ECOLOGICAL RESERVE 15, SATURNA ISLAND Terrestrial Ecosystem Inventory

Harvey Janszen 2001

1 ECOLOGICAL RESERVE 15, SATURNA ISLAND Terrestrial Ecosystem Inventory

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 3 1.1 History of Reserve ...... 3 1.2 Topography, soils and climate ...... 6 1.3 Other Research...... 9 1.4 Project Scope ...... 9 2.0 METHODS ...... 10 2.1 Field Work 1999 ...... 10 2.2 Synthesis ...... 10 3.0 RESULTS ...... 11 3.1 Ecological Units present in Ecological reserve 15 ...... 11 FdHw-Salal Ecosystem Unit...... 13 HwFd-Kindbergia Ecosystem Unit...... 14 Cw-Sword fern Ecosystem Unit ...... 15 Cw-Foamflower Ecosystem Unit...... 16 3.2 Provincially significant flora and ecosystem units ...... 17 3.3 Species present tables ...... 17 3.4 Plot characteristics ...... 17 References Cited ...... 33

Map 1. Location of Saturna Island ecological Reserve (loc # 12) ...... 3 Map 2. Location of Ecological Reserve 15 (Blue) on Saturna Island...... 4 Map 3. History & Condition of surrounding land...... 5 Map 4. Overview Ecological reserve 15. Cadastral and polygon boundaries on air photo...... 18 Map 5. NW 1/4 Section of Ecological reserve 15. 1:5000 ...... 19 Map 6. SE 1/4 Section of Ecological reserve 15. 1:5000 ...... 20

Chart 1. Averaged monthly precipitation from June 1989 through December 2000...... 7 Chart 2. Averaged monthly temperatures from June 1989 through December 2000...... 8

Table 1.Index of continentality for hypermaritime CWH subzones 3-6...... 8 Table 2. Vascular Plants, Ecological reserve 15...... 21 Table 3. Bryophytes, Ecological Reserve 15...... 25 Table 4. Lichens, Ecological Reserve 15...... 28 Table 5. Plot index ordered by polygon number...... 30 Table 6. Plot index ordered by site series, structural stage and physical attributes...... 31 Table 7. Ecosystem Unit site modifiers...... 32

2 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 History of Reserve

Ecological Reserve No. 15 was established May 4, 1971, one of the first group of reserves to be established under the Ecological Reserves Act. It was proposed by T.C. Brayshaw to represent virgin Douglas-fir forest in the Coastal Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic zone (CDFa). Changes in the Biogeoclimatic classification system since 1971 now place the reserve in the Very Dry Maritime subzone of the Coastal Western Hemlock zone (CWHxm).

Map 1. Location of Saturna Island ecological Reserve (loc # 12) .

3 The reserve covers 131 ha consisting of two quarter sections catercorner northwest and southeast. The entire area is forested and slopes gently to steeply to the north on Saturna Island's southern ridge at elevations from 130 to 320 metres.

Map 2. Location of Ecological Reserve 15 (Blue) on Saturna Island.

Saturna Island is mostly forested and has a permanent human population of about 325 concentrated in two small settlement areas. This reserve is relatively undisturbed and surrounded by edaphically similar land. The area north and down slope of the northwest quarter (area A on map 3) is privately owned and has been cleared and maintained as open scrub grazing land but the rest of the reserve boundary is forested. The quarter section included in the northeast angle of the reserve (area B) is managed for forestry and has been selectively logged from time to time but a closed canopy has been maintained and forest structure is not significantly different from adjacent undisturbed forest. The quarter included in the southwest angle of the reserve (area C) is undisturbed natural fire regenerated forest about 125 years old. The quarter directly to the west (area D) was heavily logged 25 years ago and suffered serious wind damage a year later. The quarter to the east (area E) was severely burned in the early 1930's. The dense, stagnant Western Hemlock regeneration was salvage logged, thinned and replanted 15 years ago. The south boundary of the southeast quarter (area F) is privately owned and was selectively logged 35 years ago but closed canopy was maintained.

Areas B, D and E have recently been purchased by the Pacific Marine Heritage Legacy Fund (PMHLF) for inclusion in a proposed National Park. Area C is provincial Crown land and is expected to be included in the future park. PMHLF has also acquired a right-of-way along

4 the south boarder of the Southeast quarter in trade for a small area adjacent to the reserve (which has subsequently been cleared and fenced for use as sheep pasture).

Map 3. History & Condition of surrounding land

Approximately 10% of the area of the reserve, including most of the area of gentlest slopes and most productive soils on the eastern edge of the SE quarter, was logged and not restocked in the late 1940's and now is in late pole/sapling stage regeneration. Natural regeneration in this area was almost 100% Tsuga heterophylla which currently has formed a dense stagnant pole/sapling stand with almost no understorey. A small area in the northwest quarter was logged in the late 1960’s and not restocked. Natural restocking in this area was mostly Pseudotsuga menziesii and growth is currently vigorous. More than half of the area of the Reserve was reported as recently burned in the 1874 land survey of the island and is now approaching mature forest stage. The remainder is mature and old growth forest.

5 1.2 Topography, soils and climate

Saturna Island, easternmost of 's Gulf Islands, lies in the off southern . The island is 12.7 km from northwest to southeast and 4.4 km from north to south. The landscape is made up of two cuestas running northeast to southwest with steep southwest faces and moderately to steeply sloping northeast faces. Maximum elevation is 400 m. Between these highlands is a deep central valley and below the southern ridge a narrow bench runs the length of the island. The 3152 ha of the island are predominantly covered by second-growth forest. The reserve is on the northeast slope of the southern ridge just below the highest point

The bedrock of the island has been described by Clapp (1913), Muller and Jeletzky (1970), Muller (1971), England (1989), England and Calon (1991), and England and Hiscott (1992). The Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo series sandstones, shales, and conglomerates, which make up the island, have been faulted, folded, and eroded differentially to form the two massive sandstone ridges which dominate the landscape. The central valley is a deeply eroded anticline stretching across the island forming deep, sheltered inlets at both ends. North to south-running faults form several low, steep- sided passes across the ridges and a series of scarps across the western end of the island. In the Ecological Reserve bedrock of the southeast quarter and the north portion of the northwest quarter of the reserve is Northumberland Formation composed of recessive, grey, silty shale interbedded with thin, very fine-grained sandstones and siltstone layers. Bedrock of the Winstanley group of the Galiano Formation underlies the southern portion of the northwest quarter. These are composed of thick bedded, coarse-grained sandstone and pebble to cobble conglomerates with minor inclusions of finer grained beds.

