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The Discourse and Reality of Faith-Based Development in San Carlos, Philippines

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The Discourse and Reality of Faith-Based Development in San Carlos, Philippines University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2012-10-01 Livelihood And Liberation: The Discourse And Reality Of Faith-based Development In San Carlos, Philippines Moxham, Christopher Charles Moxham, C. C. (2012). Livelihood And Liberation: The Discourse And Reality Of Faith-based Development In San Carlos, Philippines (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/26775 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/248 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Livelihood And Liberation: The Discourse And Reality Of Faith-based Development in San Carlos, Philippines by Christopher C. Moxham A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2012 © Christopher C. Moxham 2012 ABSTRACT The smallest unit of the Philippine Catholic Church is the Basic Ecclesial Community (BEC), a group of families who come together for worship, bible study and reflection on their social circumstances. In many dioceses BECs are encouraged to move beyond mere reflection and act as agents of change, organizing cooperatively for meaningful and peaceful development. A significant corpus of literature has developed around the concept, and it emphasizes the power of small groups to affect change, and the power of a national network of BECs. In many respects the discourse of development through BECs resembles an ideal postdevelopment scenario but, as numerous commentators have explained, postdevelopment is unachievable due to a myriad of structural pressures pushing on any group. In the Philippines the material reality of poverty and powerlessness stands in the way of most BECs that seek development. One field season was spent in the Diocese of San Carlos, known nationally for its vigorous development thrust. Qualitative research methods, including in-depth interviews, conversation and participant observation, were employed. The ideal picture framed by the literature on BECs is measured against the reality of development in the rural countryside. Conclusions demonstrate a micro-managed series of programs orchestrated at the Diocese-level, and little semblance of self- sustainable grassroots development at the BEC level. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my supervisor, Miriam Grant, for the time and effort that she invested in this research project. With the perfect blend of guidance and freedom, as well as constructive criticism along the way, she was instrumental in the form and content of this final written presentation. I thank Byron Miller and Conny Davidsen, members of my committee, for their support and advice over the last five years as well. I cannot express enough gratitude for Father Edwin Laude, whose invitation to his diocese set in motion the entire project, and whose hospitality and companionship greatly eased the fieldwork experience. Lastly, I thank my wife, Lisa, for her bottomless support over the last five years and her belief in me even when my own beliefs were lacking. We have closed another chapter … only to open a brand new one. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract…………………………………………………………. ii Acknowledgements……………………………………………... iii Table of Contents……………………………………………….. iv List of Tables…………………………………………….……… vi List of Figures…………………………………………………… vii List of Acronyms………………………………………………… viii CHAPTER ONE – Introduction……………………………….... 1 Peripheral development….………………………………… 4 Theoretical question……………………………………….. 5 Objectives………………………………………………….. 6 Geographic contributions…………………………………... 7 Chapter layout……………………………………………… 9 CHAPTER TWO – Basic Ecclesial Communities In The Philippines: Philosophical Roots And A Place In Critical Development Studies…………………………………………..… 14 Vatican II…………………………………………………… 18 Second Plenary Council of the Philippines………………… 24 A place for BEC in the development literature…………….. 27 Challenging the mainstream………………………………… 33 Imagining postdevelopment………………………………… 35 To where, from here?.............................................................. 43 The modern state as structuring process……………………. 46 CHAPTER THREE – Republika ng Pilipinas: A Backdrop in Regional Perspective……………………………………………… 50 Regionalism……………………………………………….… 51 Marginality………………………………………………….. 59 Crisis………………………………………………………… 71 CHAPTER FOUR – Methodology, And An Introduction To Negros…………………………………………………………….. 85 Researcher positionality…………………………………….. 86 Field sites as case studies…………………………………… 91 Choosing Negros……………………………………………. 