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Daily Prelims Notes (DPN COMPILATION) FEBRUARY 2021
Santosh Sir All 6 CSE Prelims qualified If I can do it, you can too
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Table of contents: ARTS, CULTURE AND HISTORY ...... 12 AMRIT MAHOTSAV: ...... 12 BARGIS: ...... 12 PURANA QUILA: ...... 13 CHAURI CHAURA INCIDENT: ...... 13 KHAN ABDUL GHAFFAR KHAN: ...... 14 FESTIVALS OF INDIA: ...... 15 AJANTA PAINTING: ...... 17 KRIMILA: ...... 17 DHEKIAJULI: ...... 18 VIJAYANAGAR: ...... 19 Inscription on Vijayanagar king’s death discovered: ...... 19 National Tribal Fest: Aadi Mahotsav: ...... 20 Koch Rajbangshis: ...... 20 Losar: ...... 20 Theru Koothu: ...... 21 Thiruvallvur: ...... 21 BHIMBETKA PAINTING: ...... 22 Maharaja Suheldev: ...... 22 Mandu festival: ...... 22 Shergarh: ...... 23 Ancient Buddhist Monastery found in Jharkhand/Nagri script: ...... 23 Vellore mutiny: ...... 24 Jagannath heritage Corridor Project (Puri): ...... 25 CHANNAPATTANA TOY MAKERS: ...... 25 GEOGRAPHY ...... 26 ANDAMAN ISLANDS: ...... 26 WATER SCARCITY IN HIMALAYAS: ...... 27 GLACIAL OUTBURST FLOOD / AVALANCHE: ...... 29 DHAULIGANGA:...... 31 LANDSLIDE LAKE OUTBURST FLOOD: ...... 32 GEO THERMAL ENERGY PROJECT: ...... 32 www.optimizeias.com
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Niti Valley and Niti Pass: ...... 33 Chardham Highway project: ...... 33 Alaknanda river’s clear green blue giving way to muddiness: ...... 34 Once the wettest place on earth seeing decreasing trend in rainfall: ...... 34 Chamoli Lake: ...... 35 Western disturbance: ...... 35 Mount Etna (Italy): ...... 36 INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ...... 37 NINTH SCHEDULE: ...... 37 CITIZENSHIP AMENDMENT ACT: ...... 38 SECTION 69 A OF IT ACT: ...... 39 MOTION OF THANKS: ...... 40 PRIVILEGE MOTION: ...... 41 APPOINTMENT OF CBI DIRECTOR: ...... 41 PARDONING POWER OF PRESIDENT: ...... 42 NCT OF DELHI ACT: ...... 44 G ROHINI COMMISSION: ...... 46 VOTE ON ACCOUNT: ...... 46 GOVT REGULATIONS & TECH PLATFORMS: ...... 48 CULLING OF ANIMALS AND WPA 1972: ...... 48 AMASR ACT: ...... 49 SEDITION LAW: ...... 50 CDSCO: ...... 51 Private Members bill: ...... 52 Election and Tenure of Rajya Sabha MP: ...... 52 Kotia dispute: ...... 53 National Commission for Minorities, Act 1992: ...... 53 Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act: ...... 54 UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES PREVENTION ACT: ...... 55 Writer’s Cramp and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016: ...... 56 Leader of Opposition: ...... 57 Inter-state Workmen Act (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1979: ...... 58
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Collegium: ...... 59 Speaker of Lok Sabha: ...... 59 Power to make changes in the SC list: ...... 60 Tribunals: ...... 61 Habeus Corpus: ...... 61 Protem speaker: ...... 62 LG of Puducherry/UTs: ...... 62 Defamation: ...... 63 Clause 6 of the Assam accord: ...... 64 Anticipatory transit Bail: ...... 65 Money bill: ...... 65 The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 ...... 67 Delimitation Commission ...... 67 Postal ballot: ...... 68 Governing council of Niti Aayog: ...... 68 Draft National Policy on migrant labour: ...... 69 Floor test: ...... 70 Draft guidelines for influencer advertising on digital platform by Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI): ...... 70 Draft Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, for social media platforms, OTT players & digital media: ...... 71 CBI and Consent of States: ...... 72 Right to fair and speedy trial: ...... 73 Human rights (HRs) and generation of HRs: ...... 73 Sub-categorisation of OBCs: ...... 74 Offence of criminal conspiracy: ...... 74 Section 377 of IPC: ...... 75 Section 69 of the IT Act: ...... 76 President’s rule: ...... 76 Model Code of Conduct: ...... 77 All India Judicial Service (AIJS): ...... 77 ROLE OF ATTORNEY GENERAL IN CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS: ...... 78 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ...... 80
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CPTPP: ...... 80 BRITAIN OPENS VISA SCHEME:...... 81 CHABAHAR PORT: ...... 81 JCPOA DEAL: ...... 82 BTIA: ...... 83 News Showcase: ...... 84 Australia’s News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code Bill 2020: ...... 84 IMF’s Extended Fund Facility: ...... 85 Quad: ...... 85 The Silbo Gomero Language: ...... 86 Munich security Conference: ...... 86 Uthuru Thila Falhu naval base: ...... 87 CPEC: ...... 87 International Mother Language day/UNESCO: ...... 88 India-South Africa IPR waiver proposal: ...... 89 Ghana first to receive vaccine supply from COVAX facility: ...... 90 Extradition: ...... 90 ECONOMICS ...... 93 CONTINGENT LIABILITIES: ...... 93 PEER TO PEER LENDING: ...... 94 WASHINGTON CONSENSUS: ...... 94 INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING: ...... 95 PCA FRAMEWORK: ...... 96 RIDF: ...... 97 EQUALIZATION LEVY: ...... 97 STRATEGIC CRUDE OIL RESERVE: ...... 98 DOUBLE TAXATION FOR NRI: ...... 99 HELD TO MATURITY: ...... 100 LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP: ...... 100 PRO FORMA NPA: ...... 101 ACCOMODATIVE MONETARY POLICY: ...... 102 G -SECS: ...... 102
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CASH RESERVE RATIO: ...... 103 CIRCLE RATE: ...... 104 WHITE GOODS: ...... 104 ONE NATION ONE OMBUDSMAN: ...... 105 CESS & SURCHAGES: ...... 105 CURRENCY SWAP: ...... 107 BAD BANKS: ...... 107 FPI & DII: ...... 108 E COMMERCE REGULATIONS: ...... 109 NSE co-location case: ...... 110 Remittance: ...... 110 Gilt Funds: ...... 111 Digital Service Tax: ...... 111 Equalization levy: ...... 111 Crowding Out of Investment: ...... 112 Tax buoyancy: ...... 112 Hot money: ...... 113 Unit-linked Investment Plans (ULIPs): ...... 113 International Cruise Terminal Sagarika in Kochi: ...... 114 External Commercial Borrowing (ECB): ...... 114 State Advisory prices for Sugarcane : ...... 115 NS Vishwanathan panel to strengthen Urban Cooperative banks by RBI: ...... 116 WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX: ...... 116 WEST TEXAS INTERMEDIATE & BRENT CRUDE: ...... 117 FISCAL DEFICIT:...... 117 Switch Delhi Campaign ...... 118 Grants by the Finance Commission ...... 119 Credit Default Swaps: ...... 120 Non-convertible debentures (NCD): ...... 120 Assets under management (AUM): ...... 121 PLI scheme for telecom: ...... 121 Crude oil pricing: ...... 122 Inflation and Rising oil prices: ...... 123 www.optimizeias.com
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Connectivity projects in Assam launched/ Ro-Ro vehicles:...... 123 Central Issue Price: ...... 124 Cairn Energy-Govt dispute: ...... 124 P-Notes and Hot Money: ...... 125 DICGC: ...... 125 Garden tourism: ...... 126 Credit deposit Ratio: ...... 127 Coastal road in Mumbai: ...... 127 High-Security Registration Plates (HSRP): ...... 128 Excise duty: ...... 128 Bond Yield: ...... 129 SAGAR: ...... 129 Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF): ...... 130 Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPAC): ...... 130 London Inter Bank Offered Rate (LIBOR): ...... 131 Indian Bank Association (IBA): ...... 131 Growth Potential of Indian economy: ...... 132 Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvIT):...... 132 Open market Operations (OMOs):...... 132 India's core industries output sees marginal 0.1% rise in January: ...... 133 India exits recession: ...... 134 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ...... 135 PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS: ...... 135 SPUTNIK V: ...... 135 SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY: ...... 136 SEROLOGICAL SURVEY: ...... 137 D614G MUTANT VIRUS: ...... 138 PARLIMENTARY PANEL ON 5G: ...... 139 Amal or HOPE/ Arab’s world first inter-planetary mission: ...... 140 Tianwen-1: ...... 140 Next generation battery technology for Electric vehicles to replace Lithium-ion batteries: ...... 141 Novel regions – novel Open Reading Frames or as Norf’s: ...... 141
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Nanophotonic: ...... 142 Genome mapping of Malaria vector: ...... 143 Coagulants: ...... 143 Auto immunity: ...... 144 Sandes: ...... 145 Persevarance rover: ...... 145 COVAX: ...... 146 Coronil: ...... 147 South African mutant variation of Corona virus: ...... 148 Silver Antimony Telluride: ...... 149 Genome Valley: ...... 150 6G: ...... 150 Jezero crater: ...... 151 Testing sewage to Map Covid spread: ...... 152 Californian variant of Sars-Cov-2: ...... 152 Gelatin sticks: ...... 152 Haemorrhagic Septicemia: ...... 152 SERO SURVEY: ...... 153 ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY ...... 156 NAMAMI GANGE: ...... 156 MARINE MEGA FAUNA STRANDING GUIDELINES: ...... 157 BAND BARETHA WILDLIFFE SANCTUARY: ...... 157 PROSOPIS JULIFLORA: ...... 158 RUMPED,HIMALAYAN GRIFFON & SLENDER BILLED VULTURES: ...... 159 CARBON NEUTRAL FUEL: ...... 160 SUNDERBANS: ...... 160 CHIPKO MOVEMENT: ...... 161 WORLD’S SMALLEST REPTILE: ...... 162 MEGHAMALAI TIGER RESERVE: ...... 162 Nandadevi Biosphere Reserve: ...... 163 Nagpur-Mumbai Super Communication Expressway and sanctuaries/Tiger reserves: ...... 164 Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solid: . 164
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Asiatic lion: ...... 165 Mangar Bani: ...... 165 Hedyotis Sithiravaraiensis (Karumthumbai or Senthumbai or Sakkaraithumba): ...... 166 Turbidity: ...... 166 Mandarin duck or the (Aix galericulata): ...... 167 LEATHERBACK TURTLES: ...... 167 Environment Impact Assessment: ...... 168 Project MAQUID: ...... 169 Mercury rising but Delhi continues to see dense fog: ...... 170 Common and Pintail Snipe: ...... 171 Red-eared turtle: ...... 171 Kuznets curve hypothesis: ...... 171 Tribal’s forest right vs Critical WildLife Habitat/Tiger Habitat: ...... 172 Osprey: ...... 173 Pandemic generation: ...... 174 CARACAL: ...... 174 SNOW LEOPARD: ...... 176 DEFENCE AND SECURITY ...... 178 OPERATION BLUE STAR: ...... 178 NARI SHAKTI PURASKAR: ...... 178 LCA TEJAS: ...... 179 LAC: ...... 180 Line of Control (LOC): ...... 181 Synchronized Pangong disengagement: ...... 181 Non-lapsable Defence and Internal Security Modernisation Fund: ...... 182 Arjun Mark 1A : ...... 183 Digital Intelligence Unit: ...... 184 Other Potential areas of disengagement Post-Pangong Tso disengagement between India-China:...... 184 Significant Social Media Intermediaries: ...... 185 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS ...... 186 INTENATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: ...... 186 TRIPS COUNCIL: ...... 187 www.optimizeias.com
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UNHRC: ...... 187 Iran, IAEA reach deal on inspections: ...... 188 GOVERNMENT SCHEMES ...... 189 GOBARDHAN SCHEME: ...... 189 ATAL BIMIT VYAKTI KALYAN YOJANA: ...... 189 ODOP SCHEME: ...... 190 PM MATRU VANDANA YOJANA: ...... 191 PM FASAL BHIMA YOJANA: ...... 192 ASEEM PORTAL: ...... 193 UNNATI: ...... 193 PM URJA GANGA PROJECT: ...... 194 KISAN RAIL SCHEME: ...... 195 Ujjwala Scheme...... 195 Affordable Rental Housing Complexes scheme (ARHCs): ...... 196 SVAMITVA:...... 197 Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog (RKA): ...... 197 Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF): ...... 198 PM SVANIDHI scheme (Pradhan Mantri Street Vendor’s AtmanirbharNidhi): ...... 198 Intensified Mission Indradhanush 3.0: ...... 199 Khelo India: ...... 199 National Health mission: ...... 200 NFSA (National Food Security Act): ...... 201 CURRENT EVENTS ...... 202 MATUA COMMUNITY: ...... 202 LINGAYAT SECT: ...... 202 EMERGENCY USE APPROVAL: ...... 203 TRANSFAT: ...... 204 Rajasthan Model of Public Health: ...... 205 World’s largest cricket arena: ...... 205 Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and Pygmalian effect: ...... 206 Who controls Airspace: ...... 206 NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: ...... 207 Eat Right Movement: ...... 209 www.optimizeias.com
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NEW IT RULES FOR SOCIAL MEDIA: ...... 209 NATIONAL ORGANISATIONS ...... 212 INDIAN CYBER COORDINATION CENTRE:...... 212 NATIONAL MONUMENTS AUTHORITY:...... 213 NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR PROTECTION OF CHILD RIGHTS: ...... 213 Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB): ...... 214 NABARD: ...... 215 Enforcement Directorate: ...... 215 National Health Authority: ...... 216 National Commission for Minorities: ...... 217 Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP): ...... 217 National Commission of Backward Classes (NCBC): ...... 218 National Company Law Tribunal: ...... 219 UNION BUDGET SPECIAL: ...... 220 BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS 2020 – 21: ...... 220
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ARTS, CULTURE AND HISTORY
AMRIT MAHOTSAV: Context: PM Modi said that India would commence the celebrations of 75 years of Independence, AmritMahotsav. Concept: • He said it is the best time to explore the places from where our heroes of the freedom movement came.
• He also urged the people of India, especially the youth, to learn about the freedom fighters, events of the freedom moment and write about them.
AmritMahotsav • AmritMahotsav was announced in 2015 by PM Modi. The festival will commence celebrating 75th Independence Day on August 15, 2022.
• It will be a 75-week long festival in which every week will have a theme dedicated to different segments that define how India is progressing.
• The government will soon launch a booklet that will showcase how India has progressed in the past and what the future holds for the country.
• It will also highlight the freedom fighters that played a crucial role in the freedom movement. On August 15, several mega projects will be dedicated to the nation.
BARGIS: Context : The ruling All India Trinamool Congress wary of the large number of non-Bengali- speaking voter base in the state, has found a specific word to attack the Bharatiya Janata Party .The word ‘bargi’ as the TMC likes to call the BJP, is of special significance in Bengal’s history. Concept : • Bargi referred to cavalrymen in Maratha and Mughal armies. The word comes from the Persian “bargir”, literally meaning “burden taker”, notes historian SurendraNath Sen in his 1928 work The Military System Of The Marathas.
• But in the Mughal and Maratha armies, the term signified “a soldier who rode a horse furnished by his employer".
• In the Maratha cavalry, any able-bodied person could enlist as a bargir, unless he had the means to buy a horse and military outfit– in which case he could join as a silhedar, who had “much better prospects of advancement”.
• Both the bargirs and silhedars were under the overall control of the Sarnobat (Persian for “Sar- i-Naubat”, or Commander in Chief).
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PURANA QUILA: Context: Central Public Works Department (CPWD) has proposed a garden along the banks of the Yamuna near PuranaQila to mark 75 years of Independence. Concept: • PuranaQila is built on the banks of river Yamuna and is the oldest fort of Delhi.
• It has been said that the fort was previously built by the Pandavas for their kingdom Indraprastha as some grey ware of that period was found during excavation.
PuranaQila under Mughals • PuranaQila was renovated byHumayun in 1533 and it took around five years to complete.
• The fort was built inside Din Panahwhich was a small city in Delhi. Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in 1540 and captured the fort.
• Sher Shah Suri ruled for five years and in his reign he constructed many structures inside the fort and named the fort as Shergarh.
• After winning again, the renovation of the fort continued by Humayun.
• Shah Jahan wanted to shift his capital from the old fort so he constructed Lal Qila or Red Fort.
• New Delhi became the capital of British India in 1920 and Edwin Lutyens linked Rajpath with PuranaQila.
Gateways of the fort • The walls of the fort are 18m high and the circumference of the fort is 1.5km. There are three gates in the fort which are
Bara Darwaza HumayunDarwaza TalaqiDarwaza • The Bara Darwaza is still in use and it faces west. HumayunDarwaza was named so because Humayun’s tomb is visible from here.
• TalaqiDarwaza or forbidden gate is the third gate of the fort. Each of the gates has two storeys and are built with sandstone. Each gate also has two bastion towers made up of marble.
• Qila-i-KuhnaMosque: Sher Shah Suri built this mosque in 1541. Five doorways are there having pointed arch in each. In this mosque the king and his courtiers used to offer prayers.
• Sher Mandal: The construction of Sher Mandal was started by Babur and completed by Humayun. The building is made up of red sandstone and is octagonal in shape. Babur used the building as an observatory and library.
CHAURI CHAURA INCIDENT: Context : PM will inaugurate the centenary Celebrations at ChauriChaura at Gorakhpur Dist. Uttar Pradesh.
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‘ChauriChaura’ Incident
• The incident took place on 4 February 1922 at ChauriChaura in the Gorakhpur district of the United Province.
• A large group of protesters participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement clashed with police who opened fire.
• In retaliation the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants.
• The incident led to the death of three civilians and 22 policemen.
• Mahatma Gandhi, who was strictly against violence, halted the non-co-operation movement on the national level on 12 February 1922, as a direct result of this incident.
Background
• In the early 1920s, Indians, led by Mahatma Gandhi, were engaged in a nationwide non- cooperation movement.
• Using non-violent methods of civil disobedience known as Satyagraha, protests were organised by the INC to challenge oppressive regulations such as the Rowlatt Act.
Aftermath
• Appalled at the outrage, Gandhi went on a five-day fast as penance for what he perceived as his culpability in the bloodshed.
• In reflection, Gandhi felt that he had acted too hastily in encouraging people to revolt against the British Raj without sufficiently emphasizing the importance of non-violence.
• On 12 February 1922, the Indian National Congress halted the Non-co-operation Movement on the national level as a direct result of the ChauriChaura tragedy.
KHAN ABDUL GHAFFAR KHAN: Concept :
• Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890-1988), the foremost 20th-century leader of the Pashtuns ( a Muslim ethnic group of Pakistan and Afghanistan) was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and was called the “Frontier Gandhi”.
• Ghaffar Khan met Gandhi and entered politics in 1919 during agitation over the Rowlatt Acts, which allowed the confinement of political dissidents without trial.
• In 1920 he joined the Khilafat movement, which sought to strengthen the spiritual ties of Indian Muslims to the Turkish sultan
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• In 1921 he was elected president of a district Khilafat committee in his native North-West Frontier Province.
• Soon after attending an Indian National Congress (Congress Party) gathering in 1929, Ghaffar Khan founded the Red Shirt movement (Khudai Khitmatgar) among the Pashtuns.
• In 1987 he was awarded the Bharat Ratna Prize, the highest Indian honour that can be given to civilians. He was the first non-Indian to receive this honour.
• Another non-Indian to receive Bharat Ratna is Nelson Mandela (1990).
• Mother Teresa, in 1980, became the first and only naturalised citizen to be awarded the Bharat Ratna.
Additional Information : Khudai Khidmatgar Movement
• The Khudai Khidmatgar was a non-violent movement against British occupation of the Indian subcontinent led by Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a Pashtun freedom fighter, in the North-West Frontier Province.
• Over time, the movement turned political, leading to the British taking notice of its growing prominence in the region.
• Following the arrest of Khan and other leaders in 1929, the movement formally joined the Indian National Congress after they failed to receive support from the All-India Muslim League.
• Members of the Khudai Khidmatgar were organised and the men stood out because of the bright red shirts they wore as uniforms, while the women wore black garments.
• The Khudai Khidtmatgar opposed Partition, a stance that many interpreted as the movement not being in favour of the creation of the independent nation of Pakistan.
FESTIVALS OF INDIA: Concept:
KumbhMela:
• The KumbhMela (the festival of the sacred pitcher) is anchored in Hindu mythology.
• It is the largest public gathering and collective act of faith, anywhere in the world.
• Crowds gather at the sacred confluence of the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the mystical Sarasvati. Primarily, this congregation includes Ascetics, Saints, Sadhus, Sadhvis, Kalpvasis, and Pilgrims from all walks of life.
• The Mela was included in the list of “Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity” by UNESCO in 2017. www.optimizeias.com
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• KumbhMela is celebrated four times over a course of 12 years.
• The geographical location of KumbhMela spans over four locations in India and the Mela site keeps rotating between one of the four pilgrimage places on four sacred rivers as listed below:
• Haridwar on the Ganges in Uttarakhand.
• Ujjain on the Shipra in Madhya Pradesh.
• Nashik on the Godavari in Maharashtra.
• Prayagraj at the confluence of the Ganges, the Yamuna, and the mythical Sarasvati in Uttar Pradesh.
JagannathRathYatra
• The festival is celebrated on the second day of Shukla Paksha of Ashadh, the third month, according to the traditional Oriya calendar.
• The RathYatra (Chariot Festival) is 9 day-long event during which the three holy chariots carrying idols of Lord Jagannath, his brother Balaram (Balabhadra) and sister Subhadra are pulled by thousands of devotees from India and abroad.
• The festival honours the Lord Jagannath’s visit along with his siblings to the temple of Queen Gundicha, the place of their aunt’s house where they revel in a nine day stay.
• JagannathPuri temple is called ‘YamanikaTirtha’ where, according to the Hindu beliefs, the power of ‘Yama’, the god of death has been nullified in Puri due to the presence of Lord Jagannath.
Makaravilakku festival in Sabarimala
• It is celebrated at the sacred grove of Lord Ayyappa at Sabarimala.
• It is an annual seven-day festival, beginning on the day of Makara Sankranti when the sun is in the summer solstice.
• The highlight of the festival is the appearance of Makarajyothi- a celestial star which appears on the day of Makara Sankranthi on top ofKantamala Hills.
• Makara Vilakku ends with the ritual called 'Guruthi', an offering made to appease the god and goddesses of the wilderness.
Goa Carnival (February) - Goa
• In the South-West of India, in February, as the rigour and fasting of Lent approach, the residents of Goa, specially of Panaji, give vent to an exuberance and zest for life in a carnival that lasts for a week.
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• This carnival, rivals the best in the world. Bright colourful costumes, masks and flitrationsfavour the revellers. Processions follow processions.
• Geniously made floats ply down the picturesque roads. And for an unforgettable week exuberance and joy find a home amidst the sandy beaches and beauty of Goa.
AJANTA PAINTING: Context : After Independence, the Viceroy’s House became the RashtrapatiBhavan,and efforts were made to showcase Indian art — such as the paintings in the Ajanta caves, which had emerged as a supreme example of the Indian tradition — and, thus, infuse the building with the spirit of the land.
Concept:
• Ajanta is a series of rock-cut caves in the Sahyadri ranges (Western Ghats) on Waghorariver near Aurangabad in Maharashtra.
• There are a total of 29 caves (all buddhist) of which 25 were used as Viharas or residential caves while 4 were used as Chaitya or prayer halls.
Time of Development
• The caves were developed in the period between 200 B.C. to 650 A.D.
• The Ajanta caves were inscribed by the Buddhist monks, under the patronage of the Vakataka kings – Harishena being a prominent one.
• Reference of the Ajanta caves can be found in the travel accounts of Chinese Buddhist travellers Fa Hien (during the reign of Chandragupta II; 380- 415 CE) and Hieun Tsang (during the reign of emperor Harshavardhana; 606 - 647 CE). .
Painting
• The figures in these caves were done using fresco painting.
• The outlines of the paintings were done in red colour. One of the striking features is the absence of blue colour in the paintings.
• The paintings are generally themed around Buddhism – the life of Buddha and Jataka stories.
• UNESCO Site: The caves were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983.
KRIMILA: Context: The recently excavated monastery in bihar, holds evidence that the it was run by a female monk; it's also a vital key in resurrecting the lost city of Krimila.
Concept:
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• The ancient city of Krimila is said to be a religious-cum-administrative centre in eastern India during the early medieval period.
• A flourishing urban settlement, Krimila is said to have been famous for the manufacture of stone sculpture, particularly Tibetan-Buddhist sculptures.
• Erstwhile Krimila flourished not only under active patronages of Pala kings and later during Sen dynasty rather there are evidences reveal that this forgotten Nagar of early medieval Eastern India also had the influences of Gupta dynasty
• The region drew the attention of ancient scholars, travellers and was explored from time to time by British and later by Indian scholars.
• The region was first surveyed by Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham, a British Army engineer who took interest in archaeology and went to form what we know as the present day Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
• During his visit, the archaeologist identified several stupas and the recorded presence of ancient temples in the region in his reports.
DHEKIAJULI: Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi made his second visit in a fortnight to poll-bound Assam. On sundaymodi was at the historic “martyr” town of Dhekiajuli,to lay the foundation stone for two medical colleges and launch a road and highway project.
Concept:
Dheikajuli Incident
• Dhekiajuli was home to possibly the youngest martyr of the Indian freedom struggle.
• On September 20, 1942, as part of the Quit India movement, processions of freedom fighters marched to various police stations across several towns in Assam.
• These squads, which were known as ‘MrityuBahini’, or death squads, had wide participation — including women and children — and set out to unfurl the tricolour atop police stations, seen as symbols of colonial power.
• he British administration came down heavily on them. In Gohpur, 17-year-old KanaklataBarua and others fell to bullets.
• And in Dhekiajuli, at least 15 people were shot dead, three of them women, including the 12- year-old TileswariBarua.
• Dhekiajuli town in Sonitpur district observes September 20 as Martyrs’ Day, but outside the town few know of Tileswari who would have been 87 years old today.
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VIJAYANAGAR: Context : Karnataka got its 31st district with the State government on Monday issuing an official gazette notification carving out Vijayanagara district from the mine-rich Ballari district.
Concept :
About Vijaynagar Empire
• Vijayanagara or “city of victory” was the name of both a city and an empire.
• The empire was founded in the fourteenth century (1336 AD) by Harihara and Bukka of Sangama dynasty.
• They made Hampi as the capital city. In 1986, Hampi was declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO.
• It stretched from the river Krishna in the north to the extreme south of the peninsula.
• Vijayanagar Empire was ruled by four important dynasties and they are:
• Sangama • Saluva • Tuluva • Aravidu
• Krishnadevaraya (ruled 1509-29) of the Tuluva dynasty was the most famous ruler of Vijayanagar. His rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation.
• He is credited with building some fine temples and adding impressive gopurams to many important south Indian temples. He also founded a suburban township near Vijayanagar called Nagalapuram after his mother.
• He composed a work on statecraft in Telugu known as the Amuktamalyada.
Inscription on Vijayanagar king’s death discovered: Context: The first ever Epigraphical reference to the date of death of Vijayanagar king Krishnadevaraya has been discovered at Honnenahalli in Tumakuru district. Concept: According to it he died on October 17, 1529, Sunday, and incidentally this day was marked by a lunar eclipse. Normally, the death of kings in India has not been recorded in the inscriptions and this was one of those rare records The inscription is engraved on a slab kept on the north side of the Gopalakrishna temple at Honnenahalli in Tumakuru district and is written in Kannada. The Kalahasti inscription also refered to the date of Achyutaraya’s coronation as October 21, 1529 AD, post Krishnadeva Rai death.
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National Tribal Fest: Aadi Mahotsav: Context: Aadi Mahotsav is going on in DilliHaat in New Delhi. Concept: It is organized by the Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation (TRIFED) of the ministry of tribal affairs. Beautiful handcrafted jewellery from the Northeast and of the inimitable Dokra style, fine weaves and textiles, silks, such as Maheshwari, Eri and more than 200 products will be available from across the country. The festival is an effort to take tribal commerce to the next level of digital and electronic transactions. It seeks to provide direct market access to the tribal master-craftsmen and women in large metros and State capitals. About TRIFED: The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED) came into existence in 1987. It is a national-level apex organization functioning under the administrative control of Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Govt. of India. The ultimate objective of TRIFED is socio-economic development of tribal people in the country by way of marketing development of the tribal products on which the lives of tribals depends heavily as they spend most of their time and derive major portion of their income. It empowers tribal people with knowledge, tools and pool of information so that they can undertake their operations in a more systematic and scientific manner. It involves capacity building of the tribal people through sensitization, formation of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and imparting training to them for undertaking a particular activity, exploring marketing possibilities in national as well as international markets, creating opportunities for marketing tribal products on a sustainable basis, creating a brand and providing other services.
Koch Rajbangshis: Context: The Home Minister is set to address Koch Rajbangshis community in poll-bound Assam Concept: It is a community that traces its roots to the Kamata kingdom, which comprised parts of Assam, West Bengal and adjoining territories. In Medieval period ruled their territory of Kamatapur, which comprised a large part of Bangladesh, West Bengal, Bihar and India’s north-east. Koch Rajbongshis are found in Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal and Bihar, and in Bangladesh, Nepal and some parts of Bhutan. They are mainly found in Cooch Bihar (a princely state pre-independence which became part of West Bengal post-1947).
Losar: Context: Tibetan New Year is being celebrated today. Concept:
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It is a festival of Tibetan Buddhism. It is celebrated on lunisolar (a calendar in many cultures whose date indicates both the Moon phase and the time of the solar year.) Tibetan calendar. It is celebrated on various dates depending on depending on location (Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, India, and Pakistan) tradition. It corresponds to a date in February or March in the Gregorian calendar. It is known as Lhochhar in Nepal. In Ladakh religious offering is made to the deities in domestic shrines or GOMPAS. Cultural event, rituals and traditional performances are also organized.
Theru Koothu: Context: A group of Theru Koothu, a declining art form, saw artists performing their first performance in political party rally this year. Concept: It is the most popular form of folk drama of Tamil Nadu, literally means "street play". It is mostly performed at the time of annual temple festivals of Mariamman (Rain goddess) to achieve rich harvest. At the core of the extensive repertoire of Theru koothu there is a cycle of eight plays based on the life of Draupadi. Kattiakaran, the Sutradhara of the Therukoothu performance, gives the gist of the play to the audience and Komali entertains the audience with his buffoonery In Theru Koothu make-up and costumes are considered to be of prime importance. They perform with menacing moustaches, heavy make-up, colourful dresses and a handful male dressed as female mythological characters as well. Generally performed in open air, under the gas lights.
Thiruvallvur: Context: A fuel station owner at Nagapampalli near Karur has been offering half-a-litre of petrol free to customers whose kids recite 10 couplets of Thirukkural. Concept: The aim of initiative is: 1. Promote reading habit 2. Bring about a focus in students 3. Awareness about the poet and his ideas About Thiruvallavur: Thiruvalluvar is also called Valluvar and was a Tamil poet-saint. Regarded as the cultural and moral icon for Tamils across caste and religious lines. He dismissed the caste system He had contributed the Tirukkural or ‘Kural’ to the Sangam literature. Tirukkural is comprised of 133 sections of 10 couplets each is divided into three books: Aram (virtue), Porul (government and society), and Kamam (love). Recently political controversy arose for if belonged to 3rd-4th century or 8th to 9th century. Also, he is associated with Jainism as well as Hinduism by some groups. www.optimizeias.com
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15th January is celebrated as the Thiruvalluvar Day.
BHIMBETKA PAINTING: Context : India and Australia were a evolutionary neighbours , a link found in Bhimbetka shows. Concept : The Bhimbetka rock shelters are an archaeological site in central India that spans the prehistoric Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, as well as the historic period.
It exhibits the earliest traces of human life in India and evidence of Stone Age starting at the site in Acheulian times.
It is located in the Raisen District in Madhya Pradesh about 45 kilometres (28 mi) south-east of Bhopal.
It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that consists of seven hills and over 750 rock shelters distributed over 10 km (6.2 mi).
At least some of the shelters were inhabited more than 100,000 years ago.
Some of the Bhimbetka rock shelters feature prehistoric cave paintings and the earliest are about 10,000 years old (c. 8,000 BCE), corresponding to the Indian Mesolithic.
These cave paintings show themes such as animals, early evidence of dance and hunting.
The Bhimbetka rock shelters were found by V S Wakankar 64 years ago. Since then, thousands of researchers have visited the site, but this rare fossil went undetected.
Maharaja Suheldev: Context: PM laid down the foundation stone of Maharaja Suhuldeve Memorial and development work of Chittaura lake in Bahraich district UP. Concept: Maharaja Suheldev is an 11th-Century ruler who killed Ghaznavid general Salar Masud and credited to halt spread of Islam in the region Suheldev was a legendary medieval-era warrior-king. He is mentioned in Mirat-i-Masudi (written by Abdur Rahman Chishti). According to the legend, Suhaldev was the eldest son of King Mordhwaj of Shravasti, during the 11th Though his historical existence is not so much known, he is today popular as a caste icon among the Rajbhars (OBC) and the Pasis (second largest Dalit caste in U.P.), both of whom have been competing for his legacy.
Mandu festival: Context: The three-day Mandu Festival was recently held at Mandu in the historic town of Dhar district in Madhya Pradesh yesterday. Concept:
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The three-day festival had live concerts, adventure sports, cycling expeditions and much more. It will have Local art, craft and cuisine as well. About Mandu It is located in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh and reflects prominently Afghan architecture surrounded by baobab trees, native to Africa. Ex- Hoshang Shah’s Tomb is said to be India’s first marble structure and one of the best examples of Afghan architecture. It is truly Islamic in architecture with a beautifully proportioned dome, intricate marble lattice work and porticoed courts and towers. The Hoshang Shah’s tomb may have been used as a template for building the Taj Mahal. It is also famous for Malwa style of architecture. The architecture of Mandu is described as an example of Indian functionalism. It generally lacks the expression and decoration. Darwazas: Mandu is the largest fortified city of medieval India. The wall encompassing Mandu has 12 major gates or darwazas. Hindola Mahal or Swing palace which has sloping sidewalls. Jahaz Mahal is located between two artificial lakes. It was built by Ghiyas-ud-din-Khilji, and it served as a harem for the sultan, with a reportedly aggregation of 15000 ladies inside. Rani Roopmati’s Pavillion, Baz Bahadur’s Palace are other important monuments.
Shergarh: Context: Close to nine years after the 16th century Sher Shah Gate in Central Delhi was partially damaged in heavy rains, the restoration work on the monument is still not complete and delayed due to Covid protocols as per ASI. Concept: Sher shah gate is located on Mathura Road opposite Purana Qila and collapsed in 2012. The gate served as the southern entrance to Shergarh, a city built by Sher Shah Suri of the Sur dynasty during his reign as emperor of North India from 1540 to 1545. Shergarh was built when Sher Shah took control of the Mughal Empire after defeating emperor Humayun in 1540. The northern gate of Shergarh is at Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg and is known as the Khooni Darwaza
Ancient Buddhist Monastery found in Jharkhand/Nagri script: Context: The monastery was found near Burhani village near Juljul Pahar of Sitagarhi Hills (12 kms from Hazaribagh) in Jharkhand by ASI team. Concept: It is believed to be at least 900 years old, buried under a mound in a village. It is significant for it comes two months after discovery of an ancient Buddhist shrine (three rooms with Central shrine having statue of Tara, and other two subsidiary shrine of Buddha), buried under a similar mound, barely 100 metres away. On the site ASI team excavated 10 stone statues of deity Tara and the Buddha. Though the scientific findings have yet not confirmed it, possibility is it belonged to Pala empire. It also found sculpture which appears to be that of Shaivite deity Maheswari – with a coiled crown and chakra – indicating cultural assimilation in the area. www.optimizeias.com
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The presence of statues of deity Tara shows possible proliferation of Vajrayana form of Buddhism in this region. Four statues of deity Tara in Varad Mudra (gesture of hand showing dispensing of boons) and six statues of the Buddha in Bhumisparsa Mudra (gesture of hand showing five fingers of right hand towards the earth symbolising the Buddha’s enlightenment). It also falls on the old path to Varanasi (Sarnath), where Buddha gave first sermon. Last year a script was found of 3-4 words as well and was believed to be Nagri script and was dated between 10th century AD to 12th century AD. Nagri is a previous version of Devnagri script and the words indicate Buddhist religious affiliation. This time also ASI got Nagri script on a Tara statue. Vajrayana Vajrayana is a form of Tantric Buddhism, which flourished in India from 6th to 11th century.
About Tara Also called Arya Tara, or Shayama Tara or Jetsun Dolma. Tara is an important figure in Buddhism with particularly reverence in Tibetan Buddhism. She is the feminine counterpart of the bodhisattva (“buddha-to-be”) Avalokiteshvara. Popular believe is she came into existence from a tear of Avalokiteshvara, which fell to the ground and formed a lake. Considered Female bodhisattva in Tibetan Buddhism. She represents the virtues of success in work and achievements
Vellore mutiny: Context: Descendants of Tipu Sultan who himself never had any links to the city find themselves in Calcutta and Vellore mutiny in 1806 is given reason for their ancestor migrating here. Concept: It erupted on 10th July 1806 in Vellore, present-day Tamil Nadu. It is one of the first major mutiny by the Indian sepoys in the East India Company. It killed 14 British officers and 115 Englishmen of the 69th Regiment and ended on the same day. Led by Tipu Sultan's son Hyder Fateh they raised the flag of the Mysore Sultanate over the fort. From Arcot, British troops arrived led by Sir Rollo Gillespie to quell the rebellion. All three Madras regiments were involved and was disbanded after mutiny.
Causes: Disregarding the religious sensitivities of the Hindu and Muslim Indian sepoys. Ex- prohibiting soldiers from wearing religious marks on their foreheads and also to trim their moustaches and shave off their beards Resentment felt towards changes in the sepoy dress code: Wearing of new round hats instead of the traditional headgear led to believe that attempt was being made for conversion to Christianity.
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Punishment to soldiers who protested these orders.
Jagannath heritage Corridor Project (Puri): Context: The ODISHA assembly unanimously passed a resolution regarding the Jagannath Heritage Corridor project Concept: The project’s draft architectural plan and design, with an estimated cost of Rs 3,200 crore has been recently approved by the temple management committee. Earlier Justice B P Das commission recommended the Srimandir Security Corridor for the safety of the devotees and creation of a spiritual atmosphere. The project is divided into nine zones and to be completed in three phases. About Jagannath temple It was built in 12th century by King Anatavarman Chodaganga Deva of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. It is also called "Yamanika Tirtha" as it is believed that the the power of ‘Yama’, the god of death has been nullified in Puri due to the presence of Lord Jagannath. Also called White Pagoda and is famous for annual Ratha Yatra or Chariot festival, in which the three principal deities (Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra) are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars It is a part of Char Dham pilgrimages as part of Badrinath, Dwaraka, Puri, Rameswaram circuit.
CHANNAPATTANA TOY MAKERS: Context: The Channapattana toy makers thanked Prime Minister Modi for his support to the Indian toy makers.
Concept:
Channapatana is a city and taluk headquarter in Ramanagara District, Karnataka, India.
Channapatana is also called as Channpatna by locals.
The city is famous for its wooden toys and lacquerware. Channapatna is also called Town of toys ("Gombegala nagara").
The origin of these toys is dated back to the reign of Tipu Sultan who invited the artisans from Persia in order to train the local artisans in the art of wooden toy making.
These toys have been given Geographical Indication tag by Government of India.
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GEOGRAPHY
ANDAMAN ISLANDS: Context: A plan for the sustainable and holistic development of the 680 sq km, fragile Little Andaman Island in the Andaman and Nicobar group has raised the alarm among conservationists. Concept: • The ‘Sustainable Development of Little Andaman Island - Vision Document’, is the NITI Aayog’s proposal to leverage the strategic location and natural features of the island.
• This, the vision says, will be done by building a new greenfield coastal city there, that will be developed as a free trade zone and will compete with Singapore and Hong Kong.
Andaman Islands • The Andaman Islands are the extension of the submerged ArakanYoma Tertiary Mountain range of Myanmar and the Nicobars are the continuation of the Mentawai Islands to the south and southeast of Sumatra.
• The main rocks of these islands are sandstone, limestone and shale.
• These two island groups situated in the Bay of Bengal span 6°45′ N to 13°41′ N (740 km) and 92°12′ E to 93°57′ E (190 km).
• These islands are separated from one another by very narrow straits.
• Andamans are separated from Nicobar by 10-degree channel (10-degree latitude).
• South Andaman and Little Andaman are separated by Duncan Passage.
• The Grand Channel is between the Great Nicobar islands and the Sumatra islands of Indonesia.
• The Coco Strait is between the North Andaman islands and the Coco Islands of Myanmar.
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands group is a Union Territory administered by the President through a Lt. Governor.
• Port Blair, located in South Andaman is the administrative capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• The southernmost point of India is The Indira Point, (formerly known as Pygmalion Point and Parsons Point) which is the southern point of the Great Nicobar Islands.
• The highest peak of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is Saddle Peak, located in the North Andaman.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Island has a tropical marine climate influenced by the seasonal flow of monsoon winds.
• The region is under dense tropical rain forests. The coastal regions have mangrove forests.
• Coconut fruit is the staple food of the people. Fisheries, piggery is also followed.
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• The Islands are also famous for the largest and rarest species of crab, the Giant Robber Crab. It can climb the coconut trees and break the hard shell of the fruit.
• The entire region is vulnerable to earthquakes as it is in the major earthquake zone.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are also known as the Emerald Islands.
• Barren Island, located in the east of Middle Andaman is India s only active volcano.
• The Narcondam Island, located in the north-east of North Andaman is also a volcanic island.
WATER SCARCITY IN HIMALAYAS: Context: A new study has said that Himalayan catchment areas may face water stress situations. They also note that if there is increased rainfall, this could lead to a water surplus situation.
Concept:
• The team studied five basins in the central Himalaya – Sutlej, ThuloBheri, Kali Gandaki, DudhKosi and Arun.
• The results show that the glacier-melt increases about 15% to 70% in a warmer environment with its present volume, but then decreases to 3%–38% substantially when the glacier volumes shrink.
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• However, such a decrease can be compensated if there is increased rainfall and if a wetter scenario persists.
Himalayas
• The northward drift of the Indo-Australian plate resulted in its collision with the much larger Eurasian Plate.
• Due to which, the sedimentary rocks which were accumulated in the geosyncline known as the Tethys were folded to form the mountain system of western Asia and Himalaya.
Features:
• The Himalayas are geologically young and structurally folded mountains and represent the loftiest and one of the most rugged mountain barriers of the world.
• They form an arc, which covers a distance of about 2,400 km. Their width varies from 400 km in Kashmir to 150 km in Arunachal Pradesh.
Orientation:
• The general orientation of these ranges is from northwest to the southeast direction in the northwestern part of India.
• Himalayas in the Darjeeling and Sikkim regions lie in an east west direction.
• In Arunachal Pradesh they are from southwest to the northwest direction.
• In Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram, they are in the north south direction.
• The Himalayan mountains consist of three parallel ranges in longitudinal extent:
• Great Himalaya or Himadri: It is the northernmost and the most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000 m. World’s highest peaks are located in it.
• Lesser Himalaya or Himachal: To the south of Himadri, it is the most rugged mountain system and is known as Himachal or lesser Himalaya. The altitude varies between 3,700 and 4,500 m. It is well known for its hill stations like Kashmir, Kangra and Kullu Valleys.
• Shiwalik: It is the southernmost range with an altitude varying between 900 and 1100 m. These ranges are composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges located farther north.
• There are large-scale regional variations within the Himalayas. On the basis of relief, alignment of ranges and other geomorphological features, the Himalayas can be divided into the following subdivisions:
Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas. Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas.
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Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas. Arunachal Himalayas. Eastern Hills and Mountains.
GLACIAL OUTBURST FLOOD / AVALANCHE: Context : A glacial lake burst, a cloud burst or an avalanche, the impact of climate change or “development” — scientists are not sure what triggered the sudden surge of water near Chamoli in Uttarakhand Sunday morning that briefly raised fears of a repeat of the 2013 disaster in the state.
Concept:
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood
• A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a release of meltwater from a moraine– or ice-dam glacial lake due to dam failure.
• GLOFs often result in catastrophic flooding downstream, with major geomorphic and socioeconomic impacts.
GLOFs have three main features:
• They involve sudden (and sometimes cyclic) releases of water.
• They tend to be rapid events, lasting hours to days.
• They result in large downstream river discharges (which often increase by an order of magnitude).
Direct Causes
• The following direct causes of glacial lake outburst floods were documented:
• Rapid slope movement into the lake
• Heavy rainfall/snowmelt
• Cascading processes (flood from a lake situated upstream)
• Earthquake
• Melting of ice incorporated in dam/forming the dam (including volcanic activity-triggered jökulhlaups)
• Blocking of subsurface outflow tunnels (applies only to lakes without surface outflow or lakes with a combination of surface and subsurface outflow)
• Long-term dam degradation
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• There are two main settings in which glacial lakes form:
• Behind moraine dams
• Behind ice dams.
Moraine Dammed Lakes
• When a glacier retreats, it can leave behind a large impression in the ground that fills with water, turning it into a lake.This is typically known as a moraine.
• Moraine-dammed lakes form during periods of glacier retreat from a moraine.
• As a glacier margin retreats, water collects in the topographic low between the ice-front and the abandoned frontal and/or lateral moraine.
• These lakes can be impounded by an unstable pile of debris and buried ice.
• Most existing moraine-dammed lakes were formed when mountain glaciers began to retreat from large moraine ridges constructed during the Little Ice Age.
Ice Dammed Lakes
• In contrast to moraine-dammed lakes, ice-dammed lakes form when drainage is blocked by a glacier that advances or becomes thicker.
• Consequently, ice-dammed lake growth is closely related to glacier mass balance and climate.
• Ice-dammed lakes form wherever a glacier blocks the drainage of meltwater.
AVALANCHE
• Avalanche is a rapid downslope movement of a large detached mass of snow, ice, and associated debris such as rocks and vegetation.
• Small avalanches, or Sluffs, occur in large numbers, while large avalanches that may encompass slopes a kilometer or more in length with millions of tons of snow, occur infrequently but cause most of the damage.
• Humans have been exposed to the threat of sliding snow for as long as they have inhabited mountainous regions.
Types of Avalanches:
• Loose snow avalanches-formed in snow with little internal cohesion among individual snow crystals.
• Slab avalanches-Originate in snow with sufficient internal cohesion to enable a snow layer, or layers, to react mechanically as a single entity.
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• Wet snow avalanches-These move more slowly than dry ones and are seldom accompanied by dust clouds.
• Direct action avalanches –These are the immediate result of a single snowstorm. They usually involve only fresh snow.
• Climax avalanches-Result of a series of snowstorms or a culmination of weather influences. Their fall is not necessarily associated with a current storm or weather situation.
DHAULIGANGA: Context: Water Levels Surge Up In Dhauli Ganga Once Again After Glacier Burst.
Concept:
• Dhauligangaalso known as Dhauli river is one of the six source streams of the ganga river. It originates from DeovanHimani and flows along gahrwal division of uttarakhand.
• It rises at an altitude of 5070 metres in Niti Pass at chamoli district of uttarakhand.
• It meets Alaknandariver at Vishnu Prayag at the base of Joshimath Mountains.
• Major Hydroelectric projects situated at Tapovan, Maleri Jhelum , Jhelum Tamak in chamoli district.
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LANDSLIDE LAKE OUTBURST FLOOD: Context : New evidence suggests that the incident may have been caused by a breach in a temporary pool or lake formed by obstructions due to landslides or snow avalanches — an event described as a Landslide Lake Outburst Flood (LLOF).
Concept:
• Glaciologists and geologists identified a steeply hanging bit of a glacier which likely developed a crack and caused a landslide, triggering an avalanche and the subsequent flooding.
• While landslide-triggered flows could cause enough heat to form temporary, transient dams of water that get quickly washed away in a flooding event, the event is not a ‘glacial outburst
• A landslide or snow avalanche can create obstructions in the normal path of a flowing river or stream, which results in the formation of a temporary pool, or a dam-like situation.
• When this obstruction finally gives way to the force of accumulating water, it creates a situation similar to a lake burst. This is called Landslide Lake Outburst Flood.
• In the case of an avalanche, snow adds to the volume of water.
GEO THERMAL ENERGY PROJECT: Context : ONGC to carry out India's first geothermal energy project in Ladakh.
Concept :
• This MoU, which was signed in the presence of Ladakh Lieutenant Governor, is the first step towards creating a Carbon Neutral Ladakh, a clarion call given by Prime Minister of India on Independence Day 2020, ONGC said in a statement
• The project will be implemented in three phases.
• Phase-1 involves exploratory-cum-production drilling of wells up to 500 metres depth and setting up of a Pilot Plant of up to 1 MW power capacity.
• Phase-II would involve deeper and lateral exploration of geothermal reservoir by drilling of optimal number of wells and setting up of a higher capacity Demo Plant and preparing a Detailed Project Report.
• Phase-III would involve commercial development of the geothermal plant, the energy company said.
Geothermal Energy
• Geothermal Energy is the energy obtained from heat stored in the earth crust and used for various purposes like electricity generation or direct heating applications. Geothermal energy is basically stored in earth crust up to depth of 3 to 4 km.
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Geothermal Power Plants
• Hot water and steam from deep underground can be piped up through underground wells and used to generate electricity in a power plant. Three different types of geothermal power plants exist:
• Dry steam plants: Hot steam is piped directly from geothermal reservoirs into generators in the power plant. The steam spins turbines, which generate electricity.
• Flash steam plants: Water that's between 300 and 700 degrees Fahrenheit (148 and 371 degrees Celsius) is brought up through a well. Some of the water turns to steam, which drives the turbines. When the steam cools it condenses back into water and is returned to the ground.
• Binary cycle plants: Moderately hot geothermal water is passed through a heat exchanger, where its heat is transferred to a liquid (such as isobutene) that boils at a lower temperature than water. When that fluid is heated it turns to steam, which spins the turbines. Binary cycle plant is suitable for India because India is a low geothermal region with low heat enthalpy.
Niti Valley and Niti Pass:
Context: There are many villages which has been cut-off due to recent flood in Uttarakhand Concept: The Uttarakhand flood has cut-off this and other remote villages. Niti Valley is one of northernmost region of the Uttarakhand. It is the las village in the valley before border meets with the South Tibet. Niti Pass is an ancient trade route between India and China which was closed post 1962 war. They are mostly inhabited by Bhotiyas or Chamoli'sMarchas, a community of Mongoloid origin. The adverse weather conditions make the area inhabitable only for 6 to 8 months leading to practice of transhumance in the region.
