DOCSLIB.ORG

Early African American Poets by Thoughtco, Adapted by Newsela Staff on 02.24.20 Word Count 736

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Early African American Poets by Thoughtco, Adapted by Newsela Staff on 02.24.20 Word Count 736 Early African American poets By ThoughtCo, adapted by Newsela staff on 02.24.20 Word Count 736 Phillis Wheatley was the first African American woman to publish a collection of poetry in 1773. She was not the only African American poet to publish during the 18th and 19th centuries. Paul Laurence Dunbar was a poet who lived from 1872 to 1906. He is one of the most influential black poets in early American literature. Dunbar explored themes such as racial identity, love, heritage and injustice in his poems. His works were all published during the Jim Crow Era. This was the time period that lasted from the Reconstruction Era to the civil rights movement. The name comes from a collection of laws that discriminated against African Americans. These were known as Jim Crow laws. The laws kept people of different races segregated. They allowed for discrimination against African Americans. Eventually, these laws were overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court. Dunbar was not America's first black poet. Other African American men and women had been writing poetry since colonial times. Who were these poets, and how did they lay the foundation for the African American literary tradition? Lucy Terry Prince This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. The earliest known African American to recite a poem was 16-year-old Lucy Terry Prince. In 1746, Prince saw two white families attacked by Native Americans. The fight took place in an area of western Massachusetts known as "The Bars." Her poem "Bars Fight" was inspired by the event. It is considered to be the earliest poem by an African American. However, it would not be published for another 109 years. It was passed on by word of mouth until it was published in 1855 by Josiah Gilbert Holland in "History of Western Massachusetts." Born in Africa, Prince was stolen from her home and sold into slavery in Massachusetts. Ten years after Prince recited "Bars Fight," she married her husband, Abijah Prince. A wealthy and free African American man, he purchased his wife's freedom. Lucy Terry Prince died in 1821. She was remembered for her captivating style of speaking. Throughout Prince's life, she used the power of her voice to retell stories and defend the rights of her family and their property. Jupiter Hammon Jupiter Hammon was born as an enslaved person around the year 1711. He was taught to read and write even though he was never freed. He was the first African American poet to publish his work in the United States. Hammon published his first poem in 1760. The title was "An Evening's Thought: Salvation by Christ, with Penitential Cries." Throughout Hammons's life, he published several poems and sermons. A sermon is a lecture given at religious services. During the Revolutionary War, Hammon was a member of the African Society of New York City. In 1787, Hammon presented the "Address to the Negroes of the State of New York." In his speech, Hammon said, "If we should ever get to heaven we shall find nobody to reproach us for being black, or for being slaves." Hammon's address was printed several times by abolitionist groups. Abolitionists were people who were against slavery and wanted to abolish it. Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley published the book "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral" in 1773. When she did, she became the first African American in history to publish a collection of poetry. She was also one of the first American women to do so. Wheatley was born in western Africa around 1753 and was brought to Boston as a slave at the age of 7 or 8. She was purchased by the Wheatley family. The family taught her to read and write. When they realized her talent as a writer, they encouraged her to write poetry. Wheatley received the praise of men such as George Washington and fellow African American poet, Jupiter Hammon. Her fame spread throughout the American colonies and England. Wheatley was freed from enslavement around the time her first book was published. Wheatley died in 1874. George Moses Horton George Moses Horton became the first African American to publish poetry in the South. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. Horton was born around the year 1797 on a plantation in North Carolina. Throughout his childhood, Horton was drawn to lyrics and began composing poems. Horton worked for what is now the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. There, he began writing and reciting poems for college students who paid him. By 1829, Horton was publishing his first collection of poetry. It was titled "The Hope of Liberty." Horton gained the admiration of abolitionists from writing antislavery poetry. He remained enslaved until 1865. At the age of 68, Horton relocated to Philadelphia where he continued writing. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. Quiz 1 Read the following statements. 1. Black poets have been writing about their experiences since before the Revolutionary War. 2. Many black poets experienced discrimination because of racist Jim Crow laws. 3. Abolitionists enjoyed the antislavery works of African American poets. 