Pleistocene glaciers flowing from the northwest smoothed the north sides of the ridges and plucked the south sides leaving steep rocky bluffs (Armstrong et.al., 1965). As the glaciers receded, approximately 13,500 years ago, the island rose isostatically leaving several well defined wave cut terraces below 120 m elevation (Prest, 1969; Matthews et.al., 1970).

Ridges and convex surfaces in the reserve are covered by shallow to very shallow glacial drift and colluvium with moderate to abundant coarse fragment content. Steep slopes are covered by glacial drift and colluvium of finer texture with little or no coarse fragment content. Concave surfaces and the drainage channels in the southeast quarter are covered by deep, fine textured colluvium and glacial outwash with no coarse fragments.

Soils in the reserve are mainly orthic dystric and orthic sombric brunisols developed on shallow deposits of channery, sandy loam to loamy sand textured, colluvial and glacial drift. Some of the areas of shallowest soils have developed Orthic Humo-ferric Podzols. Orthic sombric brunisols occur on areas of gently sloping, silty clay loam and silty loam textured, glacial outwash and colluvial material deeper than 100 cm (Day et.al., 1959; Kenney et.al., 1988).

The climate of the island is characterized by a period of marked summer drought and mild wet winters (Köppen Csb). Prevailing winds are from the southwest in summer and from the southeast in winter. Kerr (1951) classifies the climate of the Georgia Strait area as Transitional between Cool

6 Mediterranean and Maritime with the outstanding characteristics of summer deficiency of moisture, low annual precipitation, and high totals of sunshine.

The nearest station for which 30 year average weather statistics are available is , 3 km to the west, in the CDF zone, with adjusted mean annual precipitation, 736 mm; mean annual temperature, 9.7 C; and driest month, July, with 17 mm precipitation (B.C. Dept. of Agriculture, undated).

The CAPMON weather station, operated by Environment Canada, 1.5 km to the east has 12 yrs of records. At this time 10 years of rainfall and temperature data are available, summarized below.

Average Precipitation

300.0

250.0

200.0 Average

150.0 Max mm.

100.0 Min

50.0

0.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Month

Chart 1. Averaged monthly precipitation from June 1989 through December 2000.

7 Average Tempratures Mean max monthly T 25.0

Mean min 20.0 monthly T

15.0 Monthly

10.0 mean T Deg.C

5.0 Highest monthly in

0.0 range JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Lowest -5.0 monthly in Months range

Chart 2. Averaged monthly temperatures from June 1989 through December 2000.

Climate characteristics Saturna CAPMON CWHxm CDFmm Mean annual precipitation (mm) 850 1505 872

Mean precipitation April-Sept. (mm) 244 363 176 Mean ppt. Of driest month (mm) 32 39 18 Mean ppt. Of wettest winter month (mm) 147 251 157

Mean annual temprature (˚C) 10.1 9.3 9.5 Mean temprature of the warmest month (˚C) 17.1 17.0 16.3 Mean temprature of the coldest month (˚C) 3.9 1.8 3.1

Number of months with mean T >10 ˚C 6.0 5.4 5.0

Index of continentality 8.8 14 11.2

Table 1.Index of continentality for hypermaritime CWH subzones 3-6.

Green and Klinka (1994) describe the climate of CWHxm as having from 1100 to 2721 mm mean annual precipitation, 7.8° to 10.7°C mean annual temperature, 160 to 565 mm May to September precipitation and 3.8 months with water deficit. The climate of the reserve, as compared to the nearby lower elevation CDFmm, may be described as having about twice the total precipitation,

8 about twice the May to September precipitation, roughly the same period of water deficit (although the magnitude of deficit is smaller than in CDF), more than three times as much snowfall, about 0.8°C lower mean annual temperature, about 5°C lower minimum temperature, about 100 fewer degree-days >5°C. and about a 50 day shorter frost free period.

1.3 Other Research

Research done in the reserve since establishment includes a bryophyte and vascular plant survey conducted by University of Victoria undergraduate students Russ George and David Clark in 1973, a survey of the vertebrate fauna by Catherine Guest, also a UVic undergraduate, in 1974, a vegetation survey by T.P.Sullivan published in the Canadian Field Naturalist in 1979 and a breeding bird survey by Dr. Jean-Pierre Savard of the Canadian Wildlife Service in 1989. B.C. Soil Survey Report No. 43 details at least one soil pit for the reserve. Pam Janszen began a long term mycological survey of the reserve in 1997 and has published record lists in 1997, 1999, 2000 and 2001. She plans to correlate long term information on occurrence and distribution of fungi in the reserve with the terrestrial ecosystem information presented here to improve understanding of fungal ecology in British Columbia.

1.4 Project Scope

In the summer of 1996 the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks undertook a project to inventory the untenured Crown land of Saturna Island for a proposed woodlot license under the Forest Act. Two of the quarter sections covered are adjacent to the reserve. A bioterrain and ecosystem map was produced for this area in conformance with the Ministry's Standards for Terrestrial Ecosystem Mapping in British Columbia (Ecosystem Working Group, 1995). In January of 1998 I proposed to the South Vancouver Island District of B.C. Parks extending this mapping to the reserve. Chris Kissinger, Resource Officer for the District, arranged pretyping bioterraine units on 1:16,000 colour air photos by a surficial geologist and monorestitution of the pretyped polygon boundaries on a 1:5000 TRIM-based map in the fall of 1998.

Objectives of the study were to:

• visit 100% of the polygons in the reserve and complete a minimum of one detailed ecological plot for each polygon;

• do reconnaissance level checks throughout each polygon after initial classification to confirm the proportion and structural stage of each ecosystem unit;

• produce a biophysical map (1:5000) and legend;

• produce a description of the biophysical units mapped;

• identify and map provincially significant flora and ecosystem units;

• compare and correlate the results with the 1996 work on adjacent Crown land.