Chardham Highway project: Context: SC panel head cites link between Char Dham road widening, Uttarakhand floods. Concept: It aims to connect four Hindu holy towns of Yamunotri, Gangotri Kedarnath, and Badrinath in Uttarakhand and is a 900-KMS long project. The project is also deemed strategically important in the backdrop of the recent India-China military standoff at LAC. The Centre on Wednesday informed the Supreme Court that there is no connection between the 'Chardham' road widening projecs and the flash floods recently. The high-power Committee appointed by the SC to study Char DHam Project recent disaster in the Rishiganga valley took place in the region north of the Main Central Thrust (MCT), which is highly prone to landslides, flash floods and earthquakes.
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Alaknanda river’s clear green blue giving way to muddiness: Context: 6 days post flash floods in Uttarakhand saw Alaknanda river water turning muddy raising concern. Concept: Normally Alaknanda is muddy only in the monsoon. It is the result of suspended sand, clay, rocks, in the water. Dhauliganga carried the deposits into Alaknanda river after the flood. The flood weakened downstream of Tapovan, and the mud and debris reached Rishikesh. Formation of Ganga The Alaknanda rises in the Satopanth glacier and is met at Vishnuprayag by the Dhauli Ganga. The Alaknanda is then met by the Nandakini at Nandaprayag, Pindar at Karnaprayag, Mandakini at Rudraprayag, and Bhagirathi at Devprayag. Thereafter, it is known as Ganga, which flows to Rishikesh and Haridwar.
Once the wettest place on earth seeing decreasing trend in rainfall: Context: A recent study paper published in Environmental Research Letter looked at the trend of rainfalls in Cherrapunji (Meghalaya) over last 119 years and saw decreasing trend of about 0.42 mm per decade. Concept: Mawsynram overtook Cherrapunji few years back as wettest place and receives over 10,000 millimeters of rain in a year. The focus of the study on north-east is because the Northeast India has the highest vegetation cover in India and includes 18 biodiversity hotspots of the world, indicating the importance of the region in terms of its greenery and climate-change sensitivity Causes of declining trend Changes in the Indian Ocean temperature Human interference: Reduction in the vegetation area in northeast India in the past two decades. Study noted decrease in vegetation cover and increase in the areas of cropland www.optimizeias.com
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mainly from the year 2006 onwards and increase in urban and built-up lands during 2001-08 period. Team noted northeast India is mostly hilly and is an extension of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, the region is highly sensitive to changes in regional and global climate. Steps suggested: Conserve the vegetation or forest area, biodiversity parks, the hills and valleys in the northeast Solid water management strategies to combat climate-induced changes of water bodies and ground water. Long-term plans are necessary to combat declining trend.
Chamoli Lake: Context: The lake which led concern of fresh deluge post-Uttarakhand flood recently is said to be 8 to 9 metres deep with aroung 50000 cubic metres of water in it. Concept: The lake was formed upstream of the Rishi Ganga river after the February 7 flash floods in Uttarakhand’s Chamoli district. The exercise to measure depth was taken jointly by the Air force and the Indian Navy. For the operation the helicopter hovered 14,000 ft above sea level, the divers plunged into the ice- cold water with handheld echo sounders to calculate the depth
Western disturbance: Context: Delhi saw fewer Western Disturbance event this year and this has led to February temperature 7 degree above normal. Concept: Towards the end of February, temperature usually starts rising, however, this is dependent on the number of Western Disturbances. There was 1 Western disturbance around February 5 this year and none after that. A Western Disturbance is a weather pattern associated with sudden winter rain and snow in northwest India, which plays an important role in bringing down the temperatures. About Western disturbance It is an extra-tropical storm (low pressure winds embedded in western winds (westerlies) that flow from west to the east) which originates in the Mediterranean region Why name Western disturbance (WD): The disturbance travels from the “western” to the eastern direction. Disturbance means an area of “disturbed” or reduced air pressure. Equilibrium exists in nature due to which the air in a region tries to normalize its pressure. WD is associated with the rainfall, snowfall and fog in northern India. After travelling over Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan to northern India it comes with the cloud along with rain and snow. The moisture which WDs carry with them comes from the Mediterranean Sea and/or from the Atlantic Ocean. In India, WD eventually come up against the Himalayas and get blocked, as a consequence, the moisture gets trapped and precipitation is shared in the form of snow and rain over Northwest India and sometimes, other parts of North India
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Once it is more intense in the Indian Region, they can extend even up to 15 degree north, resulting into rainfall up to north Maharashtra, Gujarat and the entire Madhya Pradesh the WD is the cause of the most winter and pre-monsoon season rainfall across North-West India, moderate to heavy rain in low lying areas and heavy snow to mountainous areas of the Indian subcontinent. it has significance in in agriculture particularly for rabi crops including wheat. Extra-Tropical Cyclones are also called as winter storms and blizzards.
Mount Etna (Italy): Context: For a week Mt Etna has been belching lava, ash and volcanic rocks on a regular basis as a result of eruption. Concept: Mount Etna is the highest Mediterranean island mountain and the most active stratovolcano or Composite volcano in the world. It is about 3,326 metres high and is the highest peak in Italy South of the Alps. The almost continuous eruptive activity of Mount Etna continues to influence volcanology, geophysics and other Earth science disciplines. It also impacts terrestrial ecosystems including endemic flora and fauna and its activity makes it a natural laboratory for the study of ecological and biological processes. About Composite volcano Cone-shaped volcanoes built from many layers of lava, pumice, ash, and tephra. Due to multiple layers of viscous material, rather than fluid lava, composite volcanoes tend to form tall peaks rather than rounded cones. Sometimes the summit crater collapses to form a caldera. Composite volcanoes are responsible for the most catastrophic eruptions in history. So far, Mars is the only place in the solar system besides Earth known to have stratovolcanoes.
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INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
NINTH SCHEDULE: Context : The Supreme Court on Tuesday agreed to examine a petition seeking an immediate stay on the implementation of a Tamil Nadu law that allows 69% quota in educational institutions and government jobs in the State.
Concept :
• Tamil Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Reservation of seats in Educational Institutions and of appointments or posts in the Services under the State) Act of 1993 is protected under the ninth Schedule of the Constitution from judicial review.
• Section 4 of the Act provides 30% reservation to the Backward Classes, 20% for the Most Backward Classes and de-notified communities, 18% for the Scheduled Castes and 1% for the Scheduled Tribes. Thus, a total of 69% reservation is provided.
Ninth Schedule
• The Schedule contains a list of central and state laws which cannot be challenged in courts and was added by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951.
• The first Amendment added 13 laws to the Schedule. Subsequent amendments in various years have taken the number of protected laws to 284 currently.
• It was created by the new Article 31B, which along with Article 31A was brought in by the government to protect laws related to agrarian reform and for abolishing the Zamindari system.
• While Article 31A extends protection to ‘classes’ of laws, Article 31B shields specific laws or enactments.
• While most of the laws protected under the Schedule concern agriculture/land issues, the list includes other subjects.
• Article 31B also has a retrospective operation which means that if laws are inserted in the Ninth Schedule after they are declared unconstitutional, they are considered to have been in the Schedule since their commencement, and thus valid.
• Although Article 31B excludes judicial review, the apex court has said in the past that even laws under the Ninth Schedule would be open to scrutiny if they violated Fundamental Rights or the basic structure of the Constitution.
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CITIZENSHIP AMENDMENT ACT: Context : The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) informed the Lok Sabha on Tuesday that a parliamentary committee on subordinate legislation had granted it extension till April 9 to frame the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), 2019 rules.
Concept :
• The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 seeks to amend the Citizenship Act, 1955.
• The Citizenship Act,1955 provides various ways in which citizenship may be acquired. It provides for citizenship by birth, descent, registration, naturalisation and by incorporation of the territory into India.
• In addition, it regulates the registration of Overseas Citizen of India Cardholders (OCIs) and their rights. An OCI is entitled to some benefits such as a multiple-entry, multipurpose lifelong visa to visit India.
Key Features of CAA
• Citizenship on the basis of religion: The Bill amends the Citizenship Act, 1955, and for the first time, will grant citizenship on the basis of religion to non-Muslim communities from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, who entered India on or before December 31, 2014.
• Non - Muslim Communities Included: Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian. This implies that migrants, who identify themselves with any group or community other than those mentioned here, from the above mentioned countries won't be eligible for citizenship.
• Exceptions: The provisions on citizenship for illegal migrants will not apply to two categories - states protected by the ‘Inner Line’, and areas covered under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.
• Inner Line Permit (ILP): This is a special permit that citizens from other parts of India require to enter a state protected by the ILP regime. Without an ILP granted by the state government, an Indian from another state cannot visit a state that is under the ILP regime.
• Sixth Schedule: The Sixth Schedule relates to special provisions in administration of certain Northeastern states (Assam, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Tripura). It provides special powers for Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) in these states.
• Citizenship by Naturalization
• Under The Citizenship Act, 1955, one of the requirements for citizenship by naturalisation is that the applicant must have resided in India during the last 12 months, as well as for 11 of the previous 14 years.
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• The amendment relaxes the second requirement from 11 years to 5 years as a specific condition for applicants belonging to the specified six religions, and the above mentioned three countries.
• Additional Ground for Cancelling Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) Registration i.e. violation of any law notified by the central government.
• However, the Bill does not provide any guidance on the nature of laws which the central government may notify.
SECTION 69 A OF IT ACT:
Context: Around 100 Twitter accounts and 150 tweets related to the farmers' protests went off the microblogging platform on Monday morning as the IT Ministry directed Twitter to remove these accounts under Section 69A of the Information Technology Act.
Concept:
• The Information Technology Act, 2000 was enacted by Parliament of India on 9 June 2000 and it is in force since 17 October 2000.
Section 69A of the Information Technology Act, 2000
• It empowers the central government to block the online content and arrest the culprit. This is the primary law that deals with cyber-crime and electronic commerce in India.
• Section 69A of the Information Technology Act has given many power to the central government. Read sections of the act;
1. Issue direction to remove objectionable content on social media and any other website.
2 . To block the online content in the wake of sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, defence of India, friendly relations with foreign States.
3 .The procedure and safeguards subject to which such blocking for access by the public may be carried out shall be such as may be prescribed.
4 . The concerned authorities failing to comply with the direction (sub-section 1) issued might be punished with imprisonment for a term up to to seven years and shall also be liable to fine.
• The apex court said that the Centre can exercise its power to issue directions to block an internet site, saying there are adequate procedural safeguards. The court also said that national security is above individual privacy.
• As we know that the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 allows the central government to tap phones. The Supreme Court had given a verdict in 1996 and said that the government can tap phones only in case of a "public emergency".
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• But in the case of Section 69 of the IT Act, no such restriction is imposed by the Supreme Court.
• Recently the government of India had banned many Chinese apps citing the provisions of Section 69A of the information technology act, 2000.
MOTION OF THANKS: Context: Several members from the Opposition and Treasury benches participated in the debate on the three contentious farm laws, which are being opposed by farmers on the borders of Delhi, in the Upper House as part of the Motion of Thanks to the President’s address.
Concept:
Motion of Thanks to Presidential Address
• The address of the president is discussed in both the Houses of Parliament on a motion called the ‘Motion of Thanks’.
• It is available to the members of Parliament to raise discussions and debates to examine and criticise the government and administration for its lapses and failures.
• Generally, three days are allotted for the discussion on the Motion of Thanks.
• If any of the amendments are put forward and accepted then the Motion of Thanks is adopted in the amended form.
• Amendments may refer to matters contained in the Address as well as to matters which, in the opinion of the member, the Address has failed to mention.
• At the end of the discussion, the motion is put to vote.
Significance of Motion of Thanks
• The Motion of Thanks must be passed in the House. Otherwise, it amounts to the defeat of the government.
• It is one of the ways through which the Lok Sabha can also express a lack of confidence in the government. The other ways are:
Rejection of a money bill.
Passing a censure motion or an adjournment motion.
The defeat of the government on a vital issue.
Passing a cut motion.
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PRIVILEGE MOTION: Context: RSP MP NK Premachandran Wednesday submitted a privilege notice against Union Agriculture Minister Narendra Singh Tomar for proposing to the protesting farmers amendments in the three contentious agricultural laws passed by Parliament.
Concept:
• It is concerned with the breach of parliamentary privileges by a minister.
Breach of Privileges
• Parliamentary Privileges are certain rights and immunities enjoyed by members of Parliament, individually and collectively, so that they can “effectively discharge their functions”.
• When any of these rights and immunities are disregarded, the offence is called a breach of privilege and is punishable under law of Parliament.
• A notice is moved in the form of a motion by any member of either House against those being held guilty of breach of privilege.
Role of the Speaker/Rajya Sabha (RS) Chair
• The Speaker/RS chairperson is the first level of scrutiny of a privilege motion.
• The Speaker/Chair can decide on the privilege motion himself or herself or refer it to the privileges committee of Parliament. If the Speaker/Chair gives consent under relevant rules, the member concerned is given an opportunity to make a short statement.
Rules governing Privilege
• Rule No 222 in Chapter 20 of the Lok Sabha Rule Book and correspondingly Rule 187 in Chapter 16 of the Rajya Sabha rulebook governs privilege.
• Rules say that a member may, with the consent of the Speaker or the Chairperson, raise a question involving a breach of privilege either of a member or of the House or a committee thereof.
Privilege Committee
• It is a Standing Committee. It examines the cases of breach of the privileges of the House and its members and recommends appropriate action.
• The Lok Sabha committee has 15 members, while the Rajya Sabha committee has 10 members.
APPOINTMENT OF CBI DIRECTOR:
Context: Gujarat cadre IPS officer Praveen Sinha, currently Additional Director of the CBI, was appointed as its interim chief. www.optimizeias.com
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Concept:
• The Centre has initiated the process of new appointment. It has drawn a panel of eligible officers belonging to 1984 to 1986 batches.
Director of CBI
• Director, CBI as Inspector General of Police, Delhi Special Police Establishment, is responsible for the administration of the organization.
• Till 2014, the CBI Director was appointed on the basis of the DSPE Act, 1946.
• In 2003, DSPE Act was revised on Supreme Court’s recommendation in the Vineet Narain case.
• A committee that had members from Central Vigilance Commission, Secretaries from Home Ministry, Ministry of Personnel and Public Grievances would send recommendations to Central Government for the appointment of CBI Director.
• In 2014, the Lokpal Act provided a committee for appointment of CBI Director:
• Headed by Prime Minister
• Other members - Leader of Opposition/ Leader of the single largest opposition party, Chief Justice of India/ a Supreme Court Judge.
• Home Ministry sends a list of eligible candidates to DoPT. Then, the DoPT prepares the final list on basis of seniority, integrity, and experience in the investigation of anti-corruption cases, and sends it to the committee.
• Director of CBI has been provided security of two year tenure, by the CVC Act, 2003.
PARDONING POWER OF PRESIDENT:
Context: Three days after the Centre assured the Supreme Court that Tamil Nadu Governor was set to take a call on release of Rajiv Gandhi assassination convict, the Governor’s office, , left a decision on pardon of all the convicts in the case to President .
Concept:
Clemency powers of the President under article 72:
• It says that the President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence.
• Pardon –A pardon completely absolves the offender from all sentences and punishment and disqualifications and places him in the same position as if he had never committed the offence. www.optimizeias.com
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• Commutation– Commutation means exchange of one thing for another. In simple words to replace the punishment with less severe punishment. For example for Rigorous imprisonment- simple imprisonment.
• Reprieve– Reprieve means temporary suspension of death sentence. For example- pending a proceeding for pardon or commutation.
• Respite – Respite means awarding a lesser punishment on some special grounds. For example- the Pregnancy of women offender.
• Remissions– Remission means the reduction of the amount of sentence without changing its character, for example, a sentence of 1 year may be remitted to 6 months.
• The President can exercise these powers:
In all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a court martial;
In all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends;
In all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.
• The pardoning power of President is wider than the governor and it differs in the following two ways:
• The power of the President to grant pardon extends in cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Court Martial but Article 161 does not provide any such power to the Governor.
• The President can grant pardon in all cases where the sentence given is sentence of death but pardoning power of Governor does not extend to death sentence cases.
Key facts:
• This power of pardon shall be exercised by the President on the advice of Council of Ministers.
• Further, the constitution does not provide for any mechanism to question the legality of decisions of President or governors exercising mercy jurisdiction.
• But the SC in EpuruSudhakar case has given a small window for judicial review of the pardon powers of President and governors for the purpose of ruling out any arbitrariness.
• The court has earlier held that court has retained the power of judicial review even on a matter which has been vested by the Constitution solely in the Executive.
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NCT OF DELHI ACT: Context: Manish Sisodia accused the Centre of trying to govern the national capital through the "backdoor", claiming the Union cabinet has cleared a proposal to give more powers to the Lieutenant Governor.
Concept:
• It is an Act to supplement the provisions of the Constitution relating to the Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers for the National Capital Territory of Delhi and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Key Provisions
• This Act may be called the 'Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991' and provides for ,
• Assembly Constituency-- constituency provided under this Act for the purpose of elections to the Legislative Assembly.
• Capital-- the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
• Election Commission-- the Election Commission referred to in article 324.
• Legislative Assembly-- the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
• Scheduled Castes-- in relation to the Capital, such castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within such castes, races or tribes as are deemed under article 341 to be Scheduled Castes in relation to the Capital.
Legislative Assembly and its composition:
• The total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly shall be seventy.
• Delhi should be divided into single-member assembly constituencies in accordance with the provisions of Part III.
• Seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes in the Legislative Assembly and the provisions of the Article 334 shall apply to such reservation.
• The number of said seats shall bear the same proportion to the total number of seats in the Assembly as the population of the SCs in Delhi bears to the total population of Delhi.
Qualifications for membership of Legislative Assembly:
• A person will be qualified to be a member of the Legislative Assembly provided:
• (a) The person is a citizen of India.
• (b) The person is not less than twenty years of age.
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• (c) Must pose other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by the Indian Parliament.
Duration of Legislative Assembly:
• The duration of the Legislative Assembly will be five years from the date appointed for its first meeting, unless sooner dissolved.
• However, the period may be extended if a Proclamation of Emergency, issued under clause (1) of Article 352 is in operation, be extended by the President by order for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not extending in any case beyond a period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate.
Sessions of Legislative Assembly, prorogation and dissolution:
• The Lieutenant Governor shall summon the Legislative Assembly to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit, from time to time. However, LG should not intervene for six months between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session.
• The LG may, from time to time (a) prorogue the Assembly (b) dissolve the Assembly.
A procedure as to lapsing of Bills:
• A Bill which is pending in the Legislative Assembly shall not lapse due to the prorogation of the Legislative Assembly.
• A Bill which is pending in the Legislative Assembly shall lapse on a dissolution of the Assembly.
Assent to Bills:
• When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly, it shall be presented to the LG and he shall assent/withhold assent/reserve the Bill for the consideration of the President of India.
• LG may return the Bill, presented to him for his assent, if it is not a Money Bill, with a message requesting that the Assembly will reconsider the Bill or any specified provisions by the LG.
• When a Bill is returned, the Assembly will reconsider the Bill, and if it is passed again with/without amendment and presented to LG for assent, he shall either assent the Bill or reserve the Bill for the consideration of the President of India.
• LG shall not provide his assent/reserve Bill for the consideration of the President of India, if:
• (a) if it will reduce the powers of the High Court or will endanger the position which that Court is, by the Constitution, designed to fill, upon becoming a law.
• (b) the President may by order direct such a Bill to be reserved for his consideration.
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G ROHINI COMMISSION: Context : On January 21, the Centre has extended the tenure of The Commission to Examine Sub- categorisation of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) headed by Justice G Rohini, former Chief Justice of Delhi High Court. The commission now has until July 31 to submit its report.
Concept:
• Headed by Justice (Retd.) G Rohini, the commission was constituted under Article 340 of the Constitution with the approval of the President .
• Article 340 deals with the appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.
• It had been constituted to complete the task of sub-categorising 5000-odd castes in the central OBC list so as to ensure more equitable distribution of opportunities in central government jobs and educational institutions.
• In 2015, the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) had recommended that OBCs should be categorised into extremely backward classes, more backward classes and backward classes.
• The benefits of the reservation in OBCs are being cornered mostly by the dominant OBC groups over the years so there is a need to recognise sub-quotas for the extremely backward classes within the OBCs.
• NCBC has the authority to examine complaints and welfare measures regarding socially and educationally backward classes.
Mandate:
• Examine the uneven distribution of reservation benefits among different castes in the central OBC list. For example, certain castes were left out of the ambit because of a difference in spelling in a State.
• Work out mechanism and parameters for sub-categorisation of OBCs, to identify castes, sub- castes and communities and classify them into sub-categories.
• Submit a comprehensive report after consultation with various stakeholders so that Census 2021 can include comprehensive data on OBCs.
VOTE ON ACCOUNT: Context : Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee on Friday announced a number of schemes and sops, including a hike in the annual aid of farmers. She presented a vote-on-account for Rs 2.99 lakh crore in the Assembly.
Concept :
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Vote on Account
• A vote on account is the process by which an incumbent government obtains votes from Legislature to draw money from the Consolidated Fund to meet its expenses until the elections are done.
• In the run-up to every general election, Legislature votes to sanction the withdrawal of money from this fund to meet regular government expenses such as payment of salaries and interest.
How vote on accounts differs from the usual budget?
• Budget is nothing but a projected income and expenditure statement from the Central government for the coming year.
• Usually, the Budget has to be approved by Legislature before the commencement of the new financial year.
• Over the years though, Indian Budgets have become major events, doubling up as major policy statements of the government.
• But in the years where assembly elections are due, it would be improper for the outgoing government to impose policy changes or budgetary constraints on its successor who may or may not accept them.
• However, it is still necessary to keep enough money at its disposal to allow it to run the administration, requiring a vote on account.
How vote on account works?
• Vote-on-account is a temporary measure, it does need the approval of Legislature and it is usually passed without much discussion.
• It is usually valid for two months until the new government presents a full Budget.
• Ministries and departments can utilize the funds available for non-Plan expenditure which includes payments of salary to government employees, loan interest payments, subsidies, pension payments, based on the vote on account.
• The vote on account typically does not seek funds for major projects or new initiatives, this usually awaits the presentation of the full Budget.
• The new government elected may have different ideas in mind for the allocation of resources.
• Therefore, the incumbent government usually restrains itself from making any new financial commitments.
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GOVT REGULATIONS & TECH PLATFORMS: Context : The Centre has issued notice to Twitter after the micro-blogging site restored more than 250 accounts that had been suspended earlier on the government’s ‘legal demand’.
Concept :
Government Regulations regarding Tech Platforms
• In India, the Information Technology Act, 2000, as amended from time to time, governs all activities related to the use of computer resources.
• It covers all ‘intermediaries’ who play a role in the use of computer resources and electronic records.
• The term ‘intermediaries’ includes providers of telecom service, network service, Internet service and web hosting, besides search engines, online payment and auction sites, online marketplaces and cyber cafes.
• Social media platforms would fall under this definition.
• Section 69 of the Act confers on the Central and State governments the power to issue directions “to intercept, monitor or decrypt…any information generated, transmitted, received or stored in any computer resource”.
• The grounds on which these powers may be exercised are: in the interest of the sovereignty or integrity of India, defence of India, security of the state, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, or for preventing incitement to the commission of any cognisable offence relating to these, or for investigating any offence.
• Section 69A, for similar reasons and grounds , enables the Centre to ask any agency of the government, or any intermediary, to block access to the public of any information generated, transmitted, received or stored or hosted on any computer resource.
• The Act also empowers the government to collect and monitor data on traffic. When an authorised agency asks for technical assistance in this regard, the intermediary must comply with the request.
• Non-compliance may lead to a prison term of up to three years, besides a fine.
• Section 79 of the Act makes it clear that “an intermediary shall not be liable for any third-party information, data, or communication link made available or hosted by him”.
• This protects intermediaries such as Internet and data service providers and those hosting websites from being made liable for content that users may post or generate.
CULLING OF ANIMALS AND WPA 1972:
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Context : Maharashtra on Sunday culled 40,000 poultry birds in Navapur in Nandurbar district, 340 km north of Mumbai, after cases of avian influenza or bird flu were confirmed in the four-layer poultry farms in the region.
Concept :
Culling and Wildlife Protection Act
• Wildlife Protection Act divide species into ‘schedules’ ranked from I to V.
• Schedule I members are the best protected, in theory, with severe punishments meted out to those who hunt them.
• Animals like Wild boars, nilgai and rhesus monkeys are Schedule II and III members — also protected, but can be hunted under specific conditionslike threat to human life.
• Animals like Crows and fruit bat fall in Schedule 5, the vermin category.
• Section 11(1)a of the Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) authorizes chief wildlife warden to permit hunting of any problem wild animal only if it cannot be captured, tranquillized or translocated.
• For wild animals in Schedule II, III or IV, chief wildlife warden or authorized officers can permit their hunting in a specified area if they have become dangerous to humans or property (including standing crops on any land).
• Section 62 of Act empowers Centre to declare wild animals other than Schedule I & II to be vermin for specified area and period.
AMASR ACT: Context: Days after the National Monument Authority (NMA) issued draft bylaws for Shree Jagannath Temple in Puri, proposing a 100-m no construction zone around the shrine, the Shree Jagannath Temple Administration (SJTA) Sunday sought withdrawal of the proposed bylaws.
Concept:
• The NMA, under the Union Ministry of Culture, had released the draft bylaws under The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and Validation) Act (AMASR), 2010, for the Jagannath Temple and its subsidiary shrines, defining various zones for their conservation and periphery development.
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958
• The AMASR Act provides for preservation of ancient and historical monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance.
• It provides for the regulation of archaeological excavations and for protection of sculptures, carvings and other like objects. www.optimizeias.com
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• The Archaeological Survey of India functions under the provisions of this act.
• The Act prohibits construction in ‘prohibited area’, an area of 100 meters around protected monument.
• It does not permit construction in such prohibited areas even if it is for public purposes, except under certain conditions.
• The central government can extend the prohibited area beyond 100 meters.
• The iconic monuments in India, Taj Mahal, Ajanta Caves, The Great Stupa at Sanchi and the Sun Temple of Konark, among others are designated as “ancient monuments of national importance” and protected under the AMASR Act.
• The Archaeological Survey of India is the custodian of these monuments.
• National Monument Authority will make a recommendation, for construction of public works to the central government, only if it is satisfied that there is no reasonable possibility of moving the construction outside the prohibited area.
SEDITION LAW: Context: The Supreme Court on Tuesday protected Congress leader Shashi Tharoor and six senior journalists from arrest in multiple sedition FIRs registered against them for allegedly tweeting and sharing unverified news.
Concept :
• Sedition, which falls under Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, is defined as any action that brings or attempts to bring hatred or contempt towards the government of India and has been illegal in India since 1870.
Historical Background of Sedition Law:
• Sedition laws were enacted in 17th century England when lawmakers believed that only good opinions of the government should survive, as bad opinions were detrimental to the government and monarchy.
• This sentiment (and law) was borrowed and inserted into the Section 124A of IPC in 1870, by the British.
• British used Sedition law to convict and sentence freedom fighters. It was first used to prosecute Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1897.
• Mahatama Gandhi, too, was later tried for sedition for his articles in Young India.
Supreme Court Observations
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• In 1962, the Supreme Court decided on the constitutionality of Section 124A in KedarNath Singh v State of Bihar.
• It upheld the constitutionality of sedition, but limited its application to “acts involving intention or tendency to create disorder, or disturbance of law and order, or incitement to violence”.
• It distinguished these from “very strong speech” or the use of “vigorous words” strongly critical of the government.
• In 1995, the Supreme Court, in Balwant Singh v State of Punjab, held that mere sloganeering which evoked no public response did not amount to sedition.
CDSCO: Context: A subject expert committee of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) has given approval to Bharat Biotech to launch the first phase of clinical trial of an intranasal vaccine candidate for COVID-19.
Concept:
Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO):
• The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) – under Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
• It is the National Regulatory Authority (NRA) of India.
• CDSCO is the Central Drug Authority for discharging functions assigned to the Central Government under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
• It regulates the safety, efficacy and quality of notified medical devices under the provisions of Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.
• Headquarters – New Delhi.
Major functions of CDSCO:
• Under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, CDSCO is responsible for
• approval of drugs,
• conduct of clinical trials,
• laying down the standards for drugs,
• control over the quality of imported drugs in the country and
• Coordination of the activities of State drug control organizations.
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Private Members bill: Context: MPs have filed private member bills jointly and individually titled, Repealing and Amendment Bill 2021 for repeal of farm laws. Concept: It is a bill brought by the private members in any house. Private member is any Member of Parliament who is not a minister. The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and Speaker of the Lok Sabha decides whether to admit the bill or not. The procedure of introduction of such bills needs a one-month notice. However, it is passed by same procedure as a public bill. The House secretariat examines it for compliance with constitutional provisions and rules on legislation before listing. Unlike the government bill (introduced by ministers), these bills are introduced and discussed only on Friday. It generally reflects the Opposition stand in Parliament. The drafting of bill is responsibility of members (in case of public bill it is done by the concerned department with consultation of the law department). The chances of passage of private member bill is less as the majority in the house may go against it and treasury bench in house perceive it as a sanction of the government. So far, only 14 such bills have been passed (none since 1970.)
Election and Tenure of Rajya Sabha MP: Context: Some of the Rajya Sabha MPS retired from the house after completing their term yesterday. Concept: Article 80 of the Constitution lays down the maximum strength of Rajya Sabha as 250 and current strength is 245, out of which 12 members are nominated by the President and 238 are representatives of the States and of the two Union Territories. The Fourth Schedule to the Constitution provides for allocation of seats to the States and Union Territories in Rajya Sabha. The representatives of the States and of the Union Territories in the Rajya Sabha are elected by the method of indirect election by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of that State and by the members of the Electoral College for that Union Territory, as the case may be, in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. Rajya Sabha is a permanent House and is not subject to dissolution. However, one-third Members of Rajya Sabha retire after every second year. A member who is elected for a full term serves for a period of six years. A member elected in a bye-election remains member for the remainder of the term of the member who had resigned or died or disqualified to be member of the House under the Tenth Schedule.
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Kotia dispute: Context: Odisha to move Supreme Court over Andhra bid to conduct polls in disputed region. Concept: Odisha and Andhra Pradesh are involved in dispute since 1960 over Kotia Gram Panchayat which involves 21 villages. The village currently receives benefits from blocks of both states. Odisha was formed after taking it out from the Bengal-Bihar province in 1936. Since then, they have outstanding border disputes with Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh (villages in Nabarangpur and Jharsuguda district), Jharkhand (Baitarni river floodplain) and West Bengal (pockets of Mayurbhanj and Balasore district). With Chhattisgarh it has river dispute and Mahanadi Water Dispute Tribunal was formed in 2018. It also has river disputes with the Andhra Pradesh over Vamsadhara river.
National Commission for Minorities, Act 1992:
Context: The SC issued notice to the Centre for transfer of cases from several high courts to it against the Centre's notification to declare five communities Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Parsee as minorities in states/UT even where they are in majority. Concept: In 2019 The Supreme Court has dismissed a plea seeking guidelines to “identify and define” religious minorities in every State to protect their culture and interests. This plea sought to declare Hindus as minority in states where they are low in population. Currently, linguistic minorities are determined by the state government, and the religious minorities are determined by the Centre. The term "minority" is not defined in the Indian Constitution. However, the Constitution recognizes religious and linguistic minorities.
Constitutional provisions for minorities: Art 15 and Art 16 talks of no discrimination on basis of religion and equality of oppurtunity. Art 25-28 talks of freedom of religion to all communities. Art 29 and Art 30 gives special educational and cultural rights to the linguistic and religious minorities. Art 350-B talks of Special Officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for linguistic minorities under the Constitution. About National Commission for Minorities Act: It was passed in 1992 with the purpose of safeguarding and protecting the interests of minorities as provided in the Constitution of India and laws enacted by the Parliament and the State Legislatures. The Union Government set up the National Commission for Minorities (NCM) under the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992.
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National Commission for Minorities consist of Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson and five Members. The five Members including the Chairperson shall be from amongst the minority communities. The Act mentions an annual report, together with the memorandum of action taken on the recommendations contained therein, as well as the reasons for non-acceptance of the recommendations, if any, be tabled before Parliament annually. Initially five religious’ communities, viz., Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Zoroastrians (Parsis) were notified as minority communities by the Union Government. Further in 2014, Jains were also notified as another minority community. State Government constituted State Minorities Commissions in their respective State Capitals. Aggrieved persons belonging to the minority communities may approach the concerned State Minorities Commissions for redressal of their grievances. Moreover, they may also send their representations to the National Commission for Minorities, after exhausting all other official mechanism of remedies available to them.
Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act: Context: Recently, Argentina’s Congress legalised abortions up to the 14th week of pregnancy. The Indian Parliament too will consider an amendment to our abortion laws this Budget Session.
Concept :
MTP Act, 1971
• The idea of terminating a pregnancy cannot originate by choice and is purely circumstantial. Under the law (section 3 of the MTP Act 1971), the doctor can perform an abortion in the following situations:
• If the pregnancy would be harmful to the life of the patient or affects her physical or mental health. The doctor will need to consider the circumstances of the patient to figure out if the pregnancy will harm her mental health, on a case to case basis.
• If there is a good chance that the child would suffer from physical or mental abnormalities which would leave him or her seriously handicapped.
• If pregnancy occurred as a result of a failure of contraception (but this is only applicable to married women).
• If pregnancy is a result of sexual assault or rape.
Conditions for Termination of Pregnancy
• If the pregnancy has not exceeded 12 weeks, only one doctor needs to be satisfied that the conditions have been fulfilled.
• If the pregnancy has exceeded 12 weeks and is below 20 weeks (now amended to 24 weeks), two doctors need to be satisfied that the conditions have been fulfilled.
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• The gestation period does not matter if a doctor feels that an immediate abortion must be conducted to save the life of the patient.
• The doctor who determines if it is necessary to perform an abortion and performs it needs to be a ‘registered medical practitioner’ under the law.
Illegal Abortions
• Abortion of under 4 to 5 months pregnancy- The punishment for getting an illegal abortion is jail time of up to 3 years and/or fine.
• Both patients and doctors are considered to have committed a crime unless it fulfills the above condition.
• Abortion of over 5-month pregnancy- If abortion takes place when movements of the foetus can be sensed, the punishment is jail time of up to 7 years and fine unless it was done in good faith to save the life of the patient.
• Abortion without consent - If anyone else forces the pregnant woman to have an abortion or performs one without her agreeing to it, the punishment is jail time of up to 10 years and fine.
• Abortion resulting in death - If the patient dies because of a botched abortion or an abortion carried out by an unskilled person, the doctor who conducted the operation can be punished with jail time of up to 10 years and fine.
• If the abortion was conducted without the patient’s permission, the punishment is a jail for life.
• Intentionally causing the death of a foetus can also be prosecuted under other provisions of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 under which the punishment can extend up to 10 years.
Consent of a Person
• The doctors have a duty to get the consent of a pregnant woman in order to perform the abortion.
• If a woman is below 18 (a minor) or suffering from a mental illness, the doctors have a duty to get the guardian’s permission as well.
• If a doctor performs an abortion without consent, he or she can be punished with a jail term extending up to 10 years and fine.
UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES PREVENTION ACT: Context: Only 2.2 % of cases registered under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act between the years 2016 and 2019 ended in convictions by court, according to data presented by the Union Home Ministry in the Rajya Sabha.
Concept : www.optimizeias.com
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• UAPA was passed in 1967. It aims at effective prevention of unlawful activities associations in India.
• Unlawful activity refers to any action taken by an individual or association intended to disrupt the territorial integrity and sovereignty of India.
• The Act assigns absolute power to the central government, by way of which if the Centre deems an activity as unlawful then it may, by way of an Official Gazette, declare it so.
• It has death penalty and life imprisonment as highest punishments.
• Under UAPA, both Indian and foreign nationals can be charged. It will be applicable to the offenders in the same manner, even if crime is committed on a foreign land, outside India.
• Under the UAPA, the investigating agency can file a charge sheet in maximum 180 days after the arrests and the duration can be extended further after intimating the court.
• The 2004 amendment, added “terrorist act” to the list of offences to ban organisations for terrorist activities, under which 34 outfits were banned.
• Till 2004, “unlawful” activities referred to actions related to secession and cession of territory.
• In August, Parliament cleared the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019 to designate individuals as terrorists on certain grounds provided in the Act.
• The Act empowers the Director General of National Investigation Agency (NIA) to grant approval of seizure or attachment of property when the case is investigated by the said agency.
• The Act empowers the officers of the NIA, of the rank of Inspector or above, to investigate cases of terrorism in addition to those conducted by the DSP or ACP or above rank officer in the state.
Writer’s Cramp and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016: Context: To ensure equal opportunity to persons with disabilities, the Supreme Court on Thursday asked the Centre to ensure framing of proper guidelines within three months to regulate and facilitate the grant of scribe facility to candidates whose nature of disability imposes a barrier to writing an exam. Concept: The act is part of the state's welfare efforts Article 41 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) which states that State shall make effective provision for securing right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, within the limits of its economic capacity and development. The court held that a civil services candidate with writer’s cramp – dysgraphia – was entitled to a scribe (overruling UPSC position that a scribe can be provided only if there was
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“benchmark disability” as set by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment guidelines under the Act). The court applied the principle of reasonable accommodation as part of positive obligation of the State and private parties to provide additional support to persons with disabilities to facilitate their full and effective participation in society About Writer’s Cramp It is a specific type of focal dystonia (neurologic movement disorder) that affects fingers, hand, or forearm. In this the brain sends incorrect information to the muscles, causing involuntary, excessive muscle contractions. It is a task-specific dystonia. It happens almost only when you perform a particular activity. Other highly skilled movements can incite focal hand dystonia — things like playing a musical instrument, typing or sewing. It is also known as musician’s cramp, focal hand dystonia, arm dystonia, finger dystonia. Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 30 and 50. About the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016: The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 It replaced the existing PwD Act, 1995. Disability has been defined based on an evolving and dynamic concept. The types of disabilities have been increased from existing 7 to 21 and the Central Government will have the power to add more types of disabilities. Speech and Language Disability and Specific Learning Disability have been added for the first time. Acid Attack Victims have been included. Dwarfism, muscular dystrophy have has been indicated as separate class of specified disability. The New categories of disabilities also included three blood disorders, Thalassemia, Hemophilia and Sickle Cell disease. Additional benefits such as reservation in higher education, government jobs, reservation in allocation of land, poverty alleviation schemes etc. have been provided for persons with benchmark disabilities and those with high support needs. Every child with benchmark disability between the age group of 6 and 18 years shall have the right to free education. Reservation in vacancies in government establishments has been increased from 3% to 4% for certain persons or class of persons with benchmark disability. The Act provides for grant of guardianship by District Court under which there will be joint decision – making between the guardian and the persons with disabilities. The Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities and the State Commissioners will act as regulatory bodies and Grievance Redressal agencies and also monitor implementation of the Act. District level committees by the states to solve local concerns. National and State Fund will be created to provide financial support to the persons with disabilities.
Leader of Opposition: Context: MallikaarjunKharje is set to succeed Ghulam Nabi Azad as the Leader of Opposition in the Rajya Sabha. www.optimizeias.com
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Concept: It is the leader of the largest opposition political party not having less than 1/10th of the total seats of the house. (Ex- In Lok Sabha a party which is largest opposition party and has at least 55 seats can stake claim). In 1969 for the first-time official leader of opposition was recognized. It is a statutory office under the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in the Parliament Act, 1977. The Speaker needs to recognize him/her as the Leader of Opposition. His main role is to provide for constructive criticism of the government and provide for a ready alternate government. They are entitled salary, allowances and other facilities equivalent to that of cabinet minister. Currently, there is no leader of opposition in Lok Sabha as the Congress has 52 seats only.
Inter-state Workmen Act (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1979: Context: Jharkhand CM said the state had received a commitment from BRO to recruit labourers directly from the state, register itself under the Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, and sign an MoU, yet, there had been many complaints from labourers. Concept: Issue is that it is alleged that when labourers go to work for BRO, they are paid only half the salary they are promised thus violating the contract and promise. Key provisions of the Act: It regulates the employment of inter-State migrants and their conditions of service. It puts in place a system of registration of such establishments employing inter-state migrants. The wages of the migrant workers must not be lower than the wages mentioned in the Minimum Wages Act. The wage rates, number of holidays, working hour and other conditions of recruitment of a migrant worker must be same as those extended to other local workmen in the same establishment provided that nature of their work is same. It is applicable to every establishment that employs five or more migrant workmen from other States; or if it had employed five or more such workmen on any day in the preceding 12 months. The principal employer is prohibited from employing inter-State workmen without a certificate of registration from the relevant authority. The law also lays down that every contractor who recruits workmen from one State for deployment in another State should obtain a license to do so. Contractors are bound by certain conditions. Ex- committing them to providing terms and conditions of the agreement or any other arrangement on the basis of which they recruit workers.
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Collegium: Context: The current CJI is set to retire in a month with 14-month tenure coming to next month, yet, not a single judge to the SC has been appointed (around 6 vacancies). Concept: Collegium system was born through “three judges’ case” and it is in practice since 1998. It consists of the Chief Justice of India and four most senior judges of Supreme Court for appointment and transfer of judges and decides on the recommendations for persons to be appointed as SC and HC judges. The collegium recommends names to the Centre and the Centre also recommends name. The collegium after considering the names again sends the file to the government. If the Collegium resends the same name again then the government has to give its assent to the names. But time limit is not fixed to reply. Evolution and working of the collegium system in India It is based on the interpretation of the term “Consultation” as mentioned in the Art 124 and Art 217 of the Constitution, and evolved through three judges cases In the First Judges case (1982), the Court held that consultation does not mean concurrence and it only implies exchange of views. In the Second Judges case (1993), the Court reversed its earlier ruling and changed the meaning of the word consultation to concurrence. In the Third Judges case (1998), the Court opined that the consultation process to be adopted by the Chief Justice of India requires ‘consultation of plurality judges. o The sole opinion of the CJI does not constitute the consultation process. He should consult a collegium of four senior most judges of the Supreme Court and even if two judges give an adverse opinion, he should not send the recommendation to the government. o The court held that the recommendation made by the chief justice of India without complying with the norms and requirements of the consultation process are not binding on the government.
Speaker of Lok Sabha: Context: In a session marked by four straight days of disruption, heightened aggression, bitter fights and deepening divides, the Lok Sabha, according to Speaker Om Birla, has seen “record productivity” over the past three days. Concept: Amidst the frequent disruptions, running to well and decline in parliamentary productivity the role of speaker of Lok Sabha as the chairperson becomes significant. The speaker of Lok Sabha is the chair person or presiding officer. The members of Lok Sabha elect speaker and deputy speaker from among its members after elections or when vacancy exists. To maintain independence of the office of speaker his salary on the consolidated Fund of India and the same is not subject to vote of Parliament. He is sixth in the Order of Precedence of Government of India. The speaker decides the agenda of discussions and has a casting vote (vote not in first place, but, only if tie exist). www.optimizeias.com
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The Committees of the House function under the overall direction of the Speaker. He nominates the chairpersons of the committee. Committees like the Business Advisory Committee, the General Purposes Committee and the Rules Committee work directly under her Chairmanship The speaker has the power to adjourn or suspend the house/meetings if the quorum is not met. The Speaker ensures the discipline and decorum of the house. If the speaker finds the behaviour and a member of Parliament is not good, he/she can punish the unruly members by suspending. The Speaker of Lok Sabha does not leave the office just after dissolution of the assembly. He continues to be in the office till the newly formed assembly takes its first meeting and elects the new Speaker. The final power to decide whether a particular bill is a Money Bill or not is vested in the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. The Speaker of Lok Sabha presides over the joint sitting of both the Houses. Removal from office: If no more a member of house; resigns by writing to deputy speaker; he is of unsound mind declared so by the court of law; if he is declared undischarged insolvent; if he is no longer the citizen of India; he is removed from the post of Speaker by passing a resolution by majority of the members of Lok Sabha. This is to note that during resolution for removal of Speaker, the Speaker is not in position to cast his vote even if there is tie.
Power to make changes in the SC list: Context: The Union government on Saturday introduced a Bill in the Lok Sabha to group seven Scheduled Caste groups in the Tamil Nadu under a common nomenclature as “Devendrakula Vellalars”. Concept: The bill to classify the community is based on accepting the recommendation of the Hansraj Varma Committee. Article 341(1) of the Indian Constitution gives the president the power to notify which castes in the country, and in specific states come under the category of Scheduled Castes. Under article 341 (2) of the Constitution the power to make changes to the SC and ST list lies with the Parliament and not state legislatures. Any change in the lists of the Scheduled Castes and Tribes requires a constitutional amendment. Only proposals agreed by both the Registrar General of India and the National Commission for Scheduled Castes are introduced as a Bill in Parliament. The criteria for inclusion in SC list are extreme social, educational and economic backwardness arising out of traditional practice of untouchability. Scheduled Castes are those castes named in the Scheduled Castes order of the Government of India, promulgated in August 1950.
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Tribunals: Context: The government proposes to wind up five tribunals, including Airport Appellate Tribunal, Authority for Advance Rulings and Intellectual Property Appellate Board, Appellate Tribunal under the Cinematograph Act and Plant Varieties Protection Appellate Tribunal through Tribunals Reforms (Rationalisation and Conditions of Service) Bill, 2021 Concept: Tribunalisation has become a major issue with plethora of new tribunals across the sector. Critics also sees this as a way of by-passing High Courts as under the Constitution appeal to tribunals order lies directly before the court. The Constitution does not define tribunals. In Durga Shankar Mehta v/s Raghuraj Singh case the SC defined tribunal in the following words: “The Tribunal as used in Article 136 does not mean the same thing as ‘Court’ but includes, within its ambit, all adjudicating bodies, provided they are constituted by the state and are vested with judicial functions as distinguished from administrative or executive functions. 42nd Amendment provided for tribunals under article 323-A and 323-B. Art 323-A enabled Parliament to create Administrative tribunals. Other tribunals could be created by both Parliament and the states under the Art 323-B for matters falling under their jurisdiction. Under Art 323-B hierarchy of tribunals could be created. However, under Art 323-A only one administrative tribunal (CAT in 1985) and one each for each states or too or more states can be created, thus no hierarchy.
Habeus Corpus: Context: A report by the Forum on Human Rights in Jammu and Kashmir has concluded that the priority to counter-insurgency has vitiated protections like habeas corpus, prevention of illegal detention Concept: The SC (under Art 32) and the HC (under art 226) can issue writs (a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction; in modern usage, this body is generally a court) of Habeas Corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari and Quo-Warranto. Further, the Parliament can authorize other courts to issue such writs (borrowed from Britain’s Prerogative Writs). About Habeus Corpus: It means “You may have the body”. Its purpose is to release a person who has been detained unlawfully whether in prison or in private custody. It is considered bulwark of individual liberty against arbitrary action. It is not issued when: Detention is lawful Proceeding is for contempt of legislature or a court. Detention is by a competent court It is outside the jurisdiction of the concerned court. www.optimizeias.com
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Protem speaker: Context: The MP protem Speaker said recent Rinku sharma murder was due to "dharma and Hindutva", and culprits must be punished. Concept: The word "Protem" is a latin wor meaning "time-being". Hence, protem speaker is one in office for time-being. Usually, the senior most member is elected as the pro-tem speaker. The president/governor administers the oath of the office for the pro-tem speaker. When the house elects the new speaker the office of the pro-tem speaker ceases to exist. Hence the office of the pro-tem speaker is a temporary one which will be in existence for few days. He/she has same power and privileges as that of the speaker. Role of protem speaker to administer the oath to the newly elected members and help house elect the new Speaker
LG of Puducherry/UTs: Context: Kiran Bedi was removed as the Lieutenant-Governor of Puducherry with the Telangana governor taking additional charge of the UT. Concept: Constitutional provisions: Article 239 in The Constitution of India 1949 provides for every Union territory to be administered by the President by an administrator appointed by him, save as otherwise provided by Parliament by law. Art 239 A says that Parliament may by law create for the Union territory of Puducherry — a body, whether elected or partly nominated and partly elected, to function as a Legislature for the Union territory, or a Council of Ministers, On the other hand, Article 239 AA talks about the powers and functions of Delhi government and Lieutenant Governor specifically. More about LG: The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 provides for administration of Union Territory (UT) by the President through an administrator (In case of Pondicherry it is Lieutenant-Governor). The act also provides for a legislative assembly with a council of minister to govern the "UT of Pondicherry". The act in section 44 talks of the aid and advice of CoM to the Administrator in the exercise of his functions in relation to matters with respect to which the Legislative Assembly of the Union Territory has power to make laws Section 44 says that in case of a difference of opinion between the LG and his Ministers on any matter, the Administrator is bound to refer it to the President for a decision and act according to the decision given by the President. The act also provides for discretion of LGs which is significantly more compare to governors in state. Section 22 of the Act provides for prior sanction of the Administrator is required for certain legislative proposals:
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The act provides for the elected govt to take recommendation of the LG before moving a Bill or an amendment to provide for “the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax”, “the amendment of the law with respect to any financial obligations undertaken or to be undertaken”, and anything that has to do with the Consolidated Fund of the UT. Options before the LG: Either grant or withhold his assent or reserve it for the consideration of the President. He can also send it back to the Assembly for reconsideration The Rules of Business of the Government of Pondicherry, 1963 also provides for how the LG should function w.r.t elected govt. LG of Delhi vs LG of Pondicherry: The LG of the Delhi has executive functions w.r.t Police, public order and land unlike the LG of the Pondicherry. The LG of Delhi is also guided by the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991, and the Transaction of Business of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Rules, 1993, the LG of Puducherry is guided mostly by the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963.