4. These poets each contributed to the growing African American literary tradition. Which two statements are MAIN ideas from the article? (A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3 (C) 3 and 4 (D) 1 and 4 2 Read the paragraph from the section "Lucy Terry Prince." The earliest known African American to recite a poem was 16-year-old Lucy Terry Prince. In 1746, Prince saw two white families attacked by Native Americans. The fight took place in an area of western Massachusetts known as "The Bars." Her poem "Bars Fight" is considered to be the earliest poem by an African American. However, it would not be published for another 109 years. It was passed on by word of mouth until it was published in 1855 by Josiah Gilbert Holland in "History of Western Massachusetts." Which statement summarizes the paragraph? (A) Prince was interested in becoming a poet when she was 16 and that was why she decided to write about families who were attacked. (B) A poem that Prince recited about an event she witnessed was passed on by word of mouth until it was published more than 100 years later. (C) Prince's most famous poem was published in 1855 by Josiah Gilbert Holland in the book "History of Western Massachusetts." (D) A poem that is recited like the one by Prince can change many times over the years before it is finally written down or published. 3 How is the structure of the section "Jupiter Hammon" similar to the structure of the section "George Moses Horton"? (A) Both sections use chronological order. (B) Both sections use compare and contrast. (C) "Jupiter Hammon" describes causes and "George Moses Horton" describes the effects. (D) "Jupiter Hammon" describes problems and "George Moses Horton" describes the solutions. 4 If the section "Phillis Wheatley" were organized using cause and effect, which sentence would come FIRST? (A) When she did, she became the first African American to publish a collection of poetry. (B) They also encouraged her to write poetry. (C) Her fame spread throughout the American colonies and England. (D) Wheatley was freed from enslavement after her owner, John Wheatley, died. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Rich Heritage African Americans North Carolina
    THE RICH HERITAGE OF AFRICAN NORTH CAROLINA AMERICANS HERITAGE IN North Carolina Division of Tourism, Film and Sports Development Department of Commerce NORTH 301 N. Wilmington Street, Raleigh, NC 27601-2825 1-800-VISIT NC • 919-733-8372 www.visitnc.com CAROLINA 100,000 copies of this document were printed in the USA at a cost of $115,000 or $1.15 each. Dear Friends, North Carolina is a state rich in diversity. And it is blessed with an even richer heritage that is just waiting to be explored. Some of the most outstanding contributions to our state’s heritage are the talents and achievements of African Americans. Their legacy embraces a commitment to preserving, protecting, and building stronger communities. The North Carolina Department of Commerce and Department of Cultural Resources acknowledge I invite you to use “The Rich Heritage of African Americans in North Carolina” as a guide to explore the history the generous support of the following companies in the production of this booklet: of the African American community in our state. If you look closely, you will find that schools, churches, museums, historic sites, and other landmarks tell the powerful story of African Americans in North Carolina. Food Lion Remember that heritage is not just a thing of the past. It is created every day. And by visiting these sites, you can be part Miller Brewing Company of it. Consider this an invitation to discover and celebrate the history that is the African American community. Philip Morris U.S.A. Its presence has made – and continues to make – North Carolina a better place to be.
    [Show full text]
  • Anne Bradstreet, Phillis Wheatley and the Literary Sphere of Early America
    1 Modestly Appropriating Conventions: Anne Bradstreet, Phillis Wheatley and the Literary Sphere of Early America Marian Schlotterbeck English 255 T.S. McMillin 17 May 2002 Copyright 2002 Marian Schlotterbeck 2 Contrary to many people’s perception that the exclusion of works by women in the canon of Early American Literature reflects the absence of female authors, we can reflect today that women in colonial times did in fact write a great deal and their writings span a range of genres: from polished verse to personal diaries. In addition to the texts that were published in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, ‘rediscovered’ manuscripts, diaries, and letters of many women have since been published in the twentieth century. Taken on the whole these primary texts provide insight into the experience of women in Early America. The exploration of the texts intended for the public sphere is one method for approaching these works. As I examined how women found space to move from the domestic sphere into the public sphere through their writing, one theme that surfaced is of women modestly appropriating conventions, both literary and societal, in order to create a space for their writing. To further limit the scope of my project, I decided to examine this paradoxical notion of finding freedom through conformity in the works of Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatley, who both constitute remarkable literary firsts in America. I propose to examine their verse through the framework of the form, the ‘Other,’ and the spiritual, which were concepts central to these women’s creation of a subtle resistance. Any study of early American women’s writings inevitably begins with Anne Bradstreet, whose The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America made literary history in 1650 as the first text written by a woman in the ‘new world’ to be published (in London).