9 2.0 METHODS

2.1 Field Work 1999

Several field trips were made in February and March 1999 to locate the corner posts of the reserve and to flag the boundaries. In April and May several field trips were made for familiarization with the boundaries of the 23 pretyped polygons. A list of all vascular plants observed was also compiled.

Between June 15 and July 27 one to three plots, depending on polygon size and complexity, were established in each polygon. At each plot a hand held GPS was used to assign a Universal Transverse Mercator locator based on North American Datum 1983 and the plot was flagged with surveyors tape for easy relocation. A soil pit was dug and information gathered includes physiographic features, soil features, a complete vascular plant and bryophyte cover analysis, bryophyte and macrolichen collections, and assessment of soil nutrient and moisture regime. A combined form of Ecosystem Field Forms FS882 (1), (2) and (3) was completed for each plot. Any additional vascular plants observed in plots or in transit between plots were noted and added to the list compiled in April and May. Birds calling or seen were also noted and additional collections of lichens and bryophytes were made in transit between plots.

Additional field trips were made to each polygon in October and November to assign final ecosystem unit proportions, site modifiers and forest structural stages.

In June of 2000 all lichens, mosses and hepatics collected from the plots were identified and complete lists were compiled including species recorded on the field forms but not collected. Species from George & Clark’s list (1973) were also included. Several additional field trips to the reserve were made between June and September to collect additional lichen and bryophyte species and new records were added to the lists.

2.2 Synthesis

Using the methods outlined in A field Guide to Site Identification and Interpretation for the Vancouver Forest Region (Green and Klinka, 1994) and Field Manual for Describing Terrestrial Ecosystems (B.C. Ministry of Environment, 1998) each plot was assigned a tentative site series based on the estimated Soil Moisture Regime (SMR) and Soil Nutrient Regime (SNR). From field notes site modifiers were added where appropriate and additional site series and structural stages in the same polygon were noted. The plant cover of each plot was compared to the vegetation summary tables in Green and Klinka to confirm identity of site series. All sites were found to be best described by the vegetation table for CWHxm but in many of the plots the total number of indicator species represented was significantly less than anticipated in the table. Ten of the thirty indicator species expected for the edatops present were not found in any plot or within the reserve at all. In cases where the vegetation table or SMR and SNR ranges did not allow clear determination of site series, indicator plant analysis was carried out. However, because of the reduced number of indicator plants, this was no clearer and in some cases gave very anomalous

10 results. These plots were assigned site series based on slope position, aspect, canopy composition, and adjacent sites as well as SMR and SNR.

Although most plots had fewer indicator species and more sparse cover of those present than indicated for typical edatopes in the CWHxm, no new site series are proposed here since no other species were dominant or abundant enough in any plot to be significant. In my experience on Vancouver Island and throughout the Gulf Islands this is a general difference. Both CDF and CWHxm ecosystems have fewer species present and lower cover values on the islands.

From air photo examination and field notes, each polygon was assigned a biophysical label assigning it to an ecosystem unit including site series, site modifiers, forest structural stage and seral associations. Polygons may consist of one to three ecosystem units with estimated decile proportions of each.

Results were field checked and corrected in each polygon in October and November of 1999 as noted above. One large polygon was split into three and boundaries of several polygons were adjusted based on ground observation of terrain and topography not obvious on the air photos. The final map contains 25 polygons.

3.0 RESULTS

3.1 Ecological Units present in Ecological reserve 15 Southern Gulf Islands Ecoregion (SGI)

Symbol Site Series Name DS CWHxm/03 FdHw-Salal HK CWHxm/01 HwFd-Kindbergia RS CWHxm/05 Cw-Swordfern RF CWHxm/07 Cw-Foamflower

11 Polygon Ecological Units present

1 6HKt4-4HKk5

2 3HKk7-5DSk6-2DSk5

3 3HKt7-6HKk5-1HKk4

4 3DSj7-5DSj6-2DS5

5 3DSk6-7DSv5 6 9DSj5-1DS6 7 2DS7-4DSv6-4DSv5 8 2DSjb6-8DSj5 9 3HKj6-4DSj5-3DSj3b 10 DSj5 11 6HK6-4HK5 12 3RS7-6RS6-1DS6 13 RF6 14 2RSs7-8HKv6 15 7HK6-3HK5 16 1HKv7-9HKv4 17 DS6 18 5HK6-5HK3b 19 3RF7-5RF6-1RF4 20 2DSr7-4DSr6-4DS4 21 3DS6-6HKj5-1DS3b 22 9HKk6-1HKj4 23 1RS7-7RS6-2HK4 24 4HK7-5HK6-1HK4 25 1RFf5-7RFf4-2HK4

Site series

Map Label Format: CWH xm / 01 Zone Subzone

Site Series symbol Percent of polygon occupied

Complex Map Units 3 HK 7 – 5 DS k 6 – 2 DS k 5

Forest structural stage Site modifiers

12 FdHw-Salal Ecosystem Unit

Map Unit Description

DS FdHw-Salal; moderate to strongly sloping, shallow soils; typic ecosystem unit DSk FdHw-Salal; steep, cool aspect DSj FdHw-Salal; gentle to moderate slope DSjb FdHw-Salal; gentle to moderate slope, LFH over bedrock soils DSv FdHw-Salal; moderate to strongly sloping, very shallow soils DSr FdHw-Salal; ridge, shallow soils

DS forests in Ecological Reserve 15 are found on gently to strongly sloping North aspects and ridges. Moisture regime is moderately dry and nutrient regimes vary from poor to medium. Soils are coarse textured but usually with low coarse fragment contents. Several soil pits had a high proportion of fractured sandstone but most had 0-20% coarse fragment content. Soil profile consists of an LFH horizon (Mor) 0-10 cm thick overlaying loamy sand or sandy loam. Soil colour is light brown to yellowish or reddish brown. Soils are shallow to very shallow on upper slopes and ridge crests. Shrub layers are sparse, low Salal with sparse herb coverage. Structural stage 7 forest has very sparse understorey in this ecosystem unit. Bryophyte layer total coverage varies from 80% to as little as 15%. Structural stages present are 3b, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Additional species present include vascular plants : Taxus brevifolia, Cystopteris fragilis, Polystichum munitum, Stellaria crispa, Urtica dioica, Pyrola picta, Galium triflorum; mosses : Dicranum fuscescens, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum circinale, Isothecium myosuroides, Plagiothecium undulatum; hepatics : Chiloscypus polyanthos, Lophocolea cuspidata, Scapania bolanderi; macrolichens : Cetraria orbata, Hypogymnia enteromorpha, Hypogymnia inactiva, Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia sulcata, Platismatia glauca, Platismatia herrei, Usnea filipendula, Usnea subfloridiana.