Defamation: Context: The Delhi court acquitted journalist Priyamani of criminal defamation charges for raising voice against sexual harassment against Ex-Minister M J Akbar. Concept: Defamation is the oral or written communication of a false statement which harms the reputation of an individual person, business, product, group, government, religion, or nation. Under Indian legal jurisprudence defamation can both be a civil wrong and a criminal offence. However, they differ in objectives they seek to achieve. A civil wrong tends to provide for a redressal of wrongs by awarding compensation. A criminal offence provision seeks to punish a wrongdoer and send a message to others not to commit such acts. Legal Basis of defamation in India: Section 499 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) defines defamation and it says, defamation could be through words, spoken or intended to be read, through signs, and also through visible representations. It also provides for exceptions: “imputation of truth” which is required for the “public good” and thus has to be published, on the public conduct of government officials, the conduct of any person touching any public question and merits of the public performance. Section 500 of IPC provides for punishment for defamation: “Whoever defames another shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both. Civil defamation is based on tort law (It does not rely on statutes to define wrongs but takes from ever-increasing body of case laws to define what would constitute a wrong). Supreme interpretation of defamation: Subramanian Swamy vs Union of India case 2014: It approved the Constitutional validity of sections 499 and 500 (criminal defamation) in the Indian Penal Code, underlining that an individual’s fundamental right to live with dignity and reputation “cannot be ruined solely because another individual can have his freedom”. www.optimizeias.com
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In August 2016, the court also passed strictures on Tamil Nadu Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa for misusing the criminal defamation law to “suffocate democracy” and, the court said, “public figures must face criticism”. In current ruling the court held that the right of reputation (part of right to life and dignity) can’t be protected at the cost of right to life and dignity of women. Changes to Juvenile Justice Act: Context: Amendments to the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015 were approved by the government. Concept: According to the amendments, before anyone becomes a member of the child welfare committees (CWC), their background and educational qualification will be checked Increasing the role of district magistrates and additional district magistrates in implementation of the law In every district, the district magistrate and the additional district magistrate will get the power to monitor functions of agencies responsible for implementation of the Act. The district child protection unit will also function under the district magistrate The district magistrate can independently evaluate a specialised CWC, juvenile police unit and registered institutions. The scope of the Juvenile Justice Act has also been expanded. Child victims of trafficking and drug abuse and those abandoned by their guardians will be included in the definition of “child in need of care” and protection A new category of offence will be added to three categories of petty, serious and heinous crimes. this is offences where the sentence is more than seven years but no minimum sentence is prescribed or a minimum sentence of less than seven years is provided shall be treated as serious offences under the Act
Clause 6 of the Assam accord: Context: Assam Health Minister on Wednesday said that the panel suggestions could not be implemented as they were “far from legal reality. Concept: Earlier state government had promised a speedy implementation of Clause 6 in December 2019, in a bid to quell the protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act in Assam. The recommendations made by the Central govt appointed committee contradict many judgments and pronouncements of the Supreme Court and provisions of the Constitution and hence and state has thus been silent on this. The panel talked of: Setting 1951 as a cut-off year to determine “Assamese people” (the Assam National Register of Citizens sets 1971 as the cut-off year for citizenship, and the CAA sets it at 2014 to fast- track citizenship for minority refugees from other countries). The panel headed by Biplab kumar Sarma talked about setting aside 80-100% seats in Assam in Parliament and Assembly and local bodies (inclusive of pre-existing reservations) for Assamese people, and of quota in jobs. Assam Accord: www.optimizeias.com
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It was a tripartite accord signed between the Government of India, State Government of Assam and the leaders of the Assam Movement in 1985. It led to the conclusion of a six-year agitation launched by the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU) in 1979, demanding the identification and deportation of illegal immigrants from Assam. It sets a cut-off of midnight of 24th March 1971, for the detection of illegal foreigners in Assam. Clause 6 of the Accord: It says that constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards, as may be appropriate, shall be provided to protect, preserve and promote the cultural, social, linguistic identity and heritage of the Assamese people.
Anticipatory transit Bail: Context: The transit anticipatory bail has been granted to Muluk charged for toolkit case for 10 days to allow him to approach the competent court in the national capital for a pre-arrest bail. Concept: According to Article 22 of the Constitution of India, every person who is “arrested and detained in custody” has to be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of 24 hours of the arrest (the period excludes the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court). For custody beyond 24 hours the order of magistrate is necessary. Section 56 of the CrPC states that the person arrested has to be taken before the magistrate without unnecessary delay. About anticipatory transit bail If a person is apprehending arrest by the police of a state other than where they are at present, they approach the nearest competent court for a transit anticipatory or pre-arrest bail. It seeks temporary protection from arrest and simultaneously get time to approach the appropriate court of that place. Though the courts do not have jurisdiction over place where the case is registered, yet with the question of personal liberty being involved, the High Courts across India generally allow such prayer depending upon the merits of the case. About Transit remand Since the arrested person is required under the law to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest, they are produced by the police of the other state – which has registered the case – before the nearest magistrate of the place from where the person has been arrested to get a transit remand to comply with the law to produce them before 24 hours.
Money bill: Context: The Congress party in a pre-emptive move has written to the Lok Sabha speaker not to certify 7 key bills as money bill as it bypasses the Rajya Sabha Concept: Bills in question: www.optimizeias.com
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Bill seeking to replace the University Grants Commission with a Higher Education Commission. Amendment to the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act the setting up of a Development Finance Institution the introduction of a securities markets code that will merge all market regulatory laws, amendments to the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act Amendments to pave way for the initial public offering of LIC The privatization of two public sector banks About money bill A Bill is said to be a Money Bill under article 110 of the constitution if it only contains provisions related to taxation, borrowing of money by the government, expenditure from or receipt to the Consolidated Fund of India. Qualification as money bill: a) Under Article 110(1) of the Constitution, a Bill is deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters: the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax b) regulation of borrowing by the government c) custody of the Consolidated Fund or Contingency Fund of India, and payments into or withdrawals from these Funds d) appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India e) declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or the increasing of the amount of any such expenditure f) receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of India or the public account of India or the custody or issue of such money or the audit of the accounts of the Union or of a State g) any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f). Power to decide money bill The speaker of the Lok Sabha decides if a bill is money bill or not (Art 110 (3)) and his decision in this regard is final. Power of Rajya Sabha w.r.t Money Bill
Under Article 109 (1), a Money Bill cannot be introduced in Rajya Sabha. Once passed by Lok Sabha, it is sent to Rajya Sabha — along with the Speaker’s certificate that it is a Money Bill — for its recommendations. However, Rajya Sabha can neither reject nor amend the Bill, and must return it within 14 days, after which Lok Sabha may choose to accept or reject all or any of its recommendations. In either case, the Bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses. Under Article 109(5), if Rajya Sabha fails to return the Bill to Lok Sabha within 14 days, it is deemed to have been passed anyway.
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The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 Context: THE DELHI High Court has ruled that Delhi, as a Union Territory, can designate human rights courts in each district Concept: The court was hearing a petition filed by an activist, arguing that since Delhi is a ‘Union Territory’ and not a ‘State’ within the meaning of Constitution, the notification specifying a Court of Sessions as a Human Rights Court under The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 can only be issued by the Centre. It challenged notification last year designating the court of Additional Sessions Judge-2 in each district as a Human Rights Court in Delhi. The court held that merely because the enactment is a Central legislation, it does not follow that its implementation can only be undertaken by the Central Government. The court said that for the purpose of Section 30 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, the expression ‘State’ would include the Union Territory. About the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 and NHRC NHRC - Optimize IAS
Delimitation Commission Context: Three out of Five associate members skipped the meeting of delimitation panel being held for delimitation of Jammu and Kashmir post it becoming UT in 2019. Concept: The current panel will delimit the constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir in accordance with the provisions of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, and those of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland in accordance with the provisions of the Delimitation Act, 2002 About delimitation and delimitation commission Delimitation means the act or process of fixing limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies in a country or a province having a legislative body. Under Article 82 of the Constitution, the Parliament by law enacts a Delimitation Act after every census. The Delimitation Commission is appointed by the President of India and works in collaboration with the Election Commission of India Composition: 1. Retired Supreme Court judge 2. Chief Election Commissioner 3. Respective State Election Commissioners It is a high-power body whose orders have the force of law and cannot be called in question before any court. It has been set up four times so far — 1952, 1963, 1973 and 2002 under the Acts of 1952, 1962, 1972 and 2002. The present delimitation of constituencies has been done on the basis of 2001 census figures under the provisions of Delimitation Act, 2002. Amendment in 2002 provided for not to have delimitation of constituencies till the first census.
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Postal ballot: Context: A PIL has sought extension of postal ballot facility or electronically transmitted postal ballot system to all registered voters stationed outside their constituency. Concept: About Postal ballots In this Ballot papers are distributed electronically to electors and are returned to the election officers via post. Currently, only the following voters are allowed to cast their votes through postal ballot: 1. Service voters (armed forces, the armed police force of a state and government servants posted abroad), 2. Voters on election duty, 3. Voters above 80 years of age or Persons with Disabilities (PwD), 4. Voters under preventive detention. The exception to the above-mentioned category of voters is provided under Section 60 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Lat year due to pandemic the Law Ministry changed the criteria for voters aged above 65 years or a Covid-19 suspect who can opt for postal ballot. About Electronically transmitted Postal Ballot System (ETPBS): It was developed with the help of Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), for the use of the Service Voters. It is a fully secured system, having two layers of security. Secrecy is maintained through the use of OTP and PIN and no duplication of casted Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot (ETPB) is possible due to the unique QR Code. This system enables the entitled service voters to cast their vote using an electronically received postal ballot from anywhere outside their constituency. The voters who make such a choice will be entitled for Postal Ballot delivered through Electronic Media for a particular election. The developed System is implemented inline with the existing Postal Ballot System. Voters eligible for ETPBS Service Voters, other than those who opt for proxy voting (Classified Service Voters) The wife of a Service Voter who ordinarily resides with him Overseas Voters
Governing council of Niti Aayog: Context: The 6th meeting of the Governing Council of NITI Aayog was held yesterday. Concept: PM's focus in meeting Making India a manufacturing house Re-imagining agriculture Improving physical infrastructure Accelerating human resource development Improving service delivery at the grassroot level Health and nutrition About Governing Council of Niti Aayog
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The Governing Council presents a platform to discuss inter-sectoral, inter-departmental and federal issues. It comprises the Prime Minister (chairperson), Chief Ministers of States and Union Territories (UTs), with Legislatures and Lt Governors of other UTs. It also includes Ex officio Members of the NITI Aayog, Vice-Chairperson and Full-time Members of NITI Aayog. The special invitee of the Niti Aayog is also special invitee of the governing council. The council was reconstituted for the entry of Ladakh for the first time, in addition to the participation of Jammu and Kashmir as a UT. It presents one of the biggest platforms to promote cooperative federalism in India.
Draft National Policy on migrant labour: Context: Based on a request from the labour ministry the Niti Aayog released first Draft National Policy on migrant labor yesterday. Concept: According to the Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Labour and Employment in Parliament last year 10 million labourers went back of home due to migrant crisis last year. Demands from states, experts and civil society has led to Niti Aayog formulating a draft National migrant labour policy which is in public domain now. Proposals under the policy the draft policy calls for a “rights-based” approach that taps the migrants’ potential rather than hand-outs and cash-transfers. Mechanisms to “enable voting” to ensure the political inclusion of migrant workers so they can demand their entitlements and fix political accountability Setting up inter-state coordination mechanisms to cover the nation’s key migration corridors: Uttar Pradesh and Mumbai; Bihar and Delhi; Western Odisha and Andhra Pradesh; Rajasthan and Gujarat, and Odisha and Gujarat Ministry of Labour to set up a special unit on migration Embedding a migration wing in each state’s labour department and source states to send nodal officers to destination states to work collectively with the labour officers Getting source states and destination states to work with each other Government policies should not hinder but seek to facilitate internal migration. Migrants should be the target of Disaster Risk Reduction (DDR) programmers in urban centres. Access to health and other social protection programmes should be portable across state borders. Skill mapping using Aadhaar to avail of social security schemes, psycho-social assistance through a national helpline. Tribal department to have one inspector at the block level and Labour one at the district level. Some causes identified by the Niti Aayog group with respect to Migrant crisis: Fragmented labour market obscures supply chains and relationships between business owners and workers The existing gap in the unionization of migrant workers is also an important reason for the precarious nature of their employment
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Government policies at times does not facilitate internal migration rather act as a hindrance States have limited engagement with migrants. For example, in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh, anti-trafficking units focused on minor women have suffered with inadequate staff and poor supervision of migration trends Concerns in schemes Ex- MNREGA and State Rural Livelihood Mission are meant to check out-migration by tribals but that hasn’t quite happened as tribals are not “actively included” in skill development schemes and were not able to access them because of “lack of awareness and tedious paper work and processes
Floor test: Context: The Government in Puducherry faced crisis ahead of the floor test when 2 more party MLAs resigned. Concept: Floor test is a constitutional mechanism done on the floor of lower house to ensure whether the executive enjoys the confidence of the legislature. Under this a Chief Minister appointed by the Governor can be asked to prove majority on the floor of the Legislative Assembly of the state.The Chief Minister resigns if he fails to prove majority. The majority is counted based on those present and voting. This can also be done through a voice vote where the member can respond orally or through division voting. Composite Floor Test It is the mechanism which is conducted only when more than one person stakes claim to form the government. When the majority is not clear, the governor might call for a special session to see who has the majority based on the members present and voting.
Draft guidelines for influencer advertising on digital platform by Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI): Context: ASCI has come out with the draft guidelines for influencer advertising on digital platform to ensure transparency regarding their paid partnerships with brands. Concept: The guidelines are important to regulate advertising on digital platforms by influencers for influencers market is estimated to be $75-$150 million a year. Features of the draft guidelines: Ensure “disclosure labels to highlight advertising content” and these should be upfront, prominent and clearly visible on all devices within first two lines of any platform. Disclosure label must be added from the list of approved labels to ensure average user is able to distinguish editorial and independent user-generated content from promoted content. Approved disclosure labels by ASCI include #ad, #collab, #promo, #sponsored or #partnership. Influencers have to ensure filters are not used to exaggerate the claims of brands’ social media ads.
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It proposes the manner or the required time period for the visibility of disclosure labels’ depending on the format such as a textual post, length of the videos, live-streams, audio posts or disappearing videos. Ex- For videos that are two minutes or longer, the disclosure label must stay for the entire duration of the section in which the promoted brand, or its features are mentioned. It recommends contractual agreement between advertiser and influencer carries clauses pertaining to disclosure, use of filters as well as due diligence. About ASCI It is voluntary self-regulatory organization, registered as a not-for-profit company under section 25 of the Indian Cos. Act. It was established in 1985 as a self-regulatory voluntary organization and non-govt body of the advertising industry in India It is registered as a not-for-profit company under section 25 of the Indian Companies Act. ASCI seek to ensure that advertisements conform to its Code for Self-Regulation, which requires advertisements to be legal, decent, honest and truthful and not hazardous or harmful while observing fairness in competition. ASCI looks into complaints across ALL MEDIA such as Print, TV, Radio, hoardings, SMS, Emailers, Internet / web-site, product packaging, brochures, promotional material and point of sale material etc ASCI’s team consists of the Board of Governors, the Consumer Complaints Council (CCC) and its Secretariat. It aims to build public confidence in advertising.
Draft Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, for social media platforms, OTT players & digital media: Context: The Centre notified new guidelines for intermediaries in “soft touch oversight” rules for fixing accountability for the “misuse and abuse”. Concept: The guidelines essentially remove the “safe harbour” provided to these companies — it limited their liability over content that users posted on their platforms — if the platforms do not comply with due diligence norms. hold social media and other companies accountable for “misuse and abuse” Big Tech platforms to set up stronger grievance redressal mechanisms, and appoint executives to coordinate with law enforcement in India.
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It also mentions three-level grievance redressal mechanism. This will include self-regulation by the publishers; self-regulation by the self-regulating bodies of the publishers and oversight mechanism. CBI and Consent of States: Context: The SC sought the Centre, CBI reply in a plea challenging CBI’s jurisdiction in West Bengal mineral case as West Bengal withdrew general consent to the CBI in 2018. Concept: In last few years Mizoram, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Kerala and Jharkhand have withdrawn the general consent to the CBI. The CBI is governed by the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act (DPSEA). This law makes the CBI a special wing of Delhi Police and thus its original jurisdiction is limited to Delhi. General Consent The CBI needs consent of the state government in whose territorial jurisdiction, the CBI has to conduct an investigation (unlike NIA which enjoys All-India jurisdiction). Section 6 of the DPSE Act authorizes the central government to direct CBI to probe a case within the jurisdiction of any state on the recommendation of the concerned state government. However, the courts (SC and HC) can also order a CBI probe, and even monitor the progress of investigation in which case it won't need states consent. However even after withdrawal of the general consent The CBI continues to probe in old cases until specifically taken back by the state government. Further, it continues to investigate cases that were given to it by a court order. When a state gives a general consent to the CBI for probing a case, the agency is not required to seek fresh permission every time it enters that state in connection with investigation or for every case. If the general consent is withdrawn CBI needs to seek case-wise consent for investigation from the concerned state government. If specific consent is not granted, the CBI officials will not have the power of police personnel when they enter that state. In case of lack of general consent the CBI can approach a local court for a search warrant and conduct investigation.
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Right to fair and speedy trial: Context: Areeb Majeed was granted bail by the Bombay High Court six years after his arrest on charges of travelling to Iraq and Syria to join ISIS. Concept: The court held that the right to fair and speedy trial was recognised under Article 21 (right to life) of the Constitution and same applied to the petitioner as there is no likelihood of trial completing in a reasonable time. The HC said in the context of more than 6 years of incarnation already having been served the case involved right to liberty. Thus the golden mean has to be achieved between the rights of the individual and those of the society at large As a part of justice delivery, right to fair and speedy trial envisages justice system which is more efficient and trustworthy. It is also belief in the principle of "Justice delayed is the justice denied". Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar case: It is basis of speedy trial in India and held that under trial prisoners have been in jail for duration longer than prescribed, if convicted, their detention in jail is totally unjustified and in violation to fundamental rights under article 21. In the case Katar Singh v. State of Punjab it was declared that right to speedy trial is an essential part of fundamental right to life and liberty.
Human rights (HRs) and generation of HRs: Context: Recently human rights has been in focus with questions being raised about India’s protection of HRs particularly w.r.t cases registered against the environmental activists like Disha Ravi for role if farmers protest amplification and network internationally. Concept: About Human rights Human Rights are those rights which every human being enjoys on the basis of equality irrespective of caste, race, religion, place of birth, sex or any other economic and social status. The idea of human dignity and equality is embedded in vision of HRs. These Human rights are guaranteed under the constitution of India in the form of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy and International Instruments such as UDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR, UNCRPD etc. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights laid down the terms for the post-war world, it enshrined the rights and the freedoms of all people, living everywhere. Characteristic of HRs: Inalienable Indivisible, interdependent and interrelated Universal Three generation of Human Rights: The division of human rights into three generations was introduced in 1979 by Czech jurist Karel Vasak. First generation: It dealt with the civil-political rights like liberty and participation in political life. By nature, they are individualistic and negative (limitation on the state). These have been legitimated and given status in international law by Articles 3 to 21 of the Universal
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Declaration of Human Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Second Generation: These deal with the socio-economic rights that guarantee equal conditions and treatment. They are not rights directly possessed by individuals but constitute positive duties upon the government to respect and fulfill them. Major acknowledgement of these rights came post second world war and is found in Articles 22 to 27 of the UDHR and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. Third generation: Collective-developmental rights or solidarity rights of peoples and groups held against their respective states aligns with the final tenet of “fraternity”. broad class of rights that have gained acknowledgment in international agreements and treaties but are more contested than earlier two. They can be found in documents like 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the 1994 Draft Declaration of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights.
Sub-categorisation of OBCs: Context: Former NCBC chief Justice Eswaraiah says if the government wants to sub-categorise the OBCs in order to give them justice, it should either publicise the data of Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC)-2011 or it should conduct a caste census. Concept: According to him, without scientific data availability like SECC-2011 or caste census for current OBC population it would be a unscientific, unconstitutional and illegal exercise. Sub-categorisation of OBCs It is basically a restructuring of OBC reservation for equitable distribution of benefit so that those castes who are not able to avail it can be targeted. It is believed that only a few affluent communities among the over 2,600 included in the central list of OBCs have secured a major part 27% OBC reservation. Sub-categorisation would ensure “equitable distribution” of representation among all OBC communities. Ex- Bihar currently has OBCs and EBCs (Extremely Backward classes within that share of 27%.). G Rohini Committee is currently working on the sub-categorisation of OBCs and is expected to submit report by end of July this year.
Offence of criminal conspiracy: Context: Arrest and then recent bail of activist Disha Ravi for the offence of conspiracy to incite violence in national capital on 26th January has brought this in focus. Concept: Sections 120A and 120B of the IPC, deals with the offence of criminal conspiracy. Former deals with the definition, while later provides for punishment. The law originated during the British times in 1913 to control rising national sentiments. The common intention and an agreement between two or more persons to commit a criminal offence constitutes the offence of criminal conspiracy.
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Agreement is necessary (not necessary for all the conspirators to know each other) and sufficient to establish the charge of conspiracy (even if actual offence was not committed). This means it is a subtantive offence itself and is done to prevent crime in initial stages. The SC in 1993 Delhi blasts case: The encouragement and support which co-conspirators give to one another rendering enterprises possible which, if left to individual effort, would have been impossible, furnish the ground for visiting conspirators and abettors with condign punishment once the prosecution proves the conspiracy charge, all of the accused will be held liable for conspiracy, and also separately for individual offences committed by them. For prescribing punishment for conspiracy, the IPC divides criminal conspiracies into two categories. First, for criminal conspiracy to commit serious offences — which carry a sentence of two years or more, including life imprisonment and the death penalty — the accused will be punished as though they had abetted such offence. Second, in a criminal conspiracy to commit offences that carry a jail term of less than two years, fine or both, the punishment is imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or fine, or both.
Section 377 of IPC: Context: The Centre in Delhi High court submitted that Same sex marriage is against Indian ethos Concept: It deals with consensual private sexual acts between adults and came into force in 1862 and The archaic, colonial-era law criminalizes “carnal intercourse against the order of nature”. Judiciary and the Law Commission view on Section 377 The 172nd report of the Law Commission of India recommended the deletion of Section 377 but no action was taken. Naz Foundation Case: the Delhi High Court decriminalized Section 377, ruling that consenting intercourse between two adults was not illegal, and it was violative of Articles 21, 14 and 15 of the Constitution. Suresh Kumar Koushal case: The 2-bench judgement overturned the judgement of Delhi HC and recriminalized it. In 2014, in the NALSA judgment, the SC accorded the transgender community the right to be called the third gender, separate from male and female. Justice (Retired) Puttaswamy case: Right to privacy was a fundamental right and privacy included the preservation of personal intimacies, the sanctity of family life, marriage, procreation, the home and sexual orientation Again in 2018 a 5-bench judgement of the Supreme Court (SC) decriminalized homosexuality by striking off parts of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) which were held violative of Fundamental Rights of LGBTQ Community. Additional info Yogyakarta Principles came in 2006 and recognizes freedom of sexual orientation and gender identity as part of Human Rights.
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Section 69 of the IT Act: Context: Under the guidelines executives of intermediaries which fail to act on an order issued by the government citing threat to sovereignty or integrity, defence, security of the state or public order, can be jailed for up to a period of seven years under Section 69 of the IT Act. Concept: It empowers the Central or State Government or any other competent authority to direct any agency of the appropriate government to monitor, intercept or decrypt any information transmitted, generated, received or stored in any computer resource in cases related to: 2018 notification allowed 10 agencies for interception, monitoring and decryption of information under the section 69 of Information Technology (IT) Act. It adds "investigation of crime" along with provisions in Indian Telegraph Act 1885 which allows for interception and monitoring in following 5 cases 1. In the interest of sovereignty and integrity of India 2. Security of the State 3. Friendly relations with foreign states 4. To maintain public order 5. Prevent incitement to the commission of an offence
President’s rule: Context: President’s Rule was imposed in the Union Territory of Puducherry and the Legislative Assembly was placed under suspended animation. Concept: It was based on the report of administrator of the UT of Puducherry that administration of the Union Territory of Puducherry cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 (20 of 1963)”. About the President’s rule It is the suspension of an elected state/UT government and the imposition of direct rule of the Centre, also called as the "state emergency". The Constitution provides for the President’s Rule imposition through the invocation of Article 356 of the Constitution by the President on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers. This application of the President's rule is done after receipt of the report from the Governor of the State or otherwise (Article 365 says that whenever a state fails to comply with or to give effect to any direction from the Centre, it will be lawful for the president to hold that a situation has arisen in which the government of the state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution), is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution Parliamentary Approval and Duration of Art 356 Proclamation must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within two months from the date of its issue through simple majority in either House. It is initially valid for six months and can be extended for a maximum period of three years with the approval of the Parliament, every six months. Revocation
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A proclamation of President’s Rule may be revoked by the President at any time by a subsequent proclamation. Such a proclamation does not require parliamentary approval. Consequences of President’s Rule The state governor, on behalf of the President, carries on the state administration with the help of the chief secretary of the state or the advisors appointed by the President. The President can declare that the powers of the state legislature are to be exercised by the Parliament. The President either suspends or dissolves the state legislative assembly.
Model Code of Conduct: Context: The Election Commission of India on Friday announced the schedule for Assembly elections in four poll-bound states and one Union Territory (Puducherry) starting from March 27. And due to covid-19 situation voting hour is increased by 1 hour. Concept: The Model Code of Conduct is enforced from the date of announcement of election schedule by the Election Commission and is operational till the process of elections are completed. The MCC is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission (EC) to regulate political parties and candidates prior to elections. Basically, the code spells out the do’s and don’ts for elections. This is in keeping with Article 324 of the Constitution, which mandates EC to conduct free and fair elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures. It is not statutory but Political Parties, Candidates and Polling Agents are expected to observe the norms, on matters ranging from the content of election manifestos, speeches and processions, to general conduct etc. The code comes into force on the announcement of the poll schedule and remains operational till the process is concluded. Legal Enforcement
Though MCC does not have any statutory backing, but the Code has come to acquire teeth in the past decade because of its strict enforcement by the EC. Certain provisions of the MCC may be enforced through invoking corresponding provisions in other statutes such as the Indian Penal Code, 1860, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, and Representation of the People Act, 1951. In 2013, the Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice, recommended making the model code of conduct legally binding. It recommended that the MCC be made a part of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. The EC argues against making it legally binding. According to it, elections must be completed within a relatively short time or close to 45 days, and judicial proceedings typically take longer, therefore it is not feasible to make it enforceable by law.
All India Judicial Service (AIJS): Context: The Law Minister said that the govt was in talk with the Judiciary for AIJS to attract the “best minds” via competitive examinations and reservation to SC, ST, OBC so that the inclusive character of the judiciary www.optimizeias.com
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Concept: The idea was first mooted by the Law Commission in the 1950s to have an All-India Judicial Services. The Constitution of India was amended by 42nd amendment to provide for an All-India Judicial Services under Article 312. The Chief Justices conferences in 1961, 1963, and 1965 favoured creation of All-India Judicial Services and even the Law Commissions (1st, 8th and 11th, 116th) had suggested the creation of the service. Articles 233 and 234 of the Constitution vested all powers of recruitment and appointment (judicial services of the state) with the State Public Service Commission and High Courts. Article 312 of the Constitution allows the Rajya Sabha to pass a resolution, by two-thirds majority, in order to kick-start the process of creating an all-India judicial service for the posts of district judge. Once the resolution is passed, Parliament can amend Articles 233 and 234 through a simple law (passed by a simple majority), which will strip States of their appointment powers. This is unlike a constitutional amendment under Article 368 that would have required ratification by State legislatures. Thus, if Parliament decides to go ahead with the creation of the AIJS, State legislatures can do nothing to stop the process. The recruitment is to be made through an all India judicial services examination conducted by the UPSC in order to maintain “high standards” in the lower judiciary.
ROLE OF ATTORNEY GENERAL IN CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS: Context : Attorney General has refused consent for contemot proceedings against former CJI Gogoi.
Concept :
Section 15 of Contempt of Courts Act 1971, describes the procedure for contempt proccedings against an individual.
In the case of the Supreme Court, the Attorney General or the Solicitor General, and in the case of High Courts, the Advocate General, may bring in a motion for initiating a case of criminal contempt.
However, if the motion is brought by any other person, the consent of the Attorney General or the Advocate General in writing is required.
It has to specify the contempt for which the person charged is alleged to be guilty.
Is AG’s consent mandatory for all contempt of court cases?
It is mandatory when a private citizen wants to initiate a case of contempt of court against a person.
The objective behind AG’s consent is to save the judicial time of the court as it will be wasted
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if a frivolous petition occurs.
AG’s consent is not required when the court itself initiates a contempt of court case (suo motu) as it did in the case of Prashant Bhushan case.
Article 129 of the Constitution gives the Supreme Court the power to initiate contempt cases on its own, independent of the motion brought before it by the AG or with the consent of the AG.
What happens if AG denies consent?
If AG denies consent, petition ends there itself.
Earlier AG denied consent to initiate criminal contempt proceedings against actor Swara Bhasker & against author Shefali Vaidya.
However, complainant can urge the court to take suo motu cognizance.
What happens after the AG has granted consent?
After the consent, notice is served personally to the person against whom the proceedings are sought to be initiated by the court.
If the court decides not to serve the notice personally, the court has to record the reasons for it.
If the court is satisfied that the alleged contemnor is likely to abscond or evade judicial proceedings, it can order attachment of property of a value that it deems reasonable.
Once the notice is served, the alleged contemnor may file an affidavit in support of his defence, explaining the nature and circumstances of her remarks.
Then the case has to be heard by at least two judge bench which will take into account any evidence available to check the affidavit and pass appropriate orders.
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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
CPTPP: Context: Britain will next week formally apply to join a trans-Pacific trading bloc of 11 countries, with negotiations set to start later this year, the government said Concept: • The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership may be referred to as a free trade agreement between the countries Australia, Canada, Brunei, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, Vietnam, Mexico and Japan. It is one of the largest free trade agreements negotiated till date.
The key features of this agreement are as follows: • Creating a free trade area: The Agreement calls for a free trade area to be created as per requirements of Article XXIV of GATT (envisages the need for a free trade area for facilitating trade between the constituent territories but not for raising barriers to trade) and Article V of GATS (grounds for economic integration).
• National Treatment: It requires the parties to give national treatment to the goods of the other State parties as per GATT provisions.
• Eliminating customs duties: The Agreement stipulates that no party is allowed to increase customs duty on an originating good or adopt any new customs duty with respect to it. Rather, parties have been mandated to eliminate these customs duties as per commitments set forth in the annexure.
• In case of export for repair or alteration: If a good is exported to another Party’s territory for the purpose of repair or alteration, it has to still be exempted from customs duty.
• Export and import restrictions: The Agreement prevents any restrictions on export or import of goods from another Party except as provided under Article XI of GATT 1994.
• Committee on Trade in Goods: A Committee on Trade in Goods is to be established consisting of government representative from every signatory country.
• The Committee is to meet once in a year for the first five years after the Agreement enters into force.
• Safeguard Measures: The Agreement provides for conditions when safeguard measures can be applied which include global safeguards stated by the GATT and transitional safeguard measures.
• It also provides for the practices relating to antidumping and countervailing duty.
• The other provisions relate to financial services, technical barriers to trade, investment and sanitary and phytosanitary measures.
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BRITAIN OPENS VISA SCHEME: Context: A new visa scheme offering millions of people in Hong Kong a pathway to British citizenship went live on Sunday as the city’s former colonial master opens its doors to those wanting to escape China’s crackdown on dissent. Concept: • The immigration scheme is a response to Beijing’s decision last year to impose a sweeping national security law on Hong Kong to snuff out the huge and often violent democracy protests.
• Eligible persons can work in U.K., seek citizenship after 5 years according to the immigration scheme.
• Britain has accused China of tearing up its promise ahead of Hong Kong’s 1997 handover that the financial hub would maintain key liberties and autonomy for 50 years, and has argued it has a moral duty to protect its former subjects.
CHABAHAR PORT: Context: In its latest push to develop Iran’s Chabahar port project, India handed over two 140-tonne cranes for loading and unloading equipment to the Iranian government on Sunday. Concept: • In May 2016, India, Iran and Afghanistan signed the trilateral agreement which entailed the establishment of Transit and Transport Corridor among them using Chabahar port in Iran as one of the regional hubs for sea transportation.
Chabahar port • It is located on the Gulf of Oman and is only 72 km away from the Gwadar port in Pakistan which has been developed by China.
• The port serves as the only oceanic port of Iran and consists of two separate ports named ShahidBeheshti and Shahid Kalantari.
•
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Significance of Chabahar Port for India: • Trade: It is being considered a gateway to golden opportunities for trade by the three countries with other Central Asian countries in the wake of Pakistan denying transit access to India.
• Security: China is aggressively pursuing its own Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) under the One Belt One Road (OBOR) project. The port can also act as a counter to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port, which is being developed with Chinese investment.
• Connectivity: In future, the Chabahar project and the International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC) will complement each other by optimising Indian connectivity with Russia and Eurasia.
JCPOA DEAL: Context: Hassan Rouhani, Iran’s president, says there will be no changes to the content of the JCPOA and that no other country will be added to it.
Concept:
JCPOA
• Commonly as the Iran nuclear deal or Iran deal, is an agreement on the Iranian nuclear program reached in Vienna on July 14, 2015, between Iran and the P5+1 (the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States—plus Germany) together with the European Union.
• Under JCPOA, Iran agreed to eliminate its stockpile of medium-enriched uranium, cut its stockpile of low-enriched uranium by 98%, and reduce by about two-thirds the number of its gas centrifuges for 13 years.
• For the next 15 years Iran will only enrich uranium up to 3.67%. Iran also agreed not to build any new heavy-water facilities for the same period of time.
• Uranium-enrichment activities will be limited to a single facility using first-generation centrifuges for 10 years. Other facilities will be converted to avoid proliferation risks.
• To monitor and verify Iran’s compliance with the agreement, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) will have regular access to all Iranian nuclear facilities.
• The agreement provides that in return for verifiably abiding by its commitments, Iran will receive relief from U.S., European Union, and UNSC nuclear-related sanctions.
• On 5 January 2020, in the aftermath of the Baghdad Airport Airstrike that targeted and killed Iranian general QassemSoleimani, Iran declared that it would no longer abide by the limitations of the deal but would continue to coordinate with the IAEA, leaving open the possibility of resuming compliance.
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BTIA: Context: India - EU Sumit is scheduled to take place this year may. This has increased the expectations about BTIA.
Concept:
About BTIA:
• In June 2007, India and the EU began negotiations on a broad-based Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) in Brussels, Belgium.
• These negotiations are pursuant to the commitment made by political leaders at the 7th India- EU Summit held in Helsinki on 13th October 2006 to move towards negotiations for a broad- based trade and investment agreement on the basis of the report of India-EU High Level Technical Group.
Significance:
• India and the EU expect to promote bilateral trade by removing barriers to trade in goods and services and investment across all sectors of the economy.
• Both parties believe that a comprehensive and ambitious agreement that is consistent with WTO rules and principles would open new markets and would expand opportunities for Indian and EU businesses.
The negotiations cover:
• Trade in Goods, Trade in Services, Investment, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Technical Barriers to Trade, Trade Remedies, Rules of Origin, Customs and Trade Facilitation, Competition, Trade Defence, Government Procurement, Dispute Settlement, Intellectual Property Rights & Geographical Indications, Sustainable Development.
What’s the issue?
• Negotiations have been languishing since 2013 when the talks collapsed over certain demands from the EU such as greater market access for automobiles, wine and spirits, and further opening up of the financial services sector such as banking, insurance and e-commerce.
• The EU also wanted labour, environment and government procurement to be included in the talks.
• India’s demand for easier work visa and study visa norms as well as data secure status, that would make it easier for European companies to outsource business to India, were also not received enthusiastically by the EU countries.
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News Showcase: Context: Google proposed to the Australian govt “News Showcase” product which could be used to compensate news publishers under the upcoming law. Concept: The google is embroiled in a tussle with the Australian government over a proposed legislation that would require it to pay news publishers. News Media Bargaining Code by the Australian govt will be a “mandatory code of conduct” which the Australian government says is meant to fix the “bargaining power imbalances” between news media businesses and tech giants. The code proposes that digital platforms such as Google and Facebook pay for using links and content from news publishers. It also requires that digital platforms will “provide registered news business corporations with advance notification of planned changes to an algorithm or internal practice that will have a significant effect on covered news content. About News Showcase It proposes it as a workable solution within framework of above code. It will involve a licensing deal from Google, which includes publications such as the Crikey, The Conversation, The New Daily and regional newspapers from Australian Community Media. Product will be added to Google News (mobile, Android and iOS app) and the Discover feed, which appears on the Google Search app. Participating publications get monthly payments from Google for their curated articles, which appear in a carousel. These could also include access to select paywalled content from publishers. Google will also pay monthly fees. Google has done similar deals for News Showcase in France and in other countries.
Australia’s News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code Bill 2020: Context: The Australian PM reached out to Indian PM in a bid to form a coalition against Big tech vs issue of their compensation to the news platforms. Concept: A faceoff between the state and global tech giants in Australia over compensation for sharing news content from media companies on their platforms saw Australian govt reaching out to countries like India, Canada, France, UK to build a global coalition against misuse of dominant position by global giants. Under the proposed law a bargaining code is envisaged that aims to force Google and Facebook to compensate media companies for using their content. While the Google has agreed out to pay the news organizations (already doing in countries like France under different model), the Facebook has decided to black out news content in the country in Australia. The Google launched the News Showcase platform that offers news that Google has paid for through its own content agreements with publishers.
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IMF’s Extended Fund Facility: Context: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Pakistan on Tuesday reached a staff-level agreement that Pakistan had completed reforms required for the release of around $500 million in IMF funds. Further review of reform may give it access to $6 billion from the IMF's Extended Fund Facility (EFF) Concept: The IMF funding for Pakistan had been suspended for about a year subject to the reforms. The need for IMF support arose as Pakistan economy has been facing economic woes (Declining growth, unsustainable debt, excahnge worries etc.) The package strikes an appropriate balance between supporting the economy, ensuring debt sustainability and advancing structural reform. About EFF: It is a fund created by IMF for helping economies to address serious medium-term balance of payments problems because of structural weaknesses that require time to address. Assistance under an extended arrangement features longer program engagement to help countries implement medium-term structural reforms with a longer repayment period. It provides for support for comprehensive programs including the policies needed to correct structural imbalances over an extended period. Typically approved for periods of three years, but may be approved for periods as long as 4 years (repaid over 4.5–10 years in 12 equal semiannual installments unlike Stand-By Agreement facility which provides support for short period with repayment period of 3.5–5 years.)
Conditions to get help When a country borrows from the IMF, it commits to undertake policies to overcome economic and structural problems The IMF’s Executive Board regularly assesses program performance and can adjust the program to adapt to economic developments. Lending is tied to the IMF’s market-related interest rate, known as the basic rate of charge, which is linked to the Fund’s Special Drawing Rights (SDR) interest rate. EFF is guided by a country’s financing needs, capacity to repay, and track record with past use of IMF resources: Normal access: Borrowing under an EFF is subject to the normal limit of 145 percent annually of a country’s IMF quota, (IMF quota broadly reflects a country’s position in the global economy), and a cumulative limit over the life of the program of 435 percent of its quota, net of scheduled repayments. Exceptional access: The Fund may lend amounts exceeding these limits in exceptional circumstances provided that a country satisfies a predetermined set of criteria.
Quad: Context: India for the first time officially used the term “Quad” to describe its grouping with the US, Australia and Japan which held its third foreign ministers meet within last 6 months.
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India for the first-time mentioned Quad and India’s “commitment to upholding a rules-based international order, underpinned by respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, rule of law, transparency, freedom of navigation in the international seas and peaceful resolution of disputes” (so far India referred to it as “meeting of four countries”). Significance of the meeting is the first Quad meeting post change of govt in USA reflects continuity in Washington’s approach towards China. The group reiterated commitment to free, open and inclusive Indo-Pacific region, with clear support for ASEAN cohesion and centrality. About quad Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is the informal strategic dialogue between India, USA, Japan and Australia with a shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous” Indo-Pacific region. The idea of Quad was first mooted by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in 2007. However, the idea couldn’t move ahead with Australia pulling out of it, apparently due to Chinese pressure. In November 2017, India, the US, Australia and Japan gave shape to the long-pending “Quad” Coalition to develop a new strategy to keep the critical sea routes in the Indo-Pacific free of any influence (especially China).
The Silbo Gomero Language: Context: Silbo Gomero is only recognised whistled language by UNESCO adapted to Catalian Spanish language. Concept: La Gomera, the second-smallest of the main islands in Spain’s Canary Island chain has preserved indigenous whistling language for long. The language is mentioned in the account of 15th century explorers, whose account also led to the Spanish conquest of the island. Silbo Gomero was officially added in UNESCO's list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity. it was only whistled language according to the UN body which was fully developed and practiced by a large community. In this sound vary by pitch and length based on different letters.
Munich security Conference: Context: The security conference was held yesterday virtually with the USA president announcing close cooperation with Trans-Atlantic alliance revival soon. Concept: It is an annual conference on the international security policy that takes place in Munich, Germany since 1963. It is an independent venue for policymakers and experts for open and constructive discussions about the most pressing security issues of the day and of the future. In this summit the USA president said it was ready to rejoin talks about reentering Iran nuclear deal and focus on Trans-Atlantic coalition which was under pressure under Trump.
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MSC publishes the Munich Security Report, an annual digest of relevant figures, maps, and research on crucial security challenges.
Uthuru Thila Falhu naval base: Context: India and Maldives signed defence line of credit and developing the harbour at Uthuru Thila Falhu naval base. Concept: India extended a $50-million line of credit to the Maldives for defence projects and the two countries signed an agreement to develop and maintain a key naval facility for the armed forces of the Indian Ocean archipelago. Two sides agreed to “develop, support and maintain” the Coast Guard harbour in Uthuru Thila Falhu naval base. Apart from defence cooperation expansion it will strengthen the capability of the Maldivian Coast Guard and facilitate regional humanitarian assistance and disaster relief efforts. It will boost Maldives defence as currently it doesn’t have a navy and the Coast Guard functions as the armed maritime component of the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF). Thus, it is being primarily built for Maldivian forces, yet, it will create a strategic asset for India in Indian Ocean region. Five other agreements, including one for a $25-million line of credit for the development of roads.
CPEC: Context: Pakistan says it seeks to strengthen trade ties with the Sri Lanka through CPEC. Concept: The CPEC is part of China’s larger regional transnational ‘One Belt One Road’ (OBOR) initiative, whose two arms are the land-based New Silk Road and the 21st century Maritime Silk Road, using which Beijing aims to create a Silk Road Economic Belt sprawled over a large patch of Asia and eastern Europe, and crisscrossed by a web of transport, energy supply and telecommunications lines. The agreement between two countries for connectivity projects amounted to around investments of 46 Billion dollar. It consists of clutch of major infrastructure works currently under way in Pakistan, intended to link Kashgar in China’s Xinjiang province to Gwadar deep sea port close to Pakistan’s border with Iran. It aims to transform Pakistan’s economy—by modernizing its road, rail, air, and energy transportation systems—and to give China a shorter and faster land route to avoid its Malacca dilemma and reach out to Central Asia and Europe through land route.
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India’s concern with CPEC: Its principal objection was that CPEC passed through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). It violates India’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. Strategic advantage to China by giving a foothold to China in Western Indian Ocean. Part of the strategy of China of encircling India through "String of Pearls". Kashmir dilemma: The route of CPEC passes through POK and makes China an indirect stakeholder in Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan.
International Mother Language day/UNESCO: Context: The UNESCO observes 21 February as the International Mother Language Day. Concept: According to the latest UNESCO Atlas of World’s language in Danger, around 197 of indigenous languages of India was either vulnerable, endangered or extinct as of 2017.
About UNESCO It is a specialised agency of the UN seeking to build peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences and Culture. Its HQ is in PAris with more than 50 offices around the world. It has 193 Members and 11 Associate Members and is governed by the General Conference and the Executive Board. www.optimizeias.com
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The Israel, Liechtenstein, United States are three UN states which are not member of the UNESCO currently (Cook Islands, Niue, and Palestine are UNESCO member but not that of UN). Some of the initiatives of UNESCO World Heritage Convention and List Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme International Geoscience and Global Geoparks Programme (IGGP) - harnesses the intellectual capacity of a worldwide network of geoscientists to lay the foundation for our planet’s future, focusing on responsible resource extraction, natural hazard resilience and preparedness, and adaptability in the era of a changing climate International Hydrological Programme (IHP) - only intergovernmental programme of the United Nations system devoted to water research and management, and related education and capacity development UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger - To raise awareness about language endangerment and the need to safeguard the world’s linguistic diversity among policy- makers, speaker communities and the general public, and to be a tool to monitor the status of endangered languages and the trends in linguistic diversity at the global level.
India-South Africa IPR waiver proposal: Context: Around 90 WTO members have supported India-South Africa IPR proposal for temporary waiver during Covid 19 period. Concept: At the recent TRIPS Council meeting these members supported the proposal which has 57 co- sponsors. It says that the member countries can choose to neither grant nor enforce patents and other intellectual property- (IP) related to Covid-19 drugs, vaccines and medical products for the duration of the pandemic. The co-sponsors of the India-South Africa proposal include Kenya, Eswatini, Mozambique, Pakistan and Bolivia. Significance of this support is that proposal will not be set aside and that more efforts are made to move towards a consensus on the matter It was also supported by ACP group, one of the largest groups on forum. Several developed countries and China, Colombia and Chile, however, continue to oppose it, and sought more evidence-based discussion. However skewed access to vaccine is evident: As per the data, the US, the UK and the EU accounted for about 30 per cent of over 200 million vaccines that have been administered globally. It has been reported that just 10 countries have administered 75 per cent of all Covid-19 vaccines while over 100 countries have not received a single dose.
About ACP Group ACP Group (African, Caribbean and Pacific Group - 62 members) was created by the Georgetown Agreement in 1975 and now known as Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS).
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Aim of the group is sustainable development and poverty reduction within its member states, as well as their greater integration into the world's economy. Many small island developing states are OACPS states. The fourth Lomé Convention was revised in 1995 in Mauritius and gives special attention to island countries in this agreement. About Trips TRIPS - Optimize IAS
Ghana first to receive vaccine supply from COVAX facility: Context: Ghana received the world’s first delivery of coronavirus vaccines from the United Nations- backed COVAX initiative on Wednesday. Concept: It received 600000 doses of AstraZeneca vaccine. It is the beginning of the largest vaccine procurement and supply operation in history, according to the World Health Organization and UNICEF. COVAX facility seeks to ensure people from less wealthy countries are not left behind in the race for life-saving vaccines About COVAX: https://optimizeias.com/covax-2/
Extradition: Context: The UK Court delivered the verdict holding that the evidence against Nirav Modi was prima facie sufficient to order his extradition to India to face the charges. Concept: He is wanted by the Central Bureau of Investigation and the Enforcement Directorate in a Rs 13,500-crore bank loan fraud case in India. What next? The court, however, said Modi would have the right to appeal (on a matter of law or fact or both) to the High Court against the decision to send the case to the Secretary of State. However, this appeal would not be heard until the Secretary of State has made a decision. If appeal is not made or denied the extradition process will start. About extradition Extradition is the legal process to transfer person from one country to another who requires him/her to deal with for crimes of which they have been accused or convicted and are justifiable in the Courts of the other State. In India it is governed under the Indian Extradition Act, 1962. This is for both extraditing of persons to India and from India to foreign countries. The Consular, Passport & Visa (CPV) Division, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India is the Central/Nodal Authority that administers the Extradition Act and it processes incoming and outgoing Extradition Requests. The basis of extradition is treaty between two countries.
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In the absence of a treaty, a country can still make a request, which the other country will decide in accordance with its laws. Procedure of extradition Information about the fugitive criminals is shared with the country of extradition through Interpol (in India CBI has an Interpol wing who does it for request from other countries), who passes to the police departments of that country. The information is passed to the immigration authorities. Post this action can be initiated for the extradition. In between the alleged criminal can utilize the appeal procedure against the extradition in country from where extradition is supposed to be done. Most treaties generally follow at least five principles: Extradition applies only to offences stipulated as extraditable The offences must be covered under the national laws of both countries The requested country must be satisfied of a prima facie case The person must be tried only for the offence specified in extradition There must be a fair trial. TRIPS AGREEMENT: Context : India’s joint proposal with South Africa at the World Trade Organisation for a waiver of certain Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights obligations to ensure smooth supply of medicines and vaccines during the Covid-19 pandemic.
It has gained support from most developing countries while several developed members, including the US, Australia and the EU are opposing it.
Concept :
TRIPS is an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO), which sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulations as applied to the nationals of other WTO Members.
It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994.
TRIPS requires WTO members to provide copyright rights, covering content producers including performers, producers of sound recordings and broadcasting organizations; geographical indications, including appellations of origin; industrial designs; integrated circuit layout-designs; patents; new plant varieties; trademarks; trade dress; and undisclosed or confidential information.
The agreement also specifies enforcement procedures, remedies, and dispute resolution procedures.
TRIPS Plus
TRIPs Plus are higher level of protection norms demanded by the developed countries that are www.optimizeias.com
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not prescribed by the WTO’s TRIPs regime.
They demand higher protection to intellectual property rights including inventions, internationally. These higher levels of protection norms are named as TRIPs Plus.
The term is used to indicate that these requirements go beyond the minimum standards imposed by TRIPs.
Many developing countries who are members of FTAs are under pressure to enact these tougher conditions in their patent laws.
The developing countries have concerns over the higher level of protection demanded by the developed world. They fear that once such levels of protection are given multilaterally, it will reduce competition and may led to price rise of medicines, affecting health security in poor countries
For example, the demand for Data Exclusivity protection (protection of clinical test data submitted to a regulatory agency) that have high commercial value is a major demand from the developed world which doesn’t usually come under TRIPs.
India has consistently objected to put higher level of protection (TRIPs Plus) than provided by the TRIPs.
The implication of TRIPs Plus on India is that it will restrict the operation of the country’s generics drugs manufactures
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ECONOMICS CONTINGENT LIABILITIES: Context: The CAG audit report on Kerala finances for 2018-19, tabled in the Assembly on January 18, stated that off-budget borrowings of the KIIFB are unconstitutional. Concept: • The government is of the view that as it is providing a guarantee for principal and interest for the loans received by the KIIFB, the borrowings can be termed as contingent liabilities.
• It would become a liability on the government only when there is default by the KIIFB. The CAG has rejected the government view that these are contingent liabilities.
Contingent Liabilities • Contingent Liabilities of the Government are like insurance obligations, which are contingent or conditional upon the occurrence of certain events, requiring payments by the Government, who had promised or agreed in the past to make good such liabilities, regardless of its financial health.
• It is a possible obligation and not a present obligation. It arises from some past events and its existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence of some future events.
• Its time of payment or the quantum of payment or both are uncertain.
• Contingent liabilities arise mainly because of sovereign guarantees. However, it goes beyond that.
Types of Contingent Liabilities • A contingent liability may arise due to either explicit legal obligation or an implicit constructive obligation.
• A legal obligation relates to specific government obligation defined by law or contract, e.g., guarantees given against third party, crop insurance, tax refunds under litigation, indemnities, etc.
• A constructive or implicit obligation is an obligation that may arise when a government indicates to other parties that it accepts certain responsibilities and has created certain valid expectation on the part of those parties that it will discharge the responsibilities.
• For example, Letter of comfort issued by governments (Union and States), bailing out public sector insurance, banking and other entities, etc.
• This also represents a moral obligation or expected burden for the government not in the legal sense, but based on public expectations and political pressures.
• On the basis of the provisions made for meeting such contingent liabilities, it can be classified as either funded or unfunded liabilities. eg. the liability is funded in case of sovereign guarantees(Kerala govt stand).
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• An unfunded Contingent Liability can arise due to some natural / manmade calamity say Bhopal Tragedy related payments, obligations on account of legislative changes with retrospective effect etc.
