Kwanzaa and the Concept of Sankofa

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Kwanzaa and the Concept of Sankofa NARRATIVES MAKING THE PAST MEANINGFUL: Kwanzaa and the Concept of Sankofa The African American holiday of Kwanzaa has become an important cultural practice among millions of African American peoples throughout world African community. This is a narrative of the process of conceptualizing and institutionalizing Kwanzaa, its emergence in the thrust toward re-Africanization during the Black Power Movement of the 6O's, its relationship to the Black liberation struggle, the development and meaning of its symbols, and its communitarian vision and values as expressed in the core values of Kwanzaa, the Ngtizo Saba. by Maulana Karenga The creation of the holi- a specialization in African day Kwanzaa is rooted in and Studies. I began to organize and reflective of the 6O's liberation teach in the community, shar- movement, the conception of my ing my knowledge, shaping role as an activist-scholar and, circumstances, and searching the vanguard role of my after what would be good for Dr. Maulana Karenga is organization Us as a cultural the future. My activities expan- professor and chair of the nationalist structure dedicated to ded after the Watts Revolt of Department of Black Studies, creating, recreating and cir- 1965, a turning point in the California State University, Long culating African culture and the Movement and a point of Beach and creator of the African struggle for a just and good departure for my involvement in American holiday of Kwanzaa. society. "the stinggle." As an activist-scholar in I had worked in the civil the 6O's, I had felt a profound rights movement earlier, demon- need to use my knowledge in the strating against chain-stores with service of the people, and make segregation policies in the South, it available to the masses to and assisting in fundraising, improve and enrich their lives. rallies, and forums on and off This commitment to serve came campus on the meaning and from the life and lessons of great goals of the struggle. The Revolt men and women I admired and became a sign and symbol for the studied, and from the lessons need to turn inward, establish and expectations of people from community control, acquire, and my childhood. Our mother and practice what came to be called father, our immediate and Black Power. I defined the goals extended family, our friends, oxir of the Black Power Movement as pubUc school teachers, and the a collective thrust to achieve and sheltering ancient oaks we called maintain three things: (1) self- "old folks" and "elders" all determination (freedom in the expected and predicted that I general sense and community would do something of lasting control in a specific sense), (2) value to serve our people and self-respect (self-understanding honor our family. and self-appreciation rooted in With this in mind, in 1965 paradigms from our own I left the University of California, culture), and (3) self-defense, Los Angeles and the doctoral (the collective capacity to end program in political science with existing oppression and abuse. FALL 95 REFLECTIONS: 36 MAKING THE PAST MEANINGFUL NARRATIVES and prevent future oppression Movement was essentially Black institutionalized cultural prac- and abuse by the state, especially Power. One of its central tenets tice serves as a central way of by the police). was the need to "return to the reappropriating and reaffirming The urgency of this source," to get "Back to Black," African culture. project was underlined by the in a word, to return to all things I moved to this position assassination and sacrifice of African, especially the most and became a leader of this Malcolm X, and the models of important things. The focus was movement for several reasons. liberation by African countries. on recovery, reconstructing First, the civil rights struggle had The Revolt illuminated and African culture, reappropriating revealed the weaknesses of ideas framed the issues in the it, and reaffirming it as a living about assimilation. Certainly, discourse of power. The central tradition. In this context cultural we all wanted desegregation, but message was that students like practices such as renaming I and others rejected integration. me had a special obligation to oneself and one's children with Desegregation would destroy work on the project as we were, African names; wearing the barriers to the exercise of rights more idealistic, less eco- natural or Afro hair style and and free exchange, but inte- nomically vulnerable and less African clothes such as the buba, gration, as I read it, assumed that restrained by the demands of kanga and dashiki; relearning we as persons and a people daily life. We agreed that we and learning African languages, wanted and needed to be with must dare to struggle, win, and especially Swahili; and whites to achieve and fulfill build the new moral community reinstituting African life-cycle ourselves. This, I rejected of we wanted to live in. ceremonies such as naming necessity. Second, I began to (Kutaja jina), nationalization conclude that cultural pluralism (Akika), wedding (Arusi), and was the best way to achieve To do my work and to passing (Maziko),were and are quality relationships and achieve something of lasting developed. mutually beneficial and coopera- value, I created two basic Within this thrust for re- tive exchanges in society. I had instruments, an organization Africanization, Black Studies championed cultural pluralism called Us and a theory called was established in the academy, in a letter to the editor in 1960 in Kawaida. The name Us was and the network of community the Daily Collegian at Los chosen to indicate two things: the institutions to restore and Angeles Community College. communitarian views, values, reinforce African culture was Then, my position was a liberal and practice of the organization expanded. These institutions cultural pluralist one. Now, I and our commitment to us as a included cultural centers, advocated a cultural nationalist people distinct from them, the independent schools, theaters, pluralism. Third, I emphasized rulers of the established order. art galleries, and brotherhood re-Africanization because I Kawaida, in Swahili means and sisterhood formations. Re- perceived that cultural identity tradition, but in the context of its Africanization also involved a was the most fundamental way theory, it refers to an ongoing return to Africa itself for cultural to understand and realize synthesis of tradition and reason and spiritual revitalizaüon, and oneself. One's concept of directed toward cultural the reestablishment of mutually humanity is inescapably tied to grounding and social change. beneficial relationships and the cultural paradigms. As an Within this framework I exchanges. At the core of this African, I chose to understand conceived the project of commitment to re-Africanization and realize myself in and Kwanzaa and enumerated the was the attempt to recover and through African culture. Nguzo Saba, (The Seven recommit oneself to learning and I embraced this position Principles) the core of its living African values as an with greater fervor when I conception and practice. indispensable way to rebuild discovered the rich, varied, and From 1965 on, the and reinforce family, community, ancient character of African expression and process of the and culture. Kwanzaa as an culture. As an intellectual, I had 37 REFLECTIONS: FALL 95 MAKING THE PAST MEANINGFUL NARRATIVES been surfeited with and turned This position was argued dance), and ethos, i.e., the off by the Eurocentric approach within movement organizations. collective psychology which to human knowledge. It seemed Some organizations argued for results from practice in the other at one point that all subjects strength through education; six areas of culture. taught were openly or others for economic Kawaida maintains that surrepfitiously long and boring development; and sfill others for the quality of social practice is self-congratulatory narratives of "picking up the gun." We directly related to the quality of Europe and European peoples. I maintained that all these ways the cultural views and values needed to know and understand were necessary but not sufficient which inform and ground it. my culture and the cultures of because what was needed, as Values are defined as categories other peoples of color, but Fanon said, was a total solution of commitment and priorities especially my own. So, I on the objective as well as the which enhance or diminish detached myself from schools subjective level. Such a solution human possibilities. What one and the circles of associates and required culture, i.e., the totality considers important and places friends from the civil rights of thought and practice of a first in one's life determines the movement and turned inward people. We concluded that we quality and direcfion of one's life and toward Africa. I found, in could find guns anywhere, with both persons and peoples. both continental and diasporan especially in the hands of the These assumpfions about African cultures, models of oppressor. What was necessary, culture and values led me to human achievement and human was for the people themselves study African cultures and ask possibility that informed my to decide that struggle itself is what was the social cement that conception of self, the good life, necessary and then determine held these sociefies together and and the just, good society. Within and develop their means. Thus, gave them their humanistic this context I began my process we argued for a cultural character? Moreover, how could of re-Africanization, returning revolution to create a new logic to my own history and culture I make these ancient traditions and language of liberation and and building structures and live again? How could I use and new institutions to house and processes to achieve and spread teach others to use the past to advance our aspirafions.