Structural Stage Sparsely vegetated (1a) Grass-Forb (2) Low shrub (3a) Tall shrub (3b) Dominants Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Polytrichum Pteridium aquilinum, Festuca Gaultheria shallon, Pteridium aquilinum Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pteridium juniperum occidentalis, Melica subulata aquilinum Associates Fragaria vesca, Festuca occidentalis, Melica Gaultheria shallon, Rosa gymnocarpa Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rosa Kindbergia oregana, Rhytidiadelphus subulata gymnocarpa Triquetrus, Rhytidiadelphus loreus Plots #

Structural Stage Pole/Sapling (4) Young Forest (5) Mature Forest (6) Old Forest (7) Dominants Pseudotsuga menziesii, Kindbergia oregana, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Gaultheria Pseudotsuga menziesii, Gaultheria Pseudotsuga menziesii, Gaultheria Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus shallon, Kindbergia oregana, shallon, Kindbergia oregana, shallon, Kindbergia oregana, Hylocomium splendens Hylocomium splendens Hylocomium splendens Associates Tsuga heterophylla, Corallorhiza maculata, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, Tsuga heterophylla, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, Thuja plicata, Rhytidiadelphus loreus Melica subulata, Festuca occidentalis, Melica subulata, Trientalis latifolia, Mahonia nervosa, Corallorhiza Listera cordata, Rhytidiadelphus Rhytidiadelphus loreus maculata, Rhytidiadelphus loreus Triquetrus, Goodyera oblongifolia Plots # 21, 23, 24, 27 2, 4 ,25, 26, 17 3, 20

13 HwFd-Kindbergia Ecosystem Unit

Map Unit Description

HK HwFd-Kindbergia; moderate to strongly sloping, deep soils; typic ecosystem unit HKk HkFd-Kindbergia; steep, cool aspect HKj HwFd-Kindbergia; gentle to moderate slope HKv HwFd-Kindbergia; very shallow soils HKt HwFd-Kindbergia; terrace, combination of gentle slope and steep, cool aspect

HK is the zonal forest in CWHxm. In Ecological Reserve 15 these forests are found on gently to strongly sloping north aspects with deep soils. Moisture regimes are slightly dry to fresh and nutrient regimes vary from poor to medium. Soils are coarse to medium textured with low coarse fragment content. On poor sites soil humus form is Mor with an LFH horizon 0-10 cm thick overlaying loamy sand or sandy loam light in colour. On medium sites humus form is Moder with LFH horizon 2-6 cm thick overlaying loamy sand or sandy loam light in colour. Shrub and herb layers are sparse except in polygons 17, 18 and 21. Structural stages present are 3b, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Additional species present include vascular plants : Alnus rubra, Melica subulata, Nemophila parviflora, Lonicera hispidula, Galium triflorum, Bromus vulgaris, Adenocaulon bicolor, Goodyera oblongifolia, Festuca subulata, Monotropa uniflora, Tiarella trifoliata; mosses : Dicranum fuscescens, Plagiothecium undulatum, Hypnum circinale, Isothecium myosuroides; hepatics : Cephalozia lunulifolia, Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Lepidozia reptans, Lophocolea cuspidata, Scapania bolanderi; macrolichens : Cetraria orbata, Cladonia squamosa, Hypogymnia enteromorpha, Hypogymnia inactiva, Hypogymnia physodes, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Parmelia sulcata, Platismatia glauca, Usnea filipendula.

Structural Stage Sparsely vegetated (1a) Grass-Forb (2) Low shrub (3a) Tall shrub (3b) Dominants Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Polytrichum Pteridium aquilinum, Festuca Gaultheria shallon, Pteridium aquilinum, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga juniperum occidentalis, Melica subulata Rosa gymnocarpa heterophylla, Gaultheria shallon, Rosa gymnocarpa Associates Fragaria vesca, Festuca occidentalis Gaultheria shallon Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga Thuja plicata, Pteridium aquilinum, Heterophylla Listera cordata, Osmorhiza chilensis Plots #

Structural Stage Pole/Sapling (4) Young Forest (5) Mature Forest (6) Old Forest (7) Dominants Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Kindbergia oregana, Heterophylla, Gaultheria shallon Heterophylla, Kindbergia oregana, Hylocomium splendens, Gaultheria Hylocomium splendens shallon Associates Kindbergia oregana, Pteridium aquilinum, Thuja plicata, Listera cordata, Mahonia Thuja plicata, Kindbergia oregana, Thuja plicata, Listera cordata, Thuja plicata, Gaultheria shallon, nervosa, Pteridium aquilinum Hylocomium splendens, Mahonia Polystichum munitum, Trientalis Polystichum munitum nervosa, Rosa gymnocarpa, Trientalis latifolia latifolia, Pteridium aquilinum Plots # 11, 13, 18 1, 6, 12, 15, 16 10, 19, 22

14 Cw-Sword fern Ecosystem Unit

Map Unit Description

RS Cw-Sword fern; moderate to strongly sloping, deep soils; typic ecosystem unit RSs Cw-Sword fern; shallow soils

In Ecological Reserve 15 RS forests are found on moderately to strongly sloping northeast to southeast aspects with deep soils. Moisture regimes are slightly dry to fresh and nutrient regimes vary from rich to very rich. Soils are coarse textured colluvial material with low coarse fragment content. Soil humus form is mull with an LFH horizon 2-3 cm thick and an Ah horizon 6-10 cm thick overlaying loamy sand or sandy loam light in colour. Shrub layers are sparse Salal. Herb and bryophyte layers are richer than on HK sites but still sparse. Indicator species analysis of plots in this unit, because of the small number and low coverage of herbs, gave results varying from soil and moisture nutrient regime analysis. Structural stages present are 6 and 7. Additional species present include vascular plants : Corallorhiza maculata, Polystichum munitum, Festuca subulata, Trientalis latifolia, Listera cordata, Osmorhiza chilensis, Urtica dioica, Luzula multiflora; mosses : Hypnum circinale, Isothecium myosuroides, Plagiothecium undulatum, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus; hepatics : Scapania bolanderi; macrolichens : Cetraria orbata, Cladonia squamosa, Hypogymnia inactiva, Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia sulcata, Platismatia glauca, Usnea filipendula.

