Primary Hematite in Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic Oceans
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Expedition 369 Thin Sections, Site U1512
Site U1512 core descriptions Thin sections THIN SECTION LABEL ID 369-U1512A-5R-4-W 72/75-TSB-TS1 Thin section no.: 1 Observer: CW Unit/subunit: II-a Thin section summary: A silty clay with moderately developed lamination and rare burrows. The sediment sample is moderately sorted and is comprised of silt-sized angular mineral grains including common quartz and trace amounts of feldspar hosted within a clay-rich matrix. Rare grains are sand sized. Other minerals/bioclasts present in common and trace amounts include muscovite mica, biotite mica, tubular bioclast fragments and poorly developed/fragmented radiolarians. Plane-polarized: 43920161 Cross-polarized: 43920141 Sediments and Sedimentary Rock Complete Lithology Name: silty clay Remarks: GRAIN SIZE Gravel Sand Silt Clay Percent 0 5 25 70 COMPOSITION Siliciclastic Calcareous Biosiliceous Mineral grains (%) 94 5 1 Cement (%) 94 5 1 MINERAL GRAIN ROUNDNESS MINERAL GRAIN SORTING angular moderate Mineral grain Abundance Quartz C Microcline feldspar T Clay D Calcite R D=dominant, A=abundant, C=common, R=rare, T=trace 369-U1512A-5R-4-W 72/75-TSB-TS1 Page 1 of 1 Site U1512 core descriptions Thin sections THIN SECTION LABEL ID 369-U1512A-13R-5-W 26/29-TSB-TS2 Thin section no.: 2 Observer: CW Unit/subunit: II-b Thin section summary: A possible sideritic siltstone, with quartz, glauconite, and Fe-oxide. The rock sample is moderately sorted and is comprised of silt-sized siderite grains hosted within a clay-rich matrix. Silt-sized quartz grains are common throughout. Pore spaces are also comprised of quartz cements. The rock sample is likely reworked from a proximal source area on the slope due to the angularity of the grains. -
Bedrock Geology Glossary from the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W
Minnesota Bedrock Geology Glossary From the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W. Ojakangas Sedimentary Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that formed from the consolidation of loose sediment Conglomerate: A coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of pebbles, cobbles, or boul- ders set in a fine-grained matrix of silt and sand. Dolostone: A sedimentary rock composed of the mineral dolomite, a calcium magnesium car- bonate. Graywacke: A sedimentary rock made primarily of mud and sand, often deposited by turbidi- ty currents. Iron-formation: A thinly bedded sedimentary rock containing more than 15 percent iron. Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate. Mudstone: A sedimentary rock composed of mud. Sandstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Shale: A deposit of clay, silt, or mud solidified into more or less a solid rock. Siltstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Igneous and Volcanic Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that solidified from cooling of molten magma Basalt: A black or dark grey volcanic rock that consists mainly of microscopic crystals of pla- gioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and perhaps olivine. Diorite: A plutonic igneous rock intermediate in composition between granite and gabbro. Gabbro: A dark igneous rock consisting mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene in crystals large enough to see with a simple magnifier. Gabbro has the same composition as basalt but contains much larger mineral grains because it cooled at depth over a longer period of time. Granite: An igneous rock composed mostly of orthoclase feldspar and quartz in grains large enough to see without using a magnifier. Most granites also contain mica and amphibole Rhyolite: A felsic (light-colored) volcanic rock, the extrusive equivalent of granite. -
Depositional Setting of Algoma-Type Banded Iron Formation Blandine Gourcerol, P Thurston, D Kontak, O Côté-Mantha, J Biczok
