DOCSLIB.ORG

Patient Centricity in Pharmacovigilance: New Directions and New Horizons for Transformation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Patient Centricity in Pharmacovigilance: New Directions and New Horizons for Transformation patient centricity in pharmacovigilance: new directions and new horizons for transformation Supriya Desai he importance of Patient-centric innovation will be at the heart pharmacovigilance (PV) as a of the transformation of PV over the next science, critical to both effective couple of decades and this will likely forever change PV as we know it today. But are we patient care in clinical practice and public T really prepared to implement patient-centric health is growing. Patient-centeredness approaches in PV? What steps are required to and patient safety have emerged as core bring safety to patients, as opposed to elements in today’s interactive and bringing patients to safety? responsive healthcare systems. As patients take more interest in their Patient-centred health and healthcare, they support the implementation in PV maxim of ‘‘Nothing about me, without In Europe, the EU Directive 2010/84/EU and EU me’’ and expect caregivers to engage in Regulation No. 1235/2010 provide shared decision making, so that the recommendations, developed by the patients’ voice is always included. European Patients’ Forum, for patient-centred implementation for PV. These recommendations are intended to lead to a Patients usually report adverse drug reactions strong, open and transparent PV system that (ADRs) to their doctors. However, since only ensures the confidence of patients, healthcare 5% of doctors are estimated to participate in PV, traditional mechanisms may not be professionals (HCPs) and regulators alike and represents a step forward for safe, high efficient in ensuring adequate safety 3,4 reporting. Data from studies indicate that quality and patient-centred healthcare . systems which enable direct recording of patient concerns may identify new drug safety The Directive 2010/84/EU amends the signals earlier than professional reporting definition of ADRs to include medication 1 errors and misuse as part of ADR reporting to systems alone . This emphasises that the Supriya Desai MD, PGDBM is a patients’ role in actively reporting ADRs is key help collect more information on the real-life Clinical Research and to building a better PV ecosystem. working of medicines, when used in different Pharmacovigilance (PV) circumstances by different people. Products, Executive with over 16 years of experience in clinical practice Public health programmes and responsible subject to additional monitoring (e.g. products and in various leadership roles in media coverage aimed at increasing access to with new active substances, biologics) need to the healthcare industry including clinical research, drug safety and drug information has led patients in many be identified by a black symbol with a PV. In her current role as Medical countries to take greater responsibility for standard explanatory sentence on the Director and Practice Head at packaging indicating that the medicine is Sciformix, she provides scientific their own health. This is reflected in the and operational leadership to a creation of patient charters, patients’ bills of under additional monitoring, what such global medical team (across rights 2 and patient advocacy groups. For monitoring means and the reasons behind it, India, Philippines and US); without creating unwarranted alarm so that involved in medical review example, patients with HIV/AIDS have been activities across instrumental in creating international patients do not stop their treatment pharmacovigilance, safety awareness of disease impact, improving unnecessarily. This transparency is paramount writing, signal management and allied safety surveillance access to therapies and communication of to ensure patients’ trust in the functioning of activities, spanning diverse associated medication risks. the PV system. therapeutic areas. PharmacoVigilance Revıew • Volume 8 Number 4 • November 2015 7 The shift from pure safety analysis to benefit– centres. Medical concepts need to be risk evaluation and thereby the overall comprehensively communicated in an implementation approach for an effective understandable and accessible format to patient-centric PV model is entrenched in four patients. Involvement of patient organisations main steps; namely to educate, encourage, as experts for development of safety engage and enable patients, as outlined in information as well as for set-up and Figure 1 . development of the national web portals on medicines is critical. Step 1: Education and encouragement The growing commercial relevance of emerging markets coupled with lower levels One of the key approaches in patient-centric of patient awareness in these regions poses a PV is raising patient awareness regarding the specific challenge and would likely limit the importance of reporting ADRs and continually success of patient-centric measures in a global highlighting the