Additional Information • Shri. Jahangir Aziz panel and the report of the Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission (FSLRC) (2013) studied the issue of public debt management had highlighted the importance of managing contingent liabilities in India.
PEER TO PEER LENDING: Context: Bank deposit rates have eased, and fixed income mutual fund running yields (portfolio YTMs) are much lower than earlier. In this situation, investors looking for relatively higher returns can eye an avenue known as peer-to-peer (P2P) lending. Concept: Peer to Peer Lending • According to the RBI guidelines, ‘Peer to Peer Lending Platform means an intermediary providing the services of loan facilitation via online medium or otherwise, to the participants.’
• Participants are persons who has entered into an arrangement with an NBFCP2P to lend on it or to avail of loan facilitation services provided by it.
• The P2P lending is carried out through the internet platforms of the P2P lending companies.
• These companies charge a small commission for their services. Most of the loans are unsecured (no collateral) small personal loans.
• Peer to Peer (P2P) entities are to be regulated as Non-Banking Finance Companies-Peer to Peer (NBFC-P2P)s.
Regulations • Online platform that acts as the P2P itself should not undertake any financial activity.
• Rather, it provides a platform for credit intermediation, bringing together borrowers and lenders. The purpose of regulations on the sector is ensure customer protection, data security and orderly growth.
• The interest rate may be set by the platform or by mutual agreement between the borrower and the lender. Fees are paid to the platform by both the lender as well as the borrower.
• Any entity that is not a bank, NBFC or an All India Financial institution would like to lend electronically, should get an NBFC-P2P registration from the RBI.
WASHINGTON CONSENSUS: Context : The Budget marks an important departure from one of the key tenets of the Washington Consensus, the framework for market-oriented economics which has dominated policy making in most parts of the world
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Concept :
• The Washington Consensus is a set of 10 economic policy prescriptions by Washington, D.C.- based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and United States Department of the Treasury.
• It constitutes the "standard" reform package promoted for crisis-stricken developing countries.
• The prescriptions encompassed policies in such areas as macroeconomic stabilization, economic opening with respect to both trade and investment, and expansion of market forces within the domestic economy.
10 Policy prescriptions:
• Fiscal policy discipline, with avoidance of large fiscal deficits relative to GDP.
• Redirection of public spending from subsidies (especially indiscriminate subsidies) toward broad-based provision of key pro-growth, pro-poor services like primary education, primary health care and infrastructure investment.
• Tax reform, broadening the tax base and adopting moderate marginal tax rates.
• Interest rates that are market determined and positive (but moderate) in real terms.
• Competitive exchange rates.
• Trade liberalization: Liberalization of imports, with particular emphasis on elimination of quantitative restrictions (licensing, etc.); any trade protection to be provided by low and relatively uniform tariffs.
• Liberalization of inward foreign direct investment.
• Privatization of state enterprises.
• Deregulation: Abolition of regulations that impede market entry or restrict competition, except for those justified on safety, environmental and consumer protection grounds, and prudential oversight of financial institutions.
• Legal security for property rights.
INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING: Context : The initial public offering (IPO) of India’s largest insurance company LIC is likely after October this year, a top official said.
Concept :
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• Government had introduced the legislative amendments required for disinvestment of a stake in Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and IDBI Bank through the Finance Bill, 2021 presented along with the Budget.
Inital Public Offering :
• IPO is the selling of securities to the public in the primary market.
• Primary market deals with new securities being issued for the first time. It is also known as the new issues market.
• It is different from secondary market where existing securities are bought and sold. It is also known as the stock market or stock exchange.
• It is when an unlisted company makes either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities or both for the first time to the public.
• Unlisted companies are companies that are not listed on the stock exchange.
• It is generally used by new and medium-sized firms that are looking for funds to grow and expand their business.
PCA FRAMEWORK: Context : The Finance Ministry expects the remaining three public sector banks (PSBs) to be out of the RBI’s prompt corrective action (PCA) framework in two months, as their financial health has improved.
Concept :
• Indian Overseas Bank, Central Bank of India and UCO Bank are currently under this framework which puts several restrictions on them, including on lending, management compensation and directors’ fees.
Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) Framework
• PCA is a framework under which banks with weak financial metrics are put under watch by the RBI.
• The RBI introduced the PCA framework in 2002 as a structured early-intervention mechanism for banks that become undercapitalised due to poor asset quality, or vulnerable due to loss of profitability.
• It aims to check the problem of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in the Indian banking sector.
• The framework was reviewed in 2017 based on the recommendations of the working group of the Financial Stability and Development Council on Resolution Regimes for Financial Institutions in India and the Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission.
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• PCA is intended to help alert the regulator as well as investors and depositors if a bank is heading for trouble.
• The idea is to head off problems before they attain crisis proportions.
• Essentially PCA helps RBI monitor key performance indicators of banks, and taking corrective measures, to restore the financial health of a bank.
• The PCA framework deems banks as risky if they slip some trigger points - capital to risk weighted assets ratio (CRAR), net NPA, Return on Assets (RoA) and Tier 1 Leverage ratio.
• Certain structured and discretionary actions are initiated in respect of banks hitting such trigger points.
• The PCA framework is applicable only to commercial banks and not to co-operative banks and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs).
RIDF: Context : Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced an increase in the allocation to the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) from 30,000 crore to 40,000 crore.
Context :
• The Rural Infrastructure Development Fund(RIDF) was set up by the Government of India in 1995-96 for financing ongoing rural Infrastructure projects.
• The Fund is maintained by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development(NABARD).
• The main objective of the Fund is to provide loans to State Governments and State-owned corporations to enable them to complete ongoing rural infrastructure projects.
• The activities to be financed under RIDF as classified under three broad categories namely a) Agriculture and related sector b) Social sector and c) Rural connectivity.
EQUALIZATION LEVY: Context: Firms reaping economic benefits from a different country have to be taxed even if they do not have a physical establishment in that jurisdiction, argued Commerce Secretary, while defending India’s decision to impose a 2 per cent digital services tax on foreign e-commerce firms.
Concept:
• The equalization levy is aimed at taxing foreign companies which have a significant local client base in India but are billing them through their offshore units, effectively escaping the country’s tax system. www.optimizeias.com
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Background for Equalization Levy:
• Equalisation levy at 6% has been in force since 2016 on payment exceeding Rs 1 lakh a year to a non-resident service provider for online advertisements.
• It is now applicable for e-commerce companies that are sourcing revenue from Indian customers without having tangible presence here in the country.
• The amendments to the Finance Act, 2020 had expanded the ambit of the equalisation levy for non-resident e-commerce operators involved in supply of services, including online sale of goods and provision of services, with the levy at the rate of 2% effective April 1, 2020.
• The tax applies on e-commerce transactions on websites such as Amazon.com. Google in particular as the tax applies on advertising revenue earned overseas if those ads target customers in India.
Changes in Challan ITNS 285:
• The income tax department has modified challan ITNS 285 (relating to payment of equalisation levy) to enable payment of the first installment by non-resident e-commerce operators.
• The challan also seeks mandatory PAN and provides for ‘Outside India’ option while seeking address.
Penalties Involved:
• The non-payment could result in a penalty equal to the amount of equalisation levy, along with interest.
• The late-payment would attract interest at the rate of 1% per month or part of the month.
STRATEGIC CRUDE OIL RESERVE: Context: India looks to expand its plan on strategic petroleum reserves overseas, say sources.
Concept:
• Strategic petroleum reserves are huge stockpiles of crude oil to deal with any crude oil-related crisis like the risk of supply disruption from natural disasters, war or other calamities.
• According to the agreement on an International Energy Programme (I.E.P.), each International Energy Agency (IEA) country has an obligation to hold emergency oil stocks equivalent to at least 90 days of net oil imports.
• In case of a severe oil supply disruption, IEA members may decide to release these stocks to the market as part of a collective action.
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• India’s strategic crude oil storages are currently located at Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Mangaluru (Karnataka), and Padur (Karnataka).
• The government has also given approval for setting up of two additional facilities at Chandikhol (Odisha) and Padur (Karnataka).
• The concept of dedicated strategic reserves was first mooted in 1973 in the US, after the OPEC oil crisis.
• Underground storage is, by far the most economic method of storing petroleum products because the underground facility rules out the requirement of large swathes of land, ensures less evaporation and, since the caverns are built much below the sea level, it is easy to discharge crude into them from ships.
• The construction of the Strategic Crude Oil Storage facilities in India is being managed by Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited (ISPRL).
• ISPRL is a wholly owned subsidiary of Oil Industry Development Board (OIDB) under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas.
DOUBLE TAXATION FOR NRI:
Context: The new Section 89A aims to solve the issue of double taxation on retirement accounts of NRI employees
Concept:
• Mobile employees are required to mandatorily open social security / retirement fund accounts in the host country; it also acts as an effective way of tax deferral in such countries as income from such contributions are tax deferred to the year of withdrawal / closure of such accounts.
• This is a common tool adopted by most Indian employees who are seconded to countries like the US and in majority of such cases, the employees are non-resident in India in the year of opening the accounts / making contributions whereas at the time of maturity / closure of the account, such employees who are already back home, become tax resident in India.
• Taxation of income from such contributions poses a major challenge for such employees in India.
• Taking a cognisance of this difficulty and various representations in this regard, the finance minister has proposed to introduce a mechanism via a new provision, viz. Section 89A in the Income Tax Act, 1961, to reduce the hardship caused to such employees with effect from financial year 2021-22.
• The proposed section provides tax income accrued to a specified person in a specified account in such manner and in such a year as may be prescribed.
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Double Taxation
• Double taxation is a tax principle referring to income taxes paid twice on the same source of income.
• It can occur when income is taxed at both the corporate level and personal level.
• Double taxation also occurs in international trade or investment when the same income is taxed in two different countries.
HELD TO MATURITY: Context: RBI to hike banks’ HTM limit by 4% of book (Rs 6,136 billion/$84 billion), atop 2.5% in FY21, till FY26 (from FY23 now). This should incentivise banks to invest their money market surplus, of almost $80 billion, in G-secs .
Concept:
Held-to-maturity (HTM)
• Held-to-maturity (HTM) securities are purchased to be owned until maturity.
• Bonds and other debt vehicles—such as certificates of deposit (CDs)—are the most common form of held-to-maturity (HTM) investments.
• Held-to-maturity (HTM) securities provide investors with a consistent stream of income; however, they are not ideal if an investor anticipates needing cash in the short-term.
• HTM securities are only reported as current assets if they have a maturity date of one year or less. Securities with maturities over one year are stated as long-term assets.
Open Market Operations (OMOs)
• Open Market Operations (OMOs) are market operations conducted by RBI by way of sale/purchase of government securities to/from the market with an objective to adjust the rupee liquidity conditions in the market on a durable basis.
• If there is excess liquidity, RBI resorts to sale of securities and sucks out the rupee liquidity.
• Similarly, when the liquidity conditions are tight, RBI buys securities from the market, thereby releasing liquidity into the market.
• It is one of the quantitative (to regulate or control the total volume of money) monetary policy tools which is employed by the central bank of a country to control the money supply in the economy.
LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP:
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Context : The Corporate Affairs Ministry on Wednesday said it plans to decriminalise 12 offences as well as omit a provision entailing criminal liability under the Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Act, 2008, for greater ease of doing business for law-abiding LLPs.
Concept :
• LLP is an alternative corporate business form that gives the benefits of limited liability of a company and the flexibility of a partnership. Hence LLP is called a hybrid between a company and a partnership.
• All limited liability partnership is governed under the limited liability partnership act of 2008.
• The Corporate Affairs Ministry implements the Act.
LLP vs Traditional partnership firm:
• Under “traditional partnership firm”, every partner is liable, jointly with all the other partners and also severally for all acts of the firm done while he is a partner.
• Under LLP structure, liability of the partner is limited to his agreed contribution. Thus, individual partners are shielded from joint liability created by another partner’s wrongful acts or misconduct.
LLP vs a Company:
• The internal governance structure of a company is regulated by statute (i.e. Companies Act, 1956) whereas for an LLP it would be by a contractual agreement between partners.
• The management-ownership divide inherent in a company is not there in a limited liability partnership.
• LLP will have more flexibility as compared to a company.
• LLP will have lesser compliance requirements as compared to a company.
PRO FORMA NPA: Context : Almost all private sector banks, housing finance companies and NBFCs as well as a few public sector lenders have reported performances for the quarter ended December 31, 2020 with higher pro forma gross non-performing assets compared to the reported gross NPAs.
Concept :
• Supreme Court in its interim order dated 03.09.2020 directed that the accounts that were not declared NPA till 31.08.2020 shall not be declared NPA till further orders.
• Banks, while following SC’s order, are disclosing Proforma NPA as additional disclosure(in addition to gross NPA) for better understanding of financial performance & increasing provision thereon to cover for contingencies. www.optimizeias.com
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• Pro forma NPA includes non-performing assets created in 2020 when the RBI allowed banks to standstill recognition of fresh stressed assets.
ACCOMODATIVE MONETARY POLICY:
Context : The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on Friday said it would retain an accommodative policy stance into the next financial year to help revive growth on a durable basis.
Concept :
• Accommodative monetary policy, also known as loose credit or easy monetary policy, occurs when a central bank attempts to expand the overall money supply to boost the economy when growth is slowing (as measured by GDP).
• The policy is implemented to allow the money supply to rise in line with national income and the demand for money.
• Accommodative monetary policy is triggered to encourage more spending from consumers and businesses by making money less expensive to borrow through the lowering of short-term interest rates.
• When money is easily accessible through banks, the money supply in the economy increases. This leads to increased spending.
• When businesses can easily borrow money, they have more funds to expand operations and hire more workers, which means that the unemployment rate will decrease.
• On the other hand, people and businesses tend to save less when the economy is stimulated due to the low savings interest rates offered by banks.
G -SECS: Context : The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) said it would allow retail investors to open gilt accounts with the central bank to invest in government securities directly and without the help of intermediaries.
Concept :
• This is a major structural reform placing India among select few countries which have similar facilities.
• This measure together with HTM [hold to maturity] relaxation, will facilitate smooth completion of the government borrowing programme in 2021-22.
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• A Government Security (G-Sec) is a tradable instrument issued by the Central Government or the State Governments.
• It acknowledges the Government’s debt obligation.
• Such securities are short term (usually called treasury bills, with original maturities of less than one year- presently issued in three tenors, namely, 91 day, 182 day and 364 day) or long term (usually called Government bonds or dated securities with original maturity of one year or more).
• In India, the Central Government issues both, treasury bills and bonds or dated securities while the State Governments issue only bonds or dated securities, which are called the State Development Loans (SDLs).
• G-Secs carry practically no risk of default and, hence, are called risk-free gilt-edged instruments.
• Gilt-edged securities are high-grade investment bonds offered by governments and large corporations as a means of borrowing funds.
CASH RESERVE RATIO:
Context : 10.5% growth in 2021-22, will raise CRR in two stages, says RBI.
Concept :
CRR
• It is a certain minimum amount of deposit that the commercial banks have to hold as reserves with the central bank.
• The percentage of cash required to be kept in reserves, vis-a-vis a bank’s total deposits, is called the Cash Reserve Ratio.
• The cash reserve is either stored in the bank’s vault or is sent to the RBI. Banks do not get any interest on the money that is with the RBI under the CRR requirements.
Primary purposes of the Cash Reserve Ratio
• Since a part of the bank’s deposits is with the Reserve Bank of India, it ensures the security of the amount. It makes it readily available when customers want their deposits back.
• Also, CRR helps in keeping inflation under control.
• At the time of high inflation in the economy, RBI increases the CRR, so that banks need to keep more money in reserves so that they have less money to lend further. www.optimizeias.com
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CIRCLE RATE:
Context : Delhi government decided to reduce circle rates in the capital by 20% for residential, commercial, industrial and other properties across all categories for the next six months.
Concept :
• Circle rate is the minimum rate for Government valuation of a plot, independent house, or flat in a particular area or locality.
• The circle rates are decided by the State Revenue Ministry.
• The circle rates for sale and purchase of properties in a particular area are finalized considering the available infrastructure and other parameters.
The significance of Circle Rates is as follows:
• Higher circle rates means higher revenue for Government on property transactions
• Higher circle rates means lesser problems in raising higher home loans, as banks or mortgagers typically use circle rates as a gauge of the property prices in almost all places.
WHITE GOODS: Context : The government will roll out on April 1 a proposed production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for white goods, under which eligible investors in air-conditioners and LED lights will be granted incentives worth Rs 6,238 crore over five years.
Concept :
• White goods are large home appliances such as stoves ,refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, tumble driers, dishwashers, and air conditioners.
• They are large electrical goods for the house which were traditionally available only in white.
• Even though you can purchase them today in a wide range of different colors, they continue being called white goods.
• Major appliances – consumer durables made of enamel-coated sheet steel – are the same as white goods.
• The term may also refer to white fabrics, especially linen or cotton – articles such as curtains, towels, or sheets that historically used to be made of white cloth.
• Brown Goods: Brown goods are relatively light electronic consumer durables such as computers, digital media players, TVs and radios.
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ONE NATION ONE OMBUDSMAN: Context: The Reserve Bank on Friday announced it will be integrating consumer grievances redressal under a single ombudsman as against three schemes working at present.
Concept:
• There are dedicated ombudsman schemes devoted to consumer grievance redressal in banking, non-bank finance companies and digital transactions, respectively, at present.
• The RBI is targeting to roll out the e-Integrated Ombudsman Scheme in June 2021
About the Initiative
• To make the alternate dispute redress mechanism simpler and more responsive to the customers of regulated entities, it has been decided to implement, inter alia, integration of the three Ombudsman schemes and adoption of the ‘One Nation One Ombudsman’ approach for grievance redressal.
• The move is intended to make the process of redress of grievances easier by enabling the customers of the banks, NBFCs and non-bank issuers of prepaid payment instruments to register their complaints under the integrated scheme, with one centralised reference point.
• The RBI is targeting to roll out the e-Integrated Ombudsman Scheme in June 2021.
• Financial consumer protection has gained significant policy priority across jurisdictions and the RBI has been taking a slew of initiatives on the same.
• In line with the global initiatives on consumer protection, RBI has taken various initiatives to strengthen Grievance Redress Mechanism of regulated entities.
• The RBI had operationalised complaint management system (CMS) portal as one stop solution for alternate dispute resolution of customer complaints not resolved satisfactorily by the regulated entities.
CESS & SURCHAGES: Context : West Bengal Finance minister Amit Mitra Saturday said the Centre is on a spree to impose cess and surcharges to deny the states from getting their share of revenues
Concept:
Cess
• A cess imposed by the central government is a tax on tax, levied by the government for a specific purpose. Generally, cess is expected to be levied till the time the government gets enough money for that purpose.
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• For example, a cess for financing primary education – the education cess (which is imposed on all central government taxes) is to be spent only for financing primary education (SSA) and not for any other purposes.
• A cess is different from the usual taxes like excise duty and personal income tax as it is imposed as an additional tax besides the existing tax (tax on tax).
• For example, the education cess of 3% on personal income tax of 30% is imposed as a tax on the prevailing 30%. As a result, the total tax rate goes up to 30.9% (30% basic rate + 3% (cess) of the 30%).
• But some cess like the Swachh Bharat Cess (SBC) is imposed as percentage tax on total value. Here the SBC is 0.5% of the value of the services.
• Tax revenue from Cess are first credited to the CFI and the Central Government may, after due appropriation made by Parliament, utilise the money for the specified purposes.
• For example, the proceeds are kept as Central Road Fund (CRF) in the case of fuel cess (on petrol and diesel).
• Another major feature of cess like surcharges is that the Centre need not share it with states.
• At present, the main cess are: education cess, road cess or (fuel cess), infrastructure cess, clean energy cess, krishikalyancess and swachhbharatcess.
Surcharge
• Surcharge is a charge on any tax, charged on the tax already paid. As the name suggests, surcharge is an additional charge or tax.
• The main surcharges are that on personal income tax (on high income slabs and on super rich) and on corporate income tax.
• From the revenue side, surcharges are important as around 35% of all cesses and surcharges comes from the surcharge on direct taxes.
• A surcharge of 10% on personal income tax when the basic personal income tax rate is 30%. Effectively this surcharge of 10% raises the combined tax burden to 33%.
Cess and Surcharge
• A common feature of both surcharge and cess is that the centre need not share it with states. Following are the difference between the usual taxes, surcharge and cess.
• The usual taxes goes to the consolidated fund of India and can be spend for any purposes.
• Surcharge also goes to the consolidated fund of India and can be spent for any purposes. whereascess goes to Consolidated Fund of India but can be spend only for the specific purposes.
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• The main difference between surcharge and cess is that despite they are not shareable with state governments, surcharge can be kept with the CFI and spent like any other taxes, thecess should be kept as a separate fund after allocating to CFI and can be spent only for a specific purpose.
• This means cess can be spent only for the specific purpose for which it is created. If the purpose for which the cess is created is fulfilled, it should be eliminated.
CURRENCY SWAP: Context: TheCentral Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL) settled a $400 million currency swap facility from the Reserve Bank (RBI) of India last week, meeting the terms that the two countries had agreed upon.
Concept:
• A currency swap is a transaction in which two parties exchange an equivalent amount of money with each other but in different currencies.
• The parties are essentially loaning each other money and will repay the amounts at a specified date and exchange rate.
• The purpose could be to hedge exposure to exchange-rate risk, to speculate on the direction of a currency, or to reduce the cost of borrowing in a foreign currency.
• In such arrangements no third country currency is involved, thereby eliminating the need to worry about exchange variations.
• The currency swap agreement will also bring down the cost of capital for Indian entities while accessing the foreign capital market.
• The swap arrangement should aid in bringing greater stability to foreign exchange and capital markets .
BAD BANKS: Context: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in her Budget speech on Monday revived the idea of a ‘bad bank’ by stating that the Centre proposes to set up an asset reconstruction company to acquire bad loans from banks.
Concept:
• A bad bank conveys the impression that it will function as a bank but has bad assets to start with.
• Technically, a bad bank is an Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC) or an Asset Management Company (AMC) that takes over the bad loans of commercial banks, manages them and finally recovers the money over a period of time.
• The bad bank is not involved in lending and taking deposits, but helps commercial banks clean up their balance sheets and resolve bad loans. www.optimizeias.com
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• The takeover of bad loans is normally below the book value of the loan and the bad bank tries to recover as much as possible subsequently.
Global Precedence
• US-based Mellon Bank created the first bad bank in 1988, after which the concept has been implemented in other countries including Sweden, Finland, France and Germany.
• The Troubled Asset Relief Programme (TARP) in the US.
• In Ireland, the National Asset Management Agency was established in 2009 to respond to the financial crisis.
Previous Proposals:
• In May 2020 the banking sector, led by the Indian Banks’ Association, had submitted a proposal for setting up a bad bank to resolve the NPA problem, proposing equity contribution from the government and banks.
• In 2017 the Economic Survey suggested Public Sector Asset Rehabilitation Agency or PARA, to buy out the NPAs of high value from Indian banks.
FPI & DII: Context: FPI ownership in NSE-listed companies hit a five-year high of 22.74 per cent at the end of December 2020, up from 21.51 per cent as on September 30, 2020.
Concept:
Foreign Portfolio Investments
• Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) refers to investing in the financial assets of a foreign country, such as stocks or bonds available on an exchange.
• This type of investment is at times viewed less favorably than direct investment because portfolio investments can be sold off quickly and are at times seen as short-term attempts to make money, rather than a long-term investment in the economy.
• Portfolio investments typically have a shorter time frame for investment return than direct investments.
• As securities are easily traded, the liquidity of portfolio investments makes them much easier to sell than direct investments. With any equity investment, foreign portfolio investors usually expect to quickly realize a profit on their investments.
• Portfolio investments are more accessible for the average investor than direct investments because they require much less investment capital and research. www.optimizeias.com
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• Examples of foreign portfolio investments include stocks, bonds, mutual funds, exchange traded funds, American depositary receipts (ADRs), and global depositary receipts (GDRs).
Domestic Institutional Investors
• Domestic institutional investors are those institutional investors which undertake investment in securities and other financial assets of the country they are based in.
• Institutional investment is defined to be the investment done by institutions or organizations such as banks, insurance companies, mutual fund houses, etc in the financial or real assets of a country.
• Simply stated, domestic institutional investors use pooled funds to trade in securities and assets of their country.
• These investment decisions are influenced by various domestic economic as well as political trends.
• In addition to the foreign institutional investors, the domestic institutional investors also affect the net investment flows into the economy.
E COMMERCE REGULATIONS: Context: The Centre plans to issue a clarification on the foreign direct investment (FDI) policy for the e-commerce sector in the wake of investigations into some foreign players’ operations following complaints about malpractices, according to Commerce and Industry Minister PiyushGoyal.
Concept:
• The government had sought information from the online marketplaces as part of a probe into ‘certain complaints from consumers and small retailers about certain practices of e-commerce companies’.
• Stressing that e-commerce platforms could only act as a service provider, the minister warned players ‘who break the law’ that they would have to correct their business practices at the earliest.
FDI guidelines for e-Commerce
• In India 100% FDI is permitted in B2B e-commerce, however, No FDI is permitted in B2C(Inventory based ) e-commerce.
• 100% FDI under automatic route is permitted in the marketplace model of e-commerce, while FDI is not permitted in inventory based model of e-commerce.
Marketplace and Inventory-Based Model
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• Marketplace based model of e-commerce means providing an information technology platform by an e-commerce entity on a digital & electronic network to act as a facilitator between the buyer and seller.
• In a marketplace model, the e-commerce firm is not allowed to directly or indirectly influence the sale price of goods or services and is required to offer a level playing field to all vendors.
• Inventory based model of e-commerce means an e-commerce activity where the inventory of goods and services is owned by e-commerce entity and is sold to the consumers directly.
NSE co-location case: Context:SEBI on Wednesday (February 10) imposed a penalty of Rs 1 crore on the National Stock Exchange (NSE), and Rs 25 lakh each on Chitra Ramakrishna and Ravi Narain, the former managing director and vice-chairman of the exchange respectively, in connection with its three-year investigation in the co-location case Concept: Colocation facilities work as a type of data center that rents equipment space and bandwidth to companies and businesses that need a network service provider at a reasonable cost. Colocation facility of NSE establishes a network connection with the trading system of NSE IFSC limited for trading. It was alleged that the brokers got preferential access through the co-location facility at the stock exchange, early login, and ‘dark fiber’, which can allow a trader a split-second faster access to the data feed of an exchange. Even this infinitesimally sooner access is considered to result in huge gains for a trader. The unfair access issue pertains to 2012-14 when NSE used to disseminate price information through a unicast system. Under unicast system a system information is disseminated to one member after another. Post a whistleblower complaint SEBI formed an expert committee under the guidance of its Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) to examine the allegations against NSE.
Remittance: Context: THE raids on the office of online news platform NewsClick and residences of its directors by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) continued for third day w.r.t. remittance cases Concept: It is linked with the foreign remittances allegedly totaling Rs 30.51 crore. This includes a remittance classified as FDI of Rs 9.59 crore from April 2018, and another of Rs 20.92 crore, which has been shown as receipts for “export of services”. About remittances: A remittance is a payment of money that is transferred to another party. However today term is used today for money sent by someone working abroad to his or her family back home. Remittances represent one of the largest sources of income for people in low-income and developing nations, often exceeding direct investment and international development assistance.
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Remittances are part of private transfer payment under net transfers which in turn is considered “invisibles” under current account in Balance of Payment. Role of remittances: At the macro level, remittances contribute to maintaining stable foreign reserves. On a micro level, remittances have shown a positive impact on healthcare, entrepreneurship, education, and overall economic development of the recipient families. India and remittances: In 2019, India is estimated to have received $83.1 billion in remittances from people working overseas, about 12% of the total expected global inflow making it one of the largest recipients of remittances. International remittances in 2018 (2020 report) reached $689 billion, out of which India received $78.6 billion from the 17.5 million living abroad.
Gilt Funds: Context: The RBI has allowed direct access to its platform to retail investors for deepening the government securities (G-sec) market and to help smooth sailing of the government’s large yearly borrowing program of around Rs 12 lakh crore Concept: Gilt fund is debt fund or pooled investment vehiclesthat invest in government securities. Earlier the government bonds used to be issued in golden-edged certificates, thus the nickname gilt comes from gilded edge certificates. There are two kinds of gilt funds. One, gilt funds that invest mostly in government securities across maturities. Two, gilt funds with constant maturity of 10 years – these funds must invest at least 80% of their assets in government securities with a maturity of 10 years. As per Sebi norms, gilt funds have the mandate to invest at least 80% of their assets in government securities. These are zero default risk. However, they have very high interest rate risk.
Digital Service Tax: Context: The United States Trade Representative (USTR) has termed India’s Equalisation Levy (also known as Google Tax) on e-commerce companies as ‘discriminatory’ India. Content: Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) refers to tax planning strategies used by multinational enterprises that exploit gaps and mismatches in tax rules to avoid paying tax. Developing countries’ higher reliance on corporate income tax means they suffer from BEPS disproportionately.
Equalization levy: Equalization Levy was introduced in India in 2016-2017, with the intention of taxing the digital transactions i.e. the income accruing to foreign e-commerce companies from India.
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Equalization Levy is a direct tax, which is withheld at the time of payment by the service recipient. The two conditions to be met to be liable to equalization levy: The payment should be made to a non-resident service provider; The annual payment made to one service provider exceeds Rs. 1, 00,000 in one financial year. The following services covered: Online advertisement Any provision for digital advertising space or facilities/ service for the purpose of online advertisement; Currently the applicable rate of tax is 6% of the gross consideration to be paid.
Crowding Out of Investment: Context: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has pegged fiscal deficit for the coming year 2021-22 at 6.8% of GDP and aims to bring it back below the 4.5% mark by 2025-26. This year’s fiscal deficit has been funded through government borrowings, multilateral borrowings, Small Saving Funds and short term borrowings. Content Crowing Out of Investment It is a situation when increased interest rates lead to a reduction in private investment spending such that it dampens the initial increase of total investment spending is called crowding out effect. Sometimes, government adopts an expansionary fiscal policy stance and increases its spending to boost the economic activity. This leads to an increase in interest rates. Increased interest rates affect private investment decisions. A high magnitude of the crowding out effect may even lead to lesser income in the economy. With higher interest rates, the cost for funds to be invested increases and affects their accessibility to debt financing mechanisms. This leads to lesser investment ultimately and crowds out the impact of the initial rise in the total investment spending. Usually the initial increase in government spending is funded using higher taxes or borrowing on part of the government.
Tax buoyancy: Context: the finance secretary said the revised estimates of revenue and expenditure for the current fiscal were realistic and tax buoyancy expectations are realistic. Concept: Tax buoyancy explains relationship between the changes in government’s tax revenue growth and the changes in GDP. It refers to the responsiveness of tax revenue growth to changes in GDP. When a tax is buoyant, its revenue increases without increasing the tax rate.
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A similar looking concept is tax elasticity. It refers to changes in tax revenue in response to changes in tax rate. Tax buoyancy depends mainly on Size of the tax base Tax administration regime Reasonableness and simplicity of the tax rates Wealth creation Trends Tax buoyancy was fairly moderate between 1 and 1.3 in 4 of 7 years between 1991-92 and 1997-98 and was poor in the remaining 3 years During the 2004-05 to 2008-09 period, the first 4 years recorded tax buoyancy between 1.3 and 1.7, a creditable performance. In the fifth year (2008-09), there was a sharp fall in tax buoyancy to about 0.2. The 2014-19 period saw steady performance in tax buoyancy.
Hot money: Context: The Reserve Bank of India’s strategy to shift some of its rupee intervention to the forwards market is drawing hot money in India. Concept: Hot money refers to the currency that quickly and regularly moves between financial markets and is invested for short-term. In this investors lock in the highest available short-term interest rates for large gains. It is less flexible and bring in volatility in economy (Ex- FPI is often referred to as “hot money” because of its tendency to flee at the first signs of trouble in an economy.). Banks usually attract "hot money" by offering relatively short-term certificates of deposit (CD) that have above-average interest rates. As soon as the institution reduces interest rates or another institution offers higher rates, investors with "hot money" withdraw their funds and move them to another institution with higher rates. About certificate of deposit Certificate of Deposit (CD) is a money market instrument and it is negotiable and equivalent to a promissory note. It is either issued in dematerialized form or in the form of a usance promissory note. It is issued in lieu of the funds deposited at a bank for a specified time period.
Unit-linked Investment Plans (ULIPs): Context: Private insurers ended with huge losses due to plunge in ULIPs during 2019-20. Concept: It is a multi-faceted insurance product issued by insurance companies that combine insurance coverage and investment exposure in a single offering. regular premium payments, part of which are utilized to provide insurance coverage, while the remaining portions are pooled with assets from other policyholders, then invested in equity and debt instruments, much like mutual funds www.optimizeias.com
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It is used in products like life insurance, retirement income, and education expenses. Difference with mutual fund The returns from ULIP are on the lower side. The reason being, ULIPs promise a fixed sum whether or not the investment plan makes money. Whereas mutual funds investment return is based on risk. ULIPs are largely an insurance product. ULIPs have a lock-in period ranging between three to five years, depending on the nature and structure of the investment scheme. Mutual funds generally have a lock-in period of one year.
International Cruise Terminal Sagarika in Kochi: Context: The PM dedicated first international cruise Terminal to the nation. Concept: It is another landmark for Kochi which is slowly evolving as major cruise destination across the globe. A dedicated terminal, that is fully air-conditioned and serving the cruise ship requirements, provides all statutory clearances, including Customs and Immigration, for cruise passengers. Other amenities included walk-in-berthing, assured quality bunkers and fresh water services, said Port Trust sources. Closeness to Mattancherry and Fort Kochi that have a rich historic legacy has added to its rise as cruise destination. The backwater tourism in Alappuzha and spices destinations in Idukki are other major attraction. It is seen as a major efforts towards blue economy.
Additional: The Union government has relaxed cabotage restrictions for cruise vessels so that it is possible to transport Indians from one port to another port in the country on foreign cruise vessels transiting through the country’s waters. Cabotage is the transport of goods or passengers between two places in the same country by a transport operator from another country. The PM also talked of The Propylene Derivatives Petrochemical complex of Kochi Refinery which will help strengthen our journey towards being Atmanirbhar. About Mattancherry Mattancherry is home to the Paradesi Synagogue, India's oldest functioning synagogue, Mattancherry Palace Museum, Mattacherry Pazhayannur Royal temple. The name Mattancherry comes from "Ancherry Mattom", a ''Namboodiri illam'' which the foreign traders then pronounced it as Matt-Ancherry, gradually became Mattancherry. It is largely a Tamil Brahmin settlement.
External Commercial Borrowing (ECB): Context: ECB as cheap source of borrowing needs to be availed with caution said RBI director. Concept:
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It is a commercial loan raised by an eligible resident entity from recognised non-resident entities. These foreign sources could be: 1. Commercial bank loans 2. Buyers’ credit and suppliers’ credit 3. Securitised instruments such as Floating Rate Notes and Fixed Rate Bonds etc. 4. Credit from official export credit agencies and commercial borrowings from the private sector window of Multilateral Financial Institutions. Commercial borrowings account for the largest component of India’s external debt. Why ECB? With interest rates in the US and Euro Zone currently being markedly lower than domestic rates, a corporate can save on its financing costs by taking recourse to ECB even after it takes into account associated costs such as hedging, guarantee fees and other transaction costs. The six-month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or any other six-month interbank interest rate applicable to a currency of borrowing such as Euro Interbank Offered Rate is the benchmark rate for ECBs in foreign currencies. In India it is allowed for expansion of existing capacity as well as for fresh investment. ECB is the considered best solution to push productive lending without implications for price rise (as pushing liquidity involves risk of inflatioon) ECB is different from FDI as ECB means any kind of funding other than Equity which comes under FDI Concerns with ECB Borrowers’ skill to use it to their advantage is a must for such instruments Exchange rate risk involved in servicing the debt Hedging off ECB is must and involves costs and this option may not be always available Higher magnitude of foreign debt could lead to rupee appreciation and reduction in the competitiveness of our exports
State Advisory prices for Sugarcane : Context: SAP for sugarcane did not change in UP for third year in a row. Concept: With the amendment of the Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1966 on 22.10.2009, the concept of Statutory Minimum Price (SMP) of sugarcane was replaced with the ‘Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP)’ of sugarcane for 2009-10 and subsequent sugar seasons. FRP is announced by the Central Government and is decided on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) in consultation with the State Governments and after taking feedback from associations of sugar industry. Under the FRP system, the farmers are not required to wait till the end of the season or for any announcement of the profits by sugar mills or the Government. The new system also assures margins on account of profit and risk to farmers, irrespective of the fact whether sugar mills generate profit or not and is not dependent on the performance of any individual sugar mill.
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States declare state specific sugarcane prices called State Advised Prices (SAP), usually higher than the SMP/FRP. Since early 1970s, State Advised Price (SAP) came into existence in States like UP, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana etc.
NS Vishwanathan panel to strengthen Urban Cooperative banks by RBI: Context: RBI has formed a new panel headed by deputy director NS Vishwanathan to suggest strengthening of UCBs. Concept: It is to examine their issues and provide a roadmap for strengthening the sector. It will look into regulatory measures taken by the central bank and other authorities in respect of UCBs and assess their impact over last five years to identify key constraints and enablers. It will suggest suitable measures to strengthen the sector, taking into account recent amendments to the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. Organised under the Banking Companies Act, 1956 They operate on a commercial basis and its main objective is profit. They have a unified structure and are owned by the government, state, or any private entity. They tend to all sectors ranging from rural to urban About cooperative banks These banks are organized under the state government’s act. They give short term loans to the agriculture sector and other allied activities with the aim of social welfare. They are organised under three levels: Tier 1 (State Level) Tier 2 (District level) Tier 3 (Village level)
WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX: Context : WPI quickens to 2.03% after easing in December. Concept : Wholesale Price Index It is the most widely used inflation indicator in India.
Published by the Office of Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
All transactions at the first point of bulk sale in the domestic market are included.
Major criticism for this index is that the general public does not buy products at wholesale price.
The base year of All-India WPI has been revised from 2004-05 to 2011-12 in 2017.
WPI Vs CPI While WPI keeps track of the wholesale price of goods, the CPI measures the average price that households pay for a basket of different goods and services.
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Even as the WPI is used as a key measure of inflation in some economies, the RBI no longer uses it for policy purposes, including setting repo rates. The central bank currently uses CPI or retail inflation as a key measure of inflation to set the monetary and credit policy.
WEST TEXAS INTERMEDIATE & BRENT CRUDE: Context : Oil prices soared on Monday to their highest in about 13 months as vaccine roll-outs promised to revive demand and producers kept supply reined in. Concept : Brent crude was up 77 cents, or 1.2%, at $63.20 a barrel, after climbing to a session high of $63.76, the highest since January 22, 2020. U.S. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude futures gained $1.04, or 1.8%, to $60.51 a barrel.
Brent and WTI Brent crude oil originates from oil fields in the North Sea between the Shetland Islands and Norway, while West Texas Intermediate (WTI) is sourced from US oil fields, primarily in Texas, Louisiana, and North Dakota.
WTI with a lower sulphur content (0.24%) than Brent (0.37%), is considered "sweeter".
Both oils are relatively light, but Brent has a slightly higher API gravity, making WTI the lighter of the two.
American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity is an indicator of the density of crude oil or refined products.
Brent crude price is the international benchmark price used by the OPEC while WTI crude price is a benchmark for US oil prices.
Since India imports primarily from OPEC countries, Brent is the benchmark for oil prices in India.
Cost of shipping for Brent crude is typically lower, since it is produced near the sea and it can be put on ships immediately. Shipping of WTI is priced higher since it is produced in landlocked areas like Cushing, Oklahoma where the storage facilities are limited.
FISCAL DEFICIT: Context : The aggregate fiscal deficit of States is likely to be at 4.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2021-22 compared with 4.6% in 2020-21, says a report by India Ratings and Research. Concept : Fiscal Deficit The government describes fiscal deficit of India as “the excess of total disbursements from the Consolidated Fund of India, excluding repayment of the debt, over total receipts into the Fund (excluding the debt receipts) during a financial year”.
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It is calculated as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), or simply as total money spent in excess of income.
In either case, the income figure includes only taxes and other revenues and excludes money borrowed to make up the shortfall.
Formula: Fiscal Deficit = Total expenditure of the government (capital and revenue expenditure) – Total income of the government (Revenue receipts + recovery of loans + other receipts).
Expenditure component: The government in its Budget allocates funds for several works, including payments of salaries, pensions, etc. (revenue expenditure) and creation of assets such as infrastructure, development, etc. (capital expenditure).
Income component: The income component is made of two variables, revenue generated from taxes levied by the Centre and the income generated from non-tax variables.
The taxable income consists of the amount generated from corporation tax, income tax, Customs duties, excise duties, GST, among others.
Meanwhile, the non-taxable income comes from external grants, interest receipts, dividends and profits, receipts from Union Territories, among others.
It is different from revenue deficit which is only related to revenue expenditure and revenue receipts of the government.
The government meets the fiscal deficit by borrowing money. In a way, the total borrowing requirements of the government in a financial year is equal to the fiscal deficit in that year.
A high fiscal deficit can also be good for the economy if the money spent goes into the creation of productive assets like highways, roads, ports and airports that boost economic growth and result in job creation.
The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 provides that the Centre should take appropriate measures to limit the fiscal deficit upto 3% of the GDP by 31st March, 2021.
Switch Delhi Campaign Context: The Delhi Govt has started “Switch Delhi” campaign to nudge people to adopt electric vehicles amidst India switching to electric mode for sustainable development. Concept: It will educate people about the benefits of electric vehicles (EV) and urge them to make a switch It is to spread awareness about the Delhi government’s electric vehicle policy and the various benefits being offered to those who make the switch
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informing, encouraging, and motivating each and every person in Delhi to switch from polluting vehicles to zero-emission electric vehicles Earlier, Delhi became the first state/UT which launched the Delhi Electric Vehicle Policy in August 2020 with aim of 25% electric vehicles by 2024. Road tax and registration fees have also been made completely free and tenders have been floated to develop 100 public charging stations across the city.
Grants by the Finance Commission Context: The 15th finance commission recommended a total of Rs 10, 33, 062 crore as grants under various heads. Concept: The Finance Commission is a constitutionally mandated body that is at the Centre of fiscal federalism. It is set up under Article 280 of the Constitution, its core responsibility is to evaluate the state of finances of the Union and State Governments, recommend the sharing of taxes between them, lay down the principles determining the distribution of these taxes among States.
Types of grants by the Finance Commission 1. Grants for rural local bodies: Post 73rd the Finance Commission (FC) also has role to ensure these local bodies are adequately funded. Nearly half of the Finance Commission Grants in Union Budget goes to village local bodies. 2. Grants for urban local bodies: Under 74th amendment urban local bodies like municipal councils receive the largest chunk of Finance Commission Grants after Rural Local Bodies and Post Devolution Deficit Grants to states. 3. Assistance to SDRF: The central government also provides funds to State Disaster Relief Fund (on its recommendations) in addition to funding the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). 4. Post devolution revenue deficit grants: About a third of the total revenue collected by the Centre is directly transferred to states as their share in the divisible pool. However, the Finance Commission also provides a mechanism for compensation of any loss incurred by states, which is called post- devolution revenue deficit grants. It forms 2nd largest chunk of grants by the FC.
Other grants: I. Assistance to states from NDRF (separate from the grants given to state SDRF under Finance Commission Grants) II. Central pool of resources for north-eastern region and Sikkim III. Externally aided project grants IV. Externally aided project loans V. Schemes for north-east council VI. Schemes under Article 275 (1) of the Constitution VII. Special assistance under the demand: Transfers to states. Special central assistance to scheduled castes and special central assistance to tribal area.
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Credit Default Swaps: Context: RBI releases draft norms for Credit Default Swaps Concept: draft guidelines on credit default swaps (CDS) by RBI: Retail users will be allowed to undertake transactions in permitted credit derivatives for hedging their underlying credit risk. non-retail users will be allowed to undertake transactions in credit derivatives for both hedging and other purposes. A person resident in India and a non-resident — to the extent specified in the RBI directions – can participate in the market. Exchanges may offer standardised single-name CDS contracts with guaranteed cash settlement. Retail users shall undertake transactions in exchange-traded CDS only for hedging their underlying credit risk. The central bank said commercial papers, certificates of deposit and non-convertible debentures of original maturity up to 1-year, rated rupee corporate bonds (listed and unlisted) and unrated rupee bonds issued by the special purpose vehicles set up by infrastructure companies will be eligible to be a reference or deliverable obligation in a CDS contract. Credit Default Swap (CDS) Credit default swap is a financial derivative or contract that allows an investor to "swap" or offset his or her credit risk with that of another investor. In this the lender buys a CDS from another investor who agrees to reimburse the lender in the case the borrower defaults. Just like an insurance policy CDS needs to be maintained through regular premium. It is an example of Over-the-Counter derivative (OTC). An over the counter (OTC) derivative is a financial contract that does not trade on an asset exchange, and which can be tailored to each party's needs.
What are derivatives? A derivative is a security with a price that is dependent upon or derived from one or more underlying assets. Its value is determined by fluctuations in the underlying asset. Concerns with CDS CDS played a big role in the global financial crisis as Lehman Brothers, the biggest casualty, owed $600 billion in debt, out of which $ 400 billion was covered by CDS.
Non-convertible debentures (NCD): Context: Future Consumer firm has an interest obligation of Rs 13.89 crore, due on NCDs up to November 15, 2020, remains unpaid, raising fears of new defaults. Concept: Debentures are one of the long-term financial instruments issued by companies to borrow. It is different from “Share” which is the capital (representing the ownership of the shareholders) of the company, but Debenture is the debt of the company. The income earned on shares is the dividend, but the income earned on debentures is interest. www.optimizeias.com
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NCDs are debentures with a feature of convertibility into shares after a certain point of time at the discretion of the debenture holder. The debentures which cannot be converted into shares are called non-convertible debentures (or NCDs). Types of debentures: There are two types of NCDs-secured and unsecured. A secured NCD is backed by the assets of the company. If the company fails to pay the obligation, the investor holding the debenture can claim that through liquidation of those assets. Unsecure non-convertible debentures have no backing even if company defaults.
Assets under management (AUM): Context: A report highlighted that the assets of non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) are likely to touch ₹1.5-1.8 lakh crore, or 6-7.5% of their assets under management (AUM) by the end of this fiscal. Concept: Asset quality of NBFCs is expected to deteriorate further due to disruption of business operations caused by the pandemic, especially in the industry sector, a major recipient of NBFC credit. This came on the back of already stressed NBFCs on the back of IL&FS crisis and DHFL crisis. Challenge currently is more severe as unlike specific segment in crisis earlier, pandemic impacted all segments. Home loans with 35-40% share in Assets under Management (AUM) of NBFCs (others are: Vehicle finance, Real estate, MSMEs finance) accounts for largest share. the one-time COVID-19 restructuring window, and the micro, small and medium enterprises’ (MSME) restructuring scheme of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will limit the reported gross non-performing assets (GNPA) Assets under management (AUM) It measures the total market value of all the financial assets which a financial institution manages on behalf of its clients and themselves. AUM is an indicator of the size and success of a given fund house.
PLI scheme for telecom: Context: The cabinet approved a production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme worth Rs 12,195 crore for telecom equipment manufacturing Concept: The Cabinet today has approved the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Telecom and Networking Products. This was done after encouraging success of PLI related to Mobile and component manufacturing launched in April, 2020. It seeks to make India a global hub of manufacturing telecom equipment including core transmission equipment, 4G/5G Next Generation Radio Access Network and Wireless Equipment, Access & Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), Internet of Things (IoT) Access Devices, Other Wireless Equipment and Enterprise equipment like Switches, Routers etc. www.optimizeias.com
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As part of AtmaNirbhar Bharat it seeks to offset the huge import of telecom equipment worth more than Rs. 50 thousand crores and reinforce it with “Made in India” products both for domestic markets and exports The scheme outlay is Rs. 12,195 Crores over five years. The eligibility for the scheme will be subject to achievement of a minimum threshold of cumulative incremental investment and incremental sales of manufactured goods net of taxes. Financial Year 2019-20 shall be treated as the Base Year for computation of cumulative incremental sales of manufactured goods net of taxes. For MSMEs, one percent (1%) higher incentive at 7% for first 2-years and 6% for next 1 year is proposed compared to other industries. Minimum Investment threshold for MSME has been kept at Rs. 10 Crores and for others at Rs. 100 Crores. Once qualified, the investor will be incentivized up to 20 times of minimum investment threshold enabling them to utilize their unused capacity.
Crude oil pricing: Context: With international crude oil prices rising by 70% since November with Brent hitting 63.8 dollar a barrel the petrol price in India in some states has reached as high as Rs100 per liter. Concept: Increase will not benefit the Centre much because the excise duty on petrol and diesel is a specific tax, charged on the number of units sold. Most States however calculate sales tax/VAT on petrol and diesel on ad valorem basis, based on the sale value (however some goes for specific duty structure), thus gaining from the increase in the prices. Ex- Rajasthan, Telangana, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh Pricing in India The pricing of petrol and diesel in India is based on the sour grade (Oman and Dubai average) and sweet grade (Brent Dated) crude oil processed in Indian refineries in the ratio of 75.62: 24.38 The basic sic value of crude accounts for around 36 per cent of the final cost of petrol (in Delhi). Freight charges and dealer commissions account for around 4 per cent. The remaining 60 per cent of the retail price of petrol and 54 per cent of diesel goes to the Centre and States as taxes. The basic excise duty is ₹ 1.40, special additional excise duty ₹ 11, agriculture, infrastructure and development cess ₹ 2.50 and additional excise duty (road and infrastructure cess) ₹18. The excise duty and cess on diesel are also similarly linked to the quantity sold and not the value. While this helps the Centre protect its revenue in periods when crude oil prices decline, it caps the income when prices increase.
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Inflation and Rising oil prices: Context: At an event organized by the International Energy Agency (IEA) the Petroleum minister criticized major oil producing countries for cutting oil production which has led to inflation. Concept: India currently imports 85% of its oil needs. With the rise in crude oil price its import bill rises significantly. This rise leads to inflationary pressure on the economy as a whole as oil as the source of energy is almost significant for all sectors like transport. This is also leading to contraction in economy as the inflationary pressure impacts demand as well and it is worrying trend in post-Covid scenario. Current rise is fueled by cuts over and above previously-announced levels but also added additional voluntary cut. About inflation Inflation is defined as a situation where there is sustained, unchecked increase in the general price level and a fall in the purchasing power of money. Inflation is measured in India using CPI (released by NSO). It is a comprehensive measure used for estimation of price changes in a basket of goods and services representative of consumption expenditure in an economy is called consumer price index. RBI goes for inflation targeting under its monetary policy Review with 4% being set as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation target for the period from August 5, 2016, to March 31, 2021, with the upper tolerance limit of 6% and the lower tolerance limit of 2%.
Connectivity projects in Assam launched/ Ro-Ro vehicles: Context: The PM launched and inaugurated multiple projects in Assam yesterday to enhance connectivity in the north east region. Concept: The PM launched ‘Mahabahu-Brahmaputra’ inland waterways and laid the foundation stone of two bridges in Assam. He inaugurated the Ro-Pax vessel operations between Neamati-Majuli Island, North Guwahati-South Guwahati and Dhubri-Hatsingimari. ‘Mahabahu-Brahmaputra’ will strengthen water connectivity by Brahampurta water through port-led development. It will start at Jogighopa. About Ro-Ro vehicles Ro-Ro is an acronym for Roll-on/roll-off. Roll-on/roll-off ships are vessels that are used to carry wheeled cargo. It is different from Lo-Lo (lift on-lift off) ship that uses a crane to load the cargo Types of RO-Ro vehicle ROPAX: ROPAX is an acronym for roll on/roll off a passenger. It is a ro-ro vessel built for freight vehicle transport with passenger accommodation. Pure Car carriers (PCC) /Pure Car Truck Carriers (PCTC)have a box-like framework, with the arrangement of ramps to load and unload the cargo. The pure car carrier is used to transport only cars whereas PCTC is used to transport all types of vehicles.
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RoLo: RoLo is an acronym for roll-on lift-off vessel. It is also a hybrid vessel type with ramps serving vehicle decks but the other cargo decks are accessible only by crane. These vessels are capable of carrying both Vehicles and general cargo or heavy metals ConRO: The ConRo vessel is a hybrid between a ro-ro and a container ship. This type of vessel uses the area below the decks for vehicle storage while stacking containerized freight on the top of the decks.
Central Issue Price: Context: The Union Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution assured yesterday of no change in CIP amidst concern after the Economy survey talked of revision in it. Concept: The CIP is the price at which the government makes available food grains for the beneficiaries of the National Food Security Act, 2013 and other welfare schemes to the states from the central pool. Ex- Under NFSA CIP is at Rs 3, Rs 2 and Re 1 for rice, wheat and coarse grains respectively. Economy Survey 2020-21 said that the food subsidy is becoming “unmanageably large” and the revision is needed for the Central Issue Prices (CIP) of food grains released from the central pool as it has not been changed for long. The Centre procures food grains from farmers at a minimum support price (MSP) and sells it to the states at central issue prices. It is responsible for transporting the grains to godowns in each state. The states are responsible for transporting these to Fair price shops and fixing retail price to be charged at the fair price shops.
Cairn Energy-Govt dispute: Context: The Cairn officials met govt officials to discuss the way forward with respect to the $1.2 billion (roughly Rs 8,000 crore) arbitration award by the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) at The Hague in December 2020. Concept: The court had ruled that the Indian government’s retrospective tax demand on Cairn Energy was “in breach of the guarantee of fair and equitable treatment”, and against the India-UK bilateral treaty. It was an amicable and “positive” solution to the retrospective taxation issue. About dispute The dispute relates to retrospective taxation (rule on taxing certain products, items or services and deals and charge companies from a time behind the date on which the law is passed). In 2006-2007, Cairn UK had, as part of an internal rearrangement process, transferred shares of Cairn India Holdings to Cairn India. Indian income tax authorities concluded that since Cairn UK had made capital gains, it ought to pay capital gains tax up to Rs 24,500 crore. But the company interpreted the law differently ad refused to pay.
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It followed litigation at the Income-Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) and the High Court. Cairn lost the case at ITAT and a case on the valuation of capital gains is pending before Delhi High Court. While Cairns sold most of its assets, income-tax authorities barred it from selling about 10 per cent, citing pending taxation issues. The payment of dividend by Cairn India to Cairn Energy was also frozen. The matter went to the Permanent Court of Arbitration which ruled in favour of the company and it said that the the issue was not just related to tax, but was an investment-related dispute — and was therefore under the jurisdiction of the international arbitration court. The arbitration tribunal also said that India must not make any more attempts to recover “the alleged tax liability or any interest and or penalties arising from this alleged liability through any other means.
P-Notes and Hot Money: SEBI chief recently noted that rise in the value of investments via P-Notes into Indian markets in 2020 and so far this calendar year is “not substantial enough” to warrant a concern. Concept: What are P-Notes? P-notes are issued by registered foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) to overseas investors who wish to be part of the Indian stock market without registering themselves directly. They, however, need to go through a due diligence process. Why there were concerns? SEBI was concerned about P-notes because it is not possible to know who owns the underlying securities and hedge funds acting through P-notes might therefore cause volatility in the Indian markets
Why it’s not a big concern? Participatory Notes (P-Notes), which are seen as hot money instruments, are not an issue because the inflow via this route is miniscule to the level of the net overall foreign portfolio investments into the Indian markets this fiscal. FPIs’ total Assets Under Management in India currently exceed $55 billion and P-Notes account for less than 2 per cent. Nearly a third of the FPI flows into India originate from three jurisdictions — Luxembourg, Singapore and Mauritius SEBI has already put in place a strong regulatory framework with stringent KYC norms for the FPIs
KYC norms ‘in place’ for FPIs About 10,000 FPIs are registered with SEBI. There are proper regulations and KYC norms are in place. It may be recalled that SEBI had in September 2019 notified new FPI regulations to ease the regime for investments by FPIs. The new rules replaced the SEBI (Foreign Portfolio Investors) Regulations, 2014
DICGC: Context:
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The government and the RBI are believed to be examining the feasibility of allowing depositors of banks, especially UCBs, under regulatory directions, to withdraw up to the ₹5 lakh insured amount to alleviate their misery.
At present, when a bank is placed under directions, deposit withdrawals are capped it ranges from ₹1,000 to ₹1 lakh of the total balance held by a depositor. This withdrawal cap is applicable for the entire period that a bank is under directions The possibility of allowing deposit withdrawal up to the insured amount has brightened with the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) swelling to ₹1, 10,380 crore at March-end 2020 from ₹93,750 crore at March-end 2019 Since April 1, 2015, 52 UCBs have been placed under All-Inclusive Directions by the Reserve Bank, per RBI’s Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2019-20. Of the total claims settled by DICGC since inception, around 94.3 per cent of claims pertained to co- operative banks that were liquidated, amalgamated or restructured.
Government had recently upped the deposits insured by Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) from ₹1 lakh (fixed in 1993 when the insurance scheme was started) to ₹5 lakh following the PMC Bank fiasco of 2019
Concept:
Deposit insurance is a protection cover for deposit holders in a bank when the bank fails and does not have money to pay its depositors. This insurance is provided by Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the RBI. DICGC insures all bank deposits, such as savings, fixed, current and recurring deposit for up to the limit of Rs 5 lakh per bank. DICGC covers depositors of all commercial banks and foreign banks operating in India, state, central and urban co-operative banks, local area banks and regional rural banks provided the bank has bought the cover from DICGC. The DICGC does not include the following types of deposits: o Deposits of foreign governments. o Deposits of central/state governments. o Inter-bank deposits. o Deposits of the state land development banks with the state co-operative bank. o Any amount due on account of any deposit received outside India. o Any amount specifically exempted by the DICGC with previous approval of RBI.
Garden tourism: Context: Delhi Tourism is organising first biggest public event organised in the city post pandemic.
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Concept: This year the theme was to lay out gardens on the lines of Mughal Garden in Rashtrapati Bhavan. Garden tourism is a type of niche tourism involving visits or travel to botanical gardens and places which are significant in the history of gardening. Garden tourists often travel individually in countries with which they are familiar but often prefer to join organized garden tours in countries where they might experience difficulties with language, travel or finding accommodation in the vicinity of the garden. Taj Mahal in Agra is also famous world-wide for garden tourism. The list of famous gardens that attract tourists includes: Sissinghurst Castle Garden and Stourhead in England, Giverny and Versailles and other castle gardens such as the castle of Villandry in France, Keukenhof in the Netherlands, Villa d’Este and Villa Lante in Italy, Alhambra in Spain, Longwood Gardens and Filoli in the United States and Taj Mahal in India.
Credit deposit Ratio: Context: At Niti Aayog’s governing council meet the Bihar CM requested the Centre to take steps to improve credit deposit ratio of the state. Concept: It is only 36.1 per cent in Bihar against the national average of the 76.5% (with some states having 100% Credit deposit ratio). People deposited Rs 3.75 lakh crore in Bihar but banks extended loans up to Rs 1.35 lakh crore to its people. About Credit Deposit Ratio The CD ratio is the ratio of a bank's total loans and total deposits. Low credit to deposit ratio is an indicator of excess liquidity because of higher deposits with the banking system and the lack of alternatives in credit markets. Under Reserve Bank of India rules, banks have to set aside 3% of deposits as cash reserve ratio (CRR) and another 18% in statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) compliant holdings. The rest, along with other resources, can be used for lending.
Coastal road in Mumbai: Context: Mumbai coast is seeing launch of an ambitious coastal road project in the coastal region. Concept: The work is on an infrastructure project on the Mumbai coast — a 10-km stretch of the Coastal Road, which, with its undersea tunnel and road built on reclaimed land. It will cut down travel time in one of the most congested cities in the world. It starts from the Marine Drive promenade to the Worli-end of the Bandra-Worli Sea Link and is part of the larger Mumbai Coastal Road Project that is proposed to link Marine Drive to Kandivali Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) is funding the project. It will be India’s first undersea road tunnel (road will run a kilometer or so under the sea, through a set of twin tunnels).
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However, the impact the road and its construction will have on marine life and livelihoods of fishing communities along the coast is also need to be watched out for.
High-Security Registration Plates (HSRP): Context: Karnataka is going to make the installation of High-Security Registration Plates (HSRP) mandatory for all vehicles. Concept: The vehicles prior to 2 year will need to replace the number plate. The owners will have to pay to replace the number plates The rule for installing HSRPs is already applicable for vehicles registered after April 1, 2019 About HSRP It is made up of made up aluminium and are affixed using at least two non-reusable snap-on locks. The plate comprises hot-stamped chromium-based 20 mm X 20 mm hologram of Ashoka Chakra in blue colour on the top left corner. At the bottom left corner is a 10-digit permanent identification number (PIN) that is laser branded on the reflective sheeting. It also includes a hot stamped film applied on the numerals and letters bearing the inscription "INDIA" at a 45-degree angle. Once affixed, the unique high security registration plate is electronically linked to the vehicle. Benefits of HSRP Old number plates are very easy to tamper with and can be changed quite easily. HSRP's come with non-removable snap-on locks and are difficult to replace. Preventing counterfeiting of high security registration plates: It is affixed by automobile dealers and private vendors approved by the state authorities. These plates are issued only after the vehicle owner provides with information like engine number, chassis number, etc. Easier identification of stolen vehicle with the help of 10-digit pin. HSRPs have a uniform pattern of displaying motor vehicle registration number, therefore addressing the issue of 'incomprehensible' vehicle registration plates
Excise duty: Context: Rising oil prices has led to demand for reduction in excise duty by the Central government. Concept: Excise duty is a form of indirect tax paid to the Government of India imposed on goods for their production, licensing and sale. Unlike this custom duty levied on those coming from outside of the country. At the central level, excise duty earlier used to be levied as Central Excise Duty, Additional Excise Duty, etc. However, the Goods and Services Tax (GST), introduction in July 2017, subsumed many types of excise duty. Today, excise duty applies only on petroleum and liquor. Types of excise duty in India (before GST was implemented)
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Basic Excise Duty: Also known as the Central Value Added Tax (CENVAT) it was levied on goods that were classified under the first schedule of the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985. This duty was levied under Section 3 (1) (a) of the Central Excise Act, 1944. This duty applied on all goods except salt. Additional Excise Duty: Additional excise duty was levied on goods of high importance, under the Additional Excise under Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Act, 1957. This duty was levied on some special category of goods. Special Excise Duty: This type of excise duty was levied on special goods classified under the Second Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985.
Bond Yield: Context: The rise in bond yields across the world has disrupted the bull rally on the stock markets with the benchmark Sensex of the BSE plunging 1,145 points, or 2.25 per cent Concept: The rise in bond yields in India is in response to factors such as absorption of additional borrowing by the government, expectation of better growth in the economy and slippage in fiscal deficit. About Bond Yield It is a return an investor realizes on that bond. It is generally a function of the bond's market price and its coupon or interest payments. yield = coupon amount/price. When the price changes, so does the yield. Understanding bond yield: In normal case: If a bond is bought at its $1,000 par value with a 10% coupon. If we hold on to it, the issuer pays $100 a year for 10 years, and then pays back the $1,000 on the scheduled date. The yield is therefore 10% ($100/$1000). If sold to the market: Bond prices change on a daily basis of prevailing interest rates (When interest rates are low, bond prices increase and yield decreases) because investors are seeking a better return. If the price of the bond in the market is $800, it's selling under face value or at a discount. If the price of the bond in the market is $1,200, it's selling above face value, or at a premium. Regardless of the market price of a bond, the coupon remains the same. However, the bond holder continues to receive $100 a year. What changes is the bond yield. Selling it for $800, the yield will be 12.5% ($100/$800). If sold for $1,200, the yield will be 8.33% ($100/$1,200)
SAGAR: Context: India extended $100 million line of Credit to Mauritius which occupies important place in India’s SAGAR initiative. Concept: Security and Growth for All in the Region focusses on the Blue economy in the region. It seeks to strenthen India's relations with her neighboring countries and further strengthens the existing bond by prioristising the Indian Ocean region. Objectives of SAGAR: www.optimizeias.com
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1. To seek a climate of trust and transparency 2. Respect for international maritime rules and norms by all countries 3. Sensitivity to(towards) each other’s interests 4. Peaceful resolution of maritime issues 5. Increase in maritime cooperation.
Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF):
Context: The secretary Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries talked of potential social, economic and nutritional benefit investment in animal husbandry can bring from funds like AHIDF can ensure. Concept: Last year as part of Atma Nirbhar Bharat package announcement was made for setting up of Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF) worth Rs. 15000 crores. The AHIDF has been set up with an outlay of ₹15,000 crore. As per the provisions of AHIDF, a project will be eligible for a loan amount that covers up to 90% of the estimated cost – with an interest subvention of 3% for all eligible entities. Applicants can submit the proposal with a complete Detailed Project Report through the Udyami Mitra Portal It will benefit FPOs, MSMEs, ection 8 companies, Private Companies and individual entrepreneur with minimum 10% margin money contribution by them The loan from fund will have 2 years moratorium period for principal loan amount and 6 years repayment period thereafter Objectives of the fund: Infrastructure for dairy. Meat processing and Value addition infrastructure and Establishment of animal feed plant in the private sector Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPAC): Context: Many countries are today seeing SPAC as an alternative to Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) Concept: SPACs offer a new route for high-risk taking individuals to participate in the start-up euphoria. It is an empty corporate shell (or blank-cheque companies with no operations or business plans when seeking investment) that raises money from investors with the aim of acquiring private businesses by merging them. It takes companies or start-ups public through the back door route. In this they compete directly with private equity investors and strategic buyers for acquisition candidates Its significance lies in letting clients know about a piece of highly fancied emerging businesses that can quickly soar in value. Issue in process of IPOs which needs preparing for more disclosures, hiring investment bankers, getting the pricing right and then hoping investors will bite needs 18-24 months. SPAC reduce this time and risks. It can complete its offer in a matter of months and once done, the target company can simply merge with it. The people who sponsor SPACs are responsible for raising money and negotiating with target companies. For this service, the fee to the sponsor can be quite stiff. www.optimizeias.com
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London Inter Bank Offered Rate (LIBOR): Context: A new EY India report as majority of LIBOR rates are likely to be phased out by the end of 2021, the NBFCs in India need to plan for an effective Inter Bank Offered Rate (IBOR) transition. Concept: Report highlights LIBOR-linked borrowings and derivative exposures of NBFCs need planning for this transition. NBFC, banks need to ensure contract amendments, financial reporting, tax and other risk It also needs to proactively engage with their corporate clients who will also be It also needs to engage with their clients impacted by LIBOR migration on account of their sizeable overseas borrowings and derivative exposure About LIBOR It is a globally benchmark rate referenced by contracts measured in trillions of dollars across global currencies. It is the key interest rate at which major global banks lend to one another in the international interbank market for short-term loans. LIBOR is administered by the Intercontinental Exchange, which asks major global banks how much they would charge other banks for short-term loans. The rate is calculated using the Waterfall Methodology, a standardized, transaction-based, data-driven, layered method.
Indian Bank Association (IBA): Context: As a preparation to asses capital required for formation of “Bad Bank” the IBA has asked the lenders to give details of stressed accounts over Rs 500 crore (fund and non-fund based as also debt investment). Concept: The IBA is working with the Department of Financial Services and a few lenders to set up the ‘Bad Bank’. Fraud accounts, those in sight of resolution under the IBC and those under liquidation, accounts of financial service providers (such as NBFCs, mutual funds and broking firms), and quasi equity/equity and unsecured exposures have been excluded from the reporting format. About proposed Bad Bank: "Bad Banks" as proposed is ‘Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC)/Asset Management Company (AMC)’ structure, to clean up lenders’ books. It will be an integrated platform (Bad Bank) for all high-value non-performing assets (NPAs) will facilitate debt aggregation and help faster resolution About IBA It is a representative body of management of banking in India operating in India or an association of Indian banks and financial institutions based in Mumbai. It was formed in 1946 for development, coordination and strengthening of Indian banking, and assist the member banks in various ways including implementation of new systems and adoption of standards among the members
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Public Sector Banks, Private Sector Banks, Foreign Banks having offices in India, Co- operative Banks, Regional Rural Banks and All India Financial Institution are its member. IBA currently represents 237 banking companies operating in India.
Growth Potential of Indian economy: Context: Already slowing down Indian economy face Covid-19 induced slowdown and after opening up there has been talk of raising fiscal deficit and debt levels to propel growth which though goes against FRBM norms, is considered essential for growth potential of economy. Concept: Growth potential of an economy is determined interaction of complex set of factors, political setting and even external environment. However, core aspects of it are interaction of land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship in various settings, which are largely economic factors: 1. Capital formation: High capital is a determinant of high growth. It leads to increased productivity in economy and necessitated upgradation of skills for its utilization. Ex- Japan during its high growth phase of 1913 to 1939 saw investment rate between 16 to 20%. 2. Capital-output ratio: It is the units of capital required to produce one unit of output. It reflects the productivity of the economy. 3. Savings and investment: Savings in an economy which are productively invested is another important factor. 4. Occupational structure: Optimum distribution of occupation or labour across sectors like primary, secondary and tertiary sector determines level of growth in an economy. Ex- Transfer of Indian labour from Primary sector to manufacturing and services has also been an enabling factor for growth. 5. Technological progress: It is one of the biggest enablers and one which has been shaping the direction of growth since industrial revolution. Ex- If initial Industrial revolution led to mass-scale production, then Industrial Revolution 3.0 and 4.0 is powering growth through digital technology through disruptions. Other factors are: Competitive markets; Stable prices; Free trade; Flexible capital markets; Avoiding high marginal tax rates; Securing property rights and land acquisition; Political stability
Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvIT): Context: The railways officials are looking at InvIT after its role in road and power sector as it has been seeking to attract private investment Concept: It is a Collective Investment Scheme similar to a mutual fund, which enables direct investment of money from individual and institutional investors in infrastructure projects to earn a small portion of the income as return it is a tiered structure with Sponsor setting up the InvIT which in turn invests into the eligible infrastructure projects either directly or via special purpose vehicles (SPVs). It is regulated by the SEBI (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014
Open market Operations (OMOs): Context: On March 4 the RBI will conduct a Rs 15000 crore OMO.
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Concept: Since the beginning of January 2021, the yield on G-secs have jumped around 24 basis points leading to fall in its prices. Due to the price drop banks are staring at mark-to-market (MTM) losses in the fourth quarter. Yield and price of bonds/G-secs are inversely related, moving in opposite directions. Thus, if yield of G-secs rises, its price drops down and vice-versa. Thus, rise in yield implies fall in price of G-secs which means losses for banks which are holding it About Mark-to-Market (MTM) losses MTM losses relates to asset's value adjusted on a daily basis to reflect its market price and losses in it due to fall in prices. About OMOs Open Market Operations (OMOs) are market operations conducted by RBI by way of sale/purchase of government securities to/from the market with an objective to adjust the rupee liquidity conditions in the market on a durable basis. If there is excess liquidity, RBI resorts to sale of securities and sucks out the rupee liquidity. Similarly, when the liquidity conditions are tight, RBI buys securities from the market, thereby releasing liquidity into the market. It is one of the quantitative (to regulate or control the total volume of money) monetary policy tools which is employed by the central bank of a country to control the money supply in the economy. About G-secs A Government Security (G-Sec) is a tradable instrument issued by the Central Government or the State Governments. It acknowledges the Government’s debt obligation. Such securities are short term (usually called treasury bills, with original maturities of less than one year- presently issued in three tenors, namely, 91 day, 182 day and 364 day) or long term (usually called Government bonds or dated securities with original maturity of one year or more.
India's core industries output sees marginal 0.1% rise in January: Context The core sector index, which measures output of eight infrastructure industries, rose marginally by 0.1 per cent in January Concept:
The production of eight core sectors had recorded a growth of 0.7 per cent in November 2019, data released by the commerce and industry ministry showed. Barring coal, fertilizer and electricity, all sectors — crude oil, natural gas, refinery products, steel and cement — recorded negative growth in November 2020. Core Industries
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Core industry can be defined as the main industry which has a multiplier effect on the economy. In most countries, there is particular industry that seems to be backbone of all other industries and it qualifies to be the core industry. The Eight Core Industries comprise 40.27% of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP). The eight Core Industries in decreasing order of their weightage: Refinery Products> Electricity> Steel> Coal> Crude Oil> Natural Gas> Cement> Fertilizers. Weightage for Industries (In percentage) Petroleum & Refinery production 28.04 Electricity generation 19.85 Steel production 17.92 Coal production 10.33 Crude Oil production 8.98 Natural Gas production 6.88 Cement production 5.37 Fertilizers production 2.63. Additional Information
Index of Industrial Production
The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index which details out the growth of various sectors in an economy such as mineral mining, electricity, manufacturing, etc. It is compiled and published monthly by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation six weeks after the reference month ends, i.e a lag of six weeks. The Base Year of the Index of Eight Core Industries has been revised from the year 2004-05 to 2011- 12 from April, 2017.
India exits recession: Context: India exited ‘technical recession’ with GDP growth estimated at 0.4 per cent in the third (October- December) quarter of 2020-21. Technical Recession:
It is often considered a recession to be in progress when real GDP has declined for at least two consecutive quarters. That is how real quarterly GDP has come to be accepted as a measure of economic activity and a “benchmark” for ascertaining a “technical recession”
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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS: Context: Psychedelic substances such as psilocybin, LSD and even MDMA are being studied by researchers for possible use in treatment of mental health conditions. Concept: • Psychedelic Drug, also called psychotomimetic drug or hallucinogen, any of the so-called mind-expanding drugs that are able to induce states of altered perception and thought, frequently with heightened awareness of sensory input but with diminished control over what is being experienced.
• One of the most common psychedelic drugs is d-lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD-25, which was synthesized in 1938 by a chemist working for Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland.
• LSD proved to be an extraordinarily powerful drug, hundreds or thousands of times more powerful than other substances such as mescaline and psilocin and psilocybin.
• LSD may induce sympathomimetic effects, such as an increased heart rate, but has not been shown to cause death directly.
• Chronic exposure, however, may lead to psychoses or difficulties with memory or abstract thinking.
• Although their effectiveness has not been proved, psychedelic drugs have been proposed as treatment aids for psychotherapy, alcoholism, and mental disorders.
• The actual mechanisms of the drugs are not fully understood, but these and other popular mood- altering substances appear to work by mimicking or supplanting the effects of naturally occurring neurotransmitters.
• Psychedelic drugs achieved their widest popularity during the 1960s and early ’70s, when drugs such as LSD were central to the “hippie” subculture in western Europe and the United States.
SPUTNIK V: Context : An interim analysis of data from the phase 3 trial of the Covid-19 vaccine from Russia — Gam-COVID-Vac, or Sputnik V — suggests that a two-dose regimen offers 91.6% efficacy against symptomatic Covid-19.
Concept :
• The vaccine has been called Sputnik V, named after the first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik-I launched by the Soviet Union.
• It is the first Covid-19 vaccine to be approved.
• This vaccine has been developed by Moscow’s Gamaleya Institute in collaboration with the Russia’s defence ministry. www.optimizeias.com
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• The vaccine is based on the DNA of a SARS-CoV-2 type adenovirus, a common cold virus.
• The vaccine uses the weakened virus to deliver small parts of a pathogen and stimulate an immune response.
• The vaccine is administered in two doses and consists of two types of a human adenovirus, each carrying an S-antigen of the new coronavirus, which enter human cells and produce an immune response.
Adenovirus Vector Vaccine :
• In this vaccine, adenovirus is used as a tool to deliver genes or vaccine antigens to the target host tissue.
• Adenovirus: Adenoviruses (ADVs) are DNA viruses ranging from 70-90 nanometre in size, which induce many illnesses in humans like cold, respiratory infection etc.
• Adenoviruses are preferred for vaccines because their DNA is double stranded which makes them genetically more stable and the chances of them changing after injection are lower.
• Rabies vaccine is an adenovirus vaccine.
• However, there are drawbacks of adenovirus vector vaccines like pre-existing immunity in humans, inflammatory responses etc.
• Just as human bodies develop immune responses to most real viral infections, they also develop immunity to adenoviral vectors.
• Since adenoviral vectors are based on natural viruses that some humans might already have been exposed to, these vaccines might not work for everyone.
SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY: Context: On Thursday, the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) Council held its maiden meeting and approved the establishment of the world’s largest radio telescope.
Concept:
• SKAO is a new intergovernmental organisation dedicated to radio astronomy and is headquartered in the UK.
• At the moment, organisations from ten countries are a part of the SKAO.
• These include Australia, Canada, China, India, Italy, New Zealand, South Africa, Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK.
Square Kilometre Array (SKA)
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• The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project is an international effort to build the world’s largest radio telescope, with eventually over a square kilometre (one million square metres) of collecting area.
• Objectives: The SKA will eventually use thousands of dishes and up to a million low- frequency antennas that will enable astronomers to monitor the sky in unprecedented detail and survey the entire sky much faster than any system currently in existence.
• Significance: Its unique configuration will give the SKA unrivalled scope in observations, largely exceeding the image resolution quality of the Hubble Space Telescope.
• It will also have the ability to image huge areas of sky in parallel a feat which no survey telescope has ever achieved on this scale with this level of sensitivity.
• Whilst 10 member countries are the cornerstone of the SKA, around 100 organisations across about 20 countries are participating in the design and development of the SKA.
• Location: Thousands of SKA antenna dishes will be built in South Africa (in the Karoo), with outstations in other parts of South Africa . Another part of the telescope, the low-frequency array, will be built in Western Australia.
Radio Telescope
• A radio telescope is a specialized antenna and radio receiver used to detect radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky.
• Radio telescopes are the main observing instrument used in radio astronomy, which studies the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by astronomical objects, just as optical telescopes are the main observing instrument used in traditional optical astronomy which studies the light wave portion of the spectrum coming from astronomical objects.
• Unlike optical telescopes, radio telescopes can be used in the daytime as well as at night.
• Since astronomical radio sources such as planets, stars, nebulas and galaxies are very far away, the radio waves coming from them are extremely weak, so radio telescopes require very large antennas to collect enough radio energy to study them, and extremely sensitive receiving equipment.
SEROLOGICAL SURVEY: Context: Nearly one in five Indians had been infected by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus until December 2020, the third round of the Indian Council of Medical Research's Serological Survey found.
Concept:
Serological survey
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• The serological survey was meant to detect whether the person being tested had developed antibodies against the coronavirus.
• Since it is not possible to test everyone, detecting antibodies in random sets of people is an indirect way of estimating the extent of disease spread in a community.
• The antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to fight external organisms like viruses that try to enter the body.
• These are produced only after the infection has happened, and are specific to the attacking virus or bacterium.
• The presence of antibodies, therefore, is an indication that an infection by that particular virus or bacterium has already occurred.
• Subsequent attempts to infect the body can be thwarted by these antibodies.
D614G MUTANT VIRUS: Context : A team of scientists at the National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG) in Kalyani has pointed to a biological reason behind the slower spread of the D614G mutant coronavirus in Asia compared to Europe and the USA.
Concept :
D614G mutation
• When the virus enters an individual’s body, it aims at creating copies of itself. When it makes an error in this copying process, we get a mutation.
• In this case, the virus replaced the aspartic acid (D) in the 614th position of the amino acid with glycine (G). Hence the mutation is called the D614G.
• D614G Mutation: This particular mutation aided the virus in attaching more efficiently with the ACE2 receptor in the human host, thereby making it more successful in entering a human body than its predecessors.
• D614G showed increased infectivity but it also displayed greater ability at attaching itself to the cell walls inside an individual’s nose and throat, increasing the viral load.
• This mutated form of the virus was first identified in China and then in Europe. Later it spread to other countries like the U.S. and Canada and was eventually reported in India.
Mutation
• A mutation means a change in the genetic sequence of the virus.
• In the case of SARS-CoV-2, which is an Ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus, a mutation means a change in the sequence in which its molecules are arranged. www.optimizeias.com
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• SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes Covid-19.
• RNA is an important biological macromolecule that is present in all biological cells.
• Principally involved in the synthesis of proteins, carrying the messenger instructions from Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), which itself contains the genetic instructions required for the development and maintenance of life.
• DNA is an organic chemical that contains genetic information and instructions for protein synthesis. It is found in most cells of every organism.
• A mutation in an RNA virus often happens when the virus makes a mistake while it is making copies of itself.
• Only if the mutation results in a significant change in the protein structure can the course of a disease be altered.
PARLIMENTARY PANEL ON 5G: Context : Parliamentary Panel has said that sufficient preparatory work had not been undertaken for introducing 5G services in India and that the country was likely to witness only partial deployment by 2021-end or early 2022.
Concept :
• The committee noted that telcos had submitted 5G trial applications in January, 2020 but that till date, guidelines for trials had not been made clear and there was no set date for commencement of trials.
5G Technology
• 5G or fifth generation is the latest upgrade in the long term evolution (LTE) mobile broadband networks.
• The first generation of networks allowed only mobile voice calls to be made, while the second generation allowed mobile voice calls as well as sending of short text messages.
• It was the third generation or 3G network which allowed web browsing on mobile devices, the speed and latency of which improved with fourth-generation or 4G networks.
• The 5G networks will have even faster speeds with latency down to between 1-10 milliseconds.
• Latency is the time a device takes to communicate with the network, which stands at an average of up to 50 milliseconds for 4G networks across the world.
What does it mean to be 5G ready?
• Globally many companies have been deploying 5G networks across their service areas as early as 2018. www.optimizeias.com
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• Not only the network, but the devices will also have to be 5G ready for customers to be able to enjoy the maximum benefits of the latest upgrade in mobile broadband.
• One of the major improvements in 5G is the use of beam tracking to follow all devices on the network to ensure consistent connection in real-time for the device.
• 5G networks are also designed to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) efficient which improves signal throughput for all devices on the network.
Where does India stand on the deployment of 5G?
• Companies, both telecom service providers and their equipment vendors, have completed lab trials of 5G network components but are yet to commence field trials, which were initially scheduled to happen last year.
• For the same, telecom companies are awaiting allocation of test spectrum from the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).
• The service providers have already tied up with equipment makers like Nokia, Ericsson, etc for deploying their 5G networks
Amal or HOPE/ Arab’s world first inter-planetary mission: Context: Arab spacecraft enters orbit around Mars in historic flight after 7 months. Concept: Unmanned craft, called Amal, Arabic for Hope, had reached the end of its nearly seven- month, 300-million-mile journey and had begun circling the red planet. It is a Mars orbiter spacecraft of the United Arab Emirates which is Arab world's first inter- planetary mission. The mission is officially named the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) and the orbiter has been named Hope or ‘Al Amal’. The mission has a life of one Martian year (equivalent to 2 earth year). The mission aims to understand: 1. Climate dynamics and global weather map of Mars by studying the lower atmosphere of Mars 2. Weather of Mars affects the escape of hydrogen and oxygen, by correlating conditions in the lower and upper atmosphere 3. The presence and variability of hydrogen and oxygen in the upper atmosphere, and why Mars is losing these gases to space.
Tianwen-1: Context: Chinese spacecraft entered MARS. Concept: It is an inter-planetary mission by the China National Space Administration. It aims at: 1. to land a rover
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2. probe water 3. Look for sign of ancient life Yinghuo-1 was the first Chinese spacecraft to go to MARS with help of Russia.
Next generation battery technology for Electric vehicles to replace Lithium-ion batteries: Context: India will work out a policy to institutionalise research and development on the next generation of battery technologies for electric vehicles, like metal-ion, metal air, hydrogen fuel cell, etc, to replace lithium-ion batteries and reduce India’s dependence on other countries for its import within this decade. Concept: Metal-ion batteries: Batteries based on multivalent metals have the potential to meet the future needs of large- scale energy storage, due to the relatively high abundance of elements such as magnesium, calcium, aluminium and zinc in the Earth’s crust. These are rechargeable battery in which metal ions provide energy by flowing from the negative electrode of the battery, the anode, to the positive electrode, the cathode. These offer the possibilities of low cost and low flammability, together with three-electron- redox properties leading to high capacity Metal-air technology: A metal-air battery uses some type of metal (like aluminum) for the anode, air as the cathode, along with a liquid electrolyte. In the case of aluminum, oxygen from the air then combines with the metal to create aluminum hydroxide, which activates the electrolysis process and creates a current. Metal-air batteries are light, compact power sources with a high energy density, but they have had a major limitation i.e., they corrode. Once this is turned them on, you can’t turn them off. The only way to stop the reaction is to drain the electrolyte out of the system. Hydrogen fuel cell: It is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen in the case of Hydrogen Fuel Cell) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. A Fuel Cell consists of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte that allows ions, often positively charged hydrogen ions (protons), to move between the two sides of the fuel cell. A fuel cell converts chemical potential energy (energy stored in molecular bonds) into electrical energy.
Novel regions – novel Open Reading Frames or as Norf’s: Context: A group of scientists have given possible explanation and peak into why even after decade of Human Genome Project only 1.5% of the entire human genome codes for proteins. Concept: In the last seven years, the team extensively studied the human genome and has now catalogued 1,94,000 novel regions. www.optimizeias.com
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It can give idea about the conundrum that why only 1.5% of the entire human genome codes for proteins even decade after Human Genome Project. These new findings in genome study can't be defined by our current ‘definition’ of a gene and thus called Novel region Scientists claim that nORFs do have physiological consequences and a majority of mutations that are often annotated as benign have to be re-interpreted. Thus, there is need to redesign our existing drugs that target only the known proteins in the parasite New genomic and proteomic technologies, algorithms have helped find the new findings. These regions are also broadly involved in diseases. The nORFs were seen as dysregulated (they could either be mutated, upregulated, or downregulated, or they could be uniquely present) in 22 cancer types These regions were uniquely present in the cancer tissues and not present in the control tissue. They found that some nORF disruptions strongly correlated with the survival of patients nORFs proteins can form structures, can undergo biochemical regulation like known proteins and be targeted by drugs in case they are disrupted in diseases nORFs were also found in Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite which causes the deadliest form of malaria.
Nanophotonic: Context: University of Hyderabad have shown how crystals can be sliced and even bent using atomic force microscopy Concept: Nanophotonic is the study of the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, and of the interaction of nanometer-scale objects with light. Its aim is to go beyond electronics and build up circuits driven entirely by photons (light) Application of nanophotonics: Unprecedented level of miniaturisation could be achieved It can pave the way to all-optical technology such as pliable, wearable devices operated by light entirely. It will help develop building an “organic photonic integrated circuit” or OPIC Crystals are normally rigid, stiff structures. However, the scientists at Hyderabad have shown crystals can be sliced and even bent using atomic force microscopy. Light, when left to itself moves along straight paths. Thus technology seeks to create hurdles or material which can force light to bend. This is like using fibre optics, but at the nanoscale level using organic crystals. The researchers have named this technique “mechanophotonics” as this method can be used to generate the basic elements needed to build up a photonic integrated circuit About Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Atomic force Microscopy is influential surface analysis technique used for micro/nanostructured coatings. It is used for high-resolution nanoscale images and study local sites in air (conventional AFM) or liquid (electrochemical AFM) surroundings.
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Genome mapping of Malaria vector: Context: Tata Institute for Genetics and Society (TIGS), and Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology scientists have developme genome map of Malaria vector. Concept: A new reference genome for the Asian malaria vector mosquito "Anopheles stephensi". It found more than 3,000 genes that previously evaded scrutiny and which offer fresh gene- drive targets, play key roles in blood feeding and the metabolism of ingested blood meal, reproduction and immunity against microbial parasites It helped find 29 formerly undetected genes that play crucial roles in resistance to chemical insecticides. The findings also offer clues suggesting that the molecular basis of insecticide resistance may differ between sexes. It will have role in development of genetic control strategies of disease transmission It will help malaria biologists in India and the rest of the world, particularly in view of the national goal of malaria elimination in India by 2030 About CRISPR technology CRISPR technology is a gene-editing tool which allows researchers to easily alter DNA sequences and modify gene function
Coagulants: Context: Rise in turbidity in rivers due to Uttarakhand flood saw use of coagulants to treat turbidity. Concept: To address the turbidity in Delhi's water sources coagulants are being added temporarily, so that they can be filtered. Coagulants are particles that causes particles in liquid to clump together and form clot which can be filtered out. Coagulation with extracts from natural and renewable vegetation has been widely practiced throughout history. Extracts from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera tree, widely present in Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent, can be used. Strychnos potatorum (also known as the clearing nut or nirmali tree), is found in India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar and can be used to treat water. Prickly pear cactus is prevalent and traditionally used in Latin America. Lava beans are other example of natural coagulant. Alum is one of the most widely used coagulants in the water treatment industry. Organic coagulants are generally used for solid & liquid separation and sludge generation. Ex- PolyAMINEs and PolyDADMACs; Melamine Formaldehydes and Tannins Inorganic coagulants: cost-effective and applicable for a broad variety of water and wastewater. Inorganic coagulants are particularly effective on raw water with low turbidity and will often treat this type of water when organic coagulants cannot. Ex- Alum, Aluminum Chloride, Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) & Aluminum Chlorohydrate (ACH), Ferric Sulfate & Ferrous Sulfate, Ferric Chloride How does coagulation work to remove turbidity?
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Coagulants contain significant quantities of water-soluble proteins, which carry an overall positive charge when in solution. The proteins bind to the predominantly negatively charged particles that cause turbidity (e.g., sand, silt, clay). Coagulation happens when the positively and negatively charged particles are chemically attracted. They can then accumulate (a process called flocculation) to form larger and heavier particles called flocs. The flocs can be settled out or removed by filtration. Bacteria and viruses can attach themselves to the suspended particles in water that cause turbidity. Therefore, reducing turbidity levels through coagulation may also improve the microbiological quality of water.
Auto immunity: Context: Scientists have found that the Covid-19 leaves behind the danger of multi-organ damage due to autoimmunity effect. Concept: About autoimmunity: It is a condition in which the body’s defence mechanism attacks its own organs, mistaking them as foreign invaders. Clinical reports suggest of autoimmune conditions that follow Covid-19 leading to multi- organ failure. Such response post-covid19 is now explained through molecular mimicry’, which occurs when virus epitopes elicit an antibody response.
These epitopes are similar to the ones present in the other ‘good’ proteins in the body, the antibodies could attack the latter instead of (or in addi tion to) the viral epitopes. This gives rise to what we know as autoimmune conditions. The scientists also highlighted Human proteins housing amino acid sequences similar to the viral epitopes which were identified as possible ‘autoantigens’ — that is, targets of antibodies generated against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. These findings if established experimentally can contribute to the understanding and better management of post-infection autoimmune reactions
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Share Delusional Disorder Context: A rare psychotic disorder called ‘shared delusion disorder’ may lie at the root of the murder of two women by their parents in Andhra Pradesh. Concept: About Share Delusional Disorder: Early evaluations of the mental health status of the arrested parents and their erratic behavior suggests that they may be having “Share Delusional Disorder”. It is a psychotic disorder referred to as ‘folie a deux’ (the French for ‘madness shared by two’) in psychiatric literature, is described as “an unusual mental disorder characterised by sharing a delusion among two or more people who are in a close relationship. When such a phenomenon occurs in a family, it is referred to as ‘folie a famille’. “Folie a famille” is characterised as a shared psychotic disorder within a family, in more than two members. One of the primary treatments currently is to separate the primary or dominant person from the more mildly affected and to provide treatment.
Sandes: Context: National Informatics Centre (NIC) has launched an instant messaging app on the lines of WhatsApp. Concept: The launch of the app is also a part of the government strategy to push for use of India-made software so as to build an ecosystem of indigenously developed products. In August 2020, the NIC released the first version of the app, which said that the app could be used by both central and state government officials “for intra and inter-organization communication. Open initially only to government officers, it has now been released for the common public as well. The need of app was felt in Post-Covid scenario for secure communication as more and more people worked from home. It has interface similar to available messaging apps. The chats on government instant messaging systems or GIMS can be backed up to a users’ email (right now it doesn't have to transfer chat history between two platfprms) It needs a valid mobile number or email id for registration and has features such as group making, broadcast message, message forwarding and emojis. As an additional safety feature, it allows a user to mark a message as confidential, which, the app’s description says, will allow the recipient to be made aware the message should not be shared with others. Current limitation is app does not allow the user to change their email id or registered phone number.
Persevarance rover: Context: The NASA’s Persevarance rover is set to land on MARS on Friday. Concept:
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Closely on the heels of UAE’s Hope mission entered Martian orbit, and was followed closely by a Chinese mission Tianwen-1 the NASA's Perseverance rover is scheduled to touch down on Mars. It shows increased spread of planetary exploration in general, and Mars exploration in particular. This mission will see landing on Jezero Crater, which was likely filled with water in the past. Perseverance is NASA’s 4th generation Mars Rover — starting with Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder Mission in 1997, followed by Spirit and Opportunity from the Mars Exploration Rover Mission in 2004, and Curiosity from the Mars Science Laboratory in 2012 The goal is to look for biosignatures in the dried up lake bed at Jezero Crater. It is to explore belief that early life on Mars may have resembled early ocean-dwelling life on Earth, like stromatolites. If indeed this was the case, Perseverance would find fossils or some biosignatures — hints of life — in either the chemical measurements or morphological observations. Perseverance will produce oxygen on the Martian surface for the first time, using atmospheric CO2 from the Martian atmosphere. Perseverance will cache rock samples that will be returned to Earth by a subsequent European Space Agency/NASA mission Why so many mission in short period? Earth and Mars are at their closest distance relative to each other every 26 months providing for launch window and this is when Earthlings try to send missions to Mars. But never in history have three space agencies headed to Mars in a single launch window. And never in history have so many space agencies simultaneously operated a mission to Mars or the orbit of Mars. There are currently 10 spacecraft from five different space agencies — the United States, European Union, India, China, and the United Arab Emirates — either orbiting or on the ground on Mars The rise in missions is mainly due to a reduction in launch costs and the cheaper availability of the technology required in space exploration Current missions on Mars NASA has a lander (Mars Insight), a rover (Curiosity), and three orbiters (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Odyssey, MAVEN) India has an orbiter (Mangalyaan-1) the EU has 2 orbiters (Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter) China and UAE will have an orbiter each (Hope and Tianwen-1 respectively). SpaceX is investing in starting a commercial service to transport passengers to Mars through its project "Starship".
COVAX: Subject: Science and technology Context: WHO gave green light to two versions of the AstraZeneca-Oxford COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use to be rolled out globally through COVAX. Concept: The vaccines are produced by AstraZeneca-SKBio (Republic of Korea) and the Serum Institute of India (SII). www.optimizeias.com
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For Emergency Use Listing WHO assessed the quality, safety and efficacy of the vaccines which is currently pre-requisite for use of COVAX facility. It will lead to those countries which have no access to vaccine, rolling it out through an equitable vaccine distribution. Earlier WHO had also listed the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for emergency use. About COVAX COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access or COVAX is a global initiative aimed at equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines led by the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), and others. It is one of the three pillars of the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator, an initiative begun in April 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Commission, and the government of France as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. COVAX aims to coordinate international resources to enable the equitable access of COVID- 19 diagnostics, treatments, and COVID-19 vaccines. It aims for people in all corners of the world to get access to Covid-19 vaccines once they are available, regardless of their wealth. The COVAX facility continually monitors the Covid-19 vaccine landscape to identify the most suitable vaccine candidates, based on scientific merit and scalability, and works with manufacturers to incentivize them (Ex- Serum Institute of India has received funds from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation). Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT Accelerator) It is a framework for collaboration to accelerate the development, production, and equitable access to Covid-19 tests, treatments, and vaccines. It is built on three main pillars: Vaccines (COVAX), Therapeutics, Diagnostics. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance It was created in 2000. It is an international bringing together public and private sectors with the shared goal of creating equal access to new and underused vaccines for children living in the world’s poorest countries. Its core partners include the WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations CEPI is a global partnership launched in 2017 to develop vaccines to stop future epidemics. CEPI was founded in Davos (Switzerland) by the governments of Norway and India, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Welcome Trust, and the World Economic Forum.
Coronil: Context: Coronil has received AYUSH certification as “Supportive measure for Covid-19. Concept: According to the firm Patanjali Divya, the coronil has certification from AYUSH Ministry as per WHO norms as a drug that can be used as “supporting measure in Covid-19” and as an immuno-booster. The firm said it received Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product (CoPP) from the Ayush section of Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation as per the WHO certification scheme. www.optimizeias.com
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Last year the AYUSH Ministry banned Patanjali from selling Coronil tablet when it projected it as a “cure” and sought information on its trials. About CoPP It is a WHO recommended certificate. The format is as per WHO guidelines and uniform across the world. It is mandatory to submit it to the importing country when the product is intended for licensing authorization or renewal of registration. It is recommended by WHO to facilitate the importing countries in assessing the quality of pharma products. Also, it is a prerequisite of importation and registration. CDSCO (It is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices under the Ministry of Health) officers check and scrutinize the application and implement WHO standards.
South African mutant variation of Corona virus: Context: South African variant of corona virus 501Y.V2 has been reported in India and is more transmissible than UK variant. Concept: A mutation of the Covid-19 virus was discovered in South Africa and announced in December 2020. Similar to the UK mutation that India has been dealing with this year, the South African strain (501Y.V2) is more transmissible. However, it also affects the younger population more.
Are the vaccines less effective against the mutant variant? Studies have shown that vaccines developed against the original strain are less effective against the mutant variants, particularly the one from South Africa. Initial studies were conducted only in the laboratory and did not involve human volunteers. They also focused on the UK strain.
Mutations
The DNA sequence is specific to each organism. It can sometimes undergo changes in its base-pairs sequence. It is termed as a mutation. A mutation may lead to changes in proteins translated by the DNA. Usually, the cells can recognize any damage caused by mutation and repair it before it becomes permanent. Types of Mutations
Silent mutation
It refers to any change in the sequence of DNA, which has no further impact on the amino acid sequence in a protein or in the functions performed by a protein. There is no phenotypic indicator of mutation. Nonsense mutation
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When due to a point mutation there is change in the sequence of base pair leading to stop codon. It results in a shortened or non-functional protein. Missense mutation
A missense mutation is a result of point mutation leading to change in the codon, which then codes for another amino acid. Causes:
Most of the mutations occur when the DNA fails to copy accurately. All these mutations lead to evolution. During cell division, the DNA makes a copy of its own. Sometimes, the copy of the DNA is not perfect and this slight difference is called a mutation. When the DNA is exposed to certain chemicals or radiations, it causes the DNA to break down. The ultraviolet radiations cause the thymine dimers to break resulting in a mutated DNA. Negative effects :
Genetic disorders can be caused by the mutation of one or more genes. Cystic fibrosis is one such genetic disorder caused by the mutation in one or more genes. Cancer is another disease caused by the mutation in genes that regulate the cell cycle.
Silver Antimony Telluride: Context: Bengaluru-based scientists have developed a new material that can help in tapping waste heat produced by all kinds of domestic and industrial appliances, and use it to accomplish other useful work. Concept: Industrial processes and power plants produce ample amount of waste heat that can be utilised to do significant amounts of work through energy conversion. Bengaluru-based Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research says that Antimony Telluride, that can facilitate this energy conversion.
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Energy conversion, in general, is not a very efficient process. Only a small fraction of energy that is used is actually productive. The rest of it becomes waste, often getting released as heat The problem in facilitating transfer of energy, however, is the fact that most materials that conduct electricity, also happen to be good conductors of heat leading to wastage of energy. Traditionally, thermo-electric effect (If two ends of an electrically-conducting material, like a metal, are maintained at different temperatures, current flows from the hot end towards the cold one) has been demonstrated — and utilised — by using two different metals joined together, and by mechanically maintaining two different temperatures at the ends But this has not been an efficient or economical solution. Silver Copper Telluride, according to the study overcomes this challenges as it is a good conductor of electricity but a bad conductor of heat. It is because it is a crystalline solid, it had free electrons that helped in conduction of electricity but its lattices were rather inflexible, and vibrated quite slowly thereby inhibiting the propagation of heat. Lead Telluride is also said to have this property and the Silver Copper Telluride offered lesser efficiency than Lead Telluride in the conversion of heat into electrical energy, but it was considered an important breakthrough because it was environmentally benign The material has been found to have an efficiency of 14 per cent, though a prototype device has so far been able to achieve 10 per cent efficiency Potential: The heat from the laptop, for example, can be used to charge a mobile phone. Or, that from the phone can be used to charge a small watch.
Genome Valley: Context: Telangana health minister talked about Hyderabad as the vaccine capita citing foreign envoys and Indian PM’s visit to the Genome valley. Concept: It is India’s first systematically developed R&D cluster in Hyderabad. It houses over 150 Companies, making it the country’s largest cluster of multi-tenanted lab space infrastructure in a single location. It is a perfect blend of knowledge parks, special economic zones, multi-tenanted wet laboratories, incubation facilities, office spaces along with outstanding support facilities It houses company like Bharat Biotech which recently also developed Covaxin vaccine for Corona virus.
6G: Context: The DoT is attempting to outline an overall framework of 6G and to provide directional guidance for the subsequent 6G research. Concept: The department is going to organize a webinar on February 24 to analyse the technical requirements and challenges to introduce 6G in the country for standardisation of 6G, probable use cases, opportunities and challenges in the present ecosystem, and strategising for 6G in India. About 6G: It is a successor to 5G cellular technology.
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It is anticipated that 6G networks will be able to use higher frequencies than 5G networks and this will enable higher data rates to be achieved and for the 6G network to have a much greater overall capacity. A much lower latency levels will be also one of the features. It seeks to utilize the terahertz band of frequency which is currently unutilized.
Jezero crater: Context: Perseverance landed on depression on Mars called Jezero crater recently. Concept: Scientists believe the area was once flooded with water and was home to an ancient river delta. Conceivably, microbial life could have lived in Jezero during one or more of wet times there. If so, signs of their remains might be found in lakebed or shoreline sediments. It is 28 miles (45 kilometers) wide, and is located on the western edge of a flat plain called Isidis Planitia, which lies just north of the Martian equator. It is oldest terrain to be explored on Mars.
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Testing sewage to Map Covid spread: Context: A model developed by Kerala-born microbiologist settled in Sydney, in March last year has been adopted across Australia for its testing of waste-water to locate fragments of SARS-CoV-2 and thus detect hidden cases within the broader community. Concept: The model works on premise of person infected with coronavirus will start ‘shedding’ the virus within three-four days through his faeces (The ‘shedding’ can also occur while coughing, showering, sneezing or brushing one’s teeth.). Such virus fragments, travelling through toilets and sewer pipes, end up in sewage treatment plants. Sample taken from sewage treatment plants in a specific catchment gives result of presence of virus in community even before symptom shows up. It has been seen to have high sensitivity, and high economic potential with testing equivalent to testing large number of people and containing spread in initial stages. The model was result of a research programme, Collaboration on Sewage Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 (ColoSSoS) launched by Water Research Australia (WRA).
Californian variant of Sars-Cov-2: Context: A new variant first found in California (USA) has been found to be more contagious than earlier variants. Concept: The variant known as B.1.427/B.1.429 has seen to be rapidly spreading in parts of USA. Study revealed that it produces twice as many viral particles than other variants. Earlier the UK variant was said to both highly transmissible as well as lethal.
Gelatin sticks: Context: 20 gelatin sticks were found near the car of Mukesh Ambani who enjoys “Z plus” security (highest security to individual assessed to be facing threat in India) Concept: Gelatin sticks are mostly used for blasting purposes in quarries (recent years saw its use in some terror cases). They need a detonator to be set off. It is also called as gelignite or simple jelly. it consists of consisting of collodion-cotton (a type of nitrocellulose or guncotton) dissolved in either nitroglycerine or nitroglycol and mixed with wood pulp and saltpetre. It was invented in 1875, by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, who also invented dynamite. Its composition makes it easily moldable and safe to handle without protection, as long as it is not near anything capable of detonating it.
Haemorrhagic Septicemia: Context: 7 elephants were dead in Odisha in the Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary in Kalahandi with reports pointing to a disease, Haemorrhagic Septicemia. Concept:
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It is caused by a bacterium called pasteurella multocida. The bacteria are commonly found in the respiratory tract of herbivores, especially in cattle from which elephant has supposedly got the disease. It rapidly multiply and move from the respiratory tract to the bloodstream only when the animal’s body faces stress (particularly when they are pregnant), has low immunity or is unhealthy. It causes diarrhoea and often haemorrhagic septicemia, which can be fatal. It is possibly through contamination of the soil from faecal droppings or contamination of the water bodies, than direct transfer among elephants.
SERO SURVEY: Context: While there were no large surges even during the festival season, ICMR’s third serosurvey found only 21.5% of India has been exposed to the virus.
Concept:
Sero Surveys
The serological survey was meant to detect whether the person being tested had developed antibodies against the coronavirus.
Since it is not possible to test everyone, detecting antibodies in random sets of people is an indirect way of estimating the extent of disease spread in a community.
The antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to fight external organisms like viruses that try to enter the body.
These are produced only after the infection has happened, and are specific to the attacking virus or bacterium.
The presence of antibodies, therefore, is an indication that an infection by that particular virus or bacterium has already occurred.
Subsequent attempts to infect the body can be thwarted by these antibodies.
What about Vaccines then?
Vaccines work in a similar manner – wherein they inject harmless doses of a virus or a bacterium inside the human body to trigger the production of antibodies by the immune system.
These antibodies can then fight off an actual attack by those viruses or bacteria.
Do antibodies ensure Immunity?
The mere presence of antibodies does not mean that the person is protected against the disease.
What is also important is the amount of antibodies present, and whether it also includes what are known as “neutralising antibodies” which actually fight the disease. www.optimizeias.com
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What is Herd Immunity?
Herd immunity is a stage of an epidemic in which some members of a population group remain protected from infection because a majority of those around them have already developed immunity, either through vaccination or because they have been infected earlier.
Once a certain proportion of population gets infected, and thus builds immunity against the disease, the epidemic begins to slow down and eventually stop.
No one clearly knows what percentage of the population needs to be infected before herd immunity kicks in. It is different for different diseases, and different population groups.
GOLDILOCKS ZONE OF HABITABILITY:
Context: One thing that astronomers search for in exoplanets, in the so-called Goldilocks zone of habitability, is the existence of liquid water and an atmosphere like that on Earth.
Concept:
In this context it is believed by many that Mars once had such an atmosphere. The mechanism as to why it lost its atmosphere has remained in doubt.
Scientists from Indian Institution for Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata suggest that it was the planet’s intrinsic magnetic dynamo which, by shielding its atmosphere from the sun’s solar wind, protected its atmosphere.
When the magnetic dynamo switched off, the atmosphere slowly was eroded by the solar wind and eventually vanished, leaving the thin remnant we see today.
Goldilocks Zone
A habitable zone, also called the “Goldilocks zone”, is the area around a star where it is not too hot and not too cold for liquid water to exist on the surface of surrounding planets.
Our Earth is in the Sun’s Goldilocks zone. If Earth were where the dwarf planet Pluto is, all its water would freeze; on the other hand, if Earth were where Mercury is, all its water would boil off.
Life on Earth started in water, and water is a necessary ingredient for life as we know it.
So, when scientists search for the possibility of alien life, any rocky exoplanet in the habitable zone of its star is an exciting find.
Does it Mean a Planet in the Goldilocks Zone Bound to Have Liquid Water?
No, not necessarily.
If we look into our own planetary system, both Venus and Mars are also in the Goldilocks zone. But, water is nowhere to be seen on these planets. www.optimizeias.com
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On Venus, a catastrophic greenhouse effect is in play that is heating up the planet and presumably evaporated all the water it held.
On Mars, lack of an atmosphere and a magnetic field is bombarded by the solar particles which have evaporated the water present on it.
Thus, being present in a goldilocks zone does not guarantee the availability of water on a planet.
But make them potential targets for astronomers to explore and determine the presence of water through various other methods.
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ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY
NAMAMI GANGE: Context: Namami Gange: Massive Scientific and Community based programs launched on World Wetland Day 2021.
Concept:
Namami Gange Programme:
• It an Integrated Conservation Mission, approved as a ‘Flagship Programme’ in June 2014.
• It seeks to accomplish the twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution and conservation and rejuvenation of National River Ganga.
• It is being operated under Ministry of Jal Shakti.
Implementation:
• The program is being implemented by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), and its state counterpart organizations i.e., State Program Management Groups (SPMGs).
• NMCG is the implementation wing of National Ganga Council (set in 2016; which replaced the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NRGBA).
• National Ganga Council (NGC) was Created in October 2016 under the River Ganga (Rejuvenation, Protection and Management) Authorities Order, 2016. It is Headed by Prime Minister.
Funding:
• It has a Rs. 20,000-crore, centrally-funded, non-lapsable corpus and consists of nearly 288 projects.
• Main Pillars of the Namami Gange Programme are:
Sewerage Treatment Infrastructure River-Surface Cleaning
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Afforestation Industrial Effluent Monitoring River-Front Development.
MARINE MEGA FAUNA STRANDING GUIDELINES: Context: Guidelines to protect marine species released. Concept: • Over the past few years, live and dead stranding of lone and groups of marine mammals and turtles have been reported across the country’s coastline.
• However, as there was no database of the stranded marine animals, the frequency and the hotspots have not been identified.
• These guidelines aim to improve coordination between various independent governments and civil societies responding to marine stranding, research and management, data sharing and thus promote inter-sectoral coordination in the conservation of marine animals.
These guidelines highlights: • Actions to be taken for handling stranded animals on shore, stranded or entangled animals in the sea or on a boat,
• Management actions for improved coordination,
• Reducing threats to marine species and their habitats,
• Rehabilitation of degraded habitats,
• Enhancing people’s participation,
• Advance scientific research and exchange of information on marine mammals and marine turtles and their habitats.
BAND BARETHA WILDLIFFE SANCTUARY: Context : The standing committee of the Rajasthan wildlife board, headed by Chief Minister , cleared a proposal to shift Bharatpur’s Bandh Baretha wildlife sanctuary “southwestward” to exclude three forest blocks “damaged irreparably” by “rampant mining”.
Concept :
• Band Baretha Wildlife Sanctuary is an old wildlife reserve of the rulers of bharatpur.
• In 1866 , Maharaja Jaswant singh started constructing a dam on kakund river which was completed by maharaja ram singh in 1897.
• About 200 sq.kms around the dam was declared as wildlife sanctuary in 1985.
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• Wildlife Sanctuary is a bird watcher's paradise because of over 200 species of birds , including the elusive Black Britten.
• It also has wild animals like Nilgai , Leopard , wolf , brock , wildboar , chital etc.
PROSOPIS JULIFLORA: Context : The Delhi cabinet Monday approved a plan to restore over 400 hectares of the Central Ridge, that is currently covered by an invasive tree species planted by the British in the 1930.
Concept :
• The five-year revival plan intends to turn the ridge into a full-grown forest with indigenous plants and trees that will provide a recreational space for people in the heart of the city, forest department officials said.
• The plan would be made possible with the removal of the vilayati kikar tree, or Prosopis juliflora, which allows no other species to thrive due to its weed-like properties — fast growth in arid conditions, depleting ground water and killing any competition.
Prosopis Juliflora :
• Prosopis Juliflora is a shrub or small tree in the family Fabaceae.
• It is native to Mexico, South America and the Caribbean.
• It was initially introduced in India during colonial times. Since then it has become invasive species
Harmful Effects
• It causes stomach poisoning in livestock by inducing a permanent impairment of its ability to digest cellulose.
• It causes drying up of water bodies and ground water as it absorbs more than 4 litres of water to obtain one kg of biomass.
• It cannot even shelter birds as it produces less oxygen and more carbon dioxide.
• It causes land erosion due to the loss of the grasslands that are habitats for native plants and animals.
• Dispersal of the species is mainly through animals by endozoochory (dispersal by vertebrate animals).
• Other modes of seed dispersal are –
. Autochory – Self dispersal
. Barochory - Dispersal by gravity www.optimizeias.com
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. Anemochory - Dispersal by air
. Hyderochory – Dispersal by water
. Chiropterochory – Dispersal by bats
. Epizoochory – Dispersal by Non-vertebrate animals
RUMPED,HIMALAYAN GRIFFON & SLENDER BILLED VULTURES: Context : Residents of Dhulijan village in Assam’s Tinsukia district this Sunday performed shradh (a religious ritual to honour the dead) ceremony for 36 vultures that had died last month due to poisoning.
Concept :
• 37 vultures belonging to three endangered species died in eastern Assam after feeding on pesticide-laced cattle carcass.
• Most of the 37 vultures that died are Himalayan griffon. A few are oriental white-backed and slender-billed vultures.
Himalayan Griffon
• Scientific name: Gyps himalayensis.
• It is an Old World vulture in the family Accipitridae. It is one of the two largest Old World vultures and true raptors.
• Distribution: This species is found along the Himalayas and the adjoining Tibetan Plateau.
• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status: Near Threatened species.
White Rumped Vulture
• Scientific Name : Gyps bengalensis
• The white-rumped vulture is an Old World vulture native to South and Southeast Asia.
• Distribution : The white-rumped vulture was very common especially in the Gangetic plains of India, and often seen nesting on the avenue trees within large cities in the region.
• It has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List .
Slender Billed Vulture
• Scientic name : Gyps tenuirostris
• The slender-billed vulture is found along the Sub-Himalayan regions and into Southeast Asia.
• It has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. www.optimizeias.com
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CARBON NEUTRAL FUEL:
Context: Reliance Industries Ltd has sourced the world's first consignment of 'carbon-neutral oil' from the US as it looks to become a net zero-carbon company by 2035.
Concept:
• Oxy Low Carbon Ventures (OLCV), a division of US oil major Occidental, delivered carbon- neutral oil to Reliance, the firm said.
• Oxy Low Carbon Ventures and Macquarie will offset carbon dioxide equivalent to that associated with the production, delivery and refining of the crude oil and the use of the resulting product through the retirement of carbon offset credits. This will make the oil 'carbon-neutral'.
• This transaction is a first step in the creation of a new market for climate-differentiated crude oil.
• It is also a bridge to the development of a further differentiated petroleum product, net-zero oil which Occidental intends to eventually produce.
• Net zero oil is produced through the capture and sequestration of atmospheric CO2 via industrial-scale direct air capture (DAC) facilities and geological sequestration.
SUNDERBANS: Context : Sunderban's wild honey hunters eye GI tag.
Concept :
Sundarbans Mangrove Forest
• The Sundarbans mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world, lies across India and Bangladesh on the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal.
• It is adjacent to the border of India’s Sundarbans World Heritage site inscribed in 1987.
• The site is intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant mangrove forests, and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes.
• The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine crocodile and the Indian python.
• It is home to many rare and globally threatened wildlife species such as the estuarine crocodile, Royal Bengal Tiger, Water monitor lizard, Gangetic dolphin, and olive ridley turtles.
Geographical Indication (GI) www.optimizeias.com
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• It is an insignia on products having a unique geographical origin and evolution over centuries with regard to its special quality or reputed attributes.
• It is a mark of authenticity and ensures that registered authorized users or at least those residing inside the geographic territory are allowed to use the popular product names.
• GI tag in India is governed by Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act, 1999. It is issued by the Geographical Indications Registry.
Benefits of GI Tag
• It provides legal protection to Indian Geographical Indications thus preventing unauthorized use of the registered GIs by others.
• It promotes economic prosperity of producers of goods produced in a geographical territory.
The GI protection in India leads to recognition of the product in other countries thus boosting exports.
CHIPKO MOVEMENT: Context : In Raini, village of Chipko movement, people spending nights in forests.
Concept :
• In fear of a recurrence of more calamites after disaster struck the area on Sunday, residents of Raini village spent Sunday night in the forest, about 1-km from their homes.
Chipko movement:
• Chipko movement was the uprising against the felling of trees and maintaining the ecological balance originated in Uttar Pradesh’s Chamoli district (now Uttarakhand) in 1973.
• The name of the movement ‘chipko’ comes from the word ’embrace’, as the villagers hugged the trees and encirled them to prevent being hacked.
• It was a silent, non-violent protest condemning ecological destruction.
• SundarlalBahuguna, a famous Gandhian, is said to have initiated this movement to guard the trees on the Himalayan slopes.
• Bahuguna is also known for coining the Chipko slogan ‘ecology is permanent economy’
• The movement’s biggest triumph was making people aware of their rights to forests, and how grassroots activism can influence policy-making regarding ecology and shared natural resources.
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WORLD’S SMALLEST REPTILE: Context :A chameleon discovered in the island country of Madagascar by scientists from Germany and Madagascar may be the world’s smallest adult reptile. The discovery has been reported in the journal Scientific Reports.
Concept :
• The team found one male and one female of the species, named Brookesia nana, during an expedition in 2012. The male has a length (snout to vent) of 13.5 mm and a total length of 21.6 mm when the tail is included.
• Previously, the chameleon species Brookesiamicra was thought to be the smallest. The average length of adults of this species is 16 mm (29 mm with tail), while the smallest adult male has been recorded at 15.3 mm.
• Reptiles come in a wide size range. The longest, the reticulated python, at 6.25 m is almost as long as 289 Brookesia nanas.
Island Effect
• Madagascar is home to tiny lizards and also the smallest species of snakes. One possible reason for such small species is the so-called “island effect” that causes species on small islands to get smaller.
MEGHAMALAI TIGER RESERVE: Context : The SrivilliputhurMegamalai Tiger Reserve is the fifth tiger reserve in Tamil Nadu. In a government order issued on Monday, Forests Secretary Sandeep Saxena announced the creation of the reserve.
Concept :
• The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has approved the creation of the fifth tiger reserve in Tamil Nadu.
Highlights
• The tiger reserve will surround the Meghamalai and the Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuaries within it.
• The activists were demanding for the creation of a tiger reserve linking the two sanctuaries in the adjoining areas of Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala.
• They also demand to connect the tiger reserve with the Tirunelveli Wildlife Sanctuary and the KalakkadMundanthurai Tiger Reserve.
• The environmentalists seek to make a contiguous corridor for the tigers to move.
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• The tiger reserve will spread to 1.48 lakh hectares of land comprising of the Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary, Meghamalai Wildlife Sanctuary and Tirunelveli Wildlife Sanctuary.
Srivilliputhur Wildlife Sanctuary
• It is also known as the Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary (GSWS).
• The sanctuary was established in the year 1988 with the objective of protecting the Near threatened grizzled giant squirrel. It is bordered by the Periyar Tiger Reserve in the southwest. T
• he sanctuary is also called as one of the best-preserved forests lying south of the Palghat Gap.
National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
• It was established in December 2005. The authority was set up on the recommendations of Tiger Task Force constituted by the Prime Minister of India with the objective of protecting the tigers.
• It was established under section 38 L (1) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The authority gets the power from section 38 O (1) of the act of 1972.
Nandadevi Biosphere Reserve: Context:Focus back on Himalayan ecosystem where a hydel project behind Nandadevi Biosphere Reserve (Uttarakhand) was washed away on Rishi Ganga river. Concept: It is India’s most pristine high-altitude landscapes and a UNESCO world heritage site. The core areas the Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks, which are one World Heritage site. Nanda Devi National Park has remained more or less intact because of its inaccessibility. The Valley of Flowers National Park is renowned for its meadows of endemic alpine flowers and outstanding natural beauty. Together they encompass a unique transition zone between the mountain ranges of the Zanskar and Great Himalaya. There is total 18 Biosphere reserves in India. There is total 11 biosphere reserves of India which have been recognized internationally under Man and Biosphere Reserve program: 1. Nilgiri 2. Gulf of Mannar 3. Sunderban 4. Nanda Devi 5. Nokrek 6. Pachmarhi 7. Similipal 8. Achanakmar - Amarkantak 9. Great Nicobar
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10. Agasthyamala 11. Khangchendzonga (Added in 2018) About Biosphere Reserve: Biosphere Reserve (BR) is a designation by UNESCO for representative parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over large areas of terrestrial or coastal/marine ecosystems or a combination of both. Biosphere Reserves tries to balance economic and social development and maintenance of associated cultural values along with the preservation of nature. It has three-part structure: 1. Core areas: It is most protected area of a biosphere reserve and free from human interference. It may contain endemic plants and animals. 2. Buffer Zone: It is around the core areas and help in the protection of core areas. Some activities like restoration, limited tourism, fishing, grazing, research and educational activities etc. are allowed. 3. Transition zone: It is the zone of cooperation where human activities and conservation are done in harmony (Ex- settlements, croplands, managed forests and areas for intensive recreation and other economic uses etc. are done)
Nagpur-Mumbai Super Communication Expressway and sanctuaries/Tiger reserves: Context: It is being built as the fastest highway in India designed for a top speed of 150 kmph. Concept: The focus is on co-existence, with five “wildlife bridges” and a network of underpasses being built. MSRDC, that is building the highway, joined forces with the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) to engineer safe wildlife crossings. It will cut across three sanctuaries Tansa (Thane), Katepurna (Akola-Washim border) and Karanja-Sohol (Washim) — and 35 wildlife focus areas (WFAs). This stretch of the highway is located in the middle of a functional corridor between the Bor Tiger Reserve and the Umred-Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary. Besides tigers, the area is also home to the nilgai, sambar, chinkara, wild boar, Indian hare, porcupine, striped hyena and golden jackal. Fragmentation of such patches can lead to destruction of habitat, and also affect the animal density and movement. To overcome this fragmentation “Wildlife bridges” or overpasses for animal pathway is being considered which is new for India which focused on underpasses so far.
Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solid: Context: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change said that 100 of 156 drains in catchment of river Yamuna ‘are not meeting standards’ on a plea in the SC which is hearing on "remediation of polluted rivers". Concept: About BOD BOD is the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms while they decompose organic matter under aerobic conditions www.optimizeias.com
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Biological oxygen demand is essentially a measure of the amount of oxygen required to remove waste organic matter from water in the process of decomposition by aerobic bacteria. Main sources of BOD are: leaves and woody debris; dead plants and animals; animal manure; effluents from pulp and paper mills, wastewater treatment plants, feedlots, and food- processing plants; failing septic systems; and urban storm water runoff etc. Higher BOD indicates more oxygen is required, signifying lower water quality. Low BOD means less oxygen is being removed from water, so the water is usually more pure. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) COD is a method of estimating how much oxygen would be depleted from a body of receiving water as a result of bacterial action. The difference between BOD and COD is: COD or Chemical Oxygen Demand is the total measurement of all chemicals (organics & in-organics) in the water, whereas, BOD is a measure of, the amount of oxygen that require for the bacteria to degrade the organic components present in water. Total suspended Solids (TSS): It is the dry-weight of suspended particles, that are not dissolved, in a sample of water that can be trapped by a filter. These are analyzed through filtering methods. It is used to assess the quality of a specimen of any type of water or water body
Asiatic lion: Context: An Asiatic Lion entered into a hotel area in Gujrat from nearby Girnar jungle. Concept: Asiatic lion (Pantheraleopersica) Asiatic lions are slightly smaller than African lions. Males have only moderate mane growth at the top of the head so that their ears are always visible. The most striking morphological character, which is always seen in Asiatic lions, and rarely in African lions, is a longitudinal fold of skin running along its belly. Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 also lists Asiatic lion in Schedule 1. CITES included Asiatic Lion in Appendix I. It is mentioned in IUCN Red List as Endangered Asiatic lions were once distributed to the state of West Bengal in east and Rewa in Madhya Pradesh, in central India. At present Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary is the only abode of the Asiatic lion.
Mangar Bani: Context: A study by CEDAR, the 219 species found in the Mangar landscape include 130 resident species, 53 winter migrants, 12 summer migrants, and 16 passage migrants. Concept: Mangar Bani is a sacred grove in Aravallis region. Mangar is a central part of a continuous north-south stretch of Aravalli forests from Asola, Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary (ABWLS) and Surajkund to the Damdamalake.
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The nilgai, India’s largest antelope, is one of the most commonly spotted ungulates in the Mangar forests, which provide ample food for the herbivorous mammals. About sacred grove: Sacred groves are part of the forest fragments with religious or ritual significance for the community inhabiting the region. These are generally devoted to local folk deities or tree spirit. It is an early manifestation of nature worship. It is an example of in-situ conservation. It is found in many regions of India: Ex- In Kerala it is also known as “Kavus”, In Bihar it is known as Sarnas, Kovikaadu in Tamil Nadu, and some of the richest groves are found in Meghalaya. Its significance includes: Conservation of biodiversity Recharging aquifers Soil protection Medicinal use with the use of traditional knowledge Rich gene pool of rare flora and fauna.
Hedyotis Sithiravaraiensis (Karumthumbai or Senthumbai or Sakkaraithumba): Context: Chennai-based botanists have foundNew plant species with possible medicinal properties discovered. Concept: It is a critically endangered species majorly due to unregulated commercial collection of the plant by the locals It is a critically-endangered species of the Rubiaceae family in Pakkamalai in the Gingee Hills (in Eastern Ghats). Its leaves are collected for the medicinal properties by the locals for they believe it extends the life span of human beings. Inforescence or flower head resembled species of the Lamiaceae (mint) family. The plant is closely allied with an Eastern Asiatic species, Hedyotisuncinella and a Western Ghats species, H. rajasekaraniiKarupp&Ravichandran. The species had been named after its type locality Sithiravarai (Sethavarai), an archaeologically important site, as it has 3,500-year-old rock paintings in natural caverns. “Sithiram” means painting) and “Varai” means hills.
Turbidity: Context: Debris and silt across Ganga after Uttarakhand flood raised turbidity of water impacting water supply in Delhi. Concept: It is the degree to which the water loses its transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates. It is considered good measure of quality of water.
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Turbidity is a measure of relative clarity of a liquid and is measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). Debris, silt and mud in the water are among the reasons behind high turbidity. WHO establishes that the turbidity of drinking water shouldn't be more than 5 NTU, and should ideally be below 1 NTU. A turbidity measurement could be used to provide an estimation of the TSS (Total Suspended Solids) concentration, which is otherwise a tedious and difficult parameter to measure. Sources/Factors of turbidity include: Phytoplankton Sediments from erosion Resuspended sediments from the bottom (frequently stir up by bottom feeders like carp) Waste discharge Algae growth Urban runoff Impact of turbidity Affects drinking water quality Suspended particles absorb heat from the sunlight, making turbid waters become warmer, and so reducing the concentration of oxygen in the water Many organisms can't survive in warm water It also helps the attachment of heavy metals and many other toxic organic compounds and pesticides
Mandarin duck or the (Aix galericulata): Context: Considered the most beautiful duck in the world, the Mandarin duck made an appearance in Assam's Tinsukia last week after more than a century. Concept: It was found in Maguri-Motapung beel (or wetland) in Assam’s Tinsukia district. It is a “small-exotic looking bird” native to East Asia. “It’s very beautiful, with majestic colours and can be spotted from a distance In this species the males (ornate with big orangey ‘sail fins’ on the back, streaked orangey cheeks, and a small red bill with a whitish tip) are more colourful than the females (narrow white spectacles on a shaggy grey head, bold pale dappled spots along flanks, and pale bill tip). It is a migratory bird and breeds in Russia, Korea, Japan and northeastern parts of China. It has established populations in Western Europe and America too. It is rarely seen in India as it is not in its migratory path. It seems it strayed from its path. It is not a threatened bird species as it is under "Least Concern" under IUCN.
LEATHERBACK TURTLES: Context : Proposals for tourism and port development in the Andaman and Nicobar (A&N) Islands have conservationists worried over the fate of some of the most important nesting populations of the Giant Leatherback turtle in this part of the Indian Ocean.
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Concept : Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) is largest of the seven species of sea turtles on the planet and also the most long-ranging, being found in all oceans except the Arctic and the Antarctic.
Within the Indian Ocean, they nest only in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
It is the only living species in the genus Dermochelys and family Dermochelyidae.
It can easily be differentiated from other modern sea turtles by its lack of a bony shell, hence the name. Instead, its carapace is covered by skin and oily flesh.
They are listed in Schedule I of India’s Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, according it the highest legal protection.
In Budget 2021: The A&N Islands are prominent in the National Marine Turtle Action Plan released on February 1, 2021, by the Ministry of Environment.
The plan notes that “India has identified all its important sea turtle nesting habitats as ‘Important Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Areas’ and included them in the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) – 1”.
South Bay and West Bay on Little Andaman and Galathea on Great Nicobar, along with other nesting beaches in the islands, find a specific mention here as “Important Marine Turtle Habitats in India” and the largest Leatherback nesting grounds in India.
Environment Impact Assessment: Context: The Supreme Court on Thursday noted that it was inclined to nullify the Centre’s notification which exempted the authorities from undertaking Environment Impact Assessment in case a road project is less than 100 kilometres long. Concept: The observation came on hearing a petition against the felling of more than 300 trees for the construction of railway over bridges in West Bengal and the widening of a highway on the Indo-Bangladesh border. The bench noted that in case it was inevitable to undertake a road project, the value of every tree should be built into the project’s cost. About EIA: The Environment Impact Assessment which prescribes the procedure for industries to assess the environmental impact (taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse) of their proposed projects before they are given a go-ahead by the government. Environment Impact Assessment in India is statutorily backed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986 which contains various provisions on EIA methodology and process. www.optimizeias.com
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What are the Steps involved in the EIA? Screening: It seeks to determine if a project needs a full EIA or partial EIA based on investment, location or type of development. Scoping: Identify potential impacts based on legislative, international standards to identify alternative options (or even not going ahead with project) to compensate for adverse impact on biodiversity and determines terms of reference for EIA. Baseline data collection: on site existing environmental status is collected. Impact prediction: All aspects of possible impact on environment (air, water, soil, biodiversity etc), socio-economic status of the people in region. Reporting the EIA report with mitigation measures, compensations for probable loss. Public hearing: As per the EPA, 1986 public hearing is mandatory and any one likely to be impacted by the project must be given oppurtunity to give an oral/written answer to the state Pollution Control Board. Environment Management Plan (EMP) and Decision making: Based on all the above factors in earlier stages an EMP has to be prepared. Then, project proponents and the impact assessment authority make decision on future course of project based on EIA report and EMP. Monitoring, compliance, enforcing and environmental auditing of EIA and EMP terms both during implementation and in operation phase. What is the EIA cycle proposed in EIA notification, 2006?
It talks of 4-stages of EIA to be followed in accordance with the norms. These are: 1. Screening 2. Scoping 3. Public hearing 4. Appraisal It also talks of category of projects: Category A and Category B (B1 and B2 projects). In this category A and category B1 projects need mandatory EIA and B2 category does need EIA. Category A projects are appraised at the national level by the Impact Assessment Agency and the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC). Category B projects are appraised at the state level with B1 needing EIA and B2 does not need it. State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) and the state level EAC are provided for clearance of the category B projects.
Project MAQUID: Context: Schools and colleges have the highest concentration of PM 2.5 and PM 10 compared to other buildings such as offices, restaurants and malls was the finding of the project undertaken to measure indoor air quality in such public places in Delhi. Concept: A survey of indoor air quality in 37 buildings of the city, conducted by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, has revealed that schools and colleges have the highest concentration of PM 2.5 and PM 10 compared to other buildings such as offices, restaurants and malls. The overall PM 10 and PM 2.0 were 2 and half times above the ambient air quality set by the CPCB.
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CO2 levels are also recorded high in hospitals, colleges, offices as well as in restaurants due to higher occupancy and inadequate ventilation. The survey reported schools have the worst I/O (indoor/outdoor) ratio of all surveyed buildings, meaning it had more indoor sources of pollution as compared to outdoors. The use of chalkboards is considered primary source of indoor pollution in school. Poor ventilation after closing of doors and windows leads to rise in indoor pollution at night. About Project MAQUID Project MAQUID (Monitoring of Air Quality in Urban Indoors in Delhi) was conducted in schools, colleges, hospitals, shopping malls, restaurants, offices and one cinema hall during the peak pollution period from October 15, 2019, to January 30, 2020 It was undertaken by the Centre of Excellence for Research on Clean Air (CERCA), IIT- Delhi; Society for Indoor Environment (SIE); and Kaiterra, an air quality instrument company. The indoor air pollutants studied include PM 10, PM 2.5, TVOC (total volatile organic compounds) along with comfort parameters (temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentrations).
Mercury rising but Delhi continues to see dense fog: Context: Dense fog has hit Delhi several times over the past 10 days, in what meteorologists are calling a “unique” event as in 2nd and 3rd week of februray generally don’t see fog. Concept: Factors for this event as per IMD: 1. Lack of western disturbances: It led to an anti-cyclone high pressure belt. Anti-cyclone causes stable boundary layer and inversion and calm winds at lower levels. 2. Moist easterly winds brought more moisture in Delhi’s air, a pre-requisite for fog (Usually at this time dry wind blows in from the west or northwest region) 3. Low wind speed 4. An easterly system over central India 5. High Pollution levels About fog Fog, cloud of small water droplets that is near ground level and sufficiently dense to reduce horizontal visibility to less than 1,000 metres. Under similar conditions similar conditions, but with visibility greater than 1,000 metres, the phenomenon is termed a mist or haze, depending on whether the obscurity is caused by water drops or solid particles. It refers generally to clouds of smoke particles, ice particles, or mixtures of these components near grounds causing reduction in visibility. Fog is formed by the condensation of water vapour on condensation nuclei that are always present in natural air. This happens when the relative humidity of the air exceeds saturation by a fraction of 1 percent.
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Common and Pintail Snipe: Context: During the migration season bird watcher faces a challenge in identifying common and pintail snipe. Concept: According to eBird platform, Common Snipe and Pinatail Snipe make it to the list of difficult birds to identify. During the migratory season, the Common Snipe and the Pintail Snipe occur in Chennai. They can sometimes be difficult to be told apart, unless they are seen in flight and their underwings are exposed The Pintail Snipe has an evenly barred pattern on the underwing, whereas the Common Snipe mostly has a white underwing with some pattern but not evenly-patterned. Much the Common Snipe’s underwing is just white In parts of the country, it is a little clearer. In western and north-western parts, it is almost only Common Snipe. So, the onus is on birders to find a Pintail Snipe. But in the rest of the country, both may occur in almost equal numbers
Red-eared turtle: Context: Experts have warned about Red-eared turtle as world’s worst invasive species and has emerged as the major threat to the biodiversity in the Kerala as it was sighted in Kalathode canal in Kerala. Concept: Post the Pink bloom (alien flower) which choked the Avala Pandi canal at Perambra, the Kerala is witnessing another major threat in form of Red-eared turtle. About Red-Eared Turtle These are Exotic and major invasive species and these are omnivores. Adult turtles require lots of aquatic plants. It is scientifically called Trachemys scripta elegans and is loved for its small-size (small turtles even fit into matchbox) and colour. But pet lovers release it into water bodies once it grows big. The slider turtles live in still and warm waterbodies. They are considered a major threat to native turtle species as they mature fast, grow larger, produce more offspring and are very aggressive They eat plants and animals, they can finish off a wide range of aquatic species, including fish and rare frogs. In places such as Australia and the European Union, it is illegal to import and keep these turtles.
Kuznets curve hypothesis: Context: The scientists at IIT Madras has come to conclusion that in developing countries the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis does not hold good. Concept: About Kuznet Curve hypothesis It was given by Nobel laureate Simon Kuznets.
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As a country grows rich, the economic equality suffers initially, but over time, the economic inequality declines. Environment Kuznet Curve hypothesis: The Kuznet curve extension to the environmental impacts of growth and rise and subsequent decline in pollution levels has been said to face similar pattern. According to the hypothesis the growth is actually a cure for environmental problems, rather than being a cause of it
Implications of the Environmental Kuznets Curve When an economy is primarily pre-industrial and agrarian, the environment is usually clean and untouched by pollutants from industrial economic activities. As the economy shifts towards development and industrialization, the environment is at a higher risk of being harmed by pollution and depletion of natural resources. The curve then returns to a cleaner environment when economic growth continues, and people choose to spend their incomes on improving the environment by cleaning water and improving air quality Observations of scientists The scientists calculated environment efficiency in terms of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions (the more of these emissions meant less environment efficiency and corelated with the GDP per capita in 15 developing countries including India between 1992 and 2011. It found that the environmental efficiency in terms of CO2 per capita exhibits an “inverted N- shaped” (not inverted U) relationship with economic growth, an insignificant impact of growth on efficiency is observed in case of SO2 i.e., to an extent it is a remedy for environmental degradation in terms of CO2 emission, it is not a remedy for SO2 emission. It suggests local-level policies like proper planning for urbanization, among others, to control the emission of local pollutants.
Tribal’s forest right vs Critical WildLife Habitat/Tiger Habitat: Context: Thousands of tribals living in villages located in the core areas of Sitanadi Udanti Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh are demanding that their Community Forest Resource rights be recognized which are currently violated using core areas under critical Tiger habitat in the area. Concept: Land rights under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006:
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SECTION 3 (1) (i) of the Act gives right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource which the tribals have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use. For recognition of Community Forest Resource rights, traditional boundary of a tribal village is recognised, empowering the gram sabha of the village to take decisions on protection, regeneration, conservation and management of the forest and its produce. The Gram Sabha is empowered to take decisions regarding protection, regeneration, conservation and management of the forest and its produce under the Act. For Community Forest Resource rights, the traditional boundary of tribal village as a unit is the boundary. 20006 Act’s Section 4(1) says notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, and subject to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government hereby recognises and vests forest rights under Section 3(1) of the same Act. Critical Tiger habitat These are core areas of tiger reserves and are identified under the Wild Life Protection Act (WLPA), 1972 based on scientific evidence. Such areas are required to be kept as inviolate for the purpose of tiger conservation, without affecting the rights of the Scheduled Tribes or such other forest dwellers. The notification of CTH is done by the state government in consultation with the expert committee constituted for the purpose. Critical Wildlife Habitat Critical 'wildlife’ habitats (CWLHs), on the other hand, are defined only in the Forest Rights Act, 2006. CWLHs are meant to be areas of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries that are required to be kept as inviolate for the purpose of wildlife conservation (not just tigers). Similar to CTH, the identification of CWLH is done based on scientific and objective criteria, but it mandatorily requires settlement of forest rights under FRA. Unlike CTHs, the notification of CWLHs can only be done with the consent of the Gram Sabhas and affected stakeholders. Post notification, the forest rights in CWLHs can be modified or resettled subject to certain conditions.
Osprey:
Context: The frequency data around waterbodies and wetlands in Chennai, Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur shows that migratory bird Ospery might have found an additional home in this region. Concept: Normally, Osprey is considered a migratory bird in India.
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However, for reasons still to be known (maybe they have become resident or stayed late or came early) the bird has been sighted at times it is generally not spotted. At the same time no evidence of breeding has also been reported. Ospreys migrate to India from Russia to escape the harsh winters. Research has shown that Ospreys migrate alone and the offspring faces a great challenge of not only endurance but also navigation. Migration of Birds: Migratory birds fly hundreds and thousands of kilometres to find the best ecological conditions and habitats for feeding, breeding and raising their young. About Osprey: It is also called sea hawk, river hawk, and fish hawk — is a diurnal, fish-eating bird of prey with a cosmopolitan range (found across or most of the world in appropriate habitats). It is a large raptor species or “Birds of prey”. Its IUCN conservation status is “Least Concern”. It lives in wide variety of habitats, nesting in any location near a body of water providing an adequate food supply. It is found on all continents except Antarctica, although in South America it occurs only as a non-breeding migrant. Osprey are mostly found in area with coastal forest nearby (Pulicat lake provides it here in India).
Pandemic generation: Context: The pandemic which continues to date has impacted all aspects of our life with the new generation potentially biggest sufferer, called as “pandemic generation”. Concept: New generation that has taken birth during the pandemic, those about to be born and children under five will be the worst victims in terms of long-term impacts on growth and development The importance of this generation comes from the fact that by 2040, they will account for around roughly 46 per cent of the workforce in a country like India. 375 million children (from newborns to 14-year-olds) is likely to suffer long-lasting impacts, ranging from being underweight, stunting and increased child mortality, to losses in education and work productivity, according to the State of Environment Report, 2021, by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) Over 500 million children have been forced out of school globally and India accounted for more than half of them. 115 million additional people might get pushed into extreme poverty by the pandemic – and most of them live in South Asia which will further impact this generation.
CARACAL: Context: The National Board for Wildlife and Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change last month included the caracal, a medium-sized wildcat found in parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat, in the list of critically endangered species Concept:
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The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists caracals as a species of ‘least concern’, mainly due to their large numbers in Africa. But in India they are ‘endangered’. Now it is classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ in India. Since 2001, the Caracal’s presence has been only reported the three states, including Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh About Caracal:
Besides India, the caracal is found in several dozen countries across Africa, the Middle East, Central and South Asia. While it flourishes in parts of Africa, its numbers in Asia are declining. The caracal wild cat (Caracal caracal) is a rare species in India. The wildcat has long legs, a short face, long canine teeth, and distinctive ears — long and pointy, with tufts of black hair at their tips. The iconic ears are what give the animal its name — caracal comes from the Turkish karakulak, meaning ‘black ears’. In India, it is called siya gosh, a Persian name that translates as ‘black Ear’. A Sanskrit fable exists about a small wild cat named deergha-karn or ‘long- eared’. In Kutch dialect of Gujarat Caracals are locally referred to as Hornotro which means killer of a Blackbuck whereas in Rajasthan it is known as Junglee Bilaoor Wildcat. They are mostly found in the tropical dry deciduous and tropical thorn and shrub forests of Central and Western India. The caracal has historically lived in 13 Indian states, in nine out of the 26 biotic provinces. In the period before Independence, the animal roamed an estimated area of 7.9 lakh sq km; between then and 2000, however, this habitat shrunk by almost a half. After 2001, sightings have been reported from only three states. “From 2001 to 2020, the reported extent of occurrence further decreased by 95.95%, with current presence restricted to 16,709 sq km, less than 5% of the caracal’s reported extent of occurrence in the 1948-2000 period,” according to Khandal et al. The caracal could be earlier found in arid and semi-arid scrub forest and ravines in Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh. Today, its presence is restricted to Rajasthan, Kutch, and parts of MP.
Caracals had appeared in Indian paintings dating back to seventeenth century.The caracal has traditionally been valued for its litheness and extraordinary ability to catch birds in flight; it was a favourite coursing or hunting animal in medieval India. Their survival in India is endangered primary reasons being the rapid loss of scrub and thorn habitat and unchecked human activates in the caracals habitat
How listing as critically endangered will help?
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The listing of the caracal as critically endangered is expected to bring central funding to conservation efforts. It is likely to ensure that the animal is studied comprehensively for the first time, including its home range, population, prey, etc.
Interesting facts:
The caracal has traditionally been valued for its litheness and extraordinary ability to catch birds in flight; it was a favourite coursing or hunting animal in medieval India. Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351-88) had siyah-goshdar khana, stables that housed large numbers of coursing caracal. It finds mention in Abul Fazl’s Akbarnama, as a hunting animal in the time of Akbar (1556-1605). Descriptions and illustrations of the caracal can be found in medieval texts such as the Anvar-i-Suhayli, Tutinama, Khamsa-e-Nizami, and Shahnameh. The caracal’s use as a coursing animal is believed to have taken it far beyond its natural range to places like Ladakh in the north to Bengal in the east. The East India Company’s Robert Clive is said to have been presented with a caracal after he defeated Siraj-ud-daullah in the Battle of Plassey (1757). SNOW LEOPARD: Context : Himachal Pradesh's hilly terrain could be harbouring as amany as 73 snow leopards according to recent study on the animal.
Concept :
The Snow Leopard (also known as Ghost of the mountains) acts as an indicator of the health of the mountain ecosystem in which they live, due to their position as the top predator in the food web.
The Snow Leopard lives at high altitudes in the steep mountains of Central and Southern Asia, and in an extremely cold climate.
They inhabit the higher Himalayan and trans-Himalayan landscape in the states/union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.
India is a unique country to have a good presence of 5 big cats, including Snow Leopard. The other 4 are, Lion, Tiger, Common Leopard, and Clouded Leopard.
Snow Leopard capital of the world: Hemis, Ladakh.
Hemis National Park is the biggest national park of India and also has a good presence of Snow Leopard.
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Threat: Factors that have contributed to the decline in the snow leopard populations include, reduction in prey populations, illegal poaching and increased human population infiltration into the species habitat and illegal trade of wildlife parts and products among others.
Protection:
IUCN Red List- Vulnerable
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)- Appendix I
Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)- Appendix I
Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction.
Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972- Schedule I
Schedule I provides absolute protection and offences under this have the highest penalties.
Conservation Efforts Launched by India:
HimalSanrakshak: It is a community volunteer programme, to protect snow leopards, launched on 23rd October 2020.
In 2019, First National Protocol was also launched on Snow Leopard Population Assessment which has been very useful for monitoring populations.
SECURE Himalaya: Global Environment Facility (GEF)-United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) funded the project on conservation of high altitude biodiversity and reducing the dependency of local communities on the natural ecosystem.
This project is now operational in four snow leopard range states, namely, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim.
Project Snow Leopard (PSL) : It was launched in 2009 to promote an inclusive and participatory approach to conserve snow leopards and their habitat.
Snow Leopard is in the list of 21 critically endangered species for the recovery programme of the Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change.
Snow Leopard conservation breeding programme is undertaken at Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling, West Bengal.
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DEFENCE AND SECURITY
OPERATION BLUE STAR: Context : Pressing for a speedy resolution of the farmers’ agitation, Punjab Chief Minister Amarinder Singh invoked the state’s troubled past to remind an all-party meeting that prolonged negotiations that time too over a list of demands led to Operation Blue Star in 1984.
Concept :
Operation Blue Star:
• It is a code name given to an Indian Military Operation to remove the separatists who were hidden inside the Golden Temple at Amritsar on 5th June 1984.
• The operation was ordered by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, primarily to take control of the Harmandir Sahib Complex in Amritsar (popularly known as the Golden Temple).
• The Indian military entered into the premises of the temple to drive out the Sikh extremist religious leader, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed followers.
• The operation had two components to it, Operation Metal which was the invasion on the temple complex and Operation Shop which was confined to the countryside of the state.
• This Operation helped in eliminating Khalistani terrorism.
Background:
• Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale wanted the Indian government to pass the Anandpur Resolution, and thereby agree to the formation of a separate state of Khalistan for Sikhs.
• Since 1982, this radical leader of Sikhism had managed to gain enough support for his cause and by mid-1983 had set up a base inside the Golden Temple complex, with ammunition and his followers.
NARI SHAKTI PURASKAR: Context: Ministry of Women and Child Development has extended the last date for submission of nomination for the prestigious Nari Shakti Puraskar-2020 till 6th February, 2021.
Concept:
• Initiated in the year 1999.
• The awards are given away by the President of India every year on 8 March, International Women’s Day.
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• The Ministry of Women and Child Development announces these national level awards for eminent women, organisations and institutions.
• The Nari Shakti Puraskar carries a cash award of Rs.1 Lakh and a certificate for individuals and institutions.
Eligibility Criteria:
• Open to individuals, groups and institutions for outstanding work towards empowerment of women.
• Individual applicant must be at least 25 years of age.
• Institutions must have at least 5 years of relevant experience.
LCA TEJAS: Context: Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL) is actively looking for exports of the Tejas light combat aircraft (LCA) with countries in South East Asia and West Asia showing interest in buying it.
Concept:
• The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme was started by the Government of India in 1984 when they established the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) to manage the LCA programme.
• It replaced the ageing Mig 21 fighter planes.
• Designed by: Aeronautical Development Agency under the Department of Defence Research and Development.
• Manufactured by: State-owned Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
Features:
• The lightest, smallest and tailless multi-role supersonic fighter aircraft in its class.
• Designed to carry a range of air-to-air, air-to-surface, precision-guided, weapons.
• Air to air refuelling capability.
• Maximum payload capacity of 4000 kg.
• It can attend the maximum speed of Mach 1.8.
• The range of the aircraft is 3,000km
Variants of Tejas:
• Tejas Trainer: 2-seater operational conversion trainer for training air force pilots.
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• LCA Navy: Twin- and single-seat carrier-capable for the Indian Navy.
• LCA Tejas Navy MK2: This is phase 2 of the LCA Navy variant.
• LCA Tejas Mk-1A: This is an improvement over the LCA Tejas Mk1 with a higher thrust engine.
LAC: Context : India-China talk disengagement, PLA beefs up on LAC with more missiles, rockets and howitzers.
Concept :
Line of Actual Control
• Demarcation Line: The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the demarcation that separates Indian- controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory.
LAC is different from the Line of Control (LoC) with Pakistan:
• The LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the United Nations (UN) after the Kashmir War.
• It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by the Director General of Military Operations (DGMO) of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.
• The LAC, in contrast, is only a concept – it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map nor demarcated on the ground.
• Length of the LAC: India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km.
Sectors Across the LAC:
• It is divided into three sectors: the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim (1346 km), the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh (545 km), and the western sector in Ladakh (1597 km).
• The alignment of the LAC in the eastern sector is along the 1914 McMahon Line.
• The McMohan line marked out previously unclaimed/undefined borders between Britain and Tibet.
• The middle sector is the least disputed sector, while the western sector witnesses the highest transgressions between the two sides.
Disagreements:
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• India's claim line is different from that of the LAC. It is the line seen in the official boundary marked on the maps as released by the Survey of India, including Aksai Chin (occupied by China).
• In China’s case, LAC corresponds mostly to its claim line, but in the eastern sector, it claims the entire Arunachal Pradesh as South Tibet.
• The claim lines come into question when a discussion on the final international boundaries takes place, and not when the conversation is about a working border i.e. LAC.
Line of Control (LOC): Context: India-Pakistan announced ceasefire agreement along LOC two days back and Pakistan PM has put onus on India to push the talks. Concept: The LoC emerged from the 1948 as “ceasefire line” negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War. It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement. The part that is under Indian control is known as the state of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. The Pakistani-controlled part is divided into Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan. The northernmost point of the Line of Control is known as NJ9842. LOC different from LAC: The LAC, in contrast, is only a concept between India and China’s border areas – it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map nor demarcated on the ground. The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese- controlled territory. It is divided into three sectors: the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, and the western sector in Ladakh. The alignment of the LAC in the eastern sector is along the 1914 McMahon Line, and there are minor disputes about the positions on the ground The line in the middle sector is the least controversial but for the precise alignment to be followed in the Barahoti plains. The major disagreements are in the western sector where the LAC emerged from two letters written by Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai to PM Jawaharlal Nehru in 1959, after he had first mentioned such a ‘line’ in 1956.