Depositional Setting of Algoma-type Banded Iron Formation Blandine Gourcerol, P Thurston, D Kontak, O Côté-Mantha, J Biczok To cite this version: Blandine Gourcerol, P Thurston, D Kontak, O Côté-Mantha, J Biczok. Depositional Setting of Algoma-type Banded Iron Formation. Precambrian Research, Elsevier, 2016. hal-02283951 HAL Id: hal-02283951 https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02283951 Submitted on 11 Sep 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Accepted Manuscript Depositional Setting of Algoma-type Banded Iron Formation B. Gourcerol, P.C. Thurston, D.J. Kontak, O. Côté-Mantha, J. Biczok PII: S0301-9268(16)30108-5 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.04.019 Reference: PRECAM 4501 To appear in: Precambrian Research Received Date: 26 September 2015 Revised Date: 21 January 2016 Accepted Date: 30 April 2016 Please cite this article as: B. Gourcerol, P.C. Thurston, D.J. Kontak, O. Côté-Mantha, J. Biczok, Depositional Setting of Algoma-type Banded Iron Formation, Precambrian Research (2016), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres. 2016.04.019 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. -
Economic Geology Report ER79-4: Porphyritic Intrusions and Related
MANITOBA CANADA DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND MINES MANITOBA MINERAL RESOURCES DIVISION ECONOMIC GEOLOGY REPORT ER79-4 PORPHYRITIC INTRUSIONS AND RELATED MINERALIZATION IN THE FLIN FLON VOLCANIC BELT by D.A. BALDWIN 1980 Funding for this project was provided under the cost-shared Canada-Manitoba Non-renewable Resources Evaluation Program by the Canada Department of Energy, Mines and Resources and the Manitoba Department of Mines, Resources and Environmental Management. MANITOBA DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND MINES HON. DONALD W. CRAIK PAUL E. JARVIS Minister Deputy Minister MINERAL RESOURCES DIVISION IAN HAUGH Executive Director ECONOMIC GEOLOGY REPORT ER79-4 PORPHYRITIC INTRUSIONS AND RELATED MINERALIZATION IN THE FLIN FLON VOLCANIC BELT by D.A. BALDWIN 1980 LEGEND I Cliff Lake Stock 5 Elbow Lake Stock 2 Whitefish Lake Porphyry 6 Fourmile Island Intrusion 3 Alberts Lake Intrusion 7 Chisel Lake Intrusion 4 Nisto Lake Intrusion 8 Wekusko Lake Intrusion ,~ -./ - -, I \." ~herridon '" , ;. <,.... ,1 if 55°00' 55°00' c, t,:) ,J -3 , I"" . c;? '" 1[' . ::t} \'''If!? ~,/J~ /j' ., ~), F lin.~ i;\))F ' I,".!0l~' ,d ' ;)/", ' ~.;'. l ;' ~" ,r~n ;t j; (I:/,1 ,r Lake ' \\ ;\~ ' ~i'/ 'lUi':;- -'i' //{ ,'/ , ,\" ,,/,1,1 pI , .h .(,1;' '\:. (IiI' ' .. '~'4_hl i / 'Y{j,'{:" 5 2.5 a 10 15 KILOMETRES J!) "'.t3 f3,F-"\ ---- :i~ f)J~c~. V 99°30' ">/)AfhapaplJskoj¥ !ZJ Porphyritic Intrusive Rocks 54°30' ! ,1 Lake .; ... 100°30' D Felsic Volcanic Rocks FIGURE 1: Distribution of porphyritic intrusive and felsic volcanic rocks in the Flin Flon volcanic belt, TABLE OF -
Metamorphism
Title page INTRODUCING METAMORPHISM Ian Sanders DUNEDIN EDINBURGH LONDON Contents Contents v Preface ix Acknowledgements x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is metamorphism? 1 1.1.1 Protoliths 1 1.1.2 Changes to the minerals 1 1.1.3 Changes to the texture 3 1.1.4 Naming metamorphic rocks 3 1.2 Metamorphic rocks – made under mountains 3 1.2.1 Mountain building 3 1.2.2 Directed stress, pressure and temperature in a mountain’s roots 4 1.2.3 Exhumation of a mountain’s roots 6 1.3 Metamorphism in local settings 6 1.3.1 Contact metamorphism 7 1.3.2 Hydrothermal metamorphism 7 1.3.3 Dynamic metamorphism 9 1.3.4 Shock metamorphism 9 2 The petrography of metamorphic rocks 11 2.1 Quartzite and metapsammite 11 2.1.1 Quartzite 11 2.1.2 Metapsammite 13 2.2 Metapelite 13 2.2.1 Slate 14 2.2.2 Phyllite and low-grade schist 16 2.2.3 Minerals and textures of medium-grade schist 17 2.2.4 The regional distribution of minerals in low- and medium-grade schist 20 2.2.5 Pelitic gneiss and migmatite 22 2.2.6 Metapelite in a contact aureole 23 2.2.7 The significance of Al2SiO5 for inferring metamorphic conditions 23 2.3 Marble 24 2.3.1 Pure calcite marble 24 2.3.2 Impure marble 26 2.3.3 Metasediments with mixed compositions 29 CONTENTS 2.4 Metabasite 30 2.4.1 Six kinds of metabasite from regional metamorphic belts 31 2.4.2 The ACF triangle for minerals in metabasites 36 2.4.3 P–T stability of metabasites, and metamorphic facies 38 vi 2.4.4 A metabasite made by contact metamorphism 40 2.5 Metagranite 41 2.5.1 Granitic gneiss and orthogneiss 41 2.5.2 Dynamic metamorphism -
