DOCSLIB.ORG

Determinants of Zakat Compliance Behavior Among Muslims Living Under

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Determinants of Zakat Compliance Behavior Among Muslims Living Under Determinants of Zakat Compliance Behavior Among Muslims Living Under ... 95 International Journal of Zakat 2(1) 2017 page 95-108 . Determinants of Zakat Compliance Behavior among Muslims Living Under Non-Islamic Governments Adamu Ummulkhayr Kogi State College of Education Musa Yusuf Owoyemi Universiti Utara Malaysia Rafidah Binti Mohammed Cusairi Universiti Utara Malaysia ABSTRACT Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam hence it is attracting a lot of scholarly attention. However, most of the existing literature on Zakat are concentrated in Islamic countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and others. There are also some researches in some advanced non-Islamic countries such as the USA and UK. In these countries, though the government does not operate Islamic laws, there are organized NGOs that take care of Islamic affairs including Zakat. However, there are many parts of the world where Muslims live under non-Islamic government and are not assisted by NGOs. In those areas, Muslims live and perform their religious obligations without any form of institutional support. There are limited number of research relating to Zakat in those areas. This study seeks to fill this gap by investigating the determinants of Zakat compliance in Kogi State of Nigeria. The study was conducted through qualitative interviews. Findings show that, the absence of governmental or institutional support results in ignorance, lack of organization and attitudinal problems. Recommendations were offered to assist Muslims in such areas. Keywords: Zakat compliance, Muslims in non-Islamic areas, Institutional support for Zakat INTRODUCTION compliance behavior. This is understandable as the level of poverty Zakat is one of the pillars of Islam, making among the Muslim Ummah remains high it to attract a lot of scholarly attention. (Ahmed, 2004). Moreover, the attention on Zakat also Despite numerous previous arises from the fact that it is a sensitive research efforts on Zakat compliance, the economic issue. It involves the fate of Muslims living under non-Islamic compulsory transfer of a share of one’s governments has received little scholarly wealth to the less-privileged. The attention. Most of the previous studies on importance of Zakat is stressed in the Holy Zakat compliance appear to concentrate on Qur’an such that it is often enjoined in countries where Islam is the dominant and association with Salat (Qur’an 74:43-44). state religion (DeZayas, 2003). Such The traditions of the prophet equally countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, placed a lot of emphasis on the obligation Pakistan and the Islamic countries of the of Zakat. Numerous scholarly researches Middle East. However, it should be noted have been conducted on Zakat compliance that the socio-political conditions in these especially on the factors that influence countries are different from countries 96 International Journal of Zakat 2(1) 2017 where Islam is not the dominant religion pay at the time of Allah’s and the laws are not derived from Islamic messenger, I will fight with perspectives. For instance, the constitution them for withholding it. Then in Muslim dominated countries like Umar said “By Allah, it was Malaysia provides legal framework for nothing, but Allah opened effective administration of Zakat (Ahmed, Abu-Bakr’s chest towards the 2004). In contrast, the constitution of decision (to fight) and I came secular countries such as Nigeria considers to know that his decision was Zakat and other religious obligations as a right” (Sahih Bukhari, private affair. This means that issues of Hadith No.1, 400, p.270). Zakat do not have any support from government and it is not supported by The administration of Zakat by the constitutional laws. Islamic government continued under Umar Since Muslims living under non- (R.A) and other caliphs after him. In Islamic governments do not operate under contemporary times, the administration of national Islamic laws, it is left for the Zakat by governments have continued in Muslims to organize their Islamic affairs many countries that are practicing Islamic privately and this constitutes a challenge