Synchronized Pangong disengagement: Context: After 9 months of military stand-off China announced synchronized troops disengagement along Pangong Tso in Eastern Ladakh. Concept: The conflict on border started at Pangong Tso in May 2020. Later on, with talks going on the clashes between military happened at Galwan valley which claimed dead soldiers on both sides. www.optimizeias.com
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Indian troops surprised the Chinese by occupying dominating heights on the south bank of Pangong Tso, and in the larger Chushul sub-sector. Since then, many rounds of talks at different levels took place. Indian troops positioned themselves on Gurung Hill, Magar Hill, Mukhpari, Rechin La and Rezang La. They also have direct view of China’s Moldo Garrison, and the strategic Spanggur Gap which can be used to launch offensives — as the Chinese did in 1962. India and China share a 3,488 km long boundary. Unfortunately, the entire boundary is disputed. The line, which delineates the boundary between the two countries, is popularly called the McMahon line, after its author Sir Henry McMahon. Post-1962 war, the boundary came to be known as Line of Actual Control (LAC). It is a military held line. Current announcement: This is based on Corps commander level talk on 24th January. There will be a phased withdrawal. Troops occupying heights will descend at a later stage. The disengagement, sources underlined, will happen “simultaneously” on the north and south banks of Pangong Tso. About Pangong Tso: Pangong Tso is an endorheic lake (landlocked) that is partly in India’s Ladakh region and partly in Tibet. Nearly two-thirds of the lake is controlled by China, with just about 45 km under Indian control. The LAC, running north-south, cuts the western part of the lake, aligned east-west. The lake’s water, while crystal clear, is brackish, making it undrinkable. The lake freezes during the winter, allowing some vehicular movement on it as well
Non-lapsable Defence and Internal Security Modernisation Fund: Context: The 15th Finance Commission (FC) recommended Non-lapsable Defence and Internal Security Modernisation Fund in its report to ensure continuity in fund support. Concept: The 15th FC has recommended ₹ 1.5 lakh crore be shifted from the Consolidated Fund of India over five years. The commission has suggested this to come from Gross revenue receipts and not Gross tax revenue, thus not impacting divisible pool of tax or cess, surcharge or defence tax. It is to fix mismatch between the procurement cycle and the financial allocations for defence on an annual basis. To provide stability on availability of resources for meeting capital expenditure for Defence and thus strengthening security. Apart from the Consolidate Fund it will be boosted by monetisation of idle assets of the defence ministry (It holds huge parcel of land and other assets)
Other focus areas of 15th FC: Focus of 15th FC has been on equity, need and efficiency as well as continuity and stability: Continuity of the 41% share (factoring in J&K’s change in status)
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New criteria of demographic management by assigning a 12.5% weightage, and if States still suffered, mitigation by a revenue deficit grant which covers many of the States like Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Telangana Percentages assigned to different weights at more or less what they were, with very marginal change by increasing the forest cover criteria Reprioritization of the expenditure pattern: Ex- Specific treatment of the resources to urban local bodies towards improving health infrastructure of primary health centers and district hospitals keeping threat of pandemic in mind Flexibility in fiscal deficit target: Fiscal deficit target for states saw one percentage point more — 4% instead of the 3% of GSDP, and an additional 0.5% for undertaking power sector reforms If any of the States have to undertake fresh borrowing on account of liabilities arising out of the GST compensation cess, that would be over and above the flexibility New fiscal consolidation plan, a new debt trajectory, formation of a new inter-governmental body to look into Central govt fiscal target with aim to achieve targets in medium term
Arjun Mark 1A : Context: On the eve of 2 years of Pulwama attack the PM dedicated the "Main Battle Tank Arjun Mark 1A" to the nation. Concept: It is an indigenously designed, developed and manufactured by CVRDE and DRDO along with 15 academic institutions, eight labs and several MSMEs. The biggest achievement with the latest version is 54.3 per cent indeginous content against the 41 per cent in the earlier model. The Mk-1A version has 14 major upgrades on the earlier version. It is also supposed to have missile firing capability as per the design, but this feature will be added later as final testing of the capability is still on. About the Arjun Main Battle Tank: It was initiated by DRDO in 1972 with the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) as its lead laboratory. It is a state-of-the-art tank with superior fire power, high mobility, and excellent protection. The CVRDE achieved breakthroughs in the engine, transmission, hydropneumatic suspension, hull and turret as well as the gun control system. Mass production began in 1996 at the Indian Ordnance Factory’s production facility in Avadi, Tamil Nadu. Features: It stands out for Fin Stabilised Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot (FSAPDS)’ ammunition and 120-mm calibre rifled gun. It has computer-controlled integrated fire control system with stabilised sighting that works in all lighting conditions. It also has two secondary weapons (machine gun) attached to it.
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Digital Intelligence Unit: Context: The central government will set up a digital intelligence unit (DIU) as a nodal agency to deal with complaints of unsolicited commercial communication (UCC) and cases of financial fraud, especially in the digital payments space. Concept: It will be a Nodal agency to coordinate between various agencies dealing with unsolicited commercial communication (UCC) and cases of financial fraud. For UCC (Unsolicited Commercial Communication) and financial fraud related complaints, time is of utmost essence and a quick time bound action will help in reducing such menace. The main function of DIU will be to coordinate with various Law enforcement Agencies, Financial Institutions and telecom service providers in investigating any fraudulent activity involving telecom resources. At License Service Area level, Telecom Analytics for Fraud Management and Consumer Protection (TAFCOP) system will also be created. It will promote the trust of people in the digital ecosystem and will make financial digital transactions primarily through mobile more secure and reliable, which will result in promotion of Digital India. A web/ mobile application and SMS based system will also be developed for effective handling of Unsolicited Commercial Communication (UCC) and also financial frauds being done through misuse of telecom resources.
Other Potential areas of disengagement Post-Pangong Tso disengagement between India-China: Context: The corps commander level talks on Saturday discussed pullback of troops from the friction points at Hot Springs, Gogra Post and Depsang Plains in Ladakh following completion of disengagement and restoration of status quo ante on the north and south banks of Pangong Tso. Concept: Currently the position of disengagement is: On the north bank of Pangong TSO, China has pulled its troops east of Finger 8 (which India says marks the LAC) and India is holding its position behind Finger 3 at the Dhan Singh Thapa post. After disengagement in Pangong TSO area the corps commander level sat for next round of disengagement at Moldo border point facing Chushul. It is a significant effort to diffuse 9-month long stand-off and differences. In Hot Springs and Gogra Post areas, Chinese and Indian troops are still in a faceoff, nine months after the military standoff began in May 2020 In the Depsang Plains Chinese troops have been blocking Indian soldiers at a place called the Bottleneck, preventing them from accessing their traditional patrolling points PP10, PP11, PP11A, PP12 and PP13. Depsang Plains is close to the strategic Indian base at Daulat Beg Oldie (historic trade route between Ladakh and Central Asia, It also has one of the world's highest airstrips), near the Karakoram Pass.
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Significant Social Media Intermediaries: Context: Under Intermediary guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code 2021 has defined talked of “Significant Social Media Intermediaries” who needs to have additional due diligence. Concept: Social media companies with more than 50 lakh registered users will be considered ‘significant social media intermediaries’ under the guidelines. About the guidelines for Significant Social Media Intermediaries Additional due diligence by these, such as appointment of a chief compliance officer, a grievance and a resident grievance officer and a nodal person for round-the-clock co- ordination with law enforcement agencies The name and details of the grievance officer will have to be published on the website or the app as may be needed, the chief compliance officer, the resident grievance officer and the nodal person for co-ordination with law enforcement agencies will have to operate out of offices situated in India. These have to publish a monthly compliance report in which it will have to furnish details of the number of complaints it received during the month, number of links or content that it took down during the period, the action taken on the complaints received and whether it had proactively taken down any content that was illegal or unlawful The instant messaging platforms like WhatsApp has additional task of mandatorily identifying the “first originator of the information” if such an order is passed by a court of competent jurisdiction or by a government order passed under section 69 of the Information Technology (IT) Act (limited only for the purposes of “prevention, detection, investigation, prosecution or punishment of an offence related to the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, or public order). First originator tracking could also be done to prevent, detect, investigate or prosecute any messages in relation to “rape, sexually explicit material or child sexual abuse m
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
INTENATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: Context: The International Criminal Court convicted victim-turned-perpetrator Dominic Ongwen of war crimes committed during two decades of insurgency in northern Uganda.
Concept:
• The International Criminal Court (ICC), located in The Hague, is the court of last resort for prosecution of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
• It is the first permanent, treaty based, international criminal court established to help end impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community.
• Its founding treaty, the Rome Statute, entered into force on July 1, 2002.
• Funding: Although the Court’s expenses are funded primarily by States Parties, it also receives voluntary contributions from governments, international organisations, individuals, corporations and other entities.
Composition and voting power:
• The Court’s management oversight and legislative body, the Assembly of States Parties, consists of one representative from each state party.
• Each state party has one vote and “every effort” has to be made to reach decisions by consensus. If consensus cannot be reached, decisions are made by vote.
• The Assembly is presided over by a president and two vice-presidents, who are elected by the members to three-year terms.
Criticisms:
• It does not have the capacity to arrest suspects and depends on member states for their cooperation.
• Critics of the Court argue that there are insufficient checks and balances on the authority of the ICC prosecutor and judges and insufficient protection against politicized prosecutions or other abuses.
• The ICC has been accused of bias and as being a tool of Western imperialism,only punishing leaders from small, weak states while ignoring crimes committed by richer and more powerful states.
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• ICC cannot mount successful cases without state cooperationis problematic for several reasons. It means that the ICC acts inconsistently in its selection of cases, is prevented from taking on hard cases and loses legitimacy.
TRIPS COUNCIL:
Context : India and South Africa to make it's last ditch attempt for TRIPS waiver for COVID Vaccines.
Concept :
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Council)
• It monitors implementation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement).
• It is open to all WTO members and observers.
• It provides a forum in which WTO Members can consult on intellectual property matters, and carries out the specific responsibilities assigned to the Council in the TRIPS Agreement.
• The TRIPS Agreement:
• sets the minimum standards of protection for copyrights and related rights, trademarks, geographical indications (GIs), industrial designs, patents, integrated circuit layout designs, and undisclosed information.
• establishes minimum standards for the enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRs) through civil actions for infringement, actions at the border,
• and at least in regard to copyright piracy and trademark counterfeiting, in criminal actions.
UNHRC: Context : The US announced plans Monday to re-engage with the United Nations human rights council (UNHRC), from which Donald Trump withdrew almost three years ago, as the Biden administration reverses another move away from multilateral organizations and agreements.
Concept :
• The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world.
• The UNHRC has 47 members elected for staggered three-year terms on a regional group basis from 5 groups.
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• To become a member, a country must receive the votes of at least 96 of the 191 states of the UN General Assembly (an absolute majority).
• The members are elected for a period of three years, with a maximum of two consecutive terms.
• In electing Council members, the resolution provides that General Assembly members “shall take into account the candidates’ contribution to the promotion and protection of human rights and their voluntary pledges and commitments made thereto.”
• The UNHRC holds regular sessions three times a year, in March, June, and September.
Universal Periodic Review:
• The Universal periodic review (UPR) mechanism reviews all 192 UN member states every four years to "ensure universality of coverage and equal treatment of all Member States."
Special Procedure :
• The special procedures of the Human Rights Council are independent human rights experts with mandates to report and advise on human rights from a thematic or country-specific perspective.
• The system of Special Procedures is a central element of the United Nations human rights machinery and covers all human rights: civil, cultural, economic, political, and social.
Special Rapporteur:
• The titles Special Rapporteur, Independent Expert, and Working Group Member are given to individuals working on behalf of the United Nations (UN) within the scope of "special procedure" mechanisms.
Iran, IAEA reach deal on inspections: Context: Diplomatic negotiations reached a fruitful outcome with the IAEA announcing a temporary deal for inspection of nuclear facilities in Iran. Concept: It is a 3-month arrangement for inspection of Iranian facilities. However, it will not have same access as before after a law comes into force in Iran. This is significant amidst recent USA withdrawal from Iran Nuclear deal. However, Iran will temporarily suspend so-called “voluntary transparency measures” (inspections of non-nuclear sites, including military sites suspected of nuclear-related activity). About IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - Optimize IAS
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GOVERNMENT SCHEMES
GOBARDHAN SCHEME: Context: The Jal Shakti Ministry launched a unified portal on the 'Gobardhan' scheme, an initiative aimed at managing cattle and biodegradable waste and also help enhance farmers' income.
Concept:
Galvanising Organic Bio-Agro Resources-Dhan (GOBAR-Dhan)
• Under this scheme Cattle dung, kitchen waste and agricultural waste can be tapped to create biogas-based energy
• The objectives of this initiative is to make villages clean and to generate wealth and energy from cattle and other waste.
• The Gobardhan scheme is being pursued as a priority programme under the Swachch Bharat Mission Grameen-Phase 2.
• It is implemented by Jal Shakthi Ministry.
• The GOBAR-Dhan initiative is expected to create opportunities to convert cattle dung and other organic waste to compost, biogas and even larger scale bio-CNG units.
• This programme, expected to be launched in April, aims at the collection and aggregation of cattle dung and solid waste across clusters of villages for sale to entrepreneurs to produce organic manure, biogas/bio-CNG.
ATAL BIMIT VYAKTI KALYAN YOJANA: Concept:
• Atal BimitVyaktiKalyanYojana was introduced w.e.f. 1st July 2018.
• Under it, unemployment benefit is paid to the workers covered under the Employees' State Insurance (ESI) scheme.
• The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) has extended the Atal BimitVyaktiKalyanYojana by one year to 30th June 2021.
• Unemployment benefit is paid in the form of cash compensation upto 90 days, once in a lifetime, to be claimed after three months (90 days) in one or more spells for being rendered unemployed.
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• The employee should have completed two years of insurable employment and has contributed not less than 78 days in each of the four consecutive contribution periods immediately preceding to the claim of the relief.
• The benefit does not exceed 25% of the average earning per day.
ODOP SCHEME: Context: To support the production of horticultural items under the “One District One Product (ODOP)” scheme and provide better nutrition to school children, the Uttar Pradesh government may introduce orange-fleshed sweet potatoes, in mid-day meal scheme in primary schools.
Concept:
One District One Product
• Firstly , the UP government has launched the One District One Product (ODOP) programme which aims to create product-specific traditional industrial hubs across 75 districts of UP.
• This is going to provide an impetus to the traditional industries across respective districts in the state. The Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi has also praised the ODOP programme describing it as “An extension of Make in India”.
• Ministry of Commerce and Industry is now working on an institutional mechanism to promote the ODOP scheme across India.
ODOP Objectives
• The objective is to convert each district of the country into an export hub by identifying products with export potential in the district.
• Preserve and develop local crafts and promote traditional art
• Increase incomes and local employment which will in turn result in decline in migration for employment
• Improve product quality and develop local skills
• Transform local products in an artistic way through packaging, branding
• Connect production with tourism through live demos and sales outlets for gifts and souvenirs
• Resolve issues of economic difference and regional imbalance
Financial Assistance under ODOP
• The ODOP programme provides aid in the form of following major schemes:
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• Common Facility Centre (CFC) Scheme –Under this scheme, financial assistance of up to 90% of the project cost of a CFC would be provided by the state government.
• Marketing Development Assistance Scheme – Under this scheme, financial assistance will be provided to participants of national and international fairs/ exhibitions for display and sale of their products selected under ODOP programme.
• Finance Assistance Scheme (Margin Money Scheme) – Under this scheme, a certain margin of the project cost will be paid to the applicants in the form of subsidy to setup the project.
• Skill Development Scheme – Under this scheme, skilled artisans will be trained through RPL (Recognition of Prior Learning) and will be certified through relevant Sector Skill Councils (SSCs) while the unskilled artisans will be provided a 10-day training and an advanced toolkit which will be free of cost
PM MATRU VANDANA YOJANA: Context: The government’s maternity benefit scheme, or Pradhan MantriMatruVandanaYojana, has crossed 1.75 crore eligible women till financial year 2020, the Centre informed Parliament on Thursday.
Concept:
• Pradhan MantriMatruVandanaYojana (PMMVY) is a maternity benefit programme being implemented in all districts of the country with effect from 1st January, 2017.
• It is a centrally sponsored scheme being executed by the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
• Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme: Cash benefits are provided to pregnant women in their bank account directly to meet enhanced nutritional needs and partially compensate for wage loss.
Target Beneficiaries:
• All Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers (PW&LM), excluding those who are in regular employment with the Central Government or the State Governments or PSUs or those who are in receipt of similar benefits under any law for the time being in force.
• All eligible Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers who have their pregnancy on or after 1st January 2017 for the first child in the family.
Benefits under the Scheme:
Beneficiaries receive a cash benefit of Rs. 5,000 in three installments on fulfilling the following conditions:
Early registration of pregnancy
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Ante-natal check-up
Registration of the birth of the child and completion of first cycle of vaccination for the first living child of the family.
• The eligible beneficiaries also receive cash incentive under Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY). Thus, on an average, a woman gets Rs. 6,000.
• Distinctive Feature: Implementation of the scheme is closely monitored by the central and state governments through the Pradhan MantriMatruVandanaYojana - Common Application Software (PMMVY-CAS).
• PMMVY-CAS is a web based software application that enables tracking the status of each beneficiary under the scheme, resulting in expedited, accountable and better grievance redressal.
PM FASAL BHIMA YOJANA:
Context : The number of farmers’ crop insurance claims that were rejected by insurance companies under the Centre’s flagship Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) multiplied 10 times in just two years.
Concept :
• Launched in April, 2016, after rolling back the earlier insurance schemes viz. National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS), Weather-based Crop Insurance scheme and Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS).
• Premium: It envisages a uniform premium of only 2% to be paid by farmers for Kharif crops, and 1.5% for Rabi crops. The premium for annual commercial and horticultural crops will be 5%.
• The scheme was conceived as a milestone initiative to provide a comprehensive risk solution at the lowest uniform premium across the country for farmers.
• Premium cost over and above the farmer share is equally subsidized by States and GoI.
• However, GoI shares 90% of the premium subsidy for the North Eastern States to promote the uptake in the region.
Coverage of Risks and Exclusions:
• Following stages of the crop and risks leading to crop loss are covered under the scheme.
• Prevented Sowing/ Planting Risk: The insured area is prevented from sowing/ planting due to deficit rainfall or adverse seasonal conditions
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• Standing Crop (Sowing to Harvesting): Comprehensive risk insurance is provided to cover yield losses due to non-preventable risks, viz. Drought, Dry spells, Flood, Inundation, Pests and Diseases, Landslides, Natural Fire and Lightening, Storm, Hailstorm, Cyclone, Typhoon, Tempest, Hurricane and Tornado.
• Post-Harvest Losses: Coverage is available only up to a maximum period of two weeks from harvesting for those crops which are allowed to dry in cut and spread condition in the field after harvesting against specific perils of a cyclone and cyclonic rains and unseasonal rains.
• Localized Calamities: Loss/ damage resulting from the occurrence of identified localized risks of hailstorm, landslide, and Inundation affecting isolated farms in the notified area.
ASEEM PORTAL: Concept:
• Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) has launched ‘Aatamanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM)’ portal to help skilled people find sustainable livelihood opportunities.
• The Portal is expected to improve the information flow and bridge the demand-supply gap in the skilled workforce market.
• Developed and Managed By: National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) in collaboration with Bengaluru-based company ‘Betterplace’.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Based Platform:
• It will provide real-time data analytics about the demand and supply patterns including - industry requirements, skill gap analysis, demand per district/ state/cluster, key workforce suppliers, key consumers, migration patterns and multiple potential career prospects for candidates.
• It will enable policymakers to take a more objective view of various sectors in the economy.
• Driven by Prime Minister’s assertion of ‘India as a talent powerhouse’ at the India Global Week 2020 Summit, it will further re-engineer the vocational training landscape in the country ensuring a skilling, up-skilling and reskilling in a more organised set up.
UNNATI: Context : The group, that includes members from each of the ministries, held its first meeting in late December and is considering a blueprint on a ‘United Platform for Skill Development and Employment Ecosystem’.
Concept:
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• A working group under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology is creating the umbrella portal, to be called Unnati.
• Unnati will bring on one platform skills training, loans, job matching, e-counselling, jobs demands data, and financing, along with a skills locker for education, experience and training records.
• A mobile application of Unnati is already available in beta phase on Apple and Google play stores in seven languages.
• It has questions regarding the education level, skills, experience and preferred industry of an applicant, with jobs such as BPO, delivery associate and plumber listed, and offers options for a video resume.
• The working group and NITI Aayog are considering integration of Aatmanirbhar Skilled Employee Employer Mapping (ASEEM), a National Skills Development Corporation (NSDC) project, and the Labour Ministry’s National Career Service portal and its National Database of Unorganised Workers that is under development.
PM URJA GANGA PROJECT: Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi dedicated to the nation several infrastructure projects in the oil and gas sector in Haldia, including the ambitious 348-km Dobhi-Durgapur natural gas pipeline built by government-owned GAIL.
Concept:
• The 348-kilometer pipeline from Dobhi in Bihar to Durgapur in West Bengal is part of the Pradhan MantriUrja Ganga project to take environment-friendly natural gas to India's eastern parts which hereto was left untouched by the benefits of gas-based economy..
About the Pradhan MantriUrja Ganga Project:
• It is a gas pipeline project that aims to provide cooking gas to people.
• It was launched in 2016 in Varanasi and later extended to people in the states of Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha and Jharkhand.
• The government is taking the initiative to connect the eastern states with the national gas grid.
• The total length of the pipeline under the Pradhan MantriUrja Ganga Project is approximately 3,384 km, out of which 766 km of pipeline is in Odisha state and the balance 2,618 km is in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal & Assam.
• The project will not just supply CNG to automobiles and cooking gas to household kitchens in cities along the route, but also to industries to meet their feedstock or fuel requirement.
• The project is being implemented by GAIL.
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KISAN RAIL SCHEME: Context :The South Central Railway started the first ‘Kisan Rail’ service from Telangana on Monday.
Concept :
• The train will transport 230 tonne of dry turmeric in 10 parcel vans from the Warangal station to the Barasat station of Sealdah division (West Bengal).
• The move is aimed at assisting farmers to sell their produce at better prices, a release said.
About Kisan Rail Scheme
• These special seasonal trains identified by the government for farmers to send fresh fruits, vegetables and other perishable goods to buyers across India.
• Rail and Agriculture ministries are working to institutionalise these “corridors”, or dedicated routes, to make them season-specific to a fruit or vegetable. The plans also include carrying fish and meat in refrigerated containers at some point in the future.
• Kisan Rail shall be trains with multi commodities, multi-consignors and multi consignees. These trains shall run between fixed Origin–Destination pairs with en-route stoppages, and loading/ unloading shall be permitted at any of the en-route stoppage.
• The Origin–Destination pairs, routes, stoppages, and frequency of the train shall be decided jointly by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare and Ministry of Railways.
Ujjwala Scheme: Context: The retirement of J&K MPs saw praise for Ujjawala scheme in the J&K. Concept: Addition of 10 million beneficiaries during the year to the government’s flagship scheme was announced during the budget 2021-22. As on January 31, about 83 million LPG connections have been given under the scheme, which has helped the government increase the all-India LPG coverage to 99.5 per cent. The scheme is significant as its database is being used to promote DBT in other schemes as well. Under the Pradhan MantriGaribKalyan package during the pandemic, free LPG cylinders were given to all Ujjwala scheme beneficiaries for three months. About Ujjwala scheme: It envisages the distribution of 50 million LPG connections to women below the poverty line and was launched in 2016, which was later increased to 8 crores by 2019 (Achieved). Under it a deposit-free LPG connection is given to eligible beneficiaries with financial assistance of Rs 1,600 per connection by the Centre. It is a scheme of Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. It aims at: Empowering women and protecting their health by reducing serious health hazards associated with cooking based on fossil fuel. www.optimizeias.com
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Reducing the number of deaths in India due to unclean cooking fuel. Preventing young children from significant number of acute respiratory illnesses caused due to indoor air pollution by burning the fossil fuel.
Affordable Rental Housing Complexes scheme (ARHCs): Context: ARHCs are seen as part of Atma Nirbhar Bharat and seeks to create a sustainable ecosystem of affordable rental housing solutions for urban migrants/ poor. Concept: It is a sub-scheme under Pradhan MantriAwasYojana - Urban (PMAY-U) and is under Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. It will be implemented by Public/Private bodies either by converting the existing Government funded vacant complexes into ARHCs or by constructing, operating and maintaining ARHCs on their own available vacant land. It envisages to create a conducive ecosystem for Public/ Private Entities through policy incentives which will leverage investment for creating affordable rental housing stock. Beneficiaries for ARHCs will be from Economically Weaker Section (EWS)/ Low Income Group (LIG) who are urban migrants/poor. They include labour, urban poor (street vendors, rickshaw pullers, other service providers etc.), industrial workers and migrants working with market/ trade associations, educational/ health institutions, hospitality sector, long term tourists/ visitors, students or any other persons of such category. Following incentives/ benefits have been proposed by Government of India and State/UT Governments: Exemption of Income Tax on any profits and gains derived from operation of ARHCs on similar lines as that of ‘Affordable Housing’ under section 80-IBA of Income Tax Act, 1961; Exemption of GST on any profits and gains derived from operation of ARHCs. Project finance/loan at lower interest rate through concessional window under Affordable Housing Fund (AHF) by Housing Finance Companies (HFCs) and Priority Sector Lending (PSL) by Commercials Banks; Provision of “Use Permission” changes for houses on vacant land, if needed; 50% additional Floor Area Ratio (FAR)/ Floor Space Index (FSI) free of cost; Single window approval of design/ drawings and other statutory approvals within 30 days; Necessary trunk infrastructure facilities like road, sanitation services, water, sewerage/septage, drainage, electricity etc. up to the project site without any additional cost to Entity; Municipal services such as water supply, electricity, house/ property tax, sewerage/ septage charge etc. for operation of ARHCs will be levied at par with residential projects; and Additional grant in the form of Technology Innovation Grant (TIG) is provisioned by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) for using innovative, sustainable, green and disaster-resilient technologies as well as building materials for cost effective, faster and quality construction of ARHCs. TIG of Rs. 60,000/- per house (Single Bedroom), Rs. 1,00,000/- (Double Bedroom) and Rs. 20,000/-per Dormitory Bed will be provided as per Scheme Guidelines.
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SVAMITVA: Context: The Punjab govt Friday lead the way for villagers residing throughout the “lal lakir” (the a part of the habitation used most commonly for non-agricultural functions) to get their belongings registered with the earnings division. Concept: It will help vilagers monetise it or avail advantages from banks. The state govt is doing it under the SVAMITVA scheme.
About scheme It is a new initiative under the new initiative of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj. It seeks socio-economic empowerment of the rural mass and making them self-reliant, a Central Sector Scheme, “Survey of Villages and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas’ was launched by the Prime Minister on 24th April 2020. The scheme aims to provide the ‘record of rights’ to village household owners possessing houses in inhabited rural areas in villages and issuance of property cards to the property owners The scheme is for surveying the land parcels in rural inhabited area using Drone technology. Objectives of scheme are: 1. To bring financial stability to the citizens in rural India by enabling them to use their property as a financial asset for taking loans and other financial benefits. 2. Creation of accurate land records for rural planning. 3. Determination of property tax, which would accrue to the GPs directly in States where it is devolved or else, add to the State exchequer. 4. Creation of survey infrastructure and GIS maps that can be leveraged by any department for their use. 5. To support in preparation of better-quality Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP) by making use of GIS maps. 6. To reduce property related disputes and legal cases
Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog (RKA): Context: RKA postponed the Cow Science exam after its chairman resigned yesterday. Concept: It was formed for conservation, protection and development of cows and their progeny by organizing animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines in 2019. It falls under the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying). it will function as an integral part of Rashtriya Gokul mission. It also includes development and conservation of indigenous breeds. This focus will help increased growth of livestock sector which is more inclusive, benefitting women, and small and marginal farmers. It will work in collaboration with Veterinary, Animal Sciences or Agriculture University or departments or organizations of the Central/State Government engaged in the task of research in the field of breeding and rearing of cow, organic manure, biogas etc.
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Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF):
Context: The secretary Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries talked of potential social, economic and nutritional benefit investment in animal husbandry can bring from funds like AHIDF can ensure. Concept: Last year as part of Atma Nirbhar Bharat package announcement was made for setting up of Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF) worth Rs. 15000 crores. The AHIDF has been set up with an outlay of ₹15,000 crore. As per the provisions of AHIDF, a project will be eligible for a loan amount that covers up to 90% of the estimated cost – with an interest subvention of 3% for all eligible entities. Applicants can submit the proposal with a complete Detailed Project Report through the Udyami Mitra Portal. It will benefit FPOs, MSMEs, ection 8 companies, Private Companies and individual entrepreneur with minimum 10% margin money contribution by them The loan from fund will have 2 years moratorium period for principal loan amount and 6 years repayment period thereafter Objectives of the fund: Infrastructure for dairy. Meat processing and Value addition infrastructure and Establishment of animal feed plant in the private sector
PM SVANIDHI scheme (Pradhan Mantri Street Vendor’s AtmanirbharNidhi): Context: Focus on the schemes come as the Centre has alerted banks about slowdown in loans to the street vendors. Concept: It is a special micro-credit facility scheme for providing affordable loan to street vendors. The scheme is aimed at daily wage workers (mostly migrant workers) to resume their livelihoods that have been adversely affected due to COVID-19 lockdown. Under the scheme, each of these streets’ vendors will be given collateral free loan of Rs 10,000, which they can return as monthly installments within a year. Those who repay their loans on time will get 7 percent annual interest as subsidy which will be transferred in their bank accounts. There is no provision for penalty. The street vendors belonging to the surrounding peri-urban or rural areas are being included as beneficiaries under the urban livelihoods programme for the first time. According to the ministry data there are around 42.7 lakh street vendors in country (except West Bengal), out of which 37 lakh application was received under the scheme and 20 lakh applications have been sanctioned. The lending institutions under the Scheme include Scheduled Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks, Small Finance Banks, Cooperative Banks, NBFCs, Micro Finance institutions and Self-Help Group banks.
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Intensified Mission Indradhanush 3.0: Context: The states and UT rolled out Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 scheme to cover children and pregnant women who missed routine immunisation during the COVID-19 pandemic Concept: On the first day 29,000 children and 5,000 pregnant women were covered as per health ministry in the first phase rolled out on 22nd February. About IMI 3.0 To reach those children and pregnant women who have been missed out or been left out of the Routine Immunisation Programme. It is to accelerate the full immunisation of children and pregnant women through a mission mode intervention. It will have two phases of 15 days each. It will be conducted on priority in 250 preidentified districts/urban areas across 29 States/UTs (the districts have been classified to reflect 313 low risk, 152 medium risk and 250 high risk districts). Beneficiary from migration areas and remote areas are primary target as they mostly missed vaccination. COVID-appropriate behaviour (CAB) during immunisation activities (social distancing, mask and other safety protocols like staggered approach of conducting sessions) has been made part of strategy.
Khelo India: Context: The second edition of Khelo India Winter Games saw a grand launch on Friday in Gulmarg, Jammu & Kashmir. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who inaugurated the sports meet virtually, delivered the inaugural address of the Games and said that this is a major step towards making Jammu and Kashmir a major hub with India's effective presence in the Winter Games. Concept:
One KISCE will be identified in each state and union territory, with an effort to create a robust sporting ecosystem in the entire country. In first phase, ministry has identified state-owned sports facilities in eight states which will be upgraded into Khelo India State Centre of Excellence (KISCE). In order to upgrade the existing centre to the KISCE, the central government will extend a ‘Viability Gap Funding’ in sports science and technology support for sports disciplines practiced at the centre and also bridge the gaps in requirement of sports equipment, expert coaches and high performance managers. The state and UT will run the centre and build capacity to turn it into the world-class sporting facility, and will be responsible for all aspects of management of the centre including, boarding, lodging and maintenance, while funds for critical gaps such as expert coaches, support staff, equipment, infrastructure will be extended through the Khelo India Scheme.
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National Health mission: Context: The Centre talked to state officials of National Health Mission and appraise them of private centers involved in vaccination in 2nd phase can charge Rs 250 per person per dose. Concept: 10000 private hospitals under Ayushman Bharat and 687 private hospitals under Central Government Health Scheme (CGMS) will also act as Covid Vaccination Centre (CVC). About NHM: National Health Mission (NHM) – a flagship programme of the Ministry of health and family welfare with its two Sub-Missions, National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and National Urban Health Mission (NUHM), supports States /UTs to strengthen their health care systems so as to provide universal access to equitable, affordable and quality health care services. The schemes launched under NHM are available free of cost to all income groups visiting in Public Health Facilities at sub district and district level. Support under NHM to States/UTs includes provision of a host of free services such as maternal health, child health, adolescent health, family planning, universal immunisation programme, and for major diseases such as Tuberculosis, HIV/ AIDS, vector borne diseases like Malaria, Dengue and Kala Azar, Leprosy etc. Within the broad national parameters and priorities, states would have the flexibility to plan and implement state specific action plans. Various programmes under NHM is run under following heads: 1. Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, Child and Adolescent health 2. National Nutritional Programmes 3. Controlling communicable Diseases 4. Addressing non-communicable diseases Other initiatives include Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) (under which free drugs, free diagnostics, free blood and diet, free transport from home to institution, between facilities in case of a referral and drop back home is provided), Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) (which provides newborn and child health screening and early interventions services free of cost for birth defects, diseases, deficiencies and developmental delays to improve the quality of survival), implementation of Free Drugs and Free Diagnostics Service Initiatives and PM National Dialysis Programme. Mobile Medical Units (MMUs) & Telemedicine are also being implemented with NHM support to improve healthcare access particularly in rural areas. Six financing components of NHM 1. NRHM-RCH Flexipool 2. NUHM Flexipool, 3. Flexible pool for Communicable disease, 4. Flexible pool for Non-communicable disease including Injury and Trauma, 5. Infrastructure Maintenance and 6. Family Welfare Central Sector component
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NFSA (National Food Security Act): Context: NITI AAYOG, the government think tank, has recommended reducing the rural and urban coverage under the National Food Security Act, 2013, to 60 per cent and 40 per cent, respectively, which it estimates, can result in annual savings of up to Rs 47,229 crore. Concept: The National Rural-Urban Coverage Ratio has been fixed under Section 3(2) of the NFSA, 2013 as 75 % of rural population and up to 50% of the urban populations. Past decade growth and development as well as the scope provided by the Act for reduction and the amount of savings Government can have on part of food subsidy which can further be utilised in other important areas of concern such as health and education the Niti paper recommended it. It recommends to reduce the National Rural-Urban Coverage Ratio under NFSA to 60-40 from 75-50 while updating the population level to the present level (based on population estimates) as it is currently based on census 2011. Earlier the Shanta Kumar committee report had recommended reducing the coverage ratio from 67 per cent of population to 40 percent. About NFSA, 2013 To provide for food and nutritional security in the human life cycle approach through access to adequate quantities of quality food at affordable prices to people to live a life with dignity. Based on the rural and urban coverage ratio, the erstwhile Planning Commission had determined the state-wise coverage ratio using the National Sample Survey Household Consumption Expenditure coverage under food security law Survey data for 2011-12. The coverage ratio has not been revised since the law came into effect on July 5, 2013. National Food Security Act, 2013 covers up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population under under Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and priority households who receives subsidized foodgrains under Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS). Provisions: The existing AAY household will continue to receive 35 Kgs of foodgrains per household per month. 5 Kgs of food grains per person per month at Rs. 3/2/1 per Kg for rice/wheat/coarse grains. Meal and maternity benefit of not less than Rs. 6,000 to pregnant women and lactating mothers during pregnancy and six months after the child birth, Meals to children up to 14 years of age. Food security allowance to beneficiaries in case of non-supply of entitled food grains or meals. Setting up of grievance redressal mechanisms at the district and state level.
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CURRENT EVENTS
MATUA COMMUNITY: Context: For years, the Matuas were demanding an amendment to the Citizenship Act of 2003, whose provisions made it difficult for refugees to get citizenship. The proposed National Register of Citizens (NRC) only added to their insecurity. Concept: • Matuas are Namasudras, a Scheduled Caste group who trace their ancestry to East Bengal.
• Many of them entered West Bengal after Partition and after the formation of Bangladesh.
• Today, Matuas constitute the second largest SC population of West Bengal. Mostly concentrated in North and South 24-Parganas, they also have a presence in other border districts such as Nadia, Howrah, Cooch Behar, and Malda
• While no official count is available, community leaders put their population at 3 crore.
Background: • The Matua Mahasangha, is a religious reforms movement and a sect which was formed by Harichand Thakur in East Bengal in the mid-1800s.
• Thakur attained atmadarshan at an early age and would subsequently preach his Darshan in Twelve Commandments.
• The teachings of Thakur establish education as pre-eminently important for the adherent and upliftment of the population, while also providing a formula for ending social conflict.
• Matua-mahasangha believe in Self-Dikshitisation (“SelfRealisation”). Therefore, anyone who has faith in the Darshan or Philosophy of God Harichand belongs to the Matuamahasanhga.
• Harichand’s grandson P R Thakur established West Bengal’s Thakurnagar as headquarters of the sect after 1947.
LINGAYAT SECT: Context: Lingayat sub-sect pushes for 15% quota, Karnataka CM faces heat.
Concept:
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• The VeerashaivaLingayat community who make up 17 per cent of the state population is currently provided five per cent reservation on the whole under the 3B category of backward classes.
Lingayats
• The term Lingayat denotes a person who wears a personal linga, an iconic form of god Shiva, on the body which is received during the initiation ceremony.
• Lingayats are the followers of the 12th-century social reformer-philosopher poet, Basaveshwara.
• The Lingayats are strict monotheists. They enjoin the worship of only one God, namely, Linga (Shiva).
• The word ‘Linga’ does not mean Linga established in temples, but universal consciousness qualified by the universal energy (Shakti).
• Lingayats had been classified as a Hindu subcaste called “Veerashaiva Lingayats” and they are considered to be Shaivites.
Basaveshwara
• Basavanna was a 12th-century philosopher, statesman, Kannada poet and a social reformer during the reign of the Kalachuri-dynasty king Bijjala I in Karnataka, India.
• Basavanna spread social awareness through his poetry, popularly known as Vachanaas. Basavanna rejected gender or social discrimination, superstitions and rituals.
• He introduced new public institutions such as theAnubhavaMantapa(or, the “hall of spiritual experience”), which welcomed men and women from all socio-economic backgrounds to discuss spiritual and mundane questions of life, in open.
• As a leader, he developed and inspired a new devotional movement named Virashaivas, or “ardent, heroic worshippers of Shiva”.
• This movement shared its roots in the Tamil Bhakti movement, particularly the Shaiva Nayanars traditions, over the 7th- to 11th-century.
EMERGENCY USE APPROVAL: Context : An expert body under India’s apex drug regulator has recommended against granting approval to Pfizer’s Covid vaccine under emergency circumstances, prompting the American drug giant to withdraw its request.
Concept :
Emergency Use Approval
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• There is nothing such as emergency use approval in Indian rules, however the 2019 rules provide for “Accelerated Approval Process” in several situations that would include the one like the current pandemic.
• In such situations, there is a provision for granting approval to a drug that is still in clinical trials provided the product is of meaningful therapeutic benefit.
• Accelerated approval may also be granted to a new drug if it is intended for the treatment of a serious, or life-threatening condition, or disease of special relevance to the country, and addresses unmet medical needs.
• A new drug, or a vaccine, can be considered for approval if remarkable effectiveness is reported even from phase-II trials.
• In such cases, additional post licensure studies may be required.
• The approval granted to drugs or vaccines that are still in clinical trials is temporary, and valid only for one year.
Pfizer Vaccine :
• BNT162b2 is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by BioNTech and Pfizer and given by intramuscular injection.
• It is an RNA vaccine composed of nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding a mutated form of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, and is encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles.
TRANSFAT: Context : The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has amended its rules to cap trans-fatty acids (TFAs) in food products, just weeks after it tightened the norms for oils and fats.
Concept:
• Food products in which edible oils and fats are used as an ingredient shall not contain industrial trans-fatty acids more than 2% by mass of the total oils/fats present in the product, on and from 1st January, 2022,” said the revised regulations made public.
• The 2% cap is considered to be elimination of trans-fatty acids, which we will achieve by 2022. We will be reaching this goal a year sooner than the WHO deadline,” FSSAI CEO ArunSinghal told.
Trans fatty acids
• Trans fatty acids (TFAs) or Trans fats are the most harmful type of fats which can have much more adverse effects on our body than any other dietary constituent.
• These fats are largely produced artificially but a small amount also occurs naturally. Thus in our diet, these may be present as Artificial TFAs and/ or Natural TFAs. www.optimizeias.com
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• Artificial TFAs are formed when hydrogen is made to react with the oil to produce fats resembling pure ghee/butter.
• In our diet the major sources of artificial TFAs are the partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO)/ vanaspati / margarine while the natural TFAs are present in meats and dairy products, though in small amounts.
• WHO recommendation: Limited to less than 1% of total energy intake.
• WHO had called for a global elimination of industrially produced TFAs by 2023. It brought a step-by-step guide called ‘REPLACE’ to help countries frame policies.
Harmful effects:
• TFAs pose a higher risk of heart disease than saturated fats. While saturated fats raise total cholesterol levels, TFAs not only raise total cholesterol levels but also reduce the good cholesterol (HDL), which helps to protect us against heart disease.
• Trans fats consumption increases the risk of developing heart disease and stroke.
• It is also associated with a higher risk of developing obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, infertility, certain types of cancers and can also lead to compromised fetal development causing harm to the yet to be born baby.
Rajasthan Model of Public Health: Context: Rajasthan has taken steps toward the universal health by which a Right to health bill will be brought and state will seek to provide universal preventive care, primary care and curative care. Concept: Aim is to guarantee quality healthcare to all citizens, without any “catastrophic” out of pocket financial burden on them Allocation of Rs 3,500 crore in the upcoming financial year as part of measures to reinforce health infrastructure in the state. The standards of health provisioning will be as per WTO set standards. A right to health bill will be brought. Emphasis in bill be on rights of patients, especially their consent, and of service providers Every family will get a Rs 5 lakh health cover. Ensuring primary healthcare services within three kilometres or 30 minutes walking distance to each citizen, primary care within 12 kilometres. A mechanism for grievance redressal within the healthcare services at every block and district level, hoping to adopt a congenial approach through Swasthya Jan Sunwai.
World’s largest cricket arena: Context: The 130000-capacity stadium at Motera, Ahmedabad (Gujrat) was inaugurated by the President. Concept:
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It will be part of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Sports enclave. Earlier named Sardar Patel stadium or Motera stadium, it was renovated and renamed as Narendra Modi stadium yesterday.
Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and Pygmalian effect: Context: Various concerns have been raised against the Corruption Perception Index which is not seen as an objective, region-specific dataset, rather it is a perception-based index. Concept: India’s rank slipped to 86th in corruption perception index 2020 out of 180 countries. About Corruption Perception Index First launched in 1995 by the Transparency International, the Index has been widely credited with putting the issue of corruption on the international policy agenda. Transparency International is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation dedicated to fighting corruption. It was founded in 1993 and is based in Berlin, Germany. The index, which ranks 180 countries and territories by their perceived levels of public sector corruption according to experts and business people, uses a scale of 0 to 100, where 0 is highly corrupt and 100 is very clean. About Pygmalian effect: The Pygmalion effect is a psychological phenomenon wherein high expectations lead to improved performance in a given area. Its name comes from the story of Pygmalion, a mythical Greek sculptor. Pygmalion carved a statue of a woman and then became enamored with it. Unable to love a human, Pygmalion appealed to Aphrodite, the goddess of love. She took pity and brought the statue to life. The couple married and went on to have a daughter, Paphos.
Who controls Airspace:
Context: Recently India allowed Pakistan PM use of its airspace in his trip to Sri Lanka which is part of softening relations slowly due to back channel diplomacy. Concept: Every State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory (Article 1 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation). Territory of any state includes 12 nautical miles of territorial waters off the coastline. Airspace beyond any country’s territorial limit is considered as ‘International Airspace’. Airspace is a natural resource with finite capacity for which demand from all users is constantly expanding. There has been an increased requirement on airspace use to meet a fast-growing aviation demand. There are two major airspace users in the world today civil and military. Civil includes; private, commercial and government owned aircraft primarily transporting cargo and passengers. Military aviation includes; state-owned aircraft engaged in transport training, security and defence In order for international aviation to operate safely and harmoniously, States have agreed to collaborate ATC services, access of airspace and common regulatory infrastructure.
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A Flight permit is the permission required by an aircraft to fly over, land or make a stop in the airspace belonging to a specific country. All the countries have their own regulations regarding the issuance of flight permits. Generally, there are charges to be paid by the companies operating these flights for the use of services which could include: Route Navigation Facility Charges (RNFC) to be paid for flying over a country’s airspace Landing charges and Parking charges Terminal Navigation and Landing Charges (TNLC Different types of permits are: Overflight Permit: This permit is taken to enter the airspace of a sovereign country, fly over it and exit it under Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention) which permit flights from other countries. However, a prior approval is required before entering an airspace. In certain cases, conflict with the country of origin or destination, outstanding navigation fees etc. could be the reasons for denial of permission for a particular flight. Landing Permit: This permit is sought to land at a specific airport facility. Diplomatic Permit for aircraft belonging to the government or military. Generally provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the country over which the aircraft would be flying over. In India, the DGCA determines the charges to be levied on International flights for using Indian Airspace
NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: India has become the first country to act on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease The Union Health Ministry has operationalized guidelines to integrate Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) into the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS), a step towards addressing the country’s non- communicable diseases (NCDs) Concept: India has become the first country to do so and it will help in controlling the epidemic of NAFLD/Non Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis (NASH). This will bring in a sense of urgency in addressing the silent epidemic of NAFLD and NASH in India NAFLD, though a non-communicable disease (NCD), is an independent predictor of future risk of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and other metabolic syndromes such as hypertension, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance. The operational guidelines help align existing NCD programme strategies to achieve the objectives of prevention and control of NAFLD. We see a greater integration and convergence in the approaches as the focus will be on prevention, early diagnosis and management of NAFLD with lifestyle changes and medication AFLD is a condition where the liver has fat accumulation and could lead to NASH a progressive disease of the liver. This could progress to cirrhosis and liver failure. It is a large unmet medical need. There is currently no approved drug for the treatment of NASH anywhere in the world. India’s NASH prevalence is estimated at 25 per cent of the population and ranks as a major cause of cirrhosis, hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease. Liver transplant is the only option for managing advanced cirrhosis with liver failure. Rising cases of obesity due to sedentary lifestyle is an equally alarming issue. About 3-15 per cent of
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the obese patients with NASH progress to cirrhosis and about 4-27 per cent of NASH with cirrhosis patients transform to HCC (Hepatocellular Carcinoma). An alarming rise in metabolic diseases, in the developing and developed world, is expected to result in NAFLD/NASH-HCC, posing a serious health threat in future. PREVENTION Preventive health interventions are important as they help address the symptoms early on. Preventive tests not only help in timely action, but can also reduce the disease burden for families. Lifestyle modification, including significant weight loss through hypocaloric diet and exercise, is considered as a first-line intervention for the treatment of NAFLD. Besides the focus on yoga and wellness sessions at the community level, the focus of ‘Eat Right India’ and ‘Fit India Movement’, can also address NAFLD in its initial stages. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) was launched in 2010 in 100 districts across 21 States, in order to prevent and control the major NCDs. The main focus of the programme is on health promotion, early diagnosis, management and referral of cases, besides strengthening the infrastructure and capacity building. Main strategies of the programme:
Health promotion through behavior change with involvement of community, civil society, community- based organizations, media etc. Outreach Camps are envisaged for opportunistic screening at all levels in the health care delivery system from sub-centre and above for early detection of diabetes, hypertension and common cancers. Management of chronic Non-Communicable diseases, especially Cancer, Diabetes, CVDs and Stroke through early diagnosis, treatment and follow up through setting up of NCD clinics. Build capacity at various levels of health care for prevention, early diagnosis, treatment, IEC/BCC, operational research and rehabilitation. Provide support for diagnosis and cost-effective treatment at primary, secondary and tertiary levels of health care. Provide support for development of database of NCDs through a robust Surveillance System and to monitor NCD morbidity, mortality and risk factors. Funding:
The funds are being provided to States under NCD Flexi-Pool through State PIPs of respective States/UTs, with the Centre to State share in ratio of 60:40 (except for North-Eastern and Hilly States, where the share is 90:10). NCDs:
No communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviours factors.
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The main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.
Eat Right Movement: Concept:
FSSAI has embarked on a large-scale effort to transform the country’s food system in order to ensure safe, healthy and sustainable food for all Indians through the ‘Eat Right India’ movement. The tagline ‘ BehtarJeevan’, thus, forms the foundation of this movement. Eat Right India adopts a judicious mix of regulatory, capacity building, collaborative and empowerment approaches to ensure that our food is good both for the people and the planet. Further, it builds on the collective action of all stakeholders – the government, food businesses, civil society organizations, experts and professionals, development agencies and citizens at large. Eat Right India adopts an integrative or ‘whole of the government’ approach since the movement brings together food-related mandates of the agriculture, health, environment and other ministries. Furthermore, since foodborne illnesses and various diet-related diseases cut across all age groups and all sections of the society it also adopts a ‘whole of society’ approach, bringing all stakeholders together on a common platform. Eat Right India is aligned to the National Health Policy 2017 with its focus on preventive and promotive healthcare and flagship programmes like Ayushman Bharat, POSHAN Abhiyaan, Anemia Mukt Bharat and Swacch Bharat Mission.
NEW IT RULES FOR SOCIAL MEDIA: Context : Government, under the ambit of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021, has brought in detailed guidelines for digital content on both digital media and Over The Top (OTT) platforms.
Concept :
While all the rules have been framed and notified under the existing Information Technology (IT) Act, the administrative powers for regulation of OTT and digital news sharing platforms shall be under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (I&B).
Overview of the rules:
Three-tier grievance redressal mechanism:
First level- OTT provider: Here, the grievance redressal system will be at the level of each OTT provider. Each complaint will have to be addressed within 15 days.
Second level- a self-regulatory body: If the complaint is not satisfactorily addressed, then the complainant can scale it up to a self-regulatory body collectively established by the OTTs.
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Composition: This body will be headed by a retired judge of the Supreme Court, a High Court, or an independent eminent person from the field of media, broadcasting, entertainment, child rights, human rights or other relevant fields.
Powers: This self-regulatory body also has “censuring” powers in case of any incriminating content.
At the third tier, the government has equipped itself with overriding powers in the form of “oversight mechanism”. An inter-ministerial committee will perform this function and it will largely have the same powers as the collective self-regulatory body of the OTTs.
Applicability:
The new guidelines place more onus on nearly all such companies which provide a platform to host, share, view or modify content, while also including for the first time, entities which are in the business of either creating or distributing news online under the ambit of an online intermediary.
Safe harbour provisions:
The government has made social media intermediaries more liable for the content being shared on their platform by following due diligence, failing which the “safe harbour provisions” will not be applicable to them.
These safe harbour provisions have been defined under Section 79 of the IT Act, and protect social media intermediaries by giving them immunity from legal prosecution for any content posted on their platforms.
A grievances redressal and compliance mechanism:
Social media intermediaries will also be required to have a grievances redressal and compliance mechanism, appointing a grievance officer whose name and contact details will have to be shared, a resident grievance officer who shall have an office in India and will be an Indian passport-holding citizen, and a chief compliance officer.
The chief compliance officer, who will have to be present in India, shall be responsible for ensuring the platform’s compliance with the IT Act and the rules notified Thursday.
A nodal contact person who can be available round-the-clock for “coordination with law enforcement agencies” will also have to be appointed by social media intermediaries.
Identification of the first originator of the information:
Social media intermediaries, upon being asked either by the court or by a government authority, will be required to disclose the first originator of the mischievous tweet or message, as the case may be.
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purposes of prevention, detection, investigation, prosecution or punishment of an offence related to sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, or public order”.
Fair opportunity:
Social media companies have been asked to give users a chance for explanation and a fair opportunity to be heard before removing access to their accounts.
Compliance of ethics and rules:
A self-regulatory body, headed either by a retired Supreme Court or High Court judge or an independent eminent person, shall also be formed, which will ensure the compliance of ethics and rules by online digital news platforms.
“Emergency” powers:
“In case of emergency nature” the Secretary, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, may “if he is satisfied that it is necessary or expedient and justifiable” give orders to block access. Such orders can be released “without giving an opportunity of hearing” to the publishing platform.
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NATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
INDIAN CYBER COORDINATION CENTRE: Context: Cybercrime cell of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has started a new programme under which citizens can participate as volunteers to identify, flag and report to the Government illegal and unlawful content, including child pornography, rape, terrorism, radicalisation and anti-national activities.
Concept :
• MHA’s Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) will act as a nodal point while volunteers can register themselves with their states or union territories to act as cyber volunteers.
Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre:
• It will be set up under the newly created Cyber and Information Security (CIS) division of the MHA.