Thin Section Petrography for Ceramic Glaze Microstructures
minerals Commentary Breaking Preconceptions: Thin Section Petrography For Ceramic Glaze Microstructures Roberta Di Febo 1,2,3,*, Lluís Casas 4 , Jordi Rius 5, Riccardo Tagliapietra 6 and Joan Carles Melgarejo 7 1 Dept. de Ciències de l’Antiguitat i Edad Mitjana, Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici B, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain 2 Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics (UEA), Plaça d’en Rovellat, s/n, 43003 Tarragona, Spain 3 U Science Tech, MECAMAT group, University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia, C. De la Laura 13, 08500 Catalonia, Spain 4 Departament de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; [email protected] 5 Institute de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; [email protected] 6 Renishaw S.p.A Via dei Prati 5, 10044 Pianezza (TO), Italia; [email protected] 7 Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +34-977-249-133 Received: 16 December 2018; Accepted: 12 February 2019; Published: 15 February 2019 Abstract: During the last thirty years, microstructural and technological studies on ceramic glazes have been essentially carried out through the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). On the contrary, optical microscopy (OM) has been considered of limited use in solving the very complex and fine-scale microstructures associated with ceramic glazes. -
Optical Mineralogy in a Nutshell
Optical Mineralogy in a Nutshell Use of the petrographic microscope Slides borrowed/adapted from Jane Selverstone (University of New Mexico) and John Winter (Whitman College) Why use the petrographic microscope? • Identify minerals (no guessing!) • Determine rock type • Determine crystallization sequence • Document deformation history • Observe frozen-in reactions • Constrain P-T history • Note weathering/alteration • Fun, powerful, and cheap! The petrographic microscope Also called a polarizing microscope In order to use the scope, we need to understand a little about the physics of light, and then learn some tools and tricks… Polarized Light Microscopy Isotropic materials, which include gases, liquids, unstressed glasses and cubic crystals, demonstrate the same From Nikon optical properties in all directions. They have only one refractive index and no restriction on the vibration direction of light passing through them. Anisotropic materials, in contrast, which include 90 percent of all solid substances, have optical properties that vary with the orientation of incident light with the crystallographic axes. Anisotropic materials act as beam splitters and divide light rays into two parts. The technique of polarizing microscopy exploits the interference of the split light rays, as they are re-united along the same optical path to extract information about these materials. What happens as light moves through the scope? plane polarised light (single vibration direction) unpolarised light (all possible vibration directions) 1) Light passes -
Statistics and Segmentation: Using Big Data to Assess Cascades Arc
This article is a non-peer reviewed preprint published at EarthArXiv. The article is in review by Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1 Statistics and segmentation: 2 Using Big Data to assess Cascades Arc compositional variability 3 Bradley W. Pitcher1 and Adam JR. Kent2 4 5 1Earth and Environmental Sciences department, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 32701. 6 Email: [email protected] 7 2College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333. 8 Email: [email protected] 9 10 11 Abstract 12 Primitive lavas erupted in the Cascades arc of western North America demonstrate significant 13 patterns of along-arc heterogeneity. Such compositional diversity may be the result of 14 differences in mantle melting processes, subduction geometry, regional tectonics, or 15 compositions of the slab, mantle or overlying lithosphere. Previous authors have partitioned the 16 arc into four geochemically distinct segments in order to assess the importance and relative roles 17 of these potential causes (Schmidt et al., 2008). However, despite the immense amount of data 18 available from the Cascade arc, no previous study has utilized a statistical approach on a 19 comprehensive dataset to address such a fundamental petrologic question. To better characterize 20 the heterogeneity of the entire arc, we compiled >250,000 isotopic, major, and trace element 21 analyses (glass and whole rock) from nearly 13,000 samples. To minimize inherent sampling 22 bias – the effect where well-studied volcanoes heavily weight conclusions – we use a weighted 23 bootstrap Monte Carlo approach in which the probability of a sample being selected to the 24 posterior distribution was inversely proportional to the number of samples within its 0.25° 25 latitude bin. -
Processing and Characterization of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Composites for High Temperature Applications Using Polymer Precursors
PROCESSING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BASALT FIBER REINFORCED CERAMIC COMPOSITES FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS USING POLYMER PRECURSORS Sarah B. Cox, Donovan Lui, Xin Wang, Jihua Gou Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Central Florida Orlando, FL, 32816 ABSTRACT The development of high temperature structural composite materials has been very limited due to the high cost of the materials and the processing needed. Ceramics can take much higher temperatures, but they are difficult to produce and form in bulk volumes. Polymer Derived Ceramics (PDCs) begin as a polymer matrix, allowing a shape to be formed and cured and then to be pyrolized in order to obtain a ceramic with the associated thermal and mechanical properties. The two PDCs used in this development are polysiloxane and polycarbosilane. Polysiloxanes contain a silicon oxycarbide backbone when pyrolized up to 1000°C. Polycarbosilane, an organosilicon polymer, contain a silicon-carbon backbone; around 1200°C, β-SiC begins to crystallize. The use of basalt in structural and high temperature applications has been under development for over 50 years, yet there has been little published research on the incorporation of basalt fibers as a reinforcement in composites. Basalt is a naturally occurring material found in volcanic rock. Continuous basalt fiber reinforced PDCs have been fabricated and tested for the applicability of this composite system as a high temperature structural composite material. Thermal and mechanical testing includes oxyacetylene torch testing and three point bend testing. 1. INTRODUCTION In the aerospace industry, as the need for high performance vehicles grows, the need for materials which can meet these high performance levels becomes even more important. -
Petrographic Descriptions of Thin Sections of Drill Cuttings from KCM No
Petrographic descriptions of thin sections of drill cuttings from KCM No. 1 Forest Federal well, Hidalgo County, New Mexico 6f ?s Antonius J. Budding and Ronald F. Broadhead New Mexico Institute of Nining and Technology 1977 Open File Report of the Neb7 Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Socorro, Neb7 Mexico ~ ' Open-file ~ =Port 75 Introduction. This report contains petrographic descripdons of thin sections prepared from drill cuttings of the KCM No. 1 ForestFederal well, . Hidalgo County, New Mexico. The descriptionsare intended to be used in conjunction with the thin sections and can serve as a guide to their study. Each description is accompanied by a photomicrograph and sketches of pertinent parts of the thin section. The reader is referred to Circular 152 of the New Mexico Bureau of Mines andMineral Resources, entitled "Geology, PetroleumSource Rocks, andThermal Metamorphism in KCM No. 1 Forest Federal Well, Hidalgo County, New I.Iexico", compiled by SamThompson 111, for addi- tionalinformation. Thin sections prepared from drill cuttings of KCM No. 1 FF-well. Depth ft.in NameRock 50 micriticlimestoneSilty 210 Quartz Latite 230 Quartz Latite 270a Sandy dolomitic Limestone 270b Sandy dolomitic Limestone 320 Argillaceous