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Downloaded on 2017-02-12T08:16:26Z Title Redefining military memorials and commemoration and how they have changed since the 19th century with a focus on Anglo-American practice Author(s) Levesque, J. M. André Publication date 2013 Original citation Levesque, J. M. A. 2013. Redefining military memorials and commemoration and how they have changed since the 19th century with a focus on Anglo-American practice. PhD Thesis, University College Cork. Type of publication Doctoral thesis Link to publisher's http://library.ucc.ie/record=b2095603 version Access to the full text of the published version may require a subscription. Rights © 2013, J. M. André Levesque. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Embargo information No embargo required Item downloaded http://hdl.handle.net/10468/1677 from Downloaded on 2017-02-12T08:16:26Z REDEFINING MILITARY MEMORIALS AND COMMEMORATION AND HOW THEY HAVE TH CHANGED SINCE THE 19 CENTURY WITH A FOCUS ON ANGLO-AMERICAN PRACTICE Thesis presented for the degree of Ph.D. by Joseph Marc André Levesque, M.A. Completed under the supervision of Dr. Michael B. Cosgrave, School of History, National University of Ireland, Cork Head of School of History – Professor Geoffrey Roberts September 2013 1 2 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 1 - LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................ 15 Concepts and Sites of Collective Memory................................................. 106 Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris – 1804 ................................................... 115 CHAPTER 2 - CREATING A GENERAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM . 119 Classifying by Themes, Sentiments, Purpose or Shapes ........................... 120 Types of Memorials ................................................................................... 125 War Memorials ...................................................................................... 125 Operational Memorials .......................................................................... 127 Commemorative Memorials .................................................................. 128 Structural Memorials ............................................................................. 133 Ships, Weapons, Vehicles, and Aircraft ................................................ 159 Geo-memorials ....................................................................................... 162 Named Trophies and Awards................................................................. 164 Forms of Memorials ................................................................................... 165 Trophy and Panoply ............................................................................... 166 Eternal Flame ......................................................................................... 169 Tomb of the Unknown ........................................................................... 175 Cross ...................................................................................................... 181 Blomfield’s Cross of Sacrifice ............................................................... 182 Lutyens’ War Cross ............................................................................... 182 Memorial Cross ...................................................................................... 184 Remembrance Crosses ........................................................................... 186 Lutyens’ Stone of Remembrance ........................................................... 187 Cenotaph ................................................................................................ 188 Poppy ..................................................................................................... 189 Easter Lily .............................................................................................. 191 Rolling Memorials ................................................................................. 192 Living and Static Memorials ...................................................................... 194 CHAPTER 3 - RECOGNIZING MILITARY LEGACIES ........................... 195 Pericles’ Funeral Oration – 431 BC ........................................................... 195 Relevance since the 19th Century .............................................................. 197 The Wellington Testimonial – 1817-1861 ............................................. 201 3 The Washington Monument – 1848-1885 ............................................. 203 Columns and Obelisks in Canada since 1808 ........................................ 205 CHAPTER 4 - PUBLIC MEMORY AND COMMEMORATION .............. 229 Political Memorialization........................................................................... 230 The Bronze Horsemen Monument to Peter the Great – 1782 ................ 231 Mills’ Equestrian Statues of Andrew Jackson – 1852-1880 .................. 233 Celebrating Reconciliation between Nations ......................................... 234 The Legend of Cúchulainn and Sheppard’s Statue – 1935 .................... 240 Commemorating Unique Friendships .................................................... 244 Honouring a Formidable Adversary ...................................................... 247 Spiritual Influences .................................................................................... 250 The Observance of Remembrance ............................................................. 266 Signs of Remembrance .............................................................................. 276 CHAPTER 5 - ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF COMMEMORATION ........................................................................................................................ 303 Elements that Compose Commemoration ............................................. 303 The Principles or the Three ‘R’s’ of Commemoration .......................... 304 Recognition ................................................................................................ 305 Honours and Awards.............................................................................. 306 State Funerals ......................................................................................... 321 Respect ....................................................................................................... 341 Aboriginal History of Commemoration ................................................. 345 Reflection ................................................................................................... 368 Pardons, Internment Camps and Holocaust Victims ............................. 369 Firsts and Lasts ...................................................................................... 376 The American Civil War – 1861-1865 .................................................. 390 Bombing during the Second World War ............................................... 401 Animals in War ...................................................................................... 410 CHAPTER 6 - THE FORGING OF A NEW IDENTITY ............................. 417 Memorials since Peacekeeping Operations ............................................... 417 Remembrance since 11 September 2001 ................................................... 427 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 435 CHRONOLOGY OF MILITARY MEMORIALS (315-2012) ..................... 447 4 GLOSSARY .................................................................................................. 451 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 459 Interviews ................................................................................................... 459 Newspapers & Periodicals ......................................................................... 460 Unpublished Thesis .................................................................................... 461 Books ......................................................................................................... 462 Papers and Articles .................................................................................... 491 News Releases ....................................................................................... 495 Survey Polls ........................................................................................... 495 Websites ..................................................................................................... 495 Videos ........................................................................................................ 497 5 I declare that the thesis submitted is my own work and has not been submitted for another degree, either at University College Cork or elsewhere. _________________________ André Levesque 6 ABSTRACT This thesis is a study of military memorials and commemoration with a focus on Anglo-American practice. The main question is: How has history defined military memorials and commemoration and how have they changed since the 19th century. In an effort to resolve this, the work examines both historic and contemporary forms of memorials and commemoration and establishes that remembrance in sites of collective memory has been influenced by politics, conflicts and religion. Much has been written since the Great War about remembrance
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