Structural Stage Sparsely vegetated (1a) Grass-Forb (2) Low shrub (3a) Tall shrub (3b) Dominants Festuca occidentalis, Pteridium aquilinum Festuca occidentalis, Melica subulata, Gaultheria shallon, Pteridium aquilinum Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga Pteridium aquilinum heterophylla, Kindbergia oregana Associates Lactuca muralis, Bromus vulgaris Gaultheria shallon, Rubus spectabilis, Thuja plicata, Alnus rubra, Lactuca Thuja plicata, Gaultheria shallon, Galium aparine muralis, Kindbergia oregana Tiarella trifoliata, Alnus rubra, Lactuca muralis Plots #

Structural Stage Pole/Sapling (4) Young Forest (5) Mature Forest (6) Old Forest (7) Dominants Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga Kindbergia oregana heterophylla, Kindbergia oregana, heterophylla, Kindbergia oregana, menziesii, Kindbergia oregana, Hylocomium splendens Gaultheria shallon Hylocomium splendens Associates Thuja plicata, Mahonia nervosa, Gaultheria Thuja plicata, Melica subulata, Melica subulata, Adenocaulon bicolor, Gaultheria shallon, Melica subulata, shallon, Tiarella trifoliata, Hylocomium Gaultheria shallon, Galium triflorum, Campanula scouleri, Rhytidiadelphus Rosa gymnocarpa, Mahonia nervosa splendens Rosa gymnocarpa loreus, Hylocomium splendens Plots # 8,14 5, 28

15 Cw-Foamflower Ecosystem Unit

Map Unit Description

RF Cw-Foamflower; gently to moderately sloping, deep, medium textured soils; typic ecosystem unit RFf Cw-Foamflower; fine textured soils

RF forests are found on very gently sloping, moisture receiving areas within Ecological Reserve 15. Moisture regimes are moist to very moist and nutrient regimes are rich to very rich. Tree growth is very good on this unit but, as for the HK and RS units in the area, shrub and herb layers are sparse with low numbers of species present and low cover. Although species numbers and cover values are low no new name is proposed for this unit since no species not included in the vegetation table is abundant enough be considered significant. Structural stages present are 4, 5, 6 and 7. Additional species present include vascular plants : Pteridium aquilinum, Telima grandiflora, Carex deweyana, Cardamine occidentalis, Stellaria crispa, Mimulus moschatus, Lactuca muralis, Bromus vulgaris; mosses : Plagiothecium undulatum, Hypnum circinale, Rhizomnium glabrescens, Scleropodium obtusifolium; hepatics : Calypogia trichomanis, Cephalozia lunulifolia, Scapania bolanderi; macrolichens : Hypogymnia inactiva, Hypogymnia physodes, Hypogymnia rugosa, Parmelia sulcata, Platismatia glauca, Usnea filipendula.

Structural Stage Sparsely vegetated (1a) Grass-Forb (2) Low shrub (3a) Tall shrub (3b) Dominants Hylocomium splendens Polystichum munitum, Urtica dioica Melica subulata, Urtica dioica Alnus rubra, Rubus spectabilis, Urtica dioica Associates Polystichum munitum, Urtica dioica, Carex Rubus spectabilis, Ribes lacustre, Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga deweyana, Kindbergia praelonga Gaultheria shallon, Athyrium menziesii, Thuja plicata, Rosa menziesii, Thuja plicata, Rosa filix-femina, Rosa gymnocarpa, gymnocarpa, Galium triflorum, gymnocarpa, Galium triflorum, Tiarella Kindbergia praelonga Kindbergia praelonga trifoliata, Kindbergia praelonga Plots #

Structural Stage Pole/Sapling (4) Young Forest (5) Mature Forest (6) Old Forest (7) Dominants Tsuga heterophylla, Thuja plicata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, Kindbergia oregana heterophylla, Thuja plicata, heterophylla, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, Leucolepis Kindbergia praelonga Kindbergia praelonga menziesii, Kindbergia praelonga Associates Alnus rubra, Polystichum munitum, Kindbergia oregana, Polystichum Gaultheria shallon, Kindbergia oregana, Tiarella trifoliata, Adenocaulon bicolor, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Kindbergia munitum, Galium triflorum, Leucolepis acanthoneuron, Polystichum Athyrium filix-femina, Urtica dioica, Praelonga Leucolepis acanthoneuron munitum, Galium triflorum, Athyrium Kindbergia oregana, Melica subulata filix-femina Plots # 29 9 7

16 3.2 Provincially significant flora and ecosystem units

All sites in CWHxm in mature and old growth structural stage are blue listed by the Conservation Data Centre (CDC) of the Ministry of Environment. Blue listed habitats are considered to be vulnerable in British Columbia and are of concern because of characteristics that may be particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events. Blue listed habitats are not endangered or threatened. No CDC listed species of vascular plants have been found in the reserve.

Polygons 2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 14, 19, 20, and 24 contain significant portions of structural stage 7, Old Forest. Polygons 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24 contain significant portions of structural stage 6 , Mature Forest.

3.3 Species present tables

Selectively annotated lists of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens are given in tables 2, 3 and 4.

3.4 Plot characteristics

Details of plots are given in tables 5 and 6.

17

Map 4. Overview Ecological reserve 15. Cadastral and polygon boundaries on air photo.