93 Methodology………………………………………………… 99 Sampling…………………………………………….. 100 Key informant interviews at the diocese level………. 101 Community interviews and focus group discussion…. 101 Infield analysis and data cleaning…………….……… 103 iv Confidentiality………………………………………. 104 The island of Negros………………………………………… 104 Emerging relations of sugar production…………………….. 110 Contemporary Sugarland……………………………………. 116 Negros Occidental…………………………………………… 120 CHAPTER FIVE – Social Developments In The Diocese Of San Carlos……………………………………………………………… 128 Herbal medicines…………………………………………….. 135 Livelihood……………………………………………………. 143 Feeding the most vulnerable…………………………………. 150 Mary’s Well………………………………………………….. 156 Building schools……………………………………………… 161 Anti-mining campaign……………………………………….. 175 Good governance…………………………………………….. 181 Church-Military Advisory Group……………………………. 186 CHAPTER SIX – Basic Ecclesial Communities In San Carlos: Group Strength Amid Structural Restraint…………………………. 200 A tale of two parishes………………………………………… 205 Communities of families……………………………… 214 Women at the helm…………………………………… 222 Social developments………………………………….. 224 Cabagtasan……………………………………………………. 230 Cabagtasan BECs: places in the world……………………….. 246 CHAPTER SEVEN – BECs, The Diocese, The Discourse And Development: Potentials, Limits, Recommendations……………… 253 BEC: the smallest scale………………………………………. 253 Community potential…………………………………. 254 Limits to action…….…………………………………. 258 Recommendations…………………………………….. 262 The Diocese: a rung higher on the ladder to development……. 267 Diocesan strengths…………………………………….. 268 Factors limiting diocesan development……………….. 273 Recommendations for the Diocese……………………. 280 The discourse of Basic Ecclesial Communities……………….. 285 Postdevelopment today………………………………………... 292 CHAPTER EIGHT – Conclusion……………………………………. 307 REFERENCES………………………………………………………. 312 APPENDIX A – Herbal Medicines………………………………….. 326 v LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Percent Shares of Sectors In Current Price GDP………… 70 Table 5.1: Diocesan Ranked Prioritized Problems For Communities………………………………………………………… 132 Table 5.2: Key Concepts Of Parishioners By Category…………….. 133 Table 6.1: Basic Infrastructure, Barangay Cod Cod………………… 233 Table 6.2: Land Use, Barangay Cod Cod…………………………… 234 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: What Makes Development Meaningful…………………. 6 Figure 3.1: The Philippines………………………………………….. 52 Figure 4.1: Geographic Regions…………………………………….. 94 Figure 4.2: Negros Island……………………………………………. 106 Figure 5.1: Diocese Of San Carlos…………………………………… 129 Figure 5.2: Organizational Structure Of Social Action………………. 131 vii LIST OF ACRONYMS AFP – Armed Forces of the MILF – Moro Islamic Liberation Philippines Front AO – Area of Operation (Military) NASSA – National Secretariat of Social Action ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao NFA – National Food Authority BEC – Basic Ecclesial Community NGO – Non-governmental Organization BFD – Bureau of Food and Drugs NPA – New Peoples’ Army CAD – Canadian dollar OFW – Overseas Filipino Worker CARP – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program OLMMS – Our Lady of the Mountain Mission School CBHP – Community Based Health Program OLPMS – Our Lady of Peace Mission School CMAG – Church-Military Advisory Group PCP II – Second Plenary Council of the Philippines DILG - Department of Internal and Local Government PHP – Philippine peso EDSA – Epifanio de los Santos PMPI – Philippines Misereor Avenue Partnership Inc GDP – Gross Domestic Product PO – Peoples Organization GKK – Gagmay’ng Kristohanong PPC – Parish Pastoral Council Katilingban (a local Visayan translation of Basic Ecclesial RSM – Risen Savior Missions Community) SCDMC – San Carlos Diocese Multi- IGP – Income-Generating Project purpose Cooperative IRA – Internal Revenue Allotment TESDA – Technical Education and Skills Development Authority LGU – Local Government Unit viii 1 INTRODUCTION The Philippines is a country of diversity and extremes, both in terms of geography and society. With over 7000 islands the country is the second largest archipelagic state, after Indonesia, with islands rich in topographic and climatic variability. Added to the physical diversity are 110 ethnic groups and 170 spoken languages, as well as highly uneven economic activity, with wealth concentrated around the capital of Manila, a few adjacent regions and a handful of cities on other islands (Hill et al. 2007). Unequal wealth distribution is one of the realities of uneven economic activity, and in the Philippines there is an income Gini Ratio of 45.8 (CIA 2011a). The Philippines
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