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El Éxito En La Educación Primaria Y Secundaria. Anexo

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El Éxito En La Educación Primaria Y Secundaria. Anexo El éxito en la educación primaria y secundaria Anexo: Fichas país Alemania, Canadá, España, Estados Unidos, Francia, Italia, Países Bajos, Portugal, Reino Unido, Suecia Consejo Escolar del Estado El éxito en la educación primaria y secundaria Índice Alemania ................................................................................................................................................................................. 46 Canadá ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 53 España ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 63 Estados Unidos ....................................................................................................................................................................... 77 Francia ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 85 Italia ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 95 Países Bajos............................................................................................................................................................................ 103 Portugal .................................................................................................................................................................................. 111 Reino Unido .......................................................................................................................................................................... 121 Suecia ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 131 –45– El éxito en la educación primaria y secundaria ALEMANIA ALEMANIA A. Estructura de la educación primaria y secundaria El sistema educativo alemán es diferente en muchos aspectos al de otros países. Dicho sistema es obligatorio entre los 6 años y los 18 ‑ 19 años, a diferencia del sistema español, que es obligatorio hasta los 16 años. Su estructura queda detallada en la figura AL1, en la que se reflejan las distintas etapas formativas. Figura AL1 Estructura de la educación primaria y secundaria en Alemania Gymnasium Gymnasiale Oberstufe Krippe Kindergarten Grundschule Realschule Fachoberschule Haupschule Berufsfachschule Duale Berufsausbildun 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Años Educación obligatoria Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de los datos de Eurydice. Educación primaria De 0 a 3 años, krippe se corresponde con el primer ciclo de educación infantil en España. De 3 a 6 años, kin- dergarten, equivale al segundo ciclo de educación infantil. La educación primaria, Grundschule, abarca 4 cursos, desde los 6 años (grado 1) hasta los 10 años (final de grado 4). Educación secundaria Tras completar la educación primaria, la estructura de la educación secundaria en los länder1 se caracteriza por la división en las diversas vías educativas, a las que se asocian las respectivas certificaciones y cualificacio‑ nes, y de las cuales son responsables los diferentes tipos de escuelas. Se extiende a lo largo de 8 ‑ 9 cursos académicos, desde el grado 5 (10 años) hasta el grado 12‑13 (18 ‑ 19 años) que se dividen en: – Tres vías de formación en la secundaria baja: Gymnasium (Instituto de Educación Secundaria académica), Realschule (Instituto de Educación Secundaria académica y profesional) y Hauptschule (Instituto de Edu‑ cación Secundaria profesional). La duración de estas etapas es de 6 años (generalmente de 10 a 16 años, grado 5 hasta finales de grado 10). Dichas vías tienen una etapa de orientación previa (Orientierungsstufe) de dos años, 5 ‑ 6 grado (10‑11 años), en los que se supervisa y orienta al alumnado respecto a su propia trayectoria académica. – Cuatro vías de formación en la secundaria alta: Gymnasiale Oberstufe (Instituto de Bachillerato), Fachobers‑ chule (Instituto tecnológico), Berufsfachschule (Instituto de Formación profesional) y Duale Berufsausbildun (Instituto de Formación Profesional dual) con una duración de 3 años (grado 11‑13, de 16 a 18‑19 años) En secundaria baja, hay escuelas en las que se ofrece una sola vía (Gymnasium, Realschule o Hauptschule) que está relacionada con una certificación final. Además, existen escuelas cooperativas e integradas (Gesamts- chulen) en la mayoría de los länder que reúnen al Gymnasium, Realschule y Hauptschule bajo un mismo techo pedagógico y organizativo. 