    [Show full text]
  • The African-American Emigration Movement in Georgia During Reconstruction
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Dissertations Department of History Summer 6-20-2011 The African-American Emigration Movement in Georgia during Reconstruction Falechiondro Karcheik Sims-Alvarado Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Sims-Alvarado, Falechiondro Karcheik, "The African-American Emigration Movement in Georgia during Reconstruction." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2011. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/29 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN EMIGRATION MOVEMENT IN GEORGIA DURING RECONSTRUCTION by FALECHIONDRO KARCHEIK SIMS-ALVARADO Under the Direction of Hugh Hudson ABSTRACT This dissertation is a narrative history about nearly 800 newly freed black Georgians who sought freedom beyond the borders of the Unites States by emigrating to Liberia during the years of 1866 and 1868. This work fulfills three overarching goals. First, I demonstrate that during the wake of Reconstruction, newly freed persons’ interest in returning to Africa did not die with the Civil War. Second, I identify and analyze the motivations of blacks seeking autonomy in Africa. Third, I tell the stories and challenges of those black Georgians who chose emigration as the means to civil and political freedom in the face of white opposition. In understanding the motives of black Georgians who emigrated to Liberia, I analyze correspondence from black and white Georgians and the white leaders of the American Colonization Society and letters from Liberia settlers to black friends and families in the Unites States.
    [Show full text]
  • Black History Month Resources for Younger Children
    4 BLACK HISTORY MONTH RESOURCES FOR USE WITH YOUNGER CHILDREN IN THE GUARINI LIBRARY Compiled by S. Kirven YOUNGER READERS Poetry Brooks, Gwendolyn Bronzeville Boys and Girls juv. 811.B873b Bryan, Ashley All night, all day: A Child's first book juv.782.25.A416 of African-American Spirituals Clifton, Lucille Everett Anderson's 1 2 3 juv. C639e Clifton, Lucille Everett Anderson's Christmas coming juv. 811.54 .C639e Clifton, Lucille Everett Anderson's friend juv. C639ea Clifton, Lucille Everett Anderson’s year juv. 811.54.C639ea Clifton, Lucille Some of the Days of Everett Anderson juv. 811.54C639s Doob, Leonard W. Crocodile has me by the leg: African poems juv. 811 D691c Feelings, Tom Soul looks back in wonder juv. 811.54.S722 Hip hop speaks to children: juv. 811 .H6674 a celebration of poetry with a beat Hopkins, Lee Bennett. I think I saw a snail; juv. 811.5 .H794i young poems for city seasons Hughes, Langston I, Too, Am America juv.811.52.H8931 Hughes, Langston My People juv.811.52.H893m Hughes, Langston Negro Speaks of Rivers juv.811.52.H893n Hughes, Langston Sail Away juv, 811.52.H893s Johnson, Angela I Dream of Trains juv. J56i Johnson, Dinah Black Magic juv. 811.54.J663b Johnson, James Weldon Lift Every Voice and Sing: juv.782.42.J675L A Celebration of the African American National Anthem Lawrence, Jacob Harriet and the Promised Land juv.811.L421h My own song: and other poems juv. 811 .M995 Myers, Christopher Black Cat juv.M9962b Palm of My Heart: juv.
    [Show full text]
  • Visible-Izing Praxis Through Mimicry in Phillis Wheatley's "On Being Brought from Africa to America"
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses November 2015 Sweat the Technique: Visible-izing Praxis Through Mimicry in Phillis Wheatley's "On Being Brought from Africa to America" Karla V. Zelaya University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the African American Studies Commons, and the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Zelaya, Karla V., "Sweat the Technique: Visible-izing Praxis Through Mimicry in Phillis Wheatley's "On Being Brought from Africa to America"" (2015). Doctoral Dissertations. 484. https://doi.org/10.7275/7491886.0 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/484 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SWEAT THE TECHNIQUE: VISIBLE-IZING PRAXIS THROUGH MIMICRY IN PHILLIS WHEATLEY’S “ON BEING BROUGHT FROM AFRICA TO AMERICA” A Dissertation Presented by KARLA ZELAYA Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 2015 W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies @ Copyright by Karla Zelaya 2015 All Rights Reserved SWEAT THE TECHNIQUE: VISIBLE-IZING PRAXIS THROUGH MIMICRY IN PHILLIS WHEATLEY’S “ON BEING BROUGHT FROM AFRICA TO AMERICA” A Dissertation Presented by KARLA ZELAYA Approved as to style and content by: ____________________________________________ Steven C. Tracy, Chair ____________________________________________ Randall Knoper, Member ____________________________________________ Manisha Sinha, Member ____________________________________________ James Smethurst, Member ____________________________________ John H.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICAN POETRY, VERNACULAR: ORAL. Ver• Tion to the Multiplicity of Local Classifications
    A AFRICAN POETRY, VERNACULAR: ORAL. Ver­ tion to the multiplicity of local classifications . nacular poetry in Africa is mostly oral, and A basic distinction must be made between the greater part is still unrecorded. The con­ ritual and nonritual forms ; by far the most ventions of oral v.p. belong to the whole per­ important are the ritual forms associated, either formance and its occasion, and are therefore in origin or in present reality, with formal not exclusively literary. Internal classifications customary rites and activities. Modern public within the society have no referellce to the occasions may include traditional ritual forms Western categories of prose and poetry, and suitably adapted. Nonritual forms, of course, Afr. definitions of "literary" do not necessarily belong to informal occasions. In either general coincide with those of Eng .-Am. culture. For category the creative role of the performer(s) instance, Afr. proverbs and riddles are major, is important, for even within customary rites not minor, literary forms for which the term the evaluation is of the contemporary per­ "poetry," if it is applied, need not relate only formance. Ritual forms include panegyric and to the forms with rhyme. The evaluation even lyric, whereas nonritual forms include lyric of these identifiable genres can be made only and, possibly, narrative. by a complete understanding of the signifi­ Panegyric is one of the most developed and cance of any given member (e.g., a particular elaborate poetic genres in Africa. Its specialized praise song) of a genre (e.g., praise poetry) form is best exemplified in the court poetry of within the society at the time of utterance.