18

Map 5. NW 1/4 Section of Ecological reserve 15. 1:5000

19

Map 6. SE 1/4 Section of Ecological reserve 15. 1:5000

20 Table 2. Vascular Plants, Ecological reserve 15.

Abies grandis Acer macrophyllum - seedlings only Achlys triphylla Adenocaulon bicolor Adiantum aleuticum Agrostis exarata Agrostis gigantea Aira caryophyllea Aira praecox Allotropa virgata Alnus rubra Alopecurus geniculatus Anthoxanthum odoratum Arbutus menziesii - seedlings only Athyrium filix-femina Blechnum spicant Bromus vulgaris Callitriche heterophylla Calypso bulbosa Campanula scouleri Cardamine occidentalis Carex deweyana Carex inops Carex macloviana Carex obnupta Cerastium glomerata Chimaphila menziesii Cinna latifolia (George & Clark list) not seen in area described. Possibly misidentified misidentified Agrostis exarata which is occasional throughout the Reserve but not on George & Clark’s list. Not known elsewhere on Saturna and very rare on the Southern Gulf Islands. Corallorhiza maculata Cystopteris fragilis Deschampsia elongata Digitalis purpurea Dryopteris expansa Elymus glaucus Epilobium hornemannii Epilobium munitum Equisetum arvense Festuca occidentalis Festuca subulata Festuca subuliflora

21 Filago vulgare Fragaria vesca Galium aparine Galium trifidum Galium triflorum Gaultheria shallon Geranium molle (George & Clark) Described from bluffs; probably outside reserve. Geum macrophyllum Gnaphalium purpureum (George & Clark) Goodyera oblongifolia Heuchera micrantha (T.P. Sullivan) Hieracium albiflorum Holcus lanatus Holodiscus discolor (T.P. Sullivan) Hypericum anagaloides Hypopitys monotropa Ilex aquifolium Juncus ensifolius Lactuca muralis Leucanthemum vulgare Linanthus bicolor Linnaea borealis Listera caurina Listera cordata Lonicera hispidula Lotus micranthus Luzula multiflora Lycopodium clavatum Madia exigua Madia madioides Mahonia nervosa Melica subulata Mimulus guttatus Mimulus moschatus Moehringia macrophylla Monotropa uniflora Montia parvifolia Myosotis discolor Myosotis laxa Nemophilla parviflora Osmorhiza chilensis Poa howellii Polypodium glycyrrhiza Polypodium hesperium (George & Clark) Likely misidentified. No collections from coast at V or UBC . Polystichium munitum

22 Potentilla anserina Pseudotsuga menziesii Pteridium aquilinum Pterospora andromeda Pyrola asarifolia Pyrola chlorantha Pyrola picta Ranunculus occidentalis (George & Clark) Possibly from the bluffs which G & C mistakenly included in the area of the Reserve. Ranunculus repens Ranunculus uncinatus Ribes lacustre Rosa gymnocarpa Rosa nutkana (George & Clark) Rubus spectabilis Rumex acetosella (George & Clark) Sagina procumbens (George & Clark) Salix scouleriana (George & Clark) Sambucus racemosa Scirpus microcarpus Selaginella wallacei (George & Clark) Possibly from the bluffs which G & C mistakenly included in the area of the Reserve. Senecio jacobaea Stellaria calycantha (George & Clark) Stellaria crispa Taxus brevifolia Telima grandiflora Thuja plicata Tiarella trifoliata Trientalis latifolia Trifolium oliganthum Trisetum cernuum Tsuga heterophylla Urtica dioica Veronica arvense Veronica scutellata Viola glabella (George & Clark) V. sempervirens is common in location described for glabella but not on list. Most likely a misidentification. Viola pallens (George & Clark) V. palustris is common in location described for pallens but not on list. Most likely a misidentification. Viola palustris Viola sempervirens

Roadside only species:

Agrostis gigantea

23 Agrostis scabra Anaphalis margaritacea (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - just outside boundary) Artemesia suksdorfii (George & Clark) Athyrium filix-femina Blechnum spicant Bromus sitchensis Cardamine oligosperma Cirsium arvense (George & Clark) Cirsium brevistylum Cynosurus cristatus Dactylis glomerata (George & Clark) Deschampsia elongata Epilobium angustifolium Epilobium brachycarpum Geum macrophyllum Gnaphalium uliginosum Hypochaeris radicata Lapsana communis Leontodon nudicaulis Medicago lupulina Moehringia macrophylla Montia sibirica Navarretia squarrosa Plantago lanceolata Plantago major (George & Clark) Poa pratensis (George & Clark) Poa trivialis (George & Clark) Prunella vulgaris Pteridium aquilinum Ranunculus repens Ranunculus uncinatus Rubus leucodermis Sagina procumbens Senecio jacobaea Stellaria media (T.P. Sullivan) Trifolium dubium Trifolium repens Verbascum thapsus (George & Clark) Veronica beccabunga Veronica serpyllifolia

24 Table 3. Bryophytes, Ecological Reserve 15.

Site series and plot number are given for all plot collections. NP indicates not found in a plot.

MOSSES

Antitrichia curtipendula George & Clark probably misidentified Rhytidiadelphus loreus Atrichium selwynii RS 8 Aulacomnium androgynum DS 23, HK 18 Brachythecium frigidum RF 9 Bryum capillare George & Clark possibly Tortula sp.? Ceratadon purpureus George & Clark Claopodium bolanderi NP Claopodium crispifolium HK 22 Dichodontium pellucidum NP Dicranella rufescens NP Dicranoweisia cirrhata DS 23 Dicranum fuscescens DS 2,4,20,21,23,24,25,26,27, HK 1,10,12,15,16,18,19 RS 8,14,28, RF 29 Dicranum polysetum RF 7 Dicranum scoparium DS 21, HK 1,10,19, RS 5,8, RF 7,9 Dicranum tauricum DS 20 Fissidens limbatus (bryoides) NP Fontinalis antipyretica RF 9 Homolothecium fulgescens NP Hylocomium splendens DS 3,4,20,21,23,25,26,27, HK 1,10,11,12,15,16,18,19 RS 8,14,28, RF 7,29 Hypnum circinale DS 2,3,21,23,24,25,26,27, HK 1,10,11,12,13,15,16,18,19, RS 5,8,14,28, RF 7,29 Hypnum subimponens DS 20,24, HK 1,10,13,15,19,22 Isothecium myosuroides DS 4,17,20,23,24,25,26,27, HK 1,12,13,15,18,19,22, RS 5,8,14, RF 29 Kindbergia oregana DS 2,3,4,17,20,21,23,24,25,26,27, HK 1,6,10,11,13,15,16,18,19,22, RS 5,8,14,28, RF 7,9,29 Kindbergia praelonga HK 13, RF 7,9 Leptobryum pyriforme DS 20, HK 12,16, RS 8,28, RF 7 Leucolepis acanthoneuron HK 12,13,19, RF 7,9 Mnium spinulosum DS 17, HK 13,22 Neckera douglasii NP Philonotis fontana George & Clark Plagiomnium drumondii NP Plagiomnium insigne NP Plagiothecium denticulatum George & Clark. probably misidentified Ptilium or Pleurozium Plagiothecium undulatum DS 4,24,25,26,27, HK 1,10,11,12,13,15,16,18,19,22,

