The Ideal Woman: the Changing Female Labor Force and the Image of Femininity in American Society in the 1940S and 1950S
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Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2012 The deI al Woman: The hC anging Female Labor Force and the Image of Femininity in American Society in the 1940s and 1950s Carlie Seigal Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Labor History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Seigal, Carlie, "The deI al Woman: The hC anging Female Labor Force and the Image of Femininity in American Society in the 1940s and 1950s" (2012). Honors Theses. 900. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/900 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Ideal Woman: The Changing Female Labor Force and the Image of Femininity in American Society in the 1940s and 1950s by Carlie Seigal Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of History UNION COLLEGE June, 2012 Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………..iii-iv Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………………………...1-19 Chapter 2: American Women During World War II…………………………………………20-37 Chapter 3: The Cold War and its Effects on American Women……………………………..38-71 Chapter 4: The End of Nostalgia and Rigid Gender Roles for American Women…………..72-89 Chapter 5: Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..90-98 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………...99-102 ii ABSTRACT SEIGAL, CARLIE The Ideal Woman: The Changing Female Labor Force and the Image of Femininity in American Society in the 1940s and 1950s In 1943 the image of Rosie the Riveter personified what the ideal American woman was supposed to be. Rosie supported the war effort and did her patriotic duty for her country, earned a high wage, enjoyed her newfound independence, and showed America that she could do a man’s job, and do it well. However, Rosie and the many American women that she represented never dreamt that when the American servicemen came home two short years later, they would be forced out of their jobs and back into their homes to devote themselves to household chores and their families. In 1957 the image of June Cleaver embodied the time and represented the perfect American woman. A contented housewife, June spent every day at home cooking, cleaning, and doing laundry, all with the help of her new state-of-the-art “All-American” household appliances that made these chores easier than ever. The images of Rosie and June are almost polar opposites even though they symbolized consecutive eras in American history. This thesis identifies and interprets messages conveyed about women’s roles at home and in the labor force during World War II and the subsequent Cold War period prior to the beginning of Second Wave Feminism. Rather than focusing exclusively on women’s magazines of the time, as many other historians have done, this study examines a general audience magazine and newspaper to explore how white women were represented. Analysis of consumer product advertisements marketed towards and feature articles pertaining to women in Life and “Help-Wanted – Female” advertisements in the classified section of the New York Times demonstrates changes and continuities in how American women were represented and expected to behave, and identifies the paid employment positions that were available to them at the time. On the one hand, both publications convey the ideal of what an American woman during World iii War II and the Cold War should be and do, and yet they also suggest that fulfilling that ideal was not entirely rewarding or realistic by the mid-1950s. When American men enlisted in the armed forces to fight overseas in 1942, women aided the war effort from the home front. Advertisements and articles in Life urged women to do their part for the war effort by purchasing specific products and war bonds. Within months after Life depicted strong but still feminine “Rosies” to encourage women to take a wartime defense jobs, employment ads for these wartime positions appeared in the New York Times’ “Help-Wanted – Female” columns. Once the war ended and the servicemen came home, life changed dramatically for American women. The American government believed that the strongest defense against Communism was a tight-knit nuclear family; as a result, Cold War ideology encouraged women to remain at home and take care of their families full-time. Advertisements in Life featured women using various new household appliances and grocery items, which further emphasized the importance of women as housewives. Furthermore, when women did seek employment outside the home, the only positions available were in stereotypically feminine fields such as clerical, retail, and domestic service work that reinforced feminine traits or tasks associated with women. Between 1946 and 1962, attention to physical appearance became increasingly prominent in both consumer and employment ads, which restricted women to traditional, feminine, gender roles and expectations within the home and workplace until Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique in 1963 signaled the dissatisfaction that women across the country felt with these ideals and Title VII in 1967 ended sex-segregated employment ads. By examining these publications, this thesis reveals how American women were expected to look and behave if they wanted to embody the ideal woman, and how there were both dramatic changes and significant continuities within these expectations between 1942 and 1962. iv Chapter One: Introduction It is 1943 and the image of Rosie the Riveter personified what any ideal American woman was supposed to be. Rosie goes off to work every day to support the war effort and do her patriotic duty for her country. Rosie enjoys her newfound independence and the high wage that she is earning. She has finally shown America that she can do a man’s job, and do it well to help her country win the war. Rosie never dreams that in two short years when the American troops come home, that she will be forced out of her job and back into the home to raise her children and take care of the household chores. It is 1957 and the image of June Cleaver from the popular television sitcom “Leave it to Beaver” embodies the time and represents the perfect American woman. June is the ultra feminine happy homemaker who takes care of her children, maintains a picture perfect clean home, and always has dinner on the table for her husband when he gets home from work. Rosie and June were represented as the ideals for American women, but these ideals hardly reflected the reality that many American women faced. In the early 1940s, approximately 6.5 million women joined the labor force, but by February 1946, 4.6 million of those women had left the labor market.1 In the years following World War II, the jobs available for women changed from factory workers to secretaries, waitresses, and teachers, as the latter were viewed as appropriate for women who needed to support themselves. The media shifted from depicting women as strong and encouraging them to work outside the home, to highlighting femininity and being the perfect housewife. The image and concept of the ideal woman changed dramatically from the 1940s to the 1950s as a result of the paid jobs available to women at the time, and the evolving media portrayal of 1 Julia Kirk Blackwelder, Now Hiring: The Feminization of Work in the United States, 1900-1995 (Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1997), 123-124. 1 femininity. Often, however, the media portrayal of the ideal woman did not adequately portray the reality for many American women during the 1940s and 1950s. The 1940s and 1950s in American society were two decades of extremely different social ideals, but must be considered in the context of a country that had only recently experienced an economic crisis that had already affected traditional gender roles to some extent. When the American stock market crashed in October 1929, society drastically changed in order to cope with the plunging economy. Unemployment rates skyrocketed and families did whatever they could to make ends meet. At first employers were reluctant to hire women, but as the depression continued, women were able to find jobs to help support their struggling families. Historian Julia Kirk Blackwelder emphasized, “the nature of the 1930s economy, then, presented millions of U.S. families with the reality, however repugnant, that female members of the household could find work when male members could not.”2 Many men even admired women that were independent and able to support themselves.3 As the American troops entered World War II on the allied side after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the American economy finally began to turn around. Coming out of the Great Depression and with the start of World War II, women’s roles in American society slowly began to evolve. They were able to work outside of the home for pay while still maintaining their role as a wife and a mother. When the United States was drawn into World War II in December of 1941 another drastic shift for American women took place. 2 Blackwelder, 99. 3 Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 55. 2 The American entrance into World War II had a dramatic affect on the whole of American society. When the United States entered World War II, the entire country mobilized.4 With the country at war, many men were drafted into military service, which left the women to take care of the home.