critical role they can play in PV environment. In this context, involving PV, right from safety reporting through risk HCPs like pharmacists, nurses or physicians communication. builds upon existing relationships between Targeted educational initiatives include providers and patients and helps activate their training programmes to directly train patients to participate in safety reporting consumers and patients regarding adverse activities. Reported information can be acted event (AE) reporting systems, as well as train upon by the HCP or reported to other HCPs, investigator site teams, patient organisations as appropriate and provides a mechanism for and HCPs. Dissemination of product safety providers to report complementary clinical summaries, benefit–risk data and risk information or enable linkage to a medical management plan summaries for public record. Direct appreciation and recognition for consumption on a real-time basis is important patient efforts to report AEs with possible and can be through company websites, provision of some incentives (non-monetary) national web portals and patient information to patients and consumers would further encourage ADR reporting. Step 2: Engage purposefully and enable proactively ADRs are estimated as the fifth largest cause ()*+"&$' of deaths in hospitals 4, yet only around 10% to 25% of all ADRs are reported. Underreporting of ADRs is a serious issue, which undermines the evaluation of safety of medicines. Direct patient participation in reporting drug-related problems can increase the efficiency of the PV system and compensate for some of the shortcomings of systems based on HCP reports only 5. (%0"0$' !"#$%&'' (%",-$' The Directive 2010/84/EU [Article 102(b)] proposes guidance encouraging direct patient reporting of ADRs, via appropriate measures including web-based and alternative formats to the national competent authorities (NCAs). Studies show that patient reports are more valuable compared to HCP reports as patients often report earlier, perceive the impact and (%+.*/"0$' severity of reactions differently and give more detailed descriptions, including specific circumstances in which the reaction occurred. In certain situations, like ADRs resulting from Figure 1: Implementation model for patient- prescribing errors or off-label use of centric pharmacovigilance. medications and ADRs of intimate nature, 8 PharmacoVigilance Revıew • Volume 8 Number 4 • November 2015 direct reporting by patients would enable practice records and pharmacy registries collection of such crucial safety data to ensure within national health systems (containing better medication safety 6. confirmed patient-level health and treatment information) would provide the ability to link Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are data validated patient information (around elements directly reported by patients about diagnosis, co-morbidities, allergies and other experiences with healthcare, symptoms, treatments) for analysis of aggregated safety functional status, or quality of life 7. The Patient data, and help better understand the etiology Reported Outcomes Safety Event Reporting of rare reactions and possible correlation of (PROSPER) Consortium comprises of industry, patient-related genomic data with specific regulatory authority, academic, private sector safety issues 10 . and patient representatives interested in the area of patient reported outcomes of adverse Social media offers another novel channel for events (PRO-AEs). This consortium has put driving patient-centric PV. Most social media forth specific guidance for improved safety activities for PV by companies are focused on reporting by better incorporation of the screening of social media sites to ensure patient’s ‘voice’ and perspectives into adequate safety reporting. Easy, convenient collection of safety data, so that the safety reporting of AEs via simple patient-friendly profile and benefit–risk balance of new and mobile applications (deployed on mobiles, existing medicines is better defined 8. smartphones), monitoring of company- managed websites, health forums and Effective involvement of patients in the AE monitoring of safety data reported on social reporting process is possible by use of novel media sites like Facebook and Twitter are ADR reporting tools and processes like ADR useful in this context 11 . online forms, mobile applications and through local pharmacies. Further, patient involvement Patient engagement in the PV process can in set-up and user-testing of the reporting only be considered truly complete when the systems ensures that the system is fit-for- patients and the public are involved in the purpose and user-friendly. Developing risk management and communication guidelines
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Increasing Health Literacy Among Older Adults: Why It Matters