to system and some scholars have argued that the Muslims. In the absence of government it is the responsibility of government support and enabling laws, Muslims living (Abdullah & Suhaib, 2011; Abd-Wahab & in non-Islamic states are coordinated by Abdul-Rahman, 2011; De-Zayas, 2003; Islamic community leaders such as imams Singer, 2013). As argued by scholars and scholars. However, this cannot be as (Ahmed, 2004; Ashafa, 2014; De-Zayas, effective as situations where Muslims are 2003), when Zakat is left to individuals to supervised by Islamic governments. Even manage without the support of in the time of the prophet, affairs of Zakat government, it does not perform optimally. were coordinated and supervised centrally This study investigates the by the prophet (De Zayas, 2003). This was situation of Zakat compliance in countries also the situation after the demise of the that are not governed by Islamic prophet. For instance, it was reported that governments. There are some questions of Sayyidina Abu-Bakr (R.A) used the interest in this study. Firstly, since authority of the Islamic caliphate to government laws in secular countries do enforce Zakat compliance among the not cover Zakat, how do Muslims organize Ummah (Al-Qardawi, 1999; Bonner, their Zakat matters on their own in such 2003; Mattson, 2003; Nanji, 1985). To countries? Secondly, what are the underscore the importance of enforcing challenges faced by Muslims living in Zakat compliance by the authorities, Abu- such countries in trying to fulfill the Bakr (R.A) responded to Umar (R.A), who religious obligation of Zakat? These warned him against waging war with questions are important because the fellow Muslims, in the following manner: absence of governmental support makes Zakat administration prone to peculiar By Allah, I will fight those challenges in such societies. Unlike the who differentiate between As- Islamic countries where governmental salat (the prayer) and the powers are used to collect and distribute Zakat, as Zakat is the Zakat, Muslims living under non-Islamic compulsory right to be taken governments will need more of voluntary from the property (according compliance. to Allah’s orders). By Allah, Voluntary compliance means if they refuse to pay me even people have to comply on their own a she-kid which they used to without being compelled. However, it is Determinants of Zakat Compliance Behavior Among Muslims Living Under ... 97 difficult to achieve voluntary compliance threshold known as Nisab and should have in the absence of government authority. As been in possession of the wealth owner for noted earlier, the caliphs after the prophet one year (hal) (Ammani et al, 2014; used the coercive powers of government to Dogarawa, 2009; Ram & Rozani, 2014). It collect and distribute Zakat in the early is important to note that Zakat is not only days of Islam (Al-Qardawi, 1999; Bonner, due on cash but encompasses productive 2003; Mattson, 2003, Nanji, 1985). assets and valuables such as crops, Additionally, how will the Islamic animals, merchandise, gold and silver community under non-Islamic (Abdul-Fattah, 2004; Singer, 2009; Islahi, governments organize their Zakat affairs in 1993). The importance of Zakat is so much terms of collection and distribution? How stressed in Islam to the extent that will they arrange the hierarchy of authority guardians of the wealth of orphaned in the absence of government powers? children and the mentally challenged are These are fundamental questions that obliged to pay Zakat on their behalf. should be addressed in trying to From the early history of Islam, understand Zakat compliance among Zakat was administered by the Islamic Muslims in non-Islamic countries. authorities in a collective manner. During This study aims at addressing the the era of the prophet (PBUH), Zakat issues raised above through a qualitative administration was controlled centrally. It study. Interviews were conducted with was considered a public affair such that Zakat stakeholders in the Nigerian state of Zakat administrators were appointed by Kogi in order to gain insight into the issues the prophet himself (Samad & Glenn, and challenges of Zakat compliance 2010). The prophet appointed people of among Muslims living under non-Islamic integrity who went about assessing governments. The study proceeds as people’s wealth to determine what was due follows: section two presents an overview as Zakat. Zakat funds were not mixed with of the literature on Zakat. Section three other state resources because the Qur’an presents the methodology adopted by the explicitly stipulated the beneficiaries of the study to find answers to the research funds. The following eight categories of questions. Section four presents the result people are qualified to receive Zakat as and discussion, while section five ordained by Allah (SWT) in the Holy concludes the study. Qur’an: As-Sadaqaat (meaning LITERATURE REVIEW Zakaat) are only for the fuqaraa (poor) and Al- Zakat is the third pillar of Islam coming Masaakin (the poor), those next to Salat in the hierarchy of the five employed to collect (the pillars of Islam. According to Benthall fund) and to attract the (1999), Zakat is derived from the root- hearts of those who have word ‘Zaka’ which means to purify. been inclined (towards Purification in the sense that it cleanses the Islam), and to free the giver of greed while at the same time captives, and for those in cleansing the receiver of jealousy. The debt and for Allah’s cause giver is satisfied to have fulfilled his (i.e. for Mujahiduun – those religious obligation and assisting a less- who fight in a holy battle), privileged Muslim while the receiver is and for the wayfarer (a happy to have been cared for by the richer traveler who is cut off from Muslim. Zakat is meant to be paid everything); a duty imposed annually on wealth that has reached a by Allah.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • U.S. Muslim Charities and the War on Terror
    U.S. Muslim Charities and the War on Terror A Decade in Review December 2011 Published: December 2011 by The Charity & Security Network (CSN) Front Cover Photo: Candice Bernd / ZCommunications (2009) Demonstrators outside a Dallas courtroom in October 2007during the Holy Land Foundation trial. Acknowledgements: Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Foundation, Cordaid, the Nathan Cummings Foundation, Moriah Fund, Muslim Legal Fund of America, Proteus Fund and an Anonymous donor. We extend our thanks for your support. Written by Nathaniel J. Turner, Policy Associate, Charity & Security Network. Edited by Kay Guinane and Suraj K. Sazawal of the Charity & Security Network. Thanks to Mohamed Sabur of Muslim Advocates and Mazen Asbahi of the Muslim Public Affairs Council for reviewing the report, which benefitted from their suggestions. Any errors are solely those of CSN, not the reviewers. The Charity & Security Network is a network of humanitarian aid, peacebuilding and advocacy organizations seeking to eliminate unnecessary and counterproductive barriers to legitimate charitable work caused by current counterterrorism measures. Charity & Security Network 110 Maryland Avenue, Suite 108 Washington, D.C. 20002 Tel. (202) 481-6927 [email protected] www.charityandsecurity.org Table of Contents Executive Summary............................................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Zakat and Ushr Act, 2011
    THE KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA ZAKAT AND USHR ACT, 2011. (KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA ACT NO. XVII OF 2011) CONTENTS PREAMBLE SECTIONS CHAPTER-I PRELIMINARY 1. Short title, extent, application and commencement. 2. Definitions. CHAPTER-II ZAKAT 3. Charge and collection of Zakat. 4. Secrecy of information. CHAPTER-III PRELIMINARY 5. Charge and collection of Ushr. 6. Mode of assessment and collection of Ushr. CHAPTER-IV ZAKAT FUNDS 7. Establishment of Zakat Funds. 8. Utilization of Zakat Funds. 9. Disbursements from Zakat Funds. 10. Accounts. 11. Audit. CHAPTER-V ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION 12. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Zakat and Ushr Council. 13. Chief Administrator. 14. District Zakat and Ushr Committee. 15. Local Zakat and Ushr Committee. 16. Vacancy etc., not to invalidate acts or proceedings. 17. Members of Zakat and Ushr Council, a District Committee and a Local Committee to be Muslim. 18. Persons to preside at meetings in the absence of Chairman. 19. Power of supersession and removal. 20. Vote of no confidence. 21. Administrative Organization. 22. Certain persons to be public servants. CHAPTER-VI MISCELLANEOUS 23. Exemption. 24. Certain tax concessions. 25. Power to make rules and regulations. 