    [Show full text]
  • Horton, George Moses
    Published on NCpedia (https://ncpedia.org) Home > Horton, George Moses Horton, George Moses [1] Share it now! Average: 2.8 (11 votes) Horton, George Moses by Richard Walser, 1988 a. 1797–ca. 1883 Work by George Moses Horton. Image courtesy of Digital North Carolina Collection Photographic Archives, UNC Libraries. [2]George Moses Horton, poet, was born in Northampton County [3], the property of William Horton who also owned his mother, his five older half sisters, and his younger brother and three sisters. As a child, he moved with his master to Chatham County [4], taught himself to read, and began composing in his head a series of stanzas based on the rhythms in Wesley hymns [5]. In 1814 he was given to William's son James, at whose death in 1843 he passed to James's son Hall. By the time he was twenty, George Moses Horton had begun visiting the campus ofT he University of North Carolina [6] eight miles away. There he sold students acrostics on the names of their sweethearts at twenty-five, fifty, and seventy-five cents. For several decades he "bought his time" from his masters through the sale of his poems and through wages collected as a campus laborer. Caroline Lee Hentz [7], novelist and professor's wife, encouraged him; his first printed poem, "Liberty and Slavery," appeared in Mrs. Hentz's hometown Massachusetts newspaper, the Lancaster Gazette, on 8 Apr. 1829. Soon plans were made to purchase his freedom and transport him to Liberia. To raise funds, Horton's The Hope of Liberty [8], the first book published in the South by a black man, came later that year from the press of Raleigh's liberal journalist Joseph Gales, but profits were inconsiderable and the plans were dropped.
    [Show full text]
  • The Library of Robert Morris, Antebellum Civil Rights Lawyer & Activist
    Boston College Law School Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School Boston College Law School Faculty Papers 9-1-2019 The Library of Robert Morris, Antebellum Civil Rights Lawyer & Activist Laurel Davis Boston College Law School, [email protected] Mary Sarah Bilder Boston College Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/lsfp Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Legal Biography Commons, Legal History Commons, Legal Profession Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Laurel Davis and Mary Sarah Bilder. "The Library of Robert Morris, Antebellum Civil Rights Lawyer & Activist." Law Library Journal 111, no.4 (2019): 461-508. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College Law School Faculty Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LAW LIBRARY JOURNAL Vol. 111:4 [2019-17] The Library of Robert Morris, Antebellum Civil Rights Lawyer and Activist* Laurel Davis** and Mary Sarah Bilder*** The Robert Morris library, the only known extant, antebellum African American– owned library, reveals its owner’s intellectual commitment to full citizenship and equality for people of color. Although studies of lawyers’ libraries have focused on large collections, this article provides a model for interpreting small libraries, par- ticularly where few personal papers remain extant. Introduction .........................................................462 The Library ..........................................................465 Massachusetts Self-Made Man ..........................................468 Legal Apprenticeship ..................................................471 African American Identity and the Politics of Poetry ......................473 Early Civil Rights: Roberts v.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Black Education in North Carolina. (Under the Direction of Dr
    ABSTRACT DUNCAN, ERIC THOMAS. “Make the Letters Big and Plain” : A History of Black Education in North Carolina. (Under the direction of Dr. Susanna Lee). This paper traces the history of black education in North Carolina from the antebellum era through Reconstruction. During the antebellum period, this paper examines how slaves, through largely individual efforts, used education as a tool of resistance. In the second chapter, this paper explores how the Civil War and subsequent emancipation changed the nature of black education from a largely individual struggle to an area of community activism. The third chapter and epilogue explore how blacks used their newfound political power in the post-Civil War era to advocate public schools in North Carolina. “Make the Letters Big and Plain” : A History of Black Education in North Carolina by Eric Thomas Duncan A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History Raleigh, North Carolina 2011 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ ______________________________ Susanna Lee James Crisp Committee Chair ________________________________ Drinda Benge DEDICATION To my mother and father, for their unconditional love and support. ii BIOGRAPHY Eric Duncan was born and raised in Sarasota, Florida. In 2007, he received a bachelor’s degree in history from the Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida. Eric moved to North Carolina shortly afterward and began a career in education while working toward a master’s degree in history from North Carolina State University. In 2011, Eric moved from North Carolina to the New England area to further his educational pursuits.