    INCREASING HEALTH LITERACY AMONG OLDER ADULTS: WHY IT MATTERS Prior to the pandemic, we were beginning to prioritize the need for shared-decision making between older care-recipients and care-providers, to empower patients to make well-informed choices. As we attempt to keep everyone informed about the coronavirus public health crisis, it has become even more important to assess and increase health literacy among older adults. Seniors are more vulnerable to contract the coronavirus and to become ill after being exposed. It is crucial for seniors to understand symptoms and safety precautions. Also, they need to be aware of when it is necessary to go to health care providers or to the emergency room (including for reasons other than the coronavirus). Definition of Health Literacy Health literacy is defined by the CDC as the “degree to which an individual has the capacity to obtain, communicate, process and understand basic health information and services to make appropriate health decisions.” Health literacy levels are associated with a variety of factors, including education, culture, age, and socioeconomic status. Lower levels of health literacy are linked with advanced age. This is related to some changes associated with aging as well as with impairment in sensory status (hearing, vision impairment), with physical health status, and with cognitive processing limitations. Health literacy is a complicated concept. Familiarity with the following play in to the level of health literacy: basic mathematical skills, knowledge about health insurance options, reading comprehension, communication skills, understanding about financial matters, skill in interpreting bar graphs, adeptness with computer use. Those who have lower health literacy levels tend to come into the health care system when they are more ill.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Literacy and Preventive Behaviors Modify the Association Between Pre-Existing Health Conditions and Suspected COVID-19 Symptoms: a Multi-Institutional Survey
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Health Literacy and Preventive Behaviors Modify the Association between Pre-Existing Health Conditions and Suspected COVID-19 Symptoms: A Multi-Institutional Survey 1,2, 3, 4 5,6 7,8 Tan T. Nguyen y, Nga T. Le y , Minh H. Nguyen , Linh V. Pham , Binh N. Do , Hoang C. Nguyen 9,10, Huu C. Nguyen 11,12, Tung H. Ha 13, Hung K. Dao 14, Phuoc B. Nguyen 15, Manh V. Trinh 16, Thinh V. Do 17, Hung Q. Nguyen 18, Thao T. P. Nguyen 19,20 , Nhan P. T. Nguyen 21, Cuong Q. Tran 22,23, Khanh V. Tran 24, Trang T. Duong 25, Thu T. M. Pham 26,27 and Tuyen Van Duong 28,* 1 Department of Orthopedics, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho 941-17, Vietnam; [email protected] 2 Director Office, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital, Can Tho 941-17, Vietnam 3 Allied Health & Human Performance, Higher Degree Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; [email protected] 4 International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan; [email protected] 5 Department of Pulmonary & Cardiovascular Diseases, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital, Hai Phong 042-12, Vietnam; [email protected] 6 Director Office, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital, Hai Phong 042-12, Vietnam 7 Department of Infectious Diseases, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 121-08, Vietnam; [email protected] 8 Division of Military Science, Military Hospital 103, Hanoi 121-08, Vietnam 9 Director
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Health Literacy in Health Outcomes and Health Disparities
    The Role of Health Literacy in Health Outcomes and Health Disparities Michael Paasche-Orlow, MD MA MPH Associate Professor of Medicine Boston University School of Medicine PEPH Webinar: Environmental Health Literacy Literacy Literacy is inherently a functional concept i.e., it is competence in a set of skills relating to a specific domain of human endeavors. Issues About the Concept of Literacy Basic literacy skills (reading, writing, arithmetic) very useful However, really is no one Literacy The demands are contextual Definition of Health Literacy “The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.” Healthy People 2010 Definition of Health Literacy “The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information ,and services, services and needed skills neededto make to make appropriateinformed health health decisions decisions.” and actions. Healthy People 2010 Understand how to use glucometer Interpret blood glucose results Obtain information about an illness Participate in discussions of informed consent Enroll in health insurance plan Conceptual Domains for HL Basic Literacy Skills Prose, Document, Quantitative Self-care tasks Disease specific Interactional Navigation place your bets Health Literacy in America National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) National household survey, 2003, N~20,000 Prose, document, and quantitative literacy English From http://nces.ed.gov/naal/
    [Show full text]
  • Authentic Youth Engagement in Environmental Health Research and Advocacy
