The Late Blooming Amphipods: Global Change Promoted Post-Jurassic Ecological Radiation Despite Palaeozoic Origin

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The late blooming amphipods: global change promoted post-Jurassic ecological radiation despite Palaeozoic origin

Denis Copilaş-Ciocianu, Špela Borko, Cene Fišer

Table of Contents: Table S3 Page 2 Fig. S1 Funnel plots resulting from the PhyRe analyses Page 3 Fig. S2 Maximum likelihood IQTREE phylogeny Page 4 Fig. S2 Maximum likelihood RAxML phylogeny Page 5 Fig. S4 Bayesian ExaBayes phylogeny Page 6 Fig. S5 Maximum parsimony PAUP phylogeny Page 7 Fig. S6 Fully annotated chronogram Page 8 Fig. S7 Geographical distribution of taxa used in the Page 9 phylogenetic analysis Fig. S8 Maximum-likelihood reconstruction of ancestral Page 10 states

Table S3 Comparison of divergence times (median and 95% HPD intervals of crown ages) for major focal clades under different calibration schemes (parentheses indicate the number of calibration points).

Major clade All fossils (5) Root only (1) Ingroup only (4) Gammaroids 78 [55–103] 85 [61–117] 37 [23–57] Lyssianasoids 79 [59–104] 90 [66–119] 45 [35–63] Crangonyctoids 68 [43–95] 80 [50–114] 49 [34–72] Corophioids 98 [72–126] 112 [83–148] 62 [43–89] Eusiroids/Iphimedioids 141 [107–177] 162 [125–207] 86 [62–120] Physocephalatans 113 [87–141] 127 [98–162] 73 [51–101] Physosomatans 122 [89–156] 134 [99–175] 77 [55–110] Talitroids 59 [38–87] 72 [47–105] 40 [25–58] Amphipoda 240 [189–292] 257 [204–320] 142 [100–201] Amphipoda+Ingolfiellida 281 [225–338] 298 [236–373] 174 [117–252]

Dimension = 202 Average taxonomic distinctness = 87.8089 Variation in taxonomic distinctness = 313.1130 Minimum taxonomic distinctness = 46.6259 Maximum taxonomic distinctness = 92.4951 von Euler's index of imbalance = 0.1022 90.1/99 Obesogammaruscrassus 76.6/85 Stenogammarussimilis 55/82 Pontogammarusrobustoides 98.3/9185.5/90 Dikerogammarusvillosus 92/91 Turcogammarusspandli 90/91 Paraniphargoidesmotasi 95.1/91 Chaetogammarusischnus 100/100 Gmelinacostata Jugogammaruskusceri 96.8/99 Echinogammarusacarinatus 90.9/100 Metohiacarinata 86/100 Typhlogammarusmrazeki Zenkevitchiaadmirabilis 68.3/92 Hakonboekiastrauchii 81/93 Pallaseagrubei 75.8/93 87.7/99 Acanthogammarusvictorii 98.4/100 Dorogostaiskiaparasitica 87.7/46 Ommatogammarusalbinus 97.7/98 Gmelinoidesfasciata 89.9/94 50.8/40 Micruropuswahli 97.9/9772/93 Gammaruslacustris 65.5/97 Macrohectopusbranickii Anopogammarusrevazi 97/99 Barnardiorumshadini Marinogammarusstoerensis 97.8/99 Haustoriusarenarius 7.4/96 Eogammarusconfervicolus 99/100 Jesogammarushebeiensis 97.8/100 Ramellogammarusvancouverensis 92.1/100 Bathyporeiapilosa Monoporeiaaffinis 87.5/99 Ampelisca 97.8/94 Haploopstubicola 51.2/86 Byblisgaimardi 68.4/88 88.4/91 Bogidiellaalbertimagni 17.5/61 Bogidiellaveneris 92.4/86 Eriopisaelongata 85.7/86 Hadziasp 22.5/90 Andaniexislupus 99.3/98 Andaniopsisnordlandica 98.7/93 Stegocephalusinflatus 80.7/83 99.4/100 Antatelsonwalkeri Stenothoe 97.8/100 Pseudoniphargusdaviui 94.6/100 77.5/76 Pseudoniphargusgorbeanus 99.6/100 Microniphargusleruthi 98.8/100 Nipharguskochianus Niphargobatesorophobata Urothoebrevicornis 89.3/95 Abyssorchomenechevreuxi 68.3/94 Orchomenyxmacronyx 99.5/96 Orchomenellagerulicorbis 43.9/89 Falklandiareducta 55.9/97 Pseudorchomenecoatsi 76.7/98 Lepidepecreumumbo 95.8/88 99.6/100 Odiuscarinatus 99.9/99 Menigratesobtusifrons 80.1/89 Onisimusglacialis 92.2/99 Paracallisomaspn 60.7/89 Scopelocheirusschellenbergi Uristesspn 23.6/89 Tmetonyxspn 94.7/100 88.4/94 Opisatakafuminakanoi 54.3/98 Centromedonzoe 95.2/98 Ambasiopsissp 98.8/98 Hirondelleanamarensis 89.9/100 94/95 77/98 Cyclocarisspn Stephonyxbiscayensis 99/100 Eurythenesgryllus 96.5/98 Eurythenesmaldoror 95.3/100 Alicellagigantea 86.4/99 98.8/100 Tectovalopsiswegeneri 33.3/98 Paralicellacaperesca Valettiettaanacantha 98.2/100 99.9/100 Gammarellusangulosus 93.9/100 Gammarellushomari 91.4/95 Weyprechtiapinguis Cleippidesquadricuspis Fuegophoxusabjectus 8.4/51 Bactrurusmucronatus 77.3/54 Crangonyxpseudogracilis 98.6/100 Stygobromusmackini 60.2/100 Amurocrangonyxarsenjevi 97.9/99 99.6/100 Crymostygiusthingvallensis Pseudocrangonyxyezonis Syrrhoepsychrophila 96.9/100 Caprella 91.8/95 98.4/100 Cyamus 38.6/98 Caprogammarusgurjanovae 100/100 95/100 Phtisicamarina 87.9/99 Protomimaimitatrix 96/99 Monoliropustener 84.4/20 Podocerusvariegatus Jassafalcata Dyopedosporrectus 62.3/50 91.4/97 Gammaropsis 88.1/19 Priscomilitarisheike 88.9/97 87/19 Ampithoeramondi 100/100 100/100 Grandidierellajaponica 87.7/95 Grandidierellachaohuensis 70.3/70 Aoragracilis 98.1/100 Bubocorophiumsp 92.1/72 Corophiumvolutator 16.1/60 Neohelamonstrosa 97.7/100 Megaluropuslongimerus 59.6/88 99.5/80 Melphidippaantarctica Liljeborgia Paraceradocusgibber Idunellapicta 100/100 Gammaracanthuslacustris Gammaracanthusloricatus 100/100 Alexandrelladentata 91.5/61 Bathypanoploeaschellenbergi 42.3/47 Dikwaandresi 87.8/89 83/91 Astyraantarctica 74.8/97 Epimeriacornigera Acanthonotozomellatrispinosa Epimeriawalkeri 99.7/58 98/100 Arrhisphyllonyx 100/100 Paroedicerospropinquus 100/100 Monoculodescarinatus 99.5/59 Bathymedonobtusifrons 100/100 Acanthonotozomoidesoatesi 65.8/52 Acanthonotozomopsispushkini 16.6/94 Gnathiphimediasexdentata 100/100 Iphimediellacyclogena 99.2/100 Anchiphimediadorsalis 71/99 Oradareatricarinata 11.7/96 Atyloellatribinicuspidata 100/100 95.6/100 Paramoerasp Austropleustescuspidatus Liouvilleasp 99.3/97 92/56 Acanthonotozoma 89.1/55 Thurstonellasp 34.8/49 Prostebbingiagracilis 58.8/48 99.9/100 Neopleustespulchellus Pleustespanoplus 19.2/30 Parepimeriabidentata 99.3/100 Eurymeramonticulosa 93.1/96 91/83 Bovalliagigantea 98.3/91 99.6/55 Eusiroidesgeorgiana Atylopsissp 88.1/92 Amathillopsischarlottae 92.7/95 56.7/33 Schraderiagracilis 98.7/100 91.7/54 Eusirusgiganteus Rhachotropisantarctica 87/95 Chosroesaffdecoratus Phreatogammarussp 99.9/100 Apherusabispinosa 29.8/77 Paramphithoehystrix Calliopiuslaeviusculus 99.4/100 Oxycephalusclausi 92.8/97 Rhabdosomawhitei 84.8/73 Brachyscelusrapax 85/68 68.9/79 Eupronoeintermedia Parapronoecampbelli 69.8/46 Hemityphistenuimanus 94.2/7274/44 Amphithyrusmuratus 100/100 100/100 Thyropussphaeroma 88.5/99 Parascelustyphoides Tetrathyrusforcipatus 89.3/99 Tryphanamalmi 100/100 Cyllopusmagellanicus Vibiliaantartica 100/100 6.6/83 Hyperochemartinezi 100/100 Iulopisloveni 99.9/100 Parathemistopacifica 99.8/100 Hyperiettaparviceps 100/100 Lestrigonusschizogeneios 86.4/20 100/100 Phronimabucephala 54.9/98 Phronimellaelongata 97.9/100 Phrosinasemilunata 100/100 Primnoevansi 93.9/100Lanceolapacifica 100/100 0/35 Microphasmaagassizi 41.4/95 Scypholanceolaaestiva 97.9/100 Mimonectesloveni 32/94 100/100 Acanthoscinaacanthodes Scinaborealis 19.1/55 60.7/94 Cystisomapellucida 94.7/91 Paraphronimagracilis Leucothoe 99.6/100 Amphilochus 98.2/98 96.8/97 Colomastixfissilingua 84.6/96 Hyalellaazteca 52.1/90 Mesohyalellasp 42.7/51 Hyalenilssoni 75.6/50 99.6/99 Austrochiltoniasp Wangiannachiltoniaguzikae 90.4/89 Parhyalehawaiensis 100/100 98.7/100 Orchestiagammarellus 100/100 Platorchestiajaponica Allorchestesangusta Salentinelladenticulata 100/100 Megamoerasubtener 88/22 Melitadentata 88.5/48 Maerainaequipes 80.1/100 Metacrangonyxilvanus Sextonialongirostris 65.1/26 100/100 Atylusswammerdami Nototropisguttatus 81/58 Ingolfiellatabularis Neognathophausiaingens 24.6/58 84/46 Spelaeogriphuslepidops Tethysbaenaargentarii 85.1/99 Burmoniscusmeeusei 99.8/100 Trichoniscuspusillus Colubotelsonthomsoni Thetispelecarisremex Homarusgammarus

0.3 80 32 Obesogammaruscrassus 41 Stenogammarussimilis 44 Pontogammarusrobustoides 79 Turcogammarusspandli 72 Dikerogammarusvillosus 77 Paraniphargoidesmotasi 78 Chaetogammarusischnus 96 Gmelinacostata 65 Jugogammaruskusceri 89 Echinogammarusacarinatus 68 Typhlogammarusmrazeki Metohiacarinata Zenkevitchiaadmirabilis41 27 Acanthogammarusvictorii 27 64 Pallaseagrubei 91 Dorogostaiskiaparasitica 44 Hakonboekiastrauchii 93 Ommatogammarusalbinus 39 12 Gmelinoidesfasciata 51 Micruropuswahli 56 22 Gammaruslacustris Macrohectopusbranickii 83 Anopogammarusrevazi Barnardiorumshadini Marinogammarusstoerensis 65 63 Haustoriusarenarius 96 Eogammarusconfervicolus 96 Ramellogammarusvancouverensis 93 Jesogammarushebeiensis Monoporeiaaffinis Bathyporeiapilosa37 66 Opisatakafuminakanoi 45 Tmetonyxspn 66 Centromedonzoe 76 Ambasiopsissp 79 Hirondelleanamarensis 57 Cyclocarisspn 100 Stephonyxbiscayensis 15 Eurythenesmaldoror 86 Eurythenesgryllus 5 Paracallisomaspn 59 Scopelocheirusschellenbergi 44 Orchomenyxmacronyx 96 84 Abyssorchomenechevreuxi 54 Orchomenellagerulicorbis 41 Falklandiareducta 94 Pseudorchomenecoatsi 97 Lepidepecreumumbo 77 100 Odiuscarinatus 30 Menigratesobtusifrons Onisimusglacialis 90 Uristesspn 65 98 Tectovalopsiswegeneri 54 Alicellagigantea Valettiettaanacantha 1 100 Paralicellacaperesca 65 93 Gammarellushomari 63 Gammarellusangulosus Weyprechtiapinguis Cleippidesquadricuspis Fuegophoxusabjectus91 97 Haploopstubicola 28 Ampelisca 86 Byblisgaimardi 11 Bogidiellaveneris 79 Bogidiellaalbertimagni Eriopisaelongata 5 2 45 Hadziasp 100 Andaniexislupus 99 Andaniopsisnordlandica 2 99 Stegocephalusinflatus Stenothoe 100 Antatelsonwalkeri 100 Pseudoniphargusdaviui 40 80 Pseudoniphargusgorbeanus 84 Microniphargusleruthi Nipharguskochianus Niphargobatesorophobata 40 Urothoebrevicornis 87 Crangonyxpseudogracilis 49 Amurocrangonyxarsenjevi 57 Stygobromusmackini 57 95 Bactrurusmucronatus Crymostygiusthingvallensis Pseudocrangonyxyezonis Syrrhoepsychrophila95 94 Caprella 55 Cyamus 33 84 Caprogammarusgurjanovae 100 Phtisicamarina 71 Protomimaimitatrix 84 Monoliropustener 49 Podocerusvariegatus Jassafalcata 50 93 Dyopedosporrectus 41 Priscomilitarisheike Gammaropsis 31 34 99 100 Ampithoeramondi 75 Grandidierellajaponica Grandidierellachaohuensis 47 100 Aoragracilis Corophiumvolutator 43 Bubocorophiumsp 24 98 Paraceradocusgibber 58 Melphidippaantarctica 23 Megaluropuslongimerus Neohelamonstrosa Liljeborgia 100 Idunellapicta Gammaracanthusloricatus Gammaracanthuslacustris 38 26 Astyraantarctica 24 Epimeriacornigera 100 Acanthonotozomellatrispinosa 52 Bathypanoploeaschellenbergi 70 Alexandrelladentata Dikwaandresi Epimeriawalkeri 100 27 100 Arrhisphyllonyx 100 Paroedicerospropinquus 43 Monoculodescarinatus 33 Bathymedonobtusifrons 100 Thurstonellasp Acanthonotozomopsispushkini 18 46 Acanthonotozomoidesoatesi 100 Iphimediellacyclogena 99 Gnathiphimediasexdentata Anchiphimediadorsalis 65 53 Oradareatricarinata 94 100 Paramoerasp Atyloellatribinicuspidata Austropleustescuspidatus 41 100 Liouvilleasp 47 Pleustespanoplus 62 Neopleustespulchellus 31 Prostebbingiagracilis 6 Acanthonotozoma 6 Parepimeriabidentata 47 Rhachotropisantarctica 30 21 Amathillopsischarlottae 22 Schraderiagracilis99 31 Eurymeramonticulosa 25 Bovalliagigantea 69 9 Eusiroidesgeorgiana Atylopsissp 62 Eusirusgiganteus Phreatogammarussp 100 Chosroesaffdecoratus 37 Apherusabispinosa Paramphithoehystrix Calliopiuslaeviusculus 100 67 Oxycephalusclausi 16 Rhabdosomawhitei 51 Brachyscelusrapax 12 Eupronoeintermedia 8 Parapronoecampbelli 9 Hemityphistenuimanus 47 Thyropussphaeroma 90 100 Amphithyrusmuratus 72 Parascelustyphoides 85 Tetrathyrusforcipatus 100 Tryphanamalmi Cyllopusmagellanicus Vibiliaantartica57 100 100 Iulopisloveni 100 Hyperochemartinezi 11 100 Parathemistopacifica 100 Hyperiettaparviceps 100 Lestrigonusschizogeneios 55 Phronimabucephala 94 Phronimellaelongata Primnoevansi 100 97 Phrosinasemilunata 100 Lanceolapacifica 43 41 Microphasmaagassizi 99 Scypholanceolaaestiva 40 Mimonectesloveni 100 Acanthoscinaacanthodes 23 58 Scinaborealis Paraphronimagracilis 64 Cystisomapellucida 66 100 Leucothoe Colomastixfissilingua 89 Amphilochus 15 Wangiannachiltoniaguzikae 30 Austrochiltoniasp 33 Hyalellaazteca 22 Mesohyalellasp 61 Hyalenilssoni 90 Parhyalehawaiensis 100 100 Orchestiagammarellus 38 Platorchestiajaponica Allorchestesangusta 100 Salentinelladenticulata 37 Megamoerasubtener 91 Melitadentata 96 Maerainaequipes Metacrangonyxilvanus 43 Sextonialongirostris100 Nototropisguttatus 32 Atylusswammerdami 34 Spelaeogriphuslepidops Ingolfiellatabularis 30 Neognathophausiaingens 74 Tethysbaenaargentarii 99 Burmoniscusmeeusei Trichoniscuspusillus Colubotelsonthomsoni Thetispelecarisremex Homarusgammarus

0.3 1 0.55 Obesogammaruscrassus 0.67 Stenogammarussimilis Pontogammarusrobustoides 1 0.72 Dikerogammarusvillosus 1 Turcogammarusspandli 1 Paraniphargoidesmotasi 1 Chaetogammarusischnus 1 Gmelinacostata Jugogammaruskusceri 1 Echinogammarusacarinatus 1 0.95 Metohiacarinata Typhlogammarusmrazeki Zenkevitchiaadmirabilis 0.51 0.88 Acanthogammarusvictorii 0.85 0.86 Pallaseagrubei 1 Hakonboekiastrauchii 0.83 Dorogostaiskiaparasitica Ommatogammarusalbinus 1 1 0.46 Gmelinoidesfasciata 1 Micruropuswahli Gammaruslacustris 0.98 0.67 Anopogammarusrevazi 1 Macrohectopusbranickii Barnardiorumshadini Marinogammarusstoerensis 1 Haustoriusarenarius 0.72 1 Eogammarusconfervicolus 1 Ramellogammarusvancouverensis Jesogammarushebeiensis 0.98 Bathyporeiapilosa Monoporeiaaffinis 0.98 0.66 Orchomenyxmacronyx 1 Abyssorchomenechevreuxi 0.51 Orchomenellagerulicorbis 0.55 Falklandiareducta 0.65 Pseudorchomenecoatsi 1 Lepidepecreumumbo Odiuscarinatus 0.87 0.89 Menigratesobtusifrons Onisimusglacialis 1 0.77 0.93 Paracallisomaspn Scopelocheirusschellenbergi Uristesspn 0.72 1 0.93 Centromedonzoe 0.41 Tmetonyxspn 0.99 Opisatakafuminakanoi 1 Ambasiopsissp Hirondelleanamarensis 0.98 1 0.98 Cyclocarisspn Stephonyxbiscayensis 1 Eurythenesgryllus Eurythenesmaldoror 1 Alicellagigantea 0.87 1 Tectovalopsiswegeneri 0.68 Paralicellacaperesca Valettiettaanacantha 1 1 1 Gammarellusangulosus 1 1 Gammarellushomari Weyprechtiapinguis Cleippidesquadricuspis Fuegophoxusabjectus 0.43 0.46 Andaniexislupus 0.5 Andaniopsisnordlandica Stegocephalusinflatus 0.81 Eriopisaelongata 0.43 0.53 Antatelsonwalkeri Stenothoe 0.89 Hadziasp 0.78 0.48 Ampelisca 0.72 Haploopstubicola 1 0.89 Byblisgaimardi 0.82 Bogidiellaveneris Bogidiellaalbertimagni 1 1 Pseudoniphargusdaviui 0.92 1 Pseudoniphargusgorbeanus Microniphargusleruthi 1 Niphargobatesorophobata Nipharguskochianus Urothoebrevicornis 0.72 0.54 Bactrurusmucronatus 1 Stygobromusmackini 0.97 Crangonyxpseudogracilis Amurocrangonyxarsenjevi 1 1 Crymostygiusthingvallensis Pseudocrangonyxyezonis Syrrhoepsychrophila 1 1 Caprella 0.99 0.92 Cyamus Caprogammarusgurjanovae 1 1 Phtisicamarina 0.99 Protomimaimitatrix 1 Monoliropustener 0.58 Podocerusvariegatus Jassafalcata Dyopedosporrectus 0.41 1 1 Grandidierellachaohuensis Grandidierellajaponica 0.95 0.54 Aoragracilis 1 0.98 0.57 Gammaropsis Priscomilitarisheike 0.73 Ampithoeramondi 1 Bubocorophiumsp 0.91 Corophiumvolutator 0.66 Neohelamonstrosa 1 0.64 0.92 Megaluropuslongimerus Melphidippaantarctica Liljeborgia Paraceradocusgibber Idunellapicta 1 Gammaracanthuslacustris Gammaracanthusloricatus 0.98 0.99 Acanthonotozoma 0.96 Thurstonellasp Prostebbingiagracilis 0.89 1 Neopleustespulchellus Pleustespanoplus 0.62 Parepimeriabidentata 0.99 Eusirusgiganteus 0.39 Rhachotropisantarctica 1 0.98 Amathillopsischarlottae Schraderiagracilis 1 1 Bovalliagigantea 1 Eurymeramonticulosa Eusiroidesgeorgiana 0.5 Atylopsissp 0.5 1 Gnathiphimediasexdentata 1 Iphimediellacyclogena Anchiphimediadorsalis 0.66 Oradareatricarinata 0.87 1 1 Atyloellatribinicuspidata Paramoerasp Austropleustescuspidatus 1 Liouvilleasp 0.99 0.8 Astyraantarctica Epimeriacornigera 0.99 Acanthonotozomellatrispinosa 1 0.86 0.76 Alexandrelladentata Bathypanoploeaschellenbergi Dikwaandresi 1 0.48 Epimeriawalkeri 1 1 1 Arrhisphyllonyx 1 Paroedicerospropinquus 1 Monoculodescarinatus 0.67 Bathymedonobtusifrons 1 Acanthonotozomoidesoatesi Acanthonotozomopsispushkini 1 0.72 Chosroesaffdecoratus Phreatogammarussp Calliopiuslaeviusculus 1 Apherusabispinosa Paramphithoehystrix 1 0.99 Oxycephalusclausi 0.44 Rhabdosomawhitei Brachyscelusrapax 0.38 0.86 Eupronoeintermedia 0.41 Parapronoecampbelli 0.96 Hemityphistenuimanus Amphithyrusmuratus 1 0.44 Parascelustyphoides 1 0.94 Thyropussphaeroma 0.97 Tetrathyrusforcipatus Tryphanamalmi 1 Cyllopusmagellanicus Vibiliaantartica 0.66 1 1 Hyperochemartinezi 1 Iulopisloveni Parathemistopacifica 0.82 1 0.52 Hyperiettaparviceps Lestrigonusschizogeneios 1 1 Phronimabucephala Phronimellaelongata 1 Phrosinasemilunata Primnoevansi 1 1 1 Lanceolapacifica 0.86 Microphasmaagassizi 1 1 Scypholanceolaaestiva Mimonectesloveni 0.7 1 Acanthoscinaacanthodes Scinaborealis 0.5 0.85 Cystisomapellucida 0.97 Paraphronimagracilis 0.96 Leucothoe 1 Amphilochus Colomastixfissilingua 0.59 0.5 Hyalellaazteca 0.67 Mesohyalellasp Hyalenilssoni 0.34 1 Austrochiltoniasp 0.92 Wangiannachiltoniaguzikae 1 Parhyalehawaiensis 1 1 Orchestiagammarellus 0.96 Platorchestiajaponica Allorchestesangusta Salentinelladenticulata 1 1 Metacrangonyxilvanus Sextonialongirostris 1 Megamoerasubtener 1 Melitadentata Maerainaequipes 1 0.78 Atylusswammerdami Nototropisguttatus 0.82 Spelaeogriphuslepidops 0.76 Ingolfiellatabularis Neognathophausiaingens 0.72 Tethysbaenaargentarii 0.99 1 Burmoniscusmeeusei Trichoniscuspusillus Colubotelsonthomsoni Thetispelecarisremex Homarusgammarus

0.3 Hakonboekiastrauchii Pallaseagrubei Acanthogammarusvictorii 89 Dorogostaiskiaparasitica Ommatogammarusalbinus 82 Gmelinoidesfasciata Micruropuswahli Anopogammarusrevazi Macrohectopusbranickii Gammaruslacustris 80 Obesogammaruscrassus Stenogammarussimilis 57 Dikerogammarusvillosus Paraniphargoidesmotasi 51 Pontogammarusrobustoides 52 Turcogammarusspandli 58 Chaetogammarusischnus Gmelinacostata 95 Jugogammaruskusceri Echinogammarusacarinatus 86 Metohiacarinata Typhlogammarusmrazeki Zenkevitchiaadmirabilis Barnardiorumshadini Haustoriusarenarius Marinogammarusstoerensis 61 Eogammarusconfervicolus 74 Ramellogammarusvancouverensis 71 Jesogammