMANO , La Regia Gran Corte del Regno di Sicilia , pp. 111-161. 4 A. ROMANO , Tribunali, Giudici e Sentenze nel “Regnum Siciliae”, pp. 211- 301, in particolare pp. 246-259; ID., Note sull’ordinamento giudiziario del Regno di Sicilia, p. 218 e ss. 5 B. PASCIUTA , In Regia Curia civiliter convenire , pp. 41-68; ID., La legislazione alfonsina in materia giudiziaria in Sicilia: una sistematizzazione?, pp. 641-656. 5 Federico II è stata prodotta un’abbondante letteratura storiografica. 6 L’analisi a tutto tondo di una realtà particolare, quale quella siciliana, viene senz’altro arricchita se alla sua descrizione si premette una parte generale, in questo caso sulla scienza criminalistica contemporanea, che – attraverso la comparazione – faciliti l’individuazione e la comprensione delle peculiarità così come delle uniformità rispetto ai principi e agli orientamenti dettati dalla dottrina. Com’è noto, di diritto penale come scienza si comincia a parlare soltanto a partire dal XVI secolo. Fino ad allora glossatori e commentatori avevano dedicato poco spazio alla
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