26. Power to call for information and issued directions. 27. Indemnity and bar of jurisdiction. 28. Removal of Difficulties. 29. Repeal, succession and saving. THE KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA ZAKAT AND USHR ACT, 2011. (KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA ACT NO. XVII OF 2011) (first published after having received the assent of the Governor of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the Gazette of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Extraordinary),dated the 6th October, 2011). AN ACT to provide provisions relating to the assessment, collection and disbursement of Zakat and Ushr.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Zakah and Awqaf in Poverty Alleviation
    Islamic Development Bank Group Islamic Research & Training Institute Role of Zakah and Awqaf in Poverty Alleviation Habib Ahmed Occasional Paper No. 8 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia b © Islamic Development Bank, 2004 Islamic Research and Training Institute, King Fahd National Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ahmed, Habib Role of Zakat and Awqaf in Poverty Alleviation./ Habib Ahmed- Jeddah,2004-08-03 150 P; 17X 24 cm ISBN: 9960-32-150-9 1-Zakat 2-Endownments (Islamic fiqh) 3- Waqf I-Title 252.4 dc 1425/4127 L.D. No. 1425/4127 ISBN: 9960-32-150-9 The views expressed in this book are not necessarily those of the Islamic Research and Training Institute or of the Islamic Development Bank. References and citations are allowed but must be properly acknowledged First Edition 1425H (2004) . c ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﻪﻠﻟ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ BISMILLAHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM d e CONTENTS List of Tables, Charts, Boxes, and Figures……………………….. 5 Acknowledgements..................................................................................... 9 Foreword……………………………………………………………………. 13 Executive Summary…………………………………………………… 15 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………… 19 1.1. Islamic View of Poverty……………………………………….. 20 1.2. Objectives of the Paper………………………………………… 23 1.3. Outline of the Paper……………………………………………. 23 2. Shari[ah and Historical Aspects of Zakah and Awqaf……... 25 2.1. Zakah and Awqaf in Shari[ah and Fiqh ……………………. 25 2.1.1. Zakah in Shari[ah and Fiqh………………………… 25 2.1.2. Awqaf in Shari[ah and Fiqh ………………………… 28 2.2. Historical Experiences of Zakah and Awqaf………………. 30 2.2.1. Historical Experiences of Zakah…………………….. 30 2.2.2. Historical Experiences of Awqaf…………………….. 32 2.3. Contemporary Resolutions on Zakah and Awqaf………… 35 2.3.1. Contemporary Resolutions on Zakah……………….
    [Show full text]
  • Rohingya | P4 a Caravan of Love: from Texas to Puerto Rico | P8
    ZAKATNEWSFALL 2017 BRINGING RELIEF & RECOVERY TO THE ROHINGYA | P4 A CARAVAN OF LOVE: FROM TEXAS TO PUERTO RICO | P8 FOR HELPING US DELIVER MILLION MEALS RAMADAN | P12 OUR GLOBAL IMPACT | P32 VISION ZF believes that those whom God has granted wealth must cleanse that wealth through charity, and those whom God has tried with loss must be provided a rightful share from the resources of the affluent. MISSION Zakat Foundation of America (ZF) is an international charity organization that helps generous and caring people reach out to those in need. ZF transforms charitable giving into actions that alleviate the immediate suffering of poor communities and build long-term development projects to foster individual and community growth worldwide. CONTENT ZAKATNEWSFALL 2017 EMERGENCY RELIEF BRINGING RELIEF & RECOVERY TO THE ZF Brings Relief & Recovery to the Rohingya ...........................................................................04 ROHINGYA | P4 The Children of Yemen are Dying ................................................................................................06 A CARAVAN OF LOVE: Using Sesame Seeds in Famine-Stricken Yemen ......................................................................07 FROM TEXAS TO PUERTO RICO | P8 A Caravan of Love: From Texas to Puerto Rico ..........................................................................08 FOR HELPING US DELIVER A Heart for Puerto Rico .................................................................................................................10 MILLION MEALS RAMADAN
    [Show full text]
  • CZA 2017-18 .Pdf
    AUDIT REPORT ON THE ACCOUNTS OF CENTRAL ZAKAT FUND, ZAKAT COLLECTION CONTROLLING AGENCIES/ ZAKAT COLLECTION OFFICES AND ISLAMABAD ZAKAT & USHR COMMITTEE AUDIT YEAR 2017-18 AUDITOR – GENERAL OF PAKISTAN TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS ii PREFACE iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 SUMMARY OF TABLES & CHARTS 5 I Audit Work Statistics 5 II Audit Observations Regarding Financial Management 5 III Outcome Statistics 6 IV Irregularities Pointed Out 6 V Cost-Benefit 7 CHAPTER 1 CENTRAL ZAKAT FUND 8 1.1 Introduction 8 1.2 Comments on Budget & Accounts 9 1.3 Brief Comments on the Status of Compliance with PAC Directives 9 1.4 AUDIT PARAS 11 CHAPTER 2 ZAKAT COLLECTION CONTROLLING AGENCIES / ZAKAT COLLECTION OFFICES 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Comments on Budget & Accounts 15 2.3 AUDIT PARAS 15 CHAPTER 3 ISLAMABAD ZAKAT & USHR COMMITTEE 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Comments on Budget & Accounts 27 3.3 Brief Comments on the Status of Compliance with PAC Directives 28 3.4 AUDIT PARAS 28 CHAPTER 4 NATIONAL LEVEL HEALTH INSTITUTIONS 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Comments on Budget & Accounts 37 4.3 AUDIT PARAS 37 ANNEXES 39-96 i ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS AIR Audit & Inspection Report AG Accountant General AGPR Accountant General Pakistan Revenues CAZ Chief Administrator Zakat CZA Central Zakat Administration CZC Central Zakat Council CZF Central Zakat Fund CMA Controller Military Accounts CDC Central Depository Company CDRs Central Depository Receipts DAC Departmental Accounts Committee DAO District Accounts Office DSC Defense Saving Certificates DZA Directorate
    [Show full text]
  • Isabelle Klink Hartford Union High School Hartford, WI, USA Somalia, Water Scarcity
    Isabelle Klink Hartford Union High School Hartford, WI, USA Somalia, Water Scarcity Drought Augmenting Water Scarcity in Somalia Impacts Food Security The origin of food and water are often forgotten and neglected topics among Americans. The abundance of these advantageous commodities diminish the internal drive of self preservation as food is so easily accessible. This subject matter, however, is the main concern for many people in underdeveloped or even developing countries. Food and water are not resolute items; they might not be there the next day or week. Water scarcity issues that are severely exacerbated by increasingly more frequent droughts and shortages of arable land have deprived many people of required nutrients for a healthy lifestyle. In Somalia, an underdeveloped country in the Horn of Africa, food insecurity is a constant menace. With a total of 157.568 million acres of land, slightly smaller than Texas, Somalia has a mere 2.836 million acres of arable land to feed their growing population of currently 11,757,124 people (Central Intelligence Agency [CIA], 2020). This issue has been magnified by the severe droughts and little rain in recent years. Even Somali families with adequate and plentiful food sources are impacted, as the economy is heavily agrarian based. Three fifths of Somalia’s economy is agricultural, however the majority of this contribution is from raising livestock (Lewis & Janzen, 2020). Despite the sanguine outcome for the economy, the raising of livestock consists of its own setbacks regarding water scarcity and food security as the animals themselves require nutrients to be suitable for consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • The Term “Zakat” in the Quran and the Semantic Effects of Its Translational Variation Example from English Translations of Quran
    Journal of Education and Social Sciences, Vol. 5, (October) ISSN 2289-1552 2016 THE TERM “ZAKAT” IN THE QURAN AND THE SEMANTIC EFFECTS OF ITS TRANSLATIONAL VARIATION EXAMPLE FROM ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF QURAN Shair Ali Khan Assistant Professor Department of Translation & Interpretation Faculty of Arabic International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan [email protected] Cell: 0333-5127988, office: 051-9019536. ABSTRACT (FONT 9) The term “zakat” is of significant importance in Islamic Economic System as being its foundational stone. The term “zakat” is a gerund or participle containing the trilateral roots with an additional circled (ta). This word has both