25 RS 5,8,14,28, RF 7,29 Pleurozium schreberi NP Pogonatum contortum NP Pogonatum urnigerum NP roadside Pohlia wahlenbergii NP Polytrichum juniperinum NP Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans DS 4,20,25, HK 12,22, RS 5, RF 29 Ptilium crista-castrensis DS 24 Racomitrium aciculare NP Racomitruim canescens George & Clark Rhizomnium glabrescens DS 2,4,20,25, HK 10,11,12,13,16,19, RS 8, RF 7,9,29 Rhytidiadelphus loreus DS 3,4,21,25,26,27, HK 1,10,11,12,16, RS 8,14,28, RF 7 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus DS 4,20,21, HK 1, RS 5,14,28 Rhytidiopsis robusta HK 10,16, RS 8,14 Sanionia (Drepanocladus) uncinatus NP Scleropodium obtusifolium RF 9 Tetraphis pellucida RF 9 Timmia austriaca NP Trachybryum megaptilum George & Clark (Homalothecium) Far outside range. Possibly misidentified Pleurozium or Ptilium.

HEPATICS

Aspiromitus punctatus NP

Blasia pusilla* NP Blepharostoma trichophyllum HK 19 Calypogia mulleriana DS 2,4,20, HK 12 Calypogia trichomanis DS 2,4,17,25, HK 16, RF 9,29 Cephalozia bicuspidata HK 10 Cephalozia lunulifolia DS 2,4,24,25, HK 10,12,13,16,18,19, RS 8,28, RF 7,9,29 Cephaloziella divaricata RS 14, RF 29 Chiloschypus polyanthos DS 2,20,21,24,25, HK 10,12,13,15,16,19, RS 8,28, RF 7,29 Diplophyllum taxifolium NP Douina ovata NP Jungermannia leiantha DS 2 Jungermannia pumila NP Jungermannia rubra NP Lepidozia reptans DS 4,20,24,25, HK 10,11,12,13,16,19, RS 8,28, RF 9,29 Lophocolea cuspidata DS 2,4,17,20,21, HK 10,13,15,16,18,19, RS 14,28, RF 7,29 Lophocolea heterophylla HK 12,18, RS 8, RF 7 Nardia scalaris In many plots, list misplaced and lost. Pellia neesiana RF 9 Plagiochila asplenoides HK 12 Porella cordaeana NP

26 Ptilidium califronicum DS 20,21,24,25,27, HK 1,10,15,16, RS 14, RF 7 Riccardia latifrons NP Scapania bolanderii DS 2,4,17,20,21,24,25,27, HK 1,10,11,12,13,15,16,18,19, RS 8,14,28, RF 7,9,29 Scapania undulata NP

• w/ cyanobacteria

27 Table 4. Lichens, Ecological Reserve 15.

Alectoria sarmentosa NP Alectoria vancouverensis DS 17,24, HK 6, RS 14 Bryoria capillaris DS 27, HK 11, RS 28, RF 9 Bryoria fremontii DS 2, HK 1 Bryoria fuscescens NP Bryoria lanestris HK 6, RF 9 Bryoria pseudorufescens DS 23, HK 15 Bryoria subcana NP Bryoria sp HK 15 Caliciopsis sp. NP Cetraria chlorophylla DS 2,3,23, HK 6, RS 14 Cetraria orbata DS 2,4,17,20,21,23, HK 1,6,13,18,19,22, RS 5,14,28, RF 7,9 Chaenotheca furfuracea NP Cladonia bellidiflora NP Cladonia cervicornis NP Cladonia furcata NP Cladonia ochrochlora DS 21,23,24,27, HK 1,10,15,16,18, RS 8,14 Cladonia squamosa DS 4,20,23,27, HK 1,10,15,16,18, RS 8,14,28, RF 7 Cladonia transcendens HK 15,18,19, RS 14 Diplotomma (Buellia) penichram NP Esslingeriana idahoensis NP Evernia prunastri NP Hypogymnia apinnata NP Hypogymnia entromorpha DS 2,3,4,17,20,21,23,24,25,26,27, HK 1,6,12,13,15,18,22, RS 8,28, RF 7,9 Hypogymnia imshaugii NP Hypogymnia inactiva DS 2,4,17,20,21,23,24,25,26,27, HK 1,6,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,22, RS 5,8,14,28, RF 7,9,29 Hypogymnia physodes DS 2,3,4,17,20,21,23,24,25,26,27, HK 1,10,12,13,15,16,18,19,22, RS 5,8,14,28, RF 7,9,29 Hypogymnia rugosa DS 23, RF 9 Hypogymnia tubulosa DS 2,17,23,27, HK 10,13,18,19,22, RS 28 Icmadophila ericetorum NP Japewia (Mycoblastus) toronsis NP Lepraria incana NP Letharia vulpina NP Menegazzia tenebrata NP Ochrolechia oregonensis NP Parmelia hygrophylla HK 13 Parmelia saxtilis DS 17, HK 16 Parmelia sulcata DS 3,4,17,20,21,23,24,25, HK 1,10,11,12,13,18,19,22, RS 5,8,28, RF 7,9,29 Parmotrema arnoldii DS 2,3,4,20,23, HK 1,6, RS 5,8,14, RS 28, RF 9 Peltigera leucophlebia* NP