Recommended publications
  • Celebrate Kwanzaa Well, It's December 29Th. We've Run out Of
    Celebrate Kwanzaa Well, it’s December 29th. We’ve run out of Advent Sundays but we aren’t quite to the new year. I wanted to continue the inter-faith kind of theme we’ve had for December so I was guided to Kwanzaa. Technically, Kwanzaa isn’t faith based but it is culture based. So what culture and why do we have Kwanzaa, what does it mean and why should anyone at Unity of Lehigh Valley care about it? You know how I keep talking about how the Universe contributes to my sermons? Well, when the Universe stops contributing, I’ll stop talking about it. I was randomly searching for something to watch on Netflix one night and for some reason clicked on a movie titled, “Holiday in the Wild.” Not filmed in Philadelphia, it was filmed in Zambia. A movie much more about elephant conservation than Christmas, it was really interesting to watch it and notice little things. Like that the film begins with modern cities in Zambia, a modern airport and luxury hotel. Local people were seen with ordinary clothes, although many had the African fabric and men and women often wore more loose fitting than Western styles. The roles of people who worked at the Elephant nursery were treated with respect and African people were seen as intelligent and hard-working and compassionate. Now I want you to reflect on the ways the dominant, white European culture in the United States typically describes what I will call, “original people”. How have you heard Native Americans described? How did whites describe the individuals brought to this country from Africa and forced into slavery? Mostly I think of the word, “savages”.
    [Show full text]
  • The Black Arts Enterprise and the Production of African American Poetry
    0/-*/&4637&: *ODPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUI6OHMVFJU XFIBWFTFUVQBTVSWFZ POMZUFORVFTUJPOT UP MFBSONPSFBCPVUIPXPQFOBDDFTTFCPPLTBSFEJTDPWFSFEBOEVTFE 8FSFBMMZWBMVFZPVSQBSUJDJQBUJPOQMFBTFUBLFQBSU $-*$,)&3& "OFMFDUSPOJDWFSTJPOPGUIJTCPPLJTGSFFMZBWBJMBCMF UIBOLTUP UIFTVQQPSUPGMJCSBSJFTXPSLJOHXJUI,OPXMFEHF6OMBUDIFE ,6JTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFJOJUJBUJWFEFTJHOFEUPNBLFIJHIRVBMJUZ CPPLT0QFO"DDFTTGPSUIFQVCMJDHPPE The Black Arts Enterprise and the Production of African American Poetry The Black Arts Enterprise and the Production of African American Poetry Howard Rambsy II The University of Michigan Press • Ann Arbor First paperback edition 2013 Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2011 All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid-free paper 2016 2015 2014 2013 5432 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rambsy, Howard. The black arts enterprise and the production of African American poetry / Howard Rambsy, II. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-472-11733-8 (cloth : acid-free paper) 1. American poetry—African American authors—History and criticism. 2. Poetry—Publishing—United States—History—20th century. 3. African Americans—Intellectual life—20th century. 4. African Americans in literature. I. Title. PS310.N4R35 2011 811'.509896073—dc22 2010043190 ISBN 978-0-472-03568-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-472-12005-5 (e-book) Cover illustrations: photos of writers (1) Haki Madhubuti and (2) Askia M. Touré, Mari Evans, and Kalamu ya Salaam by Eugene B. Redmond; other images from Shutterstock.com: jazz player by Ian Tragen; African mask by Michael Wesemann; fist by Brad Collett.
    [Show full text]
  • Heavyweight Champion Jack Johnson: His Omaha Image, a Public Reaction Study
    Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: Heavyweight Champion Jack Johnson: His Omaha Image, A Public Reaction Study Full Citation: Randy Roberts, “Heavyweight Champion Jack Johnson: His Omaha Image, A Public Reaction Study,” Nebraska History 57 (1976): 226-241 URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1976 Jack_Johnson.pdf Date: 11/17/2010 Article Summary: Jack Johnson, the first black heavyweight boxing champion, played an important role in 20th century America, both as a sports figure and as a pawn in race relations. This article seeks to “correct” his popular image by presenting Omaha’s public response to his public and private life as reflected in the press. Cataloging Information: Names: Eldridge Cleaver, Muhammad Ali, Joe Louise, Adolph Hitler, Franklin D Roosevelt, Budd Schulberg, Jack Johnson, Stanley Ketchel, George Little, James Jeffries, Tex Rickard, John Lardner, William
    [Show full text]
  • KWANZAA CELEBRATION Sunday, December 29, 2019 6:00 P.M
    Table of Contents Order of Worship (7:30 a.m., 11:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m.) ................................................... 2 Hymn of Praise ................................................................................................................... 3 Unison Scriptures ............................................................................................................... 4 Sermon Notes/Prayer Concerns ......................................................................................... 5 Midweek Manna Worship Service ...................................................................................... 6 Giving Options .................................................................................................................... 6 Wednesday At The Well Bible Study Series ........................................................................ 7 Prayer and Fasting .............................................................................................................. 8 Trinity UCC Fitness .............................................................................................................. 9 Women's Conference 2020 .............................................................................................. 10 Calendar ........................................................................................................................... 11 Divine Imagination ........................................................................................................... 11 New Member Class .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Seasons Greetings D
    Seasons Greetings Across Cultures in Ocean County During the winter holiday season, several different kinds of traditions are oDbserved throughout the county. The Ocean County Library celebrates diversity throughout the year with different multicultural programs for kids that highlight holidays and special events. The libraryʼs Island Heights branch will celebrate all of the December holidays on Dec. 11 at 4:00 p.m. with a program that focuses on the spirit of giving as it relates to Christmas, Hanukkah and Kwanzaa. Attendees are encouraged to bring non-perishable foods to donate to people in need (see event listings for details and registration information). On the 12th, beginning at 2 p.m., the Long Beach Island branch celebrates “Winterfest” to get everyone in the holiday spirit for the coming season. At the Manchester branch on Dec. 15 from 9:30 to 11:30 a.m., kids and their parents can stroll through a “winter wonderland,” complete with special holiday characters, set up inside the library. On Dec. 16, the Lakewood branch presents “Boysʼ Night Out: Hanukkah Jam,” an acoustic musical event to which guests are invited to bring their instruments and join in. The jam begins at 7 p.m. and kosher refreshments are provided. The Toms River branch invites families and kids to come listen to Kwanzaa stories and make Kwanzaa-related crafts on Dec. 18 at 2:30 p.m. Kwanzaa is a holiday started in 1966 by a professor of Africana Studies at the California State University named Dr. Maulana Karenga. He created the seven-day festival (Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • Vernal Equinox 25Th- Palm Sunday 30Th
    2018 2019 2020 2021 January- None January- None January January- None February February 25th- Chinese New Year February 14th- Ash Wednesday 5th- Chinese New Year February 12th- Chinese New Year 16th- Chinese New Year March 26th- Ash Wednesday 17th- Ash Wednesday March 6th- Ash Wednesday March March 20th- Vernal Equinox 20th- Vernal Equinox 20th- Vernal Equinox 20th- Vernal Equinox 25th- Palm Sunday April April 28th- Palm Sunday 30th- Good Friday 14th- Palm Sunday 5th- Palm Sunday Passover* 30th- Passover 19th- Good Friday 9th- Passover* April April 20th- Passover 10th- Good Friday 2nd - Good Friday 1st- Easter 21st- Easter 12th- Easter 4th- Easter May May 24th-May 23rd- 13th-May 12rd- Ramadan** Ramadan** 16th-June 15th- Ramadan** 6th-June 4th- Ramadan** May May 20th- Shavuot* June 1st-23rd- Ramadan** 1st-12rd- Ramadan** June 1st-4th- Ramadan** 24th- Eid al-Fitr** 13th- Eid al-Fitr** 1st-15th- Ramadan** 5th- Eid al Fitr** 29th- Shavuot* 17th- Shavuot* 15th- Eid al Fitr** 9th- Shavuot* June-None June-None July-None July-None July July August August 31st- Eid al-Adha** 20st- Eid al-Adha** 22th- Eid- al-Adha** 12th- Eid- al-Adha** August- none August- none September September September September 10th-11th- Rosh Hashanah* 29th-30th- Rosh Hashanah* 18th-19th- Rosh Hasanah* 7th-8th- Rosh Hasanah* 19th- Yom Kippur* October 27th- Yom Kippur* 16th- Yom Kippur* 24th- Sukkot* 8th- Yom Kippur* October 21st- Sukkot* October-None 14th- Sukkot* 3rd- Sukkot* October-None November 27th- Diwali November November 7th- Diwali November- None 14th- Diwali 4th- Diwali December December December 29th- Chaunukah* 3rd- Chaunukah* 23rd- Chaunukah* 11th- Chaunukah* December 25th- Christmas Day 25th- Christmas Day 25th- Christmas Day 25th- Christmas Day 26th- Kwanzaa 26th- Kwanzaa 26th- Kwanzaa 26th- Kwanzaa Faith Description Chinese New Begins a 15-day festival for Chinese people of all religions.
    [Show full text]
  • Eugenicists, White Supremacists, and Marcus Garvey in Virginia, 1922-1927
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2001 Strange Bedfellows: Eugenicists, White Supremacists, and Marcus Garvey in Virginia, 1922-1927 Sarah L. Trembanis College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Trembanis, Sarah L., "Strange Bedfellows: Eugenicists, White Supremacists, and Marcus Garvey in Virginia, 1922-1927" (2001). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624397. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-eg2s-rc14 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STRANGE BEDFELLOWS- Eugenicists, White Supremacists, and Marcus Garvey in Virginia, 1922-1927. A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Sarah L. Trembanis 2001 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sarah L. Trembanis Approved, August 2001 (?L Ub Kimbe$y L. Phillips 'James McCord TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments iv Abstract v Introduction 2 Chapter 1: Dealing with “Mongrel Virginians” 25 Chapter 2: An Unlikely Alliance 47 Conclusion 61 Appendix One: An Act to Preserve Racial Integrity 64 Appendix Two: Model Eugenical Sterilization Law 67 Bibliography 74 Vita 81 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Kimberly Phillips, for all of her invaluable suggestions and assistance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case Against Afrocentrism. by Tunde Adeleke
    50 The Case Against Afrocentrism. By Tunde Adeleke. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009. 224 pp. Since the loosening of Europe’s visible political and social clutch on the continent of Africa, conversations underlining common experiences and links between Black Africans and Blacks throughout the Diaspora have amplified and found merit in the Black intellectual community. Afrocentrist, such as Molefi Asante, Marimba Ani, and Maulana Karenga, have used Africa as a source of all Black identity, formulating a monolithic, essentialist worldview that underscores existing fundamentally shared values and suggests a unification of all Blacks under one shared ideology for racial uplift and advancement. In the past decade, however, counterarguments for such a construction have found their way into current discourses, challenging the idea of a worldwide, mutual Black experience that is foundational to Afrocentric thought. In The Case Against Afrocentrism, Tunde Adeleke engages in a deconstruction and reconceptualization of the various significant paradigms that have shaped the Afrocentric essentialist perspective. Adeleke’s text has obvious emphasis on the difficulty of utilizing Africa in the construction of Black American identity. A clear supporter of the more “realistic” Du Boisian concept of double-consciousness in the Black American experience, Adeleke challenges Afrocentrists’, mainly Molefi Asante’s, rejection of the existence of American identity within a Black body. He argues against the “flawed” perception that Black Americans remain essentially African despite centuries of separation in slavery. According to Adeleke, to suggest that Blacks retain distinct Africanisms undermines the brutality and calculating essence of the slave system that served as a process of “unmasking and remaking of a people’s consciousness of self” (32).
    [Show full text]
  • December Calendar
    December 2019 Spokane Area Diversity/Cultural Events National Universal Human Rights Month The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the UN in 1948 as a response to the Nazi holocaust and to set a standard by which the human rights activities of all nations, rich and poor alike, are to be measured. The United Nations has declared an International Day for Elimination of Violence Against Women. From November 25th through December 10th, Human Rights Day, the 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence is to raise public awareness and mobilizing people everywhere to bring about change. The 2019 theme for the Elimination of Violence Against Women is ‘Orange the World: Generation Equality Stands Against Rape’. These dates were chosen to commemorate the three Mirabal sisters, who were political activists under Dominican ruler Rafael Trujillo (1930-1961) who ordered their brutal assassinate in 1960. Join the campaign! You can participate in person or on social media via the following hashtags: Use the hashtags: #GenerationEquality #orangetheworld and #spreadtheword. For more information, visit their website at http://www.un.org/en/events/endviolenceday/. ******************************************************************************** As Grandmother Taught: Women, Tradition and Plateau Art Coiled and twined basketry and beaded hats, pouches, bags, dolls, horse regalia, baby boards, and dresses alongside vintage photos of Plateau women wearing or alongside their traditional, handmade clothing and objects, with works by Leanne Campbell, HollyAnna CougarTracks DeCoteau Littlebull and Bernadine Phillips. Dates: August 2018 through December 2019 Time: Tuesday-Sunday, 10:00 am-5:00 pm Location: Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, 2316 W. First Ave Cost: $10.00 adult, $8.00 seniors, $5.00 children ages 6-17, $8.00 college students with ID.