literal and terminological meanings. When this Arabic term is being converted into any other language it gets changes in meaning which sometimes causes serious misinterpretation of the word of Allah. For example we take a verse of Chapter Al-Bayyna, No.5 and observe the changes of meaning in various English translations: Yousaf Ali translated it: regular charity; Shakir translated it as: pay the poor-rate, Pikthal translated it : to pay the poor-due, Dr Muhsin Khan: and give Zakat. Would the words “regular charity”, “poor-rate”, “poor-due” convey the terminological meanings in the true sense of the verse? And which kind of semantic effect these words imprint on the minds of target language readers? The article will deal with the semantic variation occurred in the translation of this important term and its impact on the minds of source language readers. Keywords: Zakat; Semantic; Translation; Variation; Adaptation; Transliteration; Translation-adaptation. 1.Introduction Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • ZAKATNEWS Fostering Charitable Giving for Those in Need
    FALL 2008 ZAKATNEWS Fostering Charitable Giving for Those in Need IN THIS ISSUE SEASONAL PROGRAMS > Sharing Ramadan with the Homeless in Minneapolis > Ramadan Program Report > Work Opportunities for Widows in Mali > Nearly 200,000 Hungry and Needy Fed During Ramadan 2008 > Udhiya/Qurbani in More than 24 Countries Around the World CONTENTS FROM THE DIRECTOR 2 From the Director 3 Emergency Relief Sharing Ramadan with Minneapolis Homeless: Zakat Foundation Provides Over 900 Meals in 30 Days Apology Concerning the Zakat Foundation Multiple Mailing of the Ramadan 2008 Appeal: A Letter of Apology from Flowers from the Spring of Compassion our Printer Zakat Foundation Volunteers 4 Healthcare & Development Compassion that Knows No Borders: Zakat Founda- Ramadan is a very blessed month, and it is obviously the busiest tion Sponsors American Doctors’ Relief Work in India month of the year for Zakat Foundation. Every member of our organization works long hours and full weeks to make Ramadan Sustainable Options for the Destitute: Zakat Founda- a success, may Allah (SWT) reward them for their efforts. tion Provides Work Opportunities for Widows in Mali There are others who have spent many hours earnestly striving 5-7 Seasonal Programs to spread the word about our work; the unnamed heroes...our Udhiya/Qurbani 2008: Share the Eid ul-Adha volunteers. A group of humble servants to Allah, I am sure the Celebration with Those in Need: ZF to Perform volunteers do not want to have their names known, but I would Udhiya/Qurbani in More than 24 Countries like to offer my most heartfelt thanks to our Brothers and Sisters.
    [Show full text]
  • An Act of Faith: Humanitarian Financing and Zakat
    APER P BRIEFING AN ACT OF FAITH Humanitarian financing and Zakat AUTHOR: DATE: Chloe Stirk March 2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive summary 3 All of the world’s major religions contain world, or how it is spent globally. Yet data we • IDEOLOGICAL – such as how best to Introduction 4 some element of almsgiving, and faith plays have collected for Indonesia, Malaysia, Qatar, manage conflicting opinions on whether a key role in the funding and delivery of Saudi Arabia and Yemen, which make up 17% non-Muslims can benefit from Zakat and humanitarian response across the world. of the world’s estimated Muslim population,2a where it can be used. Glossary of key terms 5 While we cannot say how much religiously indicates that in these countries alone at least motivated giving takes place globally each US$5.7 billion is currently collected in Zakat The question of whether non-Muslims can 1. Faith and humanitarian assistance 6 year, it is clear that faith-based organisations each year. benefit from Zakat is central to discussions mobilise and channel a significant proportion concerning the compatibility of Zakat with of global humanitarian assistance, and are We estimate that the global volume of the humanitarian principles and will have 2. Zakat 7 actively involved in its delivery. In 2013, Zakat collected each year through formal an impact on efforts to increase What is Zakat? 7 faith-based organisations received and mechanisms is, at the very least, in the tens international humanitarian assistance delivered between US$420 million and of billions of dollars.