Limestone 380 Limestone 450 Biomicritic Limestone 480 Biomicritic Limestone 5 20 Micritic Limestone 640 Limestone 760 Dolomitic Limes tone 800 Calcareous Mudstone 1080 Calcareous Mudstone 1210 Calcareous Mudstone 1230 Sandy, Calcareous Mudstone 1810 Argillaceous Limestone 1920 Micritic Limestone 2010 Tremolite-bearing Limestone 2280 Diopside Marble 2360 Diopside-wollastonite Marble 2460 Wollastonite hornfels and Quartz Monzonite 2640 Wollastonite Marble 2660 Cherty Limestone 2820a Wollastonite' MazbTe 2820b Wollastonite Marble 2960 Quartz Monzonite 3130a Quartz Monzonite 3130b Quartz Monzonite 3380 Diopside Marble 3680a Diopside Marble 3680b Wollastonite Marble 3740a Marble . -
Data of Geochemistry
Data of Geochemistry ' * Chapter W. Chemistry of the Iron-rich Sedimentary Rocks GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 440-W Data of Geochemistry MICHAEL FLEISCHER, Technical Editor Chapter W. Chemistry of the Iron-rich Sedimentary Rocks By HAROLD L. JAMES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 440-W Chemical composition and occurrence of iron-bearing minerals of sedimentary rocks, and composition, distribution, and geochemistry of ironstones and iron-formations UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 45 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Face Abstract. _ _______________________________ Wl Chemistry of iron-rich rocks, etc. Continued Introduction. _________ ___________________ 1 Oxide facies Continued Iron minerals of sedimentary rocks __ ______ 2 Hematitic iron-formation of Precambrian age__ W18 Iron oxides __ _______________________ 2 Magnetite-rich rocks of Mesozoic and Paleozoic Goethite (a-FeO (OH) ) and limonite _ 2 age___________-__-._____________ 19 Lepidocrocite (y-FeO(OH) )________ 3 Magnetite-rich iron-formation of Precambrian Hematite (a-Fe2O3) _ _ _ __ ___. _ _ 3 age._____-__---____--_---_-------------_ 21 Maghemite (7-Fe203) __ __________ 3 Silicate facies_________________________________ 21 Magnetite (Fe3O4) ________ _ ___ 3 Chamositic ironstone____--_-_-__----_-_---_- 21 3 Silicate iron-formation of Precambrian age_____ 22 Iron silicates 4 Glauconitic rocks__-_-____--------__-------- 23 4 Carbonate facies______-_-_-___-------_---------- 23 Greenalite. ________________________________ 6 Sideritic rocks of post-Precambrian age._______ 24 Glauconite____ _____________________________ 6 Sideritic iron-formation of Precambrian age____ 24 Chlorite (excluding chamosite) _______________ 7 Sulfide facies___________________________ 25 Minnesotaite. -
Oligocene and Miocene Arc Volcanism in Northeastern California: Evidence for Post-Eocene Segmentation of the Subducting Farallon Plate
Origin and Evolution of the Sierra Nevada themed issue Oligocene and Miocene arc volcanism in northeastern California: Evidence for postEocene segmentation of the subducting Farallon plate Joseph P. Colgan1,*, Anne E. Egger2, David A. John1, Brian Cousens3, Robert J. Fleck1, and Christopher D. Henry4 1U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Mail Stop 973, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA 2Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA 3Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S5B6 4Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA ABSTRACT sitionally similar to Oligocene rocks in the Unlike the western Cascades, however, vol Warner Range. They are distinctly different canic rocks of the ancestral Cascades are a subset The Warner Range in northeastern Cali- from younger (Late Miocene to Pliocene) of a diverse and widespread suite of Cenozoic fornia exposes a section of Tertiary rocks over high-Al, low-K olivine tholeiites, which are volcanic rocks erupted across the Basin and 3 km thick, offering a unique opportunity to more mafic (46%–49% SiO2), did not build Range Province since the Eocene. The ancestral study the long-term history of Cascade arc large edifices, and are thought to be related Cascades samples plotted in Figure 1 are those volcanism in an area otherwise covered by to backarc extension. The Warner Range is considered by du Bray et al. (2009) to be plausi younger volcanic rocks. The oldest locally