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Health, Behavior & Society Faculty Publications Health, Behavior & Society 2-23-2021 Authentic Youth Engagement in Environmental Health Research and Advocacy Kathryn M. Cardarelli University of Kentucky, [email protected] Melinda J. Ickes University of Kentucky, [email protected] Luz Huntington-Moskos University of Louisville Craig Wilmhoff Buckhorn High School Angela Larck University of Cincinnati See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/healthbehavior_facpub Part of the Public Health Commons Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Repository Citation Cardarelli, Kathryn M.; Ickes, Melinda J.; Huntington-Moskos, Luz; Wilmhoff, Craig; Larck, Angela; Pinney, Susan M.; and Hahn, Ellen J., "Authentic Youth Engagement in Environmental Health Research and Advocacy" (2021). Health, Behavior & Society Faculty Publications. 35. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/healthbehavior_facpub/35 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Health, Behavior & Society at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Health, Behavior & Society Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authentic Youth Engagement in Environmental Health Research and Advocacy Digital Object Identifier (DOI) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042154 Notes/Citation Information Published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 18, issue 4, 2154. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
    [Show full text]
  • Adolescent Menstrual Health Literacy in Low, Middle and High-Income Countries: a Narrative Review
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Adolescent Menstrual Health Literacy in Low, Middle and High-Income Countries: A Narrative Review Kathryn Holmes 1,* , Christina Curry 1, Sherry 1 , Tania Ferfolja 1, Kelly Parry 2, Caroline Smith 2,3, Mikayla Hyman 2 and Mike Armour 2,3 1 Centre for Educational Research, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (S.); [email protected] (T.F.) 2 NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; [email protected] (K.P.); [email protected] (C.S.); [email protected] (M.H.); [email protected] (M.A.) 3 Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64247360252 Abstract: Background: Poor menstrual health literacy impacts adolescents’ quality of life and health outcomes across the world. The aim of this systematic review was to identify concerns about menstrual health literacy in low/middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs). Methods: Relevant social science and medical databases were searched for peer-reviewed papers published from January 2008 to January 2020, leading to the identification of 61 relevant studies. Results: A thematic analysis of the data revealed that LMICs report detrimental impacts on Citation: Holmes, K.; Curry, C.; adolescents in relation to menstrual hygiene and cultural issues, while in HICs, issues related to pain Sherry; Ferfolja, T.; Parry, K.; Smith, C.; Hyman, M.; Armour, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Addressing Low Health Literacy to Achieve Racial and Ethnic Health Equity
    HealthHedge Funds Literacy Conference2/28/04 October 2009 Addressing Low Health Literacy to Achieve Racial and Ethnic Health Equity Anne Beal, MD, MPH President Aetna Foundation, Inc. Health Minorities Are More Likely Literacy Conference to Have Diabetes % With Diabetes Diagnosed Undiagnosed 20 Age Adjusted Percent of Population With Diabetes, 1999-2002 18 16 14.8 13.6 14 11.2 12 10.5 9.4 10 8 8 6.6 5.3 6 3.9 3.5 4 2.9 2.8 2 0 Total White Black Mexican Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Health, United States, 2005 2 Health Minorities Have More Complications Literacy Conference Resulting from Diabetes Relative Risk of Amputation Resulting from Diabetes, 1998 2 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1 1 * 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0 White Black Hispanic AIAN API * Whites Are Referent Group Source: Young et al. Effects of Ethnicity and Nephropathy on Lower-extremity Amputation Risk Among Diabetic Veterans. Diabetes Care, 2003; 26:495-501 3 Health Minorities Have Higher Death Rates Literacy Conference Due to Diabetes Age Adjusted Death Rate per 100,000 60 49.5 50 43.2 40 35.6 30 22.2 20 17.4 10 0 White Black Hispanic AIAN API Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Vital Statistics System Health, United States, 2005 4 Health Literacy What Causes Health Disparities? Conference Patient Literacy Co-Morbid Conditions Ease of Lifestyle Changes Quality of Healthcare Cultural Factors Physiologic Response to Meds Environmental Factors Patient
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Health Literacy
    Understanding Health Literacy Implications• for Medicine and Public Health EDITORS Joanne G. Schwartzberg, MD Jonathan B. VanGeest, PhD Claire C. Wang, MD SECTION EDITORS Julie A. Gazmararian, MPH, PhD Ruth M. Parker, MD Rima E. Rudd, ScD Debra L. Rater, DrPH Dean Schillinger, MD 15- Literacy Demands in Health Care Settings: The Patient Perspective Rima E. Rudd, MSPH, SeD; Diane Renzulli, MSPH; Anne Pereira, MD,MPH; and Lawren Daltroy, DrPHt unctional literacy assessments, as discussed in the previous chap- Fters, measure an adult's ability to use the written word to accomplish specific tasks. Materials used in these assessments are drawn from many different contexts to represent the types of tasks adults might be expected to perform in everyday life. Findings from the 1992 National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) indicate that 90 million adults, almost all of whom can read, have difficulty using the written word to accomplish everyday tasks with consistency and accuracy.l,2 Nonetheless, our industrialized nation is an environment that assumes the population has high levels ofliteracy. Signs and bill- boards are ubiquitous and include place markers, advertisements, and warnings. Streets, public squares, buildings, agencies, and institutions are named and numbered. The inside hallways and offices of government programs and service agencies are replete with signs and postings. US adults are surrounded by the written word in public locations and within public and private institutions. They are expected to use reading, writing, and mathematical skills to locate places, follow posted and oral directions and instructions, and complete needed forms.3 For example, consider the demanding environment of a community-based social security office: The Social Security Office is located on a very large and busy street.
    [Show full text]
  • The Health Literacy of America's Adults
    The Health Literacy of America’s Adults Results From the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy U.S. Department of Education NCES 2006–483 The Health Literacy of America’s Adults Results From the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy U.S. Department of Education NCES 2006–483 September 2006 Mark Kutner Elizabeth Greenberg Ying Jin Christine Paulsen American Institutes for Research Sheida White Project Officer National Center for Education Statistics U.S. Department of Education Margaret Spellings Secretary Institute of Education Sciences Grover J.Whitehurst Director National Center for Education Statistics Mark Schneider Commissioner The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and spe- cialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries. NCES activities are designed to address high-priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accu- rate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high-quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained herein is in the public domain. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Health Literacy for Health Equity
    IMPROVING HEALTH LITERACY FOR HEALTH EQUITY 1 CONTENTS Key messages 3 Introduction 4 1.What is literacy? 5 2.What is health literacy? 5 3.Why is health literacy important? 9 4.Health literacy and health inequalities 13 5.Strengthening heath literacy to reduce health inequalities 18 6. What works to improve health literacy and reduce health disparities 19 6.Areas for further research 36 Conclusion 37 References 2 Health Literacy: Key Messages Health literacy incorporates language, literacy and numeracy skills that are used in health settings and for managing health, as well as the ability to access, understand, evaluate, use and navigate health information and services. A person’s health literacy depends both on their own abilities, as well as the efforts of health systems to make their services and information clear and accessible. Health literacy is associated with the social determinants of health, and also has an independent association with some health outcomes and long-term conditions. Some population groups – particularly older people, migrants and ethnic minority groups, disabled people, people with long-term illnesses, and people from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds with limited educational skills - are disproportionately affected by both limited general literacy and health literacy. Improving the health literacy of disadvantaged or vulnerable groups can reduce health inequalities because research suggests that health literacy plays a larger role among those with lower education than among those with higher education, in terms of health outcomes. To improve the health literacy of people with low literacy, the following strategies are recommended: 1. Make health information as clear and accessible as possible - simplifying materials using plain and direct language, pictures and symbols.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing and Addressing Health Literacy