    [Show full text]
  • Death of an Old Carriage Horse
    Published on NCpedia (https://www.ncpedia.org) Home > ANCHOR > Antebellum (1836–1860) > Music and the Arts > Death of an Old Carriage Horse Death of an Old Carriage Horse [1] Share it now! George Moses Horton was born into slavery in North Carolina around the turn of the nineteenth century. After teaching himself to read, he became a well-known poet in the Chapel Hill area, commissioning many poems for UNC students to give to their sweethearts. Horton was the first African American to publish a book and remains the only person to have published a book while enslaved. Although Horton worked as a laborer on UNC's campus and sold poems there as well in an effort to buy his freedom, it was not until Horton walked to Raleigh with the liberating Union army in April 1865 that Horton was freed. During his time with the Union army, Horton wrote the poems that would be published together asN aked Genius. The poem below, "Death of an Old Carriage Horse" was one of the poems included in Naked Genius. I was a harness horse, Constrained to travel weak or strong, With orders from oppressing force, Push along, push along. I had no space of rest, And took at forks the roughest prong, Still by the cruel driver pressed, Push along, push along. Vain strove the idle bird, To charm me with her artless song, But pleasure lingered from the word, Push along, push along. The order of the day Was push, the peal of every tongue, The only word was all the way, Push along, push along.
    [Show full text]
  • George Moses Horton
    109 E. Jones Street Raleigh, NC 27601 -- Email: [email protected] -- www.ncdcr.gov/archives -- Phone: George Moses Horton General Overview George Moses Horton was a slave who composed poetry and sold his poems to university students. His initial book was the first one published in the South by an African American. The sample acrostic is one written for Sion Hart Rogers, UNC student in the 1840s for Miss Mary E. V. Powell. Lesson Objectives Students will be able to . Examine the unique life and work of a slave. Use an original acrostic to discuss and practice this form of poetry Preparation Students should read the acrostic, as well as the short biographical sketch of Horton. Activities The following questions should provoke discussion. What was unique about George Moses Horton’s life? . Why was it unusual for a slave to write and sell poems? . Why did the UNC students purchase so many of Horton’s poems? . What is an acrostic? . What is the meaning of “buying time” from a master? Activities at http://www.history.ncdcr.gov/SHRAB/ar/exhibits/educationalresources/index.html Enrichment and Extension . Students may create an acrostic with their own or someone else’s name. Examples can be found at www.holycross.edu/departments/socant/dhummon/acrostics/acrostics.html. Students may investigate other slaves that did unusual jobs. 109 E. Jones Street Raleigh, NC 27601 -- Email: [email protected] -- www.ncdcr.gov/archives -- Phone: Sources PC 1533 Simpson and Biddle Papers at the North Carolina State Archives Jackson, Blyden “George Moses Horton, North Carolinian” North Carolina Historical Review 53(April 1976) 140-147.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of American Literature
    A Brief History of American Literature A Brief History of American Literature Richard Gray © 2011 Richard Gray. ISBN: 978-1-405-19231-6 A Brief History of American Literature Richard Gray This edition first published 2011 Ó 2011 Richard Gray Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley- blackwell. The right of Richard Gray to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks.
    [Show full text]