    [Show full text]
  • ZAKATNEWS Fostering Charitable Giving for Those in Need
    WINTER 2010 ZAKATNEWS Fostering Charitable Giving for Those in Need HAITI EARTHQUAKE RELIEF IN THIS ISSUE EMERGENCY RELIEF > ZF’s Udhiya Program Shares Meat with Tens of Thousands Around the World > ZF Helps Flood Victims in India > Water Wells for Somali Refugees: A Life-Giving Opportunity > Promoting Food Security in the Slums of São Paulo > A Safe Haven for Somali Refugee Women in Kenya CONTENTS FROM THE DIRECTOR 2 From the Director 3-4 Emergency Relief Zakat Foundation Executive Director in Haiti Coordinating Earthquake Relief Efforts Zakat Foundation Guarantees: Your Donation Reaches Survivors of Haiti Earthquake Within 8 Hours Zakat Foundation Delivers Emergency Aid for Victims of Worst India Floods in a Century Brothers, Sisters, and Friends, 5-7 Seasonal Program ZF’s Udhiya Program Shares Fresh Meat with Tens of Thousands of Families Around the World As Salaamu alaykum , Peace and Blessings be with you. First, let me take the opportunity to thank each and every one of you for helping Assessing the Situation of Muslims in Haiti: A ZF Representa- Zakat Foundation’s successful Udhiya program. By the Grace of Al- tive Speaks about His Visit to Port au Prince for Eid Al- Adha lah SWT, we received 30% more donations for Udhiya than last year. 8-10 Report from the Field In these times of economic downfall, May Allah SWT bless those One Visit to the ZF Bangladesh Orphanage and He Became families still sharing their food with the destitute in order to please a Donor their Lord. Zakat Foundation Attends the International Permaculture Conference in Southeast Africa Zakat Foundation is an international humanitarian organization, but that does not mean that we are not concerned about local 11-13 Development/Sadaqa Jariyah: Food, Education and issues, such as health care.
    [Show full text]
  • Contesting Ideologies and Struggle for Authority: State-Madrasa Engagement in Pakistan
    Religions and Development Research Programme Contesting Ideologies and Struggle for Authority: State-Madrasa Engagement in Pakistan Dr Masooda Bano University of Oxford Working Paper 14 - 2007 Religions and Development Research Programme The Religions and Development Research Programme Consortium is an international research partnership that is exploring the relationships between several major world religions, development in low-income countries and poverty reduction. The programme is comprised of a series of comparative research projects that are addressing the following questions: z How do religious values and beliefs drive the actions and interactions of individuals and faith-based organisations? z How do religious values and beliefs and religious organisations influence the relationships between states and societies? z In what ways do faith communities interact with development actors and what are the outcomes with respect to the achievement of development goals? The research aims to provide knowledge and tools to enable dialogue between development partners and contribute to the achievement of development goals. We believe that our role as researchers is not to make judgements about the truth or desirability of particular values or beliefs, nor is it to urge a greater or lesser role for religion in achieving development objectives. Instead, our aim is to produce systematic and reliable knowledge and better understanding of the social world. The research focuses on four countries (India, Pakistan, Nigeria and Tanzania), enabling the research team to study most of the major world religions: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and African traditional belief systems. The research projects will compare two or more of the focus countries, regions within the countries, different religious traditions and selected development activities and policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Informal Taxation Systems – Zakat and Ushr in Pakistan As Example for the Relevance of Parallel/Semi-Public Dues
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Informal taxation systems – Zakat and Ushr in Pakistan as example for the relevance of parallel/semi-public dues Lorenz, Christian 2013 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51138/ MPRA Paper No. 51138, posted 03 Nov 2013 18:58 UTC Informal taxation systems - Zakat Informal taxation systems – Zakat and Ushr in Pakistan as example for the relevance of parallel/semi-public dues Christian Lorenz1 Abstract This article provides an overview of the religious background of Zakat and the organisation of the Zakat collection in several Islamic countries. Then the mandatory system in Pakistan of Zakat and Ushr is described in more detail. Zakat and Ushr are spent mainly on much targeted areas like social welfare, education and health care for certain population groups. Other types of public goods and services are not covered with funds received from Zakat. Hence, the question arises, whether an Islamic state is according to the Islamic laws entitled to collect additional revenues like taxes in addition to Zakat. A second question is answered in the text, in how far an engagement of religious leaders in tax reform activities is in line with the Islamic law and can contribute to development activities. Taking into account the cultural and religious factors and actors, the involvement of Mullahs or Friday prayers to promote tax morale requires the support of religious scholars, but might have broader impacts even than governmental activities on the public awareness. To answer both questions it is important that - according to important religious scholars - the Islamic state requires additional revenues to cover all necessary demands of its population.
    [Show full text]