28 Peltigera membrabacea* RF 29, Peltigera neopolydactyla* NP Peltigera venosa* NP Pertusaria subambigens NP Platismatia glauca DS 2,3,4,17,20,21,23,24,25,26,27, HK 1,6,10,11,12,13,15,16,18,19,22, RS 8,14,28, RF 7,9,29 Platismatia herrei DS 4,20,21,23,24,25,26,27, HK 6,15,16,18,22, RS 14,28, RF 29 Platismatia norvegica NP Platismatia stenophylla DS 4, Porpidia (Huilia) tuberculosa NP Ramalina dilacerata HK 13 Ramalina farinacea HK 13 Sphaerophorus globosus DS 21,23, HK 1,10,15,16, RS 14,28 Thelotrema lepadinum NP Usnea filipendula DS 2,3,4,17,20,21,24,25,27 HK 1,6,11,13,15,16,18,19, RS 5,14,28, RF 7,9,29 Usnea hesperiana NP Usnea subfloridiana DS 4,21,23,27, HK 1,6,15, RS 14,28, RF 9 Vulpicida canadensis NP

* w/ cyanobacteria

29 Table 5. Plot index ordered by polygon number. plot# polyg# site slope soil soil structural humus A series texture depth stage form horizon

13 1 HK j/k [t] c d 4 moder 17 2 DS k c s 6 moder 19 2 HK k c s 7 mor Ae 18 3 HK k c s 5 moder 20 4 DS j c s 7 mor Ae 26 5 DS c v 6 mor Ae 21 6 DS j c s 5 mor Ae 25 7 DS j c v 6 mor Ae 27 8 DS c v 5 mor Ae 24 9 DS c s 5 mor Ae 22 9 HK j c s 7 mor Ae 23 10 DS j c s 5 mor Ae recon 11 HK c d 6 - - 8 12 RS c d 6 mull Ah 5 12 RS c d 7 mull Ah 9 13 RF j m d 6 mull Ah 12 14 HK c v 6 mor Ae 28 14 RS c s 7 mull Ah 10 15 HK c d 7 mor Ae 11 16 HK c v 4 mor Ae 4 17 DS c s 6 mor Ae 6 18 HK c d 6 moder 7 19 RF j m d 7 mull Ah 3 20 DS r c s 7 moder 2 21 DS j c s 6 mull Ah 1 21 HK j c d 6 moder 15 22 HK j c d 6 moder 14 23 RS c d 6 mull Ah 16 24 HK m d 6 mor Ae 29 25 RF j f d 5 moder Ah

30 Table 6. Plot index ordered by site series, structural stage and physical attributes. plot# polyg# site slope soil soil structural humus A series texture depth stage form horizon

21 6 DS j c s 5 mor Ae 23 10 DS j c s 5 mor Ae 27 8 DS c v 5 mor Ae 24 9 DS c s 5 mor Ae 25 7 DS j c v 6 mor Ae 2 21 DS j c s 6 mull Ah 26 5 DS c v 6 mor Ae 4 17 DS c s 6 mor Ae 20 4 DS j c s 7 mor Ae 3 20 DS r c s 7 moder 17 2 DS k c s 6 moder 13 1 HK j/k [t] c d 4 moder 11 16 HK c v 4 mor Ae 18 3 HK k c s 5 moder 1 21 HK j c d 6 moder 15 22 HK j c d 6 moder 12 14 HK c v 6 mor Ae recon 11 HK c d 6 - - 6 18 HK c d 6 moder 16 24 HK m d 6 mor Ae 22 9 HK j c s 7 mor Ae 10 15 HK c d 7 mor Ae 19 2 HK k c s 7 mor Ae 8 12 RS c d 6 mull Ah 14 23 RS c d 6 mull Ah 28 14 RS c s 7 mull Ah 5 12 RS c d 7 mull Ah 29 25 RF j f d 5 moder Ah 9 13 RF j m d 6 mull Ah 7 19 RF j m d 7 mull Ah

31 Table 7. Ecosystem Unit site modifiers. Topography j gentle to moderate slopes up to 9% k cool, NW E aspect 285°-135° slope greater than 35% r ridge t terrace

Soil b folisols, LFH over bedrock less than 10 cm mineral soil. c coarse-textured includes Sandy Loam, Loamy Sand, Sand. Fine matrix with greater than 70% coarse fragments or medium matrix with greater than 35% coarse fragments. This symbol is not used in ecosystem units in this work. All units without designated soil texture have coarse textured soils. d deep soil greater than 100 cm to bedrock. This symbol is not used in any ecosystem in this work. All units without designated soil depth have deep soils. f fine textured including Heavy Clay, Silty Clay, Clay & Sandy Clay. m medium textured including Silty Clay Loam, Clay Loam, Silt, Silt Loam, Loam & Sandy Clay Loam. s shallow 50-100 cm to bedrock. v very shallow 10-50 cm to bedrock.

Forest Structural Stages

1a Non-vegetated less than 5% total cover 1b Sparse less than 10% cover vascular plants up to 100% cover bryophytes & lichens 2 Herb early successional stage or disclimax/climax dominated by herbaceous vegetation, tree cover les than 10%, shrub cover greater than 25% or greater than 33% total cover 3 Shrub/Herb early successional stage or disclimax/climax dominated by shrubby vegetation less than 10 m tall, tree cover less than 10%, shrub cover greater than 25% or greater than 33% total cover 3a Low Shrub early successional stage or disclimax/climax dominated by shrubby vegetation less than 2 m tall, re-gen may be abundant, tree cover less than 10%, shrub cover greater than 25% or greater than 33% total cover 3b Tall Shrub early successional stage or disclimax/climax dominated by shrubby vegetation 2-10 m tall, re-gen may be abundant, tree cover less than 10%, shrub cover greater than 25% or greater than 50% total cover 4 Pole/Sapling Trees greater than 10 m that have overtopped shrub and herb layers. Stands typically dense. Young stands vigorous typically at least 10-15 yrs or older stagnant stands 5 Young Forest Self-thinning evident and canopy has begun differentiation into distinct layers. 40-80 yrs 6 Mature Forest Trees established after last disturbance have matured and second cycle of shade tolerant trees may have become established. understories become well developed as canopy opens up. 80-250 yrs 7 Old Forest old, structurally complex stands comprised of mainly climax tree species, although older seral remnants may still be present in upper canopy. standing snags and rotting log on the ground are typical and understories are patchy. Older than 250 yrs.

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34