    2/19/2018 Assessing and Addressing Health Literacy Assessing and Addressing Health Literacy Sandy Cornett, PhD, RN Abstract The ability to communicate effectively with patients who have low health literacy depends on our ability to recognize this problem and to create a patient-centered and shame-free healthcare environment. Because of the shame and embarrassment these patients experience, they often use their well-developed coping skills to mask their limited literacy. Although a number of reading- and comprehension-assessment tools are available, there is debate whether or not these tools should be used clinically. This article provides guidance in regard to establishing an environment that promotes health literacy, assessing health literacy levels, utilizing strategies to increase health literacy, evaluating the learning that has occurred, and incorporating health literacy concepts into the nursing curriculum. Citation: Cornett, S., (Sept. 30, 2009) "Assessing and Addressing Health Literacy" OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in NursingVol. 14, No. 3, Manuscript 2. DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol14No03Man02 Keywords: assessing health literacy, evaluating learning, health literacy enhancement, healthcare system navigation, guidelines for plain language materials, low health literacy cues, measuring low health literacy, Newest Vital Sign (NVS), oral communication, plain language, printed communication, photonovela, Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), teach back, Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA), visuals in low health literacy materials Although healthcare professionals generally assume that the health explanations and instructions given to patients and families are readily understood, in reality these instructions are frequently misunderstood, sometimes resulting in serious errors. A common reason for misunderstanding health instructions may be the patient’s low health literacy skills.
    [Show full text]
  • 4. What Are the Effects of Education on Health? – 171
    4. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON HEALTH? – 171 4. What are the effects of education on health? By Leon Feinstein, Ricardo Sabates, Tashweka M. Anderson, ∗ Annik Sorhaindo and Cathie Hammond ∗ Leon Feinstein, Ricardo Sabates, Tashweka Anderson, Annik Sorhaindo and Cathie Hammond, Institute of Education, University of London, 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL, United Kingdom. We would like to thank David Hay, Wim Groot, Henriette Massen van den Brink and Laura Salganik for the useful comments on the paper and to all participants at the Social Outcome of Learning Project Symposium organised by the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI), in Copenhagen on 23rd and 24th March 2006. We would like to thank the OECD/CERI, for their financial support of this project. A great many judicious and helpful suggestions to improve this report have been put forward by Tom Schuller and Richard Desjardins. We are particularly grateful for the general funding of the WBL Centre through the Department for Education and Skills whose support has been a vital component of this research endeavour. We would also like to thank research staff at the Centre for Research on the Wider Benefits of Learning for their useful comments on this report. Other useful suggestions were received from participants at the roundtable event organised by the Wider Benefits of Learning and the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, University College London, on 6th December 2005. All remaining errors are our own. MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON HEALTH AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: PROCEEDINGS OF THE COPENHAGEN SYMPOSIUM – © OECD 2006 172 – 4.1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Urban-Rural Disparity in the Status and Risk Factors of Health Literacy: a Cross-Sectional Survey in Central China
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article The Urban-Rural Disparity in the Status and Risk Factors of Health Literacy: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Central China Wenna Wang 1, Yulin Zhang 2,*, Beilei Lin 1, Yongxia Mei 1, Zhiguang Ping 3 and Zhenxiang Zhang 1,* 1 School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; [email protected] (W.W.); [email protected] (B.L.); [email protected] (Y.M.) 2 Institute of Health Education and Prevention of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Henna Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China 3 School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (Z.Z.) Received: 13 April 2020; Accepted: 25 May 2020; Published: 29 May 2020 Abstract: Health literacy is the ability of individuals to access, process, and understand health information to make decisions regarding treatment and their health on the whole; it is critical to maintain and improve public health. However, the health literacy of urban and rural populations in China has been little known. Thus, this study aims to assess the status of health literacy and explore the differences of its possible determinants (e.g., socio-economic factors) among urban and rural populations in Henan, China. A cross-sectional study, 78,646 participants were recruited from a populous province in central China with a multi-stage random sampling design. The Chinese Resident Health Literacy Scale was adopted to measure the health literacy of the respondents.
    [Show full text]