It has seven components:
• National Cyber Crime Threat Analytics Unit
• National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal
• National Cyber Crime Training Centre
• Cyber Crime Ecosystem Management Unit
• National Cyber Crime Research and Innovation Centre
• National Cyber Crime Forensic Laboratory Ecosystem
• Platform for Joint Cyber Crime Investigation Team.
Functions:
• The I4C will assist in centralising cyber security investigations, prioritise the development of response tools and bring together private companies to contain the menace.
Objectives:
• To act as a nodal point in the fight against cybercrime
• Identify the research problems/needs of LEAs and take up R&D activities in developing new technologies and forensic tools in collaboration with academia / research institutes within India and abroad
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• To prevent misuse of cyber space for furthering the cause of extremist and terrorist groups
• Suggest amendments, if required, in cyber laws to keep pace with fast changing technologies and International cooperation
• To coordinate all activities related to implementation of Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLAT) with other countries related to cybercrimes in consultation with the concerned nodal authority in MHA.
NATIONAL MONUMENTS AUTHORITY: Context :Union Minister of Culture and Tourism Prahlad Singh Patel on Monday announced the withdrawal of draft heritage bylaws for development around the Jagannath temple in Puri.
Concept :
• It is established under The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2010 (AMASR Act, 2010).
• Parent ministry: Union Ministry of Culture.
• Composition: The Act provides for NMA to be constituted with a Chairperson and up to 5 Whole Time and 5 Part Time Members each and a Member Secretary. Director-General of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is an ex officio Member.
• HQ: New Delhi.
• Mandate: Several functions have been assigned to the NMA for the preservation of centrally protected monuments through management of the prohibited and regulated area around these monuments. Some of the responsibilities are –
• To consider grant of permissions to applicants for construction related activity in the prohibited and regulated area.
• To formulate heritage by-laws for protected monuments in the country to determine nature of new construction activity in regulated areas.
NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR PROTECTION OF CHILD RIGHTS: Context : After raids by the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) at two children’s homes, the Delhi Police registered a case and conducted an enquiry at the two children’s homes for alleged violation of norms under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.
Concept :
• NCPCR is a statutory body set up in March 2007 under the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005.
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• It is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Women & Child Development.
• The Commission's mandate is to ensure that all laws, policies, programmes, and administrative mechanisms are in consonance with the child rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and also the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
• It inquires into complaints relating to a child's right to free and compulsory education under the Right to Education Act, 2009.
• It monitors the implementation of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.
Composition:
• This commission has a chairperson and six members of which at least two should be women.
• All of them are appointed by Central Government for three years.
• The maximum age to serve in commission is 65 years for Chairman and 60 years for members.
Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB): Context: NCPCR, NCB releases a joint action plan to combat drug and substance abuse among children. Concept: The common drugs used by children and adolescents were tobacco and alcohol, followed by inhalants and cannabis The action plan includes: Every police station should have a list of CCTV cameras installed in surrounding areas of the schools in their jurisdiction. Random checking of CCTV installed around schools and educational institutions to check drug and substance abuse by kids Chemists sell drugs under schedule H, H1, or X only by updating information in mobile app- based management information systems to ensure that underage kids do not get them without prescription and develop dependency Exclusive de-addiction and rehabilitation facilities be set up for children in 272 vulnerable districts by the ministry of social justice and empowerment About NCB Narcotics Control Bureau was constituted by the Government of India in 1986 under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. It is the apex coordinating agency falling under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The NCB was part of a global operation ‘Operation Trance’ (2019), which is a joint intelligence-gathering action on international postal, express mail and courier shipments containing psychotropic drugs.
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The law was passed based on Article 47 of the Indian Constitution which directs the State to endeavor to bring about prohibition of the consumption, except for medicinal purposes, of intoxicating drugs injurious to health. The Act provides for a Fund to be called the National Fund for Control of Drug Abuse to meet the expenditure incurred in connection with the measures taken for combating illicit traffic in, or controlling abuse of, narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances Minimum term of rigorous imprisonment of 10 years, which may extend to 20 years for offenders, and also a fine which shall not be less than one lakh rupees but which may extend to two lakh rupees. The Act made an express provision for constituting a Central Authority for the purpose of exercising the powers and functions of the Central Government under the Act.
NABARD: Context : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is eyeing a 22% growth in balance sheet size this financial year.
Concept :
• It is an apex development and specialized bank established on 12 July 1982 by an act by the parliament of India.
• Its main focus is to uplift rural India by increasing the credit flow for elevation of agriculture & rural non farm sector.
• It was established based on the recommendations of the Committee set up by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the chairmanship of Shri B. shivaraman.
• It replaced the Agricultural Credit Department (ACD) and Rural Planning and Credit Cell (RPCC) of Reserve Bank of India, and Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC).
• It has been accredited with “matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas in India”.
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently sold its entire stakes in the National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development (NABARD) and National Housing Bank.
• The decision to divest its entire stake was taken based on the recommendations of the second Narasimham Committee. The government now holds a 100 per cent stake in both NHB and NABARD.
Enforcement Directorate: Context: THE raids on the office of online news platform NewsClick and residences of its directors by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) continued for third day w.r.t. remittance cases. Concept:
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It is a Multi-Disciplinary Organization mandated with the task of enforcing the provisions of two special fiscal laws – Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) and Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA). An ‘Enforcement Unit’ was formed in 1956 in Department of Economic Affairs, for handling Exchange Control Laws violations under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947. In the year 1957, it renamed as ‘Enforcement Directorate’. The administrative control of the Directorate was transferred from Department of Economic Affairs to Department of Revenue in 1960. The Enforcement Directorate recruits some of its officers directly while some others are appointed form other State agencies on deputation, like the Income Tax, Excise, departments, etc The Directorate primarily enforces two laws 1. FEMA, a Civil Lawwhich has quasi-judicial powers 2. PMLA, a Criminal Law(Officers are empowered to conduct enquiries to locate, provisionally attach/confiscate assets derived from acts of Schedules Offences besides arresting and prosecuting the Money Launderers) It also performs following role: 1. Processing cases of fugitive/s from India under Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018. 2. Sponsor cases of preventive detention under Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974(COFEPOSA) in regard to contraventions of FEMA. PMLA Court (one or more session courts)is designated for the trial of an offence punishable under section 4 of PMLA by the Central Government (in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court). Any appeal against any order passed by PMLA court can directly be filed in the High Court for that jurisdiction.
National Health Authority: Context: To ensure better accessibility of medical facilities for its beneficiaries ESIC has joined hands with the NHA under PM-JAY to avail of its medical infrastructure. Concept: National Health Agency was restructured as the "National Health Authority" for better implementation of Pradhan Mantri - Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY). It is an attached office to Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. It replaced multi-tier decision making structure of National health Agency and has been replaced with the Governing Board chaired by the Minister of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India which will enable the decision making at a faster pace, required for smooth implementation of the scheme. It will have due representations from the Government, domain experts, etc. Besides, the States shall also be represented in the Governing Board on rotational basis. It will have full accountability, authority and mandate to implement PM-JAY through an efficient, effective and transparent decision-making process
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National Commission for Minorities: Context: THE DELHI High Court on Monday questioned the Centre regarding vacancies at the National Commission for Minorities (6 out of 7) and asked it to file a status report in response to a petition seeking filling of all vacant posts in the statutory body Concept: The govt says that the pendency is mainly due to Covid-19 imposed impact and delaying the process. However, this is not the first instance. Even earlier this has been a regular occurrence. In 2017 as well all vacancies were vacant for few months. About National Commission for Minorities It is a statutory body under the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992 for the purpose of safeguarding and protecting the interests of minorities as provided in the Constitution of India and laws enacted by the Parliament and the State Legislatures. National Commission for Minorities consist of Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson and five Members. The Members including the Chairperson shall be from amongst the minority communities. The Act mentions an annual report, together with the memorandum of action taken on the recommendations contained therein, as well as the reasons for non-acceptance of the recommendations, if any, be tabled before Parliament annually. Initially five religious’ communities, viz., Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Zoroastrians (Parsis) were notified as minority communities by the Union Government. Further in 2014, Jains were also notified as another minority community. State Government constituted State Minorities Commissions in their respective State Capitals. Functions: Evaluating the progress of the development of minorities under the Union and States. Safeguarding for minorities rights provided in the Constitution and in laws enacted by Parliament and the state legislatures Making recommendations for the effective implementation of safeguards for the protection of the interests of minorities by the central or state governments. Looking into specific complaints regarding deprivation of rights and safeguards of minorities Getting studies to be undertaken into the problems arising out of any discrimination against minorities and recommending measures for their removal.
Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP): Context: CDDEP has estimated the cost of ensuring WASH and taking related steps for infection prevention and control for one year in healthcare facilities in all of India. Concept: Improving WASH across the pubic healthcare facilities in India and maintaining this for a year would cost $354 million (Rs 2567,00,00,000 approximately) in capital costs and $289 million (Rs 2095,00,00,000 approximately) in recurrent expenses. It is a public health research organization with headquarters in Washington, D.C. and New Delhi.
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Its mission is "to produce independent, multidisciplinary research to advance the health and well-being of human populations in the United States and around the world." It includes economists, epidemiologists, disease modelers, policy and risk analysts carry out research on malaria, antibiotic resistance, disease control priorities, environmental health, alcohol and tobacco, and various other diseases. Research is divided across four areas: disease dynamics and behavior, disease dynamics and information structure, delivery of new technologies for disease control, and innovative financing. It’s two significant initiatives are also related with the Anti-microbial resistance.
National Commission of Backward Classes (NCBC): Context: The NCBC chairman said that he is in favour of the four sub-categories of OBCs which is being explored by the Justice G Rohini Commission. Concept: Currently at the Central level a single category for OBC exists (they have 27% reservation quota). Some state like Bihar follow categorization at the state level. Ex- Bihar has two subcategories under OBC: OBC and EBC (Extremely backward classes). The commission was formed to address concern that only few affluent groups enjoy the benefit of OBC quota. About NCBC: 102nd Constitution Amendment Act, 2018 provided constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC). Article 338B provides for NCBC and gives it authority to examine complaints and welfare measures regarding socially and educationally backward classes. The amendment also inserted Art 342 A which says that the President may specify the socially and educationally backward classes in the various states and union territories. He may do this in consultation with the Governor of the concerned state. However, a law of Parliament will be required if the list of backward classes is to be amended.
Power and functions of the NCBC includes: Investigating and monitoring how safeguards provided to the backward classes under the Constitution and other laws are being implemented. Inquiring into specific complaints regarding violation of rights. Advising and making recommendations on socio-economic development of such classes. The central and state governments will be required to consult with the NCBC on all major policy matters affecting the socially and educationally backward classes. It presents an annual report and such other times commission deems it fit to the President, who lays such reports before Parliament. NCBC has to discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and development and advancement of the socially and educationally backward classes as the President may, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify. Power to advice on inclusion in the Central List of OBCs. The commission has the power of a civil court. In this it can: 1. Summon people and examining them on oath www.optimizeias.com
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2. Requiring production of any document or public record 3. Receiving evidence
National Company Law Tribunal: Context: The Supreme Court on Monday allowed the NCLT, Mumbai, to continue proceedings Future Retail's plea seeking permission for calling a shareholders' meeting to approve its Rs 24,713 crore retail asset sale deal with Reliance Retail but asked the tribunal not to pass final orders sanctioning the deal Concept: Earlier a fight arose between Amazon and the Biyani group, owner of the biggest retail chain in India through Future Retail, when FRL decided to dump Amazon to go with Reliance Retail. Amazon had cited its Rs 1,413 crore investment in Future group before the Singapore International Arbitration Centre's Emergency Arbitrator (EA) to get a stay on the FRL-Reliance Retail deal, where Future Retail said EA had no authority over domestic deal with the Reliance. The matter than went to Delhi HC and now before the SC and in between the Future Retail went to NCLT for permission to call a shareholders' meeting to approve the deal with Reliance Retail. About NCLT: It is a statutory body constituted under the section 408 of the Companies Act, 2013. The current NCLT traces its formation to the recommendations of the Justice Eradi Committee which was set up by Central Government in the year 1998 It is a quasi-judicial authority incorporated for dealing with corporate disputes that are of civil nature arising under the Companies Act. It has power to regulate its own procedures. The NCLT composition is of the President and other Judicial and Technical members, to exercise and discharge powers and functions as prescribed by the Act or any other power delegated to them by way of any other enactment or a Notification by Ministry Of Corporate Affairs. Appeals against the order of the NCLT will go to NCLAT, exclusively dedicated for this purpose. It has been given jurisdiction over: Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction. (“BIFR”) The Appellate Authority for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction. (“AAIFR”) Jurisdiction and powers relating to winding up restructuring and other such provisions, vested in the High Courts. Company Law Board (“CLB”). It has following power: Most of the powers of the Company Law Board under the Companies Act, 1956. All the powers of BIFR for revival and rehabilitation of sick industrial companies; Power of High Court in the matters of mergers, demergers, amalgamations, winding up, etc.; Power to order repayment of deposits accepted by Non-Banking Financial Companies as provided in section 45QA of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934; Power to wind up companies; Power to Review its own orders.
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UNION BUDGET SPECIAL: Union Budget of India is the country’s comprehensive Annual Financial Statement.
The Union Budget consists of a detailed account of the government’s finances, its revenues from various sources and expenditures to be incurred on different activities that it will incur.
As mentioned in Article 112 of the Indian Constitution, the Union Government lays a statement of its estimated receipts and expenditure for that year, From April 1 to March 31, before both the Houses of Parliament.
The term “budget” is not mentioned in the Constitution.
BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS 2020 – 21: The Union Minister for Finance & Corporate Affairs, Smt Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Union Budget 2021-22 in Parliament today, which is the first budget of this new decade and also a digital one in the backdrop of unprecedented COVID-19 crisis. Laying a vision for AatmaNirbhar Bharat, she said this is an expression of 130 crore Indians who have full confidence in their capabilities and skills. She said that Budget proposals will further strengthen the Sankalp of Nation First, Doubling Farmer’s Income, Strong Infrastructure, Healthy India, Good Governance, Opportunities for youth, Education for All, Women Empowerment, and Inclusive Development among others. The Budget proposals for 2021-22 rest on 6 pillars. 1. Health and Wellbeing 2. Physical & Financial Capital, and Infrastructure 3. Inclusive Development for Aspirational India 4. Reinvigorating Human Capital 5. Innovation and R&D 6. Minimum Government and Maximum Governance.
Table Of Contents 1. Health and Wellbeing 2. Physical and Financial Capital and Infrastructure 3. Inclusive Development for Aspirational India 4. Reinvigorating Human Capital 5. Innovation and R&D 6. Minimum Government, Maximum Governance
1. Health and Wellbeing
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There is substantial increase in investment in Health Infrastructure and the Budget outlay for Health and Wellbeing is Rs 2,23,846 crore in BE 2021-22 as against this year’s BE of Rs 94,452 crore, an increase of 137 percentage.
The Finance Minister announced that a new centrally sponsored scheme, PM AatmaNirbharSwasth Bharat Yojana, will be launched with an outlay of about Rs 64, 180 crore over 6 years.
PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana The PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana will develop the capacities of primary, secondary and tertiary care health systems, strengthen existing institutions and create new institutions to cater to detection and cure of new and emerging diseases. This scheme will be in additions to National Health Mission (NHM).
The scheme will support 17,000 rural and 11,000 urban health and wellness centres, and help set up integrated public health labs in all districts and 3,382 block public health units in 11 states. The fund for the scheme will also be used for establishing critical care hospital blocks in 602 districts and 12 central institutions.
The PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana will oversee strengthening of the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), its 5 regional branches and 20 metropolitan health surveillance units. Under the initiatve Integrated Health Information Portal will be expanded to all states and UTs to connect all public health labs.
The government will also operationalise 17 new public health units and strengthen 33 existing public health units at Points of Entry, which include 32 airports, 11 seaports and 7 land crossings.
As part of PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana, Centre will also set up 15 health emergency operation centers and 2 mobile hospitals. It will also establish a national institution for One Health, a Regional Research Platform for WHO South East Asia Region, 9 Bio-Safety Level III laboratories and 4 regional National Institutes for Virology.
Vaccines Provision of Rs 35,000 crore made for Covid-19 vaccine in BE 2021-22.
The Pneumococcal Vaccine, a Made in India product, presently limited to only 5 states, will be rolled out across the country aimed at averting 50,000 child deaths annually.
Pneumococcal Vaccine SII’s pneumococcal vaccine is developed through a collaboration spanning over a decade with the health organisation PATH and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Based on the trials, Pneumosil was licensed by the Drugs Controller General (India) in July 2020.
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The vaccine also makes SII the world’s third supplier of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and the first developing country vaccine manufacturer to access the global PCV market.
It targets the pneumococcal bacterium, which causes pneumonia and other serious life- threatening diseases such as meningitis and sepsis, and is estimated to cause nearly four lakh deaths in children under five years of age each year worldwide.
Nutrition Government will merge the Supplementary Nutrition Programme and the PoshanAbhiyan and launch the Mission Poshan 2.0. Government will adopt an intensified strategy to improve nutritional outcomes across 112 Aspirational Districts.
Poshan 2.0 now combines the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Anganwadi services, PoshanAbhiyan, Scheme For Adolescent Girls and National Creche Scheme.
Universal Coverage of Water Supply and Swachch Bharat Mission The Finance Minister announced that theJalJeevan Mission (Urban), will be launched for universal water supply in all 4,378 Urban Local Bodies with 2.86 crore household tap connections, as well as liquid waste management in 500 AMRUT cities.
It will be implemented over 5 years, with an outlay of Rs. 2,87,000 crore. Moreover, the Urban Swachh Bharat Mission will be implemented with a total financial allocation of Rs 1,41,678 crore over a period of 5 years from 2021-2026.
Also to tackle the burgeoning problem of air pollution, government proposed to provide an amount of Rs. 2,217 crore for 42 urban centres with a million-plus population in this budget.
A voluntary vehicle scrapping policy to phase out old and unfit vehicles was also announced.
Vehicle Scrapping Policy The new policy will help in encouraging the fuel-efficient and environment-friendly vehicles.
Thus, it will reduce the vehicular pollution and cut the India’s huge oil import bills.
As per the proposed Vehicle Scrappage Policy, if any vehicle fails the fitness test more than thrice, it will be subjected to mandatory scrapping.
However, the government is yet to roll out the final scrappage policy.
The voluntary scrappage policy will be based on fitness tests.
Life has been set at 20 years in case of private vehicles while 15 years have been set for commercial vehicles.
Background
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This announcement by the government has made just after government’s announcement of a scrappage policy for vehicles that are used by its various departments and public sector undertakings (PSUs).
The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) also approved the vehicle scrappage policy recently for vehicles older than 15 years and that are owned by the government and PSUs.
This policy would apply to central and state government-owned vehicles from April 1, 2022.
2. Physical and Financial Capital and Infrastructure
Finance Minister said that for a USD 5 trillion economy, our manufacturing sector has to grow in double digits on a sustained basis.
To achieve the above, PLI schemes to create manufacturing global champions for an AatmaNirbhar Bharat have been announced for 13 sectors. For this, the government has committed nearly Rs.1.97 lakh crore in the next 5 years starting FY 2021-22.
Production Linked Incentive Scheme Production linked incentive scheme that aims to give companies incentives on incremental sales from products manufactured in domestic units.
Apart from inviting foreign companies to set shop in India, the scheme also aims to encourage local companies to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.
So far, the scheme has been rolled out for mobile and allied equipment as well as pharmaceutical ingredients and medical devices manufacturing.
These sectors are labour intensive and are likely, and the hope is that they would create new jobs for the ballooning employable workforce of India.
Need of Scheme:
The idea of PLI is important as the government cannot continue making investments in these capital intensive sectors as they need longer times for start giving the returns.
Instead, what it can do is to invite global companies with adequate capital to set up capacities in India.
To make India more compliant with our WTO commitments and also make it non- discriminatory and neutral with respect to domestic sales and exports.
Apart from cutting down on imports, the PLI scheme also looks to capture the growing demand in the domestic market.
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Similarly, to enable the textile industry to become globally competitive, attract large investments and boost employment generation, a scheme of Mega Investment Textiles Parks (MITRA) will be launched in addition to the PLI scheme.
Mega Investment Textiles Parks (MITRA) Under this scheme, 7 mega investment textile parks will be set up over the three years.
These parks will span across 1,000 acres of land and have quality infrastructure and plug- and-play facilities.
The objectives are to make the Indian textile industry globally competitive, boost exports and investments and generate employment.
Infrastructure The National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) now expanded to 7,400 projects. Around 217 projects worth Rs 1.10 lakh crore under some key infrastructure Ministries have been completed.
National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) NIP was announced in union budget in 2019-20 for an outlay of Rs 100 lakh Crore for infrastructure projects over the next 5 years. NIP is a first-of-its-kind initiative to provide world-class infrastructure across the country and improve the quality of life for all citizens.
It will improve project preparation, attract investments (both domestic & foreign) into infrastructure, and will be crucial for attaining the target of becoming a $5 trillion economy by FY 2025.
Covers both economic and social infrastructure projects.
Atanu Chakraborty Report :
The task force headed by Atanu Chakraborty on National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP), in May 2020, submitted its final report to the Finance Minister. It has recommended the following ,
Investment needed: ₹111 lakh crore over the next five years (2020-2025) to build infrastructure projects and drive economic growth.
Energy, roads, railways and urban projects are estimated to account for the bulk of projects (around 70%).
The centre (39 percent) and state (40 percent) are expected to have an almost equal sharein implementing the projects, while the private sector has 21 percent share.
Infrastructure financing – Development Financial Institution (DFI)
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Accordingly, a Bill to set up a DFI will be introduced. Government has provided a sum of Rs 20,000 crore to capitalise this institution and the ambition is to have a lending portfolio of at least Rs 5 lakh crore for this DFI in three years time.
Asset Monetisation Monetizing operating public infrastructure assets is a very important financing option for new infrastructure construction. A “National Monetization Pipeline” of potential Brownfield infrastructure assets will be launched. An Asset Monetization dashboard will also be created for tracking the progress and to provide visibility to investors. Some important measures in the direction of monetisation are:
a. National Highways Authority of India and PGCIL each have sponsored one InvIT that will attract international and domestic institutional investors. b. Railways will monetize Dedicated Freight Corridor assets for operations and maintenance, after commissioning. c. The next lot of Airports will be monetised for operations and management concession. d. Other core infrastructure assets that will be rolled out under the Asset Monetization Programme are: (i) NHAI Operational Toll Roads (ii) Transmission Assets of PGCIL (iii) Oil and Gas Pipelines of GAIL, IOCL and HPCL (iv) AAI Airports in Tier II and III cities, (v) Other Railway Infrastructure Assets (vi) Warehousing Assets of CPSEs such as Central Warehousing Corporation and NAFED among others and (vii) Sports Stadiums. Green field investment It refers to investment in a manufacturing, office, or other physical company-related structure or group of structures in an area where no previous facilities exist.
Brownfield investment Used for purchasing or leasing existing production facilities to launch a new production activity.
Roads and Highways Infrastructure Finance Minister announced that more than 13,000 km length of roads, at a cost of Rs 3.3 lakh crore, has already been awarded under the Rs. 5.35 lakh crore BharatmalaPariyojana project of which 3,800 kms have been constructed. By March 2022, Government would be awarding another 8,500 kms and complete an additional 11,000 kms of national highway corridors. To further augment road infrastructure, more economic corridors are also being planned. She also provided an enhanced outlay of Rs. 1,18,101 lakh crore for Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, of which Rs.1,08,230 crore is for capital, the highest ever.
Railway Infrastructure Indian Railways have prepared a National Rail Plan for India – 2030. The Plan is to create a ‘future ready’ Railway system by 2030.
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Bringing down the logistic costs for our industry is at the core of our strategy to enable ‘Make in India’. It is expected that Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) and Eastern DFC will be commissioned by June 2022. For Passenger convenience and safety the following measures are proposed:
a. Introduction of aesthetically designed Vista Dome LHB coach on tourist routes to give a better travel experience to passengers. b. Indian railways will be provided with an indigenously developed automatic train protection system that eliminates train collision due to human error. c. Budget also provided a record sum of Rs. 1,10,055 crore, for Railways of which Rs. 1,07,100 crore is for capital expenditure. Urban Infrastructure A new scheme will be launched at a cost of Rs. 18,000 crore to support augmentation of public bus transport services. Two new technologies i.e., ‘MetroLite’ and ‘MetroNeo’ will be deployed to provide metro rail systems at much lesser cost with same experience, convenience and safety in Tier-2 cities and peripheral areas of Tier-1 cities.
“Metro Neo” It is a rail-guided urban transport system with rubber-tyred electric coaches powered by an overhead traction system running on elevated or at-grade sections. The light transit system, which costs about 20-25% of a Metro and also has lower maintenance costs.
Power Infrastructure Finance Minister proposed to launch a revamped reforms-based result-linked power distribution sector scheme with an outlay of Rs. 3,05,984 crore over 5 years. The scheme will provide assistance to DISCOMS for Infrastructure creation including pre-paid smart metering and feeder separation, upgradation of systems, etc., tied to financial improvements.
Ports, Shipping, Waterways The budget proposes to offer more than Rs. 2,000 crore by Major Ports on Public Private Partnership mode in FY21-22. A scheme to promote flagging of merchant ships in India will be launched by providing subsidy support to Indian shipping companies in global tenders floated by Ministries and CPSEs. An amount of Rs. 1624 crore will be provided over 5 years.
Petroleum & Natural Gas Ujjwala Scheme which has benefited 8 crore households will be extended to cover 1 crore more beneficiaries. Government will add 100 more districts in next 3 years to the City Gas Distribution network.
A gas pipeline project will be taken up in Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir.
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An independent Gas Transport System Operator will be set up for facilitation and coordination of booking of common carrier capacity in all-natural gas pipelines on a non- discriminatory open access basis.
Pradhan MantriUjjwalaYojana: Aim: To provide LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) connections to poor households.
Goal: A deposit-free LPG connection is given to eligible with financial assistance of Rs 1,600 per connection by the Centre.
Eligibility criteria: Applicant must a woman above the age of 18 and a citizen of India.
Applicant should belong to a BPL (Below Poverty Line) household.
No one in the applicant’s household should own an LPG connection.
The household income of the family, per month, must not exceed a certain limit as defined by the government of the Union Territories and State Government.
The name of the applicant must be in the list of SECC-2011 data and should match with the information available in the BPL database that Oil Marketing Companies have.
Applicant must not be a recipient of other similar schemes provided by the government.
Financial Capital The Finance Minister proposed to consolidate the provisions of SEBI Act, 1992, Depositories Act, 1996, Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 and Government Securities Act, 2007 into a rationalized Single Securities Markets Code.
The Government would support the development of a world class Fin-Tech hub at the GIFT- IFSC.
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has increased the responsibility of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) by appointing it as regulator for the Gold Spot Exchange. The recommendation to nominate SEBI in this role also came from the National Institute for Transforming India.
For warehousing purposes, the government has appointed Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA) as the regulator.
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Spot Exchange in India
In India, Spot Exchanges refer to electronic trading platforms which facilitate purchase and sale of specified commodities, including agricultural commodities, metals and bullion by providing spot delivery contracts in these commodities.
This market segment functions like the equity segment in the main stock exchanges. Alternatively, this can be considered as a guaranteed direct marketing by sellers of the commodities.
Spot Exchanges leverage on the latest technology available in the stock exchange framework for the trading of goods.
This is an innovative Indian experiment in the trading of goods and is distinct from what is commonly known as “commodity exchanges” which trade in futures contracts in commodities. The facilities provided by the spot exchange, like a normal stock exchange, include clearing and settlement of trades on multilateral netting basis.
Trades are settled on guaranteed basis (i.e., in case of default by any person exchange arranges for the payment of money / good) and the exchange collects various margin payments, to ensure this. The exchange also offers various other services such as quality certification, warehousing, warehouse receipt financing, etc.
Increasing FDI in Insurance Sector Budget proposed to amend the Insurance Act, 1938 to increase the permissible FDI limit from 49% to 74% and allow foreign ownership and control with safeguards.
Under the new structure, the majority of Directors on the Board and key management persons would be resident Indians, with at least 50% of Directors being Independent Directors, and specified percentage of profits being retained as general reserve.
Disinvestment and Strategic Sale In spite of COVID-19, Government has kept working towards strategic disinvestment. The Finance Minister said a number of transactions namely BPCL, Air India, Shipping Corporation of India, Container Corporation of India, IDBI Bank, BEML, Pawan Hans, NeelachalIspat Nigam limited among others would be completed in 2021-22.
Other than IDBI Bank, Government propose to take up the privatization of two Public Sector Banks and one General Insurance company in the year 2021-22.
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In 2021-22, Government would also bring the IPO of LIC for which the requisite amendments will be made in this Session itself.
Strategic Disinvestment Policy Strategic disinvestment is the transfer of the ownership and control of a public sector entity to some other entity (mostly to a private sector entity). Unlike the simple disinvestment, strategic sale implies a kind of privatization.
The policy provides a clear roadmap for disinvestment in all non-strategic and strategic sectors. Government has kept four areas that are strategic where bare minimum CPSEs will be maintained and rest privatized.
In the non-strategic sectors, CPSEs will be privatised, otherwise shall be closed. She said that to fast forward the disinvestment policy, NITI Aayog will work out on the next list of Central Public Sector companies that would be taken up for strategic disinvestment.
Government has estimated Rs. 1,75,000 crore as receipts from disinvestment in BE 2020-21 .
Strategic Sector PSUs are: Arms & Ammunition of defence equipment
Defence aircraft & warships
Atomic energy
Applications of radiation to agriculture, medicine and non-strategic industry
Railways
Roads and Highways Infrastructure Finance Minister announced that more than 13,000 km length of roads, at a cost of Rs 3.3 lakh crore, has already been awarded under BharatmalaPariyojana project of which 3,800 kms have been constructed.
By March 2022, Government would be awarding another 8,500 kms and complete an additional 11,000 kms of national highway corridors.
Enhanced outlay of Rs. 1,18,101 lakh crore for Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, of which Rs.1,08,230 crore is for capital Expenditure.
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The total investment for 83,677 km (51,994 mi) committed new highways is estimated at ₹5.35 lakh crore (US$75 billion), making it the single largest outlay for a government road construction scheme.
3. Inclusive Development for Aspirational India Agriculture The MSP regime has undergone a sea change to assure price that is at least 1.5 times the cost of production across all commodities. The procurement has also continued to increase at a steady pace. This has resulted in increase in payment to farmers substantially.
Early this year, Honourable Prime Minister had launched SWAMITVA Scheme. Under this, a record of rights is being given to property owners in villages. Up till now, about 1.80 lakh property-owners in 1,241 villages have been provided cards and the Finance Minister proposed during FY21-22 to extend this to cover all states/UTs.
Allocation to the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund increased from Rs. 30,000 crore to Rs. 40,000 crore. The Micro Irrigation Fund, with a corpus of Rs.5,000 crore has been created under NABARD will be doubled.
The scope of ‘Operation Green Scheme’ that is presently applicable to tomatoes, onions, and potatoes, will be enlarged to include 22 perishable products.
Keeping in view the transparency and competitiveness that e-NAM has brought into the agricultural market, 1,000 more mandis will be integrated with e-NAM. The Agriculture Infrastructure Funds would be made available to APMCs for augmenting their infrastructure facilities.
Swamitva Scheme Swamitva Scheme is an ownership plan scheme that will record and decide the ownership of land in rural residential areas. The scheme will make use of drones and other modern technology to record the land areas.
Features Scheme was launched under the Union Ministry of Panchayati Raj.
The scheme is to address the issue of many villagers having no record or documental proof for their land holdings.
Drones will be used to measure the residential areas to prevent disputes.
Google mapping will also be used under this scheme for assessment.
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This will enable better tax collection from these lands. The revenue collected is to go into rural infrastructure development.
Operation Green It is a price fixation scheme that aims to ensure farmers are given the right price for their produce.(Reduces Price Volatility)
It aims to promote Farmer Producers Organizations (FPO), Agri-logistics, processing facilities and professional management of agri-produce.
It focuses on organized marketing of Tomatoes, Onions and Potatoes (TOP vegetables) by connecting farmers with consumers.
State Agriculture and other Marketing Federations, Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO), cooperatives, companies, Self-help groups, food processors etc. can avail the financial assistance under it.
Fisheries Finance Minister proposed substantial investments in the development of modern fishing harbours and fish landing centres.
To start with, 5 major fishing harbours – Kochi, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, and Petuaghat – will be developed as hubs of economic activity.
Migrant Workers and Labourers Government has launched the One Nation One Ration Card scheme through which beneficiaries can claim their rations anywhere in the country.
One Nation One Ration Card plan is under implementation by 32 states and UTs, reaching about 69 crore beneficiaries – that’s a total of 86% beneficiaries covered. The remaining 4 states and UTs will be integrated in the next few months.
Government proposes to conclude a process that began 20 years ago, with the implementation of the 4 labour codes.
For the first time globally, social security benefits will extend to gig and platform workers. Minimum wages will apply to all categories of workers, and they will all be covered by the Employees State Insurance Corporation.
Women will be allowed to work in all categories and also in the night-shifts with adequate protection. At the same time, compliance burden on employers will be reduced with single registration and licensing, and online returns.
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Under the scheme a beneficiary will be able to avail benefits across the country using a single ration card across all PDS shops in the country.
The scheme will also allow portability of food security benefits.
It was launched in January 2020 in 12 states.
Highlights of the scheme: In this system, eligible beneficiaries would be able to avail entitled food grains under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) from any Fair Price Shop(FPSs) in the country using the same ration card.
The eligible beneficiaries will be able to buy subsidized food grains, rice at ₹3 per kg, wheat at ₹2 per kg, and coarse grains at Re 1 per kg, from anywhere in the country.
100 percent of national portability of these cards has been assured by March 31, 2021.
The new system is based on a technological solution to identify a beneficiary through biometric authentication on electronic Point of Sale (ePoS) devices installed at the FPS’s.
The Integrated Management of Public Distribution System (IM-PDS) portal provides the technological platform for the inter-state portability of ration cards.
A standard format for ration cards has been prepared after taking into account the format used by different states and it has been advised that ration cards be issued in a bi-lingual format having Hindi or English apart from the local language.
Financial Inclusion To further facilitate credit flow under the scheme of Stand Up India for SCs, STs, and women, the Finance Minister proposed to reduce the margin money requirement from 25% to 15%, and to also include loans for activities allied to agriculture.
Moreover, a number of steps were taken to support the MSME sector and in this Budget, Government has provided Rs. 15,700 crore to this sector – more than double of this year’s BE.
Stand Up IndiaScheme Stand up India is a scheme that empowers SC, ST, and women entrepreneurs to enable their enterprises by helping them to approach a loan from banks for the same.
It has targeted to create 2.5 lakhs such as entrepreneurs across the country.
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Stand Up India, provides composite loans between Rs 10 lakhs and Rs 1 crore to at least one scheduled caste (SC) or a scheduled tribe (ST) borrower, and at least one woman borrower per bank branch for building up a Greenfield enterprise (A Greenfield project is one which is not constrained by prior work.)
Under the scheme, 1.25 lakh bank branches will provide loans up to Rs 1 crore.
Under the scheme, the borrowers will get support such as pre-loan training, facilitating the loan, factoring, and marketing.
Refinance window through Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) with an initial amount of 10,000 crore rupees.
Debit Card (RuPay) for withdrawal of working capital.
Creation of an entity of 5,000 crore rupees for credit guarantee through National Credit Guarantee Trustee (NCGTC).
Web portal for online registrations and other particulars.
4. Reinvigorating Human Capital The Finance Minister said that the National Education Policy (NEP) announced recently has had good reception, while adding that more than 15,000 schools will be qualitatively strengthened to include all components of the National Education Policy.
She also announced that 100 new Sainik Schools will be set up in partnership with NGOs/private schools/states.
She also proposed to set up a Higher Education Commission of India, as an umbrella body having 4 separate vehicles for standard-setting, accreditation, regulation, and funding.
For accessible higher education in Ladakh, Government proposed to set up a Central University in Leh.
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Welfare Government has set a target of establishing 750 Eklavya model residential schools in tribal areas with increase in unit cost of each such school from Rs. 20 crore to Rs. 38 crore, and for hilly and difficult areas, to Rs. 48 crore.
Similarly, under the revamped Post Matric Scholarship Scheme for the welfare of Scheduled Castes, the Central Assistance was enhanced and allocated Rs. 35,219 crore for 6 years till 2025-2026, to benefit 4 crore SC students.
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Skilling An initiative is underway, in partnership with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), to benchmark skill qualifications, assessment, and certification, accompanied by the deployment of certified workforce.
The Government also has a collaborative Training Inter Training Programme (TITP) between India and Japan to facilitate transfer of Japanese industrial and vocational skills, technique, and knowledge and the same would be taken forward with many more countries.
Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) will be set up as a single overarching umbrella body for the entire higher education, excluding medical and legal education.
The HECI will have four independent verticals – National Higher Education Regulatory Council (NHERC) primarily for regulation, General Education Council (GEC) for standard setting, learning outcomes, and a National Higher Education Qualification Framework (NHEQF) will be formulated by the GEC.
There will be Higher Education Grants Council (HEGC) for funding. It will be entrusted with the disbursement of scholarships and developmental funds for launching new focus areas and expanding quality programme offerings at HEIs across disciplines and fields.
Another component will be National Accreditation Council (NAC) for accreditation, which will be ‘meta-accrediting body’.
Eklavya Model Residential Schools As per revised 2018 scheme, every block with more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal persons, will have an EMRS by the year 2022.
These schools will be on par with NavodayaVidyalayas and will have special facilities for preserving local art and culture besides providing training in sports and skill development.
Features of EMRS Admission to these schools will be through selection/competition with suitable provision for preference to children belonging to Primitive Tribal Groups, first-generation students, etc.
Sufficient land would be given by the State Government for the school, playgrounds, hostels, residential quarters, etc., free of cost.
The number of seats for boys and girls will be equal.
In these schools, education will be entirely free.
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Sainik Schools The Sainik Schools are a system of schools in India established and managed by the Sainik Schools Society under Ministry of Defence.
They were conceived in 1961 by V. K. Krishna Menon, the then Defence Minister of India, to rectify the regional and class imbalance amongst the Officer cadre of the Indian Military, and to prepare students mentally and physically for entry into the National Defence Academy (NDA), Khadakwasla, Pune and Indian Naval Academy (INA),Kerala.
Today there are 33 such schools running and proposed for future covering all the states of the country.
The schools come under the purview of respective state governments and Ministry of Defence.
5. Innovation and R&D National Research Foundation (NRF) to get an outlay of Rs 50,000 crore over five years to strengthen research and focus on the national priority trust area
Government will undertake a new initiative – NationalLanguage Translation Mission (NTLM).
The New Space India Limited (NSIL), a PSU under the Department of Space will execute the PSLV-CS51 launch, carrying the Amazonia Satellite from Brazil, along with a few smaller Indian satellites.
As part of the Gaganyaan mission activities, four Indian astronauts are being trained on Generic Space Flight aspects, in Russia. The first unmanned launch is slated for December 2021.
National Language translation mission National Language translation mission aims to translate policy-related information that will be available on the internet in major regional languages.
This is in line with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which emphasises creating content and delivery of content in regional languages.
National Research Foundation
It is being set up as an autonomous body under the New Education Policy
The NRF aims to fund researchers working across streams in India.
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Considered to be one of the biggest announcements under NEP, it will look after funding, mentoring, and building ‘quality of research’ in India.
With this, the funds available with all Ministries have been integrated in NRF and would be adequately supplemented with additional funds.
In order to bring non-science disciplines of research in its ambit, NRF will fund research projects across four major disciplines –Sciences; Technology; Social Sciences; and Arts and Humanities
6. Minimum Government, Maximum Governance Government has introduced the National Commission for Allied Healthcare Professionals Bill in Parliament, with a view to ensure transparent and efficient regulation of the 56 allied healthcare professions.
She also announced that the forthcoming Census could be the first digital census in the history of India and for this monumental and milestone-marking task, Rs. 3,768 crore allocated in the year 2021-2022.
The Finance Minister said fiscal deficit in RE 2020-21 is pegged at 9.5% of GDP and it has been funded through Government borrowings, multilateral borrowings, Small Saving Funds and short term borrowings.
She added that the Government would need another Rs 80,000 crore for which it would be approaching the markets in these 2 months.
The fiscal deficit in BE 2021-2022 is estimated to be 6.8% of GDP. The gross borrowing from the market for the next year would be around 12 lakh crore.
SmtSitharaman announced that the Government plan to continue the path of fiscal consolidation, and intend to reach a fiscal deficit level below 4.5% of GDP by 2025-2026 with a fairly steady decline over the period.
In accordance with the views of the 15th Finance Commission, Government is allowing a normal ceiling of net borrowing for the states at 4% of GSDP for the year 2021-2022.
The FRBM Act mandates fiscal deficit of 3% of GDP to be achieved by 31st March 2020- 2021.
The effect of this year’s unforeseen and unprecedented circumstances has necessitated the submission of a deviation statement under Sections 4 (5) and 7 (3) (b) of the FRBM Act which the Finance Minister laid on the Table of the House as part of the FRBM Documents.
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On 9th December 2020, the 15th Finance Commission submitted its final report, covering the period 2021-2026.
The Government has laid the Commission’s report, along with the explanatory memorandum retaining the vertical shares of the states at 41%. On the Commission’s recommendation, the Budget provided Rs. 1,18,452 crore as revenue deficit grant to 17 states in 2021-22.
PART-B In Part B of the Budget Speech, the Union Minister Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman seeks to further simplify the Tax Administration, Litigation Management and ease the compliance of Direct Tax Administration. The indirect proposal focuses on custom duty rationalization as well as rationalization of procedures and easing of compliance. DIRECT TAX PROPOSALS The Finance Minister provided relief to senior citizens in filing of income tax returns, reduced time limit for income tax proceedings announced setting up of the Dispute Resolution Committee, faceless ITAT, relaxation to NRIs, increase in exemption limit from audit and relief for dividend income.
She also announced steps to attract foreign investment into infrastructure, relief to affordable housing and rental housing, tax incentives to IFSC, relief to small charitable trusts, and steps for incentivizing Start-ups in the country.
The Budget seeks to reduce compliance burden on senior citizens who are of 75 years of age and above. Such senior citizens having only pension and interest income will be exempted from filing their income tax return.
The paying Bank will deduct the necessary tax on their income. The Budget proposes to notify rules for removing the hardship of non-Resident Indians returning to India on the issue of their accrued incomes in their foreign retirement account.
The Budget proposes to make dividend payment to REIT/InvIT exempt from TDS.
For Foreign Portfolio Investors, the Budget proposes deduction of tax on dividend income at lower treaty rate. The Budget provides that advanced tax liability on dividend income shall arise only after the declaration or payment of dividend.
The Minister said that this was being done as the amount of dividend income cannot be estimated correctly by the shareholders for paying advance tax.
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In order to incentivize start ups in the country, Smt. Sitharaman announced extension in the eligibility for claiming tax holiday for start ups by one more year till 31st March, 2022.
In order to incentivize funding of start ups, she proposed extending the Capital Gains exemption for investment in start ups by one more year till 31st March, 2022.
Finance Minister said that the Direct Tax Vivad se Vishwas Scheme announced by the Government has been received well. Until 30th January, 2021, over one lakh ten thousand tax payers have opted to settle tax dispute of over Rs. 85 thousand crores under the Scheme.
To further reduce litigation of small tax payers, she proposed to constitute a Dispute Resolution Committee. Anyone with a taxable income uptoRs. 50 lakh and disputed income uptoRs. 10 lakh shall be eligible to approach the Committee.
She also announced setting up of National Faceless Income Tax Appellate Tibunal Centre.
Budget proposes to increase the limit for tax audit for persons who are undertaking 95 per cent of their transaction digitally from Rs. 5 Crore to Rs. 10 Crore.
In order to allow funding of infrastructure by issue of zero coupon bonds, the Budget proposes to make notified infrastructure debt funds eligible to raise funds by issuing tax efficient zero coupon bonds.
In order to promote International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) in GIFT City, the Budget proposes more tax incentives.
Vivad se Vishwas Scheme The vivad se vishwas scheme was announced by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman during her budget speech on February 1, 2020. The scheme aims to settle the huge number of pending direct tax cases.
The amnesty scheme, at present, covers disputes pending at the level of commissioner (appeals), Income Tax Appellate Tribunals (ITAT), high courts, the Supreme Court and those in international arbitration.
It offers a complete waiver on interest and penalty to the taxpayers who pay their pending taxes.
The scheme aims to benefit those whose tax demands are locked in dispute in multiple forums.
INVIT & REIT
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Infrastructure investment trusts (InvIT) are investment trusts designed to pool small sums of money from a number of investors to invest in assets that give cash flow over a period of time. They are similar to REIT but invest in infrastructure projects such as roads or highways which take some time to generate steady cash flows.
Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) is an investment vehicle that owns & manages investment grade and income-producing real estates properties such as offices, malls, industrial parks, warehouses, hospitality, healthcare centers, and almost any asset that can produce an annuity revenue stream
National Faceless Assessment Scheme The government’s faceless tax assessment scheme, an attempt to remove individual tax officials’ discretion and potential harassment for income tax payers, has managed to deliver about 24,000 final orders since its introduction in August 2020.
It is an attempt to remove individual tax officials’ discretion and potential harassment for income tax payers. n The scheme allows for appropriate cases where a certain hearing is necessary, so then after following protocols, a hearing is given.
The main objective is to remove physical interaction as much as possible.
Zero Coupon Bonds A zero-coupon bond is a debt security that does not pay interest but instead trades at a deep discount, rendering a profit at maturity, when the bond is redeemed for its full face value.
Some bonds are issued as zero-coupon instruments from the start, while others bonds transform into zero-coupon instruments after a financial institution strips them of their coupons, and repackages them as zero-coupon bonds.
Because they offer the entire payment at maturity, zero-coupon bonds tend to fluctuate in price, much more so than coupon bonds.
A zero-coupon bond is also known as an accrual bond.
The difference between the purchase price of a zero-coupon bond and the par value, indicates the investor’s return.
INDIRECT TAX PROPOSALS Finance Minister has said that Deep analytics and artificial intelligence have been deployed to identity tax evaders and fake billers, launching special drives against them.
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The Finance Minister assured the House that every possible measure shall be taken to smoothen the GST further and remove anomalies such as the inverted duty structure.
She announced that extensive consultation will be conducted and from 1st October, 2021, a revised custom duty structure free of distortions will be put in place. She also proposed that any new custom duty exemptions henceforth will have validity upto to the 31st March following 2 years of the date of its issue.
The Finance Minister announced withdrawal of a few exemptions on parts of chargers and sub-parts of mobile phones further some parts of mobiles will move from “NIL” rate to a moderate 2.5 per cent.
She also announced reducing custom duty uniformly to 7.5 per cent on semis, flat, and long products of non-alloy and stainless steel. She also announced exempting duty on steel scrap for a period upto 31st March 2022.
The Minister also proposed an Agriculture Infrastructure and Development Cess on a small number of items. She said “while applying the cess, we have taken care not to put additional burden on consumers on most items.
The cess is not uniform and varies from product to product.
This Cess is applicable on petrol and diesel. But, the amount levied as AIDC is being counter-balanced by an equal reduction in Basic Excise Duty & Special Additional Excise Duty to the same extent, thus ensuring nil impact on fuel.
Some of the items on which AIDC has been imposed include gold, silver and dore bars (2.5%), alcoholic beverages (100%) and crude palm oil (17.5%), Crude soyabean and sunflower oil (20%), Apples (35%), Coal, lignite and peat (1.5%), Specified fertilizers (Urea etc) (5%), Peas (40%), Kabuli Chana (30%), Bengal Gram/Chick peas (50%) Lentil (Mosur) (20%), Cotton (not carded or combed) (5%).
Regarding rationalization of procedures and easing of compliance, the Finance Minister proposed certain changes in the provisions relating to ADD and CVD levies.
She also said that to complete customs investigation, definite time-lines are being prescribed. The Minister said that the Turant Custom Initiative rolled out in 2020 has helped in putting a check of misuse of FTAs.
TURANT CUSTOMS INITIATIVE
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This step has been taken by CBIC for fulfilling its commitment to a Faceless, Paperless, and Contactless Customs under the umbrella of its “Turant Customs” programme.
The launch of paperless documentation on exports is a sequel to a similar initiative that was begun for imports w.e.f. 15th April 2020.
Green Customs: These initiatives will do away with the present requirement to take paper printout of these documents thereby promoting Green Customs.
Business Friendly: Equally importantly exporters would not have to visit the Customs Houses for this purpose and can better utilize their time in promoting their business.
Implementation: Turant Customs, which has as its main component Faceless Assessment, would be implemented in phases across the entire country by 1st January 2021.
Benefits: These reforms are based on enhanced use of digital technology to reduce the time and costs for the importers, exporters and other stakeholders, thereby improving India’s ranking in the World Bank’s “Trading Across Borders” parameter of its Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) index.
IMPORTANT BUDGETARY TERMS
Annual Financial It encompasses the receipt and expenditure of the Indian government. Statement The information on the Consolidated Fund of India, Contingency Fund of India and Public Accounts is provided.
Revenue – Receipt & Revenue Receipt: Expenditure The receipts received which cannot be recovered by the government It comprises income amassed by the Government through taxes and non-tax sources like interest, dividends on investments. Revenue Expenditure: Expenditure incurred by the Union Government for purposes other than for the creation of physical or financial assets. It includes those expenditures incurred for the usual functioning of the government departments, grants given to state governments and interest payments on the debt of the Union Government etc.
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Capital – Receipt & Capital Receipt: Expenditure Receipts which generate liability or decrease the financial assets of the government It includes borrowings from the Reserve Bank of India and commercial banks and other financial institutions It also consists of loans received from foreign governments and international organization and repayment of loans granted by the Union government Capital Expenditure: Spending incurred by the government which results in the formation of physical or financial possessions of the Union government or decrease in financial liabilities of the Union Government. It contains expenditure on procuring land, equipment, infrastructure, expenditure in shares. It also includes mortgages by the Union government to Public Sector Undertakings, state and union territories
Corporation Tax Tax on profits of companies
Direct Tax Taxes which are imposed directly on individual and company It comprises income tax and corporation tax
Indirect Tax Taxes which are imposed on goods and services It comprises taxes like service tax, excise taxes, and customs duties
Fiscal Policy The policy of the government Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its expenditure levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a country’s economy.
Revenue Deficit It is the additional expenditure of government over revenue receipts
Fiscal Deficit It is the difference between the total expenditure of the government and its total receipts, not including the borrowing.
Primary Deficit Fiscal deficit – interest payments = Primary Deficit
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Non-Tax Revenue Government revenue not generated from taxes. Examples of non-tax revenue: Aid from another level of government ((intragovernmental aid): in the United States, federal grants may be considered non-tax revenue to the receiving states, and equalization payments; Aid from abroad (foreign aid) etc
Gross Domestic Monetary value of all finished goods and services made within a Product (GDP) country during a specific period
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