    [Show full text]
  • In Light of the Career and Work of Marcus Garvey, the Leadership
    REACHING OuT TO A RAcE: MARCUS GARVEY AND MAss COMMUNICATION THROUGH THE LENSES OF SERVANT­ LEADERSHIP -SCOTT FINNIE EASTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION In light of the career and work of Marcus Garvey, the leadership skills he employed help to amplify Robert Greenleaf' s description of the true and genuine servant-leader. In his classic book published in 1977, Servant­ Leadership: A Journey into the Nature ofLegitimate Power and Greatness, Greenleaf identifies a series of attributes and virtues necessary to fulfill the role of "the great leader" who is "seen as a servant first" (p. 7). In his eyes, the concept and dynamics of leadership need an urgent re-definition and conceptual realignment if collective entities are to reach the noble goals to which they aspire: A fresh critical look is being taken at the issues of power and authority, and people are beginning to learn, however haltingly, to relate to one another in less coercive and more creatively supporting ways. A new moral principle is emerging which holds that the only authority deserving one's allegiance is that which is freely and knowingly granted by the led to the leader in response to, and in proportion to, the clearly evident ser­ vant stature of the leader. (pp. 9-10) The following pages will be an exploration into the leadership methodology of Marcus Garvey against the backdrop of Greenleaf's servant-leadership themes. The first part will be a historical examination of Garvey followed by a context analysis of servant-leadership. 267 The International Journal ofServant-Leadership, 2007, vol. 3, issue 1, 267-279 GARVEY'S BACKGROUND Marcus Garvey was born in Jamaica in the late 1800s.
    [Show full text]
  • The Black Arts Movement Author(S): Larry Neal Source: the Drama Review: TDR, Vol
    The Black Arts Movement Author(s): Larry Neal Source: The Drama Review: TDR, Vol. 12, No. 4, Black Theatre (Summer, 1968), pp. 28-39 Published by: The MIT Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1144377 Accessed: 13/08/2010 21:18 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mitpress. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The MIT Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Drama Review: TDR. http://www.jstor.org 29 The Black Arts Movement LARRYNEAL 1. The Black Arts Movement is radically opposed to any concept of the artist that al- ienates him from his community.
    [Show full text]
  • Juneteenth, the Commemoration of the End of Slavery in the United States, Is Celebrated by Black Americans Every June 19Th
    To the LSU SVM Community, We recognize the pain and suffering of many of the black members of our SVM family. We are celebrating Juneteenth, and in light of the recent events, Stephanie Johnson has compiled a list of resources here for those in need (see below for a full list). We see you, we care and we are listening to your needs. Juneteenth, the commemoration of the end of slavery in the United States, is celebrated by Black Americans every June 19th. Read More About Juneteenth Juneteenth, the commemoration of the end of slavery in the United States, will be celebrated by Black Americans on Friday, June 19th amid a national reckoning on race prompted by the police killing of George Floyd and the sweeping demonstrations that followed. Here is information about the holiday, reprinted from the news article "What to know about Juneteenth, the emancipation holiday" by NBC News correspondent Daniella Silva. The article can be read in full here. On June 19, 1865, Gen. Gordon Granger arrived with Union soldiers in Galveston, Texas, and announced to enslaved Africans Americans that the Civil War had ended and they were free — more than two years after President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. At the time Lincoln issued the proclamation, there were minimal Union troops in Texas to enforce it, according to Juneteenth.com. But with the surrender of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee two months earlier and the arrival of Granger’s troops, the Union forces were now strong enough to enforce the proclamation. The holiday, which gets its name from the combination of June and Nineteenth, is also known as Emancipation Day, Juneteenth Independence Day and Black Independence Day.
    [Show full text]