1. Land, länder: estados federados en Alemania –46– El éxito en la educación primaria y secundaria ALEMANIA El Gymnasiun proporciona una educación general intensiva. El curso de educación estándar comprende tanto el nivel de secundaria baja como el de secundaria alta. Además de Gymnasium estándar, hay tipos espe‑ ciales de Gymnasium a los que los alumnos de Hauptschule y Realschule se pueden trasladar después de los grados 6 o 7 (11 o 12 años), así como cursos especiales para estudiantes particularmente capacitados que han abandonado sus estudios tanto en la Realschule como en la formación profesional. La Realschule proporciona a sus alumnos una educación general más amplia que les permite, de acuerdo con su rendimiento y preferencias, a través de la especialización y sujeta a sus calificaciones, continuar su educación en cursos que conducen a una cualificación/certificación profesional y en cursos que conducen a una cualificación/certificación de educación superior. La Realschule estándar cubre los grados 5 a 10 (de 10 a 15 años). La Hauptschule proporciona a sus alumnos una educación general básica que les permite, de acuerdo con su rendimiento y preferencias, a través de la especialización y sujeta a sus calificaciones, continuar su educación, sobre todo, en cursos que conducen a una cualificación/certificación profesional, pero también en cursos que conducen a una cualificación/certificación de ingreso a la educación superior. Normalmente cubre los grados 5 a 9 (de 10 a 14 años), aunque también se puede realizar en diez años de educación obligatoria a tiempo completo, lo que incluye el grado 10 (15 años). B. Paso de curso y repetición Educación primaria Todos los niños y niñas pasan automáticamente del grado 1 (6 años) al grado 2 (7 años) en la escuela primaria. En algunos länder hay una fase flexible de ingreso a la escuela, donde se imparte enseñanza en todos los gra‑ dos y que los alumnos completan en un mínimo de un año y un máximo de tres. Como regla general, desde el grado 2 de la escuela primaria en adelante, cada estudiante es asignado al grado adecuado dependiendo de su nivel de logro, ya sea para promocionar a un grado o para repetir un grado. La decisión de pasar o no a un alumno al siguiente grado se basa en las calificaciones obtenidas en el informe escolar del estudiante (Zeugnis) al final del año escolar. De promedio, el porcentaje de alumnado en cada curso de educación primaria que repitió, según Eurydice, en el año escolar 2017‑2018 fue del 1,0 %. Educación secundaria baja El paso de un alumno al siguiente curso depende de su nivel de rendimiento. Por lo general en cada asignatura que influye en la promoción se requiere una nota adecuada (calificación 4 o superior). Las calificaciones bajas o muy bajas en una asignatura pueden compensarse, hasta cierto punto, con calificaciones que sean satisfac‑ torias en otras asignaturas. El sistema de calificaciones en Alemania difiere del de otros países, y sus notas van desde el valor de 6 (calificación más baja) hasta el 1 (calificación más alta). De esta manera, para aprobar cualquier curso la nota mínima es de 4 puntos. Las calificaciones se dividen entre el 1 que indica un estudiante sobresaliente, y el 5 y 6 que indica un estudiante de rendimiento insuficiente. La decisión de promocionar o no al alumnado en un grado determinado generalmente depende de la Klas- senkonferenz (junta de evaluación), a la que asisten todos los profesores que han enseñado a esos estudiantes y, a veces, también la Lehrerkonferenz (reunión de profesores), a la que asisten todos los docentes de una escuela determinada. La decisión se refleja en el informe emitido al final del año escolar. En algunos länder, según el tipo de escuela o en todos los tipos de escuela de secundaria baja no se repite curso. Los alumnos generalmente pasan al siguiente grado al comienzo del nuevo año escolar.2 2. En el año escolar 2017-2018, entre el 0,7 % y el 5,2 % del alumnado de secundaria baja, repitieron curso según Eurydice. –47– El éxito en la educación primaria y secundaria ALEMANIA La repetición en Alemania se da en un porcentaje más bajo que en España. Además, está disminuyendo, como se observa en la tabla AL1, donde se recogen los datos de 2009 y 2015 del porcentaje de alumnos y alumnas que a los 15 años habían repetido al menos una vez, según los datos del informe PISA. Tabla AL1 Datos de repetición de Alemania. PISA 2009 y PISA 2015 Repetición alumnos 15 años PISA 2009 PISA 2015 España 35,3 % 31,3 % Alemania 21,4 % 18,1 % Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de los datos de PISA. En la figura AL2 se pueden apreciar los resultados en cada una de las
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