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The Floral and Butterfly Diversity of Green Lanes

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The Floral and Butterfly Diversity of Green Lanes BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION Biological Conservation 121 (2005) 579–584 www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Linear hotspots? The floral and butterfly diversity of green lanes P.J. Croxton, J.P. Hann, J.N. Greatorex-Davies, T.H. Sparks * NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Monks Wood, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, PE28 2LS UK Received 7 January 2004; received in revised form 4 June 2004; accepted 7 June 2004 Abstract In this study we compared the vascular flora and butterfly fauna of green lanes, single hedged tracks and grass verges. Green lanes supported a significantly more diverse flora with >30% more species in a 200 m transect than other linear features. Indicator values confirmed the lower light and higher moisture levels expected in green lanes, but in this study did not confirm lower nitrogen levels or greater stress tolerator incidence. Significantly more butterfly species were recorded in the green lanes and butterfly abun- dance was more than double that along the other linear features. Greater numbers of butterfly species were associated with greater numbers of floral species and green lanes also supported more butterfly larval foodplants. Given the value of butterflies as indicator species reflecting both the quality of habitat in the countryside and changes in the environment these results combine to emphasise the biodiversity value of green lanes in addition to their historical and aesthetic value. Ó 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Butterflies; Green lanes; Hedgerows; Linear features; Farmland 1. Introduction the diversity and abundance of wildlife which was evi- dent during the latter part of the 20th century (e.g. Rob- Agricultural modernisation in the post war period led inson and Sutherland, 2002). to a simplification of the rural landscape, especially in The value of the remaining hedgerows and other lin- parts of eastern England, as family run mixed farms ear features such as ditches, green lanes and tracks is converted and combined into large arable enterprises. especially important as they may be the only semi-natu- Increased mechanisation led to greater cropping effi- ral habitats left in many rural areas. Linear features ciency and, to facilitate this expansion, many miles of have been recognised as providing a wide range of func- hedgerows were grubbed out and the input of artificial tions for a variety of wildlife. They act as linkages be- fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides increased dramati- tween habitats (Burel, 1996), roost and shelter sites cally (Robinson and Sutherland, 2002). For example, (Hinsley and Bellamy, 2000), provide feeding resources between 1945 and 1994 over 50% of the hedgerows in (Croxton and Sparks, 2002) and increase the diversity Leighton Bromswold in Cambridgeshire, close to the of the areas in which they occur. In particular the rela- sites used in this study, were removed resulting in the tively complex structure of green lanes provide an envi- average field size increasing from 7.5 to 22 ha (Westma- ronment that is especially valued by bees (Croxton et al., cott and Worthington, 1997). This simplification of the 2002), and butterflies (Dover et al., 2000; Dover and landscape inevitably contributed to the reduction in Sparks, 2001). From a wildlife perspective the diversity of structure * and habitats offered by having a variety of linear fea- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44-1487-772-461; fax: +44-1487- 773-467. tures would offer more niches and ensure the greatest E-mail address: [email protected] (T.H. Sparks). overall biodiversity. Green lanes may be among the 0006-3207/$ - see front matter Ó 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.06.008 580 P.J. Croxton et al. / Biological Conservation 121 (2005) 579–584 oldest linear features in a landscape and provide a rela- 2.2. Vegetation survey tively stable environment with a localised microclimate more akin to woodland (Dover et al., 1997). The flora The abundance of vascular plant species and bare within green lanes is also likely to be protected to a ground present along the three transects at each site greater extent from physical and chemical disturbance was recorded by one of us (JNGD) using the DAFOR than the flora adjacent to single hedgerows. (dominant, abundant, frequent, occasional, rare) scale Green lanes, despite having important biological, cul- and the mean species richness (number of species) for tural and aesthetic values, have no specific protection; each boundary type calculated. DAFOR values were although The Hedgerows Regulations 1997 (Anon, converted to a 0–5 score (0=absent, 1=rare, 5=domi- 1997) mention ‘‘a parallel hedge within 15 m of a hedge- nant) prior to analysis. All plant species were assigned row’’ as one of the criteria defining important hedge- Ellenberg values for British plants (Hill et al., 1999) rows. More specifically, green lanes have been for light (L), moisture (F), reaction (R), and nitrogen described as ‘‘unmetalled tracks between fields of varia- (N) and CSR values (Grime et al., 1988). Mean values ble width, which may or may not be sunk below or of these seven variables were then calculated for the raised above field level, and bounded on both sides by flora recorded on each transect at each site. The larval grass banks, hedgerows or dry stone walls’’ (Dover foodplants of butterflies were taken from Asher et al. et al., 2000) or ‘‘an unmetalled track which may or (2001). may not be a right of way for the public either on foot, horse, bicycle or motor vehicle, and which is usually 2.3. Butterfly survey bounded by hedges, walls or ditches’’ (Countryside Agency, 2000). For the purpose of this study only green Every transect at each site was visited 18 times be- lanes with continuous hedgerows along both sides were tween April and August and butterfly counts recorded considered. by one of us (JPH) using the Butterfly Monitoring To further understand the effect of the structure of Scheme methodology, i.e. all butterflies within a 5-m linear features on butterfly fauna and vascular flora, corridor along the transects were recorded (Pollard in this study we compared 10 green lanes in Cambridge- and Yates, 1993). Records of the small skipper Thymeli- shire with matched single hedges and grass verges. This cus sylvestris and large skipper Ochlodes venata were is at the heart of the intensive arable region in SE Brit- combined for statistical analysis due to uncertainty in ain, where woodland cover (ca. 2%) and other semi- the identification of some specimens on the wing. On natural features are sparse. Ellenberg indicator values some exceptionally wide lanes two parallel 5 m-wide (Hill et al., 1999) and Competitor-Stress Tolerator- counts were taken and averaged prior to analysis. Ruderal (CSR) indices (Grime et al., 1988) were also used to investigate differences between the three bound- 2.4. Statistical analysis ary types, and to examine if any differences in the vas- cular flora reflected environmental or plant strategy Correspondence analysis (CA) with downweighting differences. for rare species was used to determine the variation in both the plant and (log transformed) butterfly commu- nities between the transect types. Within the CA, inter- 2. Materials and methods site differences were eliminated using indicator variables as covariates (analogous to removing site effects in a uni- 2.1. Sites variate ANOVA). FriedmanÕs nonparametric two-way ANOVA test (sites and transect types as factors) was The study was carried out on 10 arable sites in Cam- used to analyse the vascular plant and butterfly data. bridgeshire in 1998 where the three types of linear fea- tures, double hedged green lanes, single hedges with a track or verge and grass tracks or verges without a 3. Results hedge (hereinafter referred to as verge), occurred in close proximity. All sites were separated from one another by 3.1. Vegetation at least 1 km. Standardisation of hedge height, track/ verge width and orientation was attempted, but inevita- A total of 194 plant species was recorded on the 30 bly choice was restricted and some verges associated transects. Mean species scores (for those species with a with single hedges were narrower than the green lane significant effect and/or with a mean >1.0), species rich- tracks. Verges were either bounded on both sides by ness, Ellenberg indices and CSR indices in each of the fields or by field/road combinations. At each site tran- three boundary types is summarised in Table 1. Statisti- sects of 200 m were measured on each of the three cally significant differences existed for 22 of the individ- boundary types and temporary markers installed. ual species. In all but four cases (Avena fatua, P.J. Croxton et al. / Biological Conservation 121 (2005) 579–584 581 Table 1 The mean scores (0–5) of individual species (showing significance or with mean>1.0) and bare ground, mean species richness, mean Ellenberg and CSR indices for each transect type (n=10 of each) Green lane Single hedge Grass verge p Acer campestre Field Maple 1.0 0.6 0.1 Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent 2.5 1.8 1.5 Alopecurus pratensis Meadow Foxtail 0.8 0.4 0.0 * Anisantha sterilis Barren Brome 0.6 1.2 0.9 Anthriscus sylvestris Cow Parsley 2.2 1.6 1.5 Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat-grass 3.6 3.8 4.5 Avena fatua Wild Oat 0.0 0.0 0.3 * Brachypodium pinnatum Tor-grass 0.4 0.4 1.6 * Centaurea nigra Common Knapweed 1.6 0.6 1.5 Cirsium arvense Creeping Thistle 1.7 1.4 1.4 Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle 1.0 0.5 0.3 * Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed 1.8 3.2 2.6 * Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn 2.7 3.2 0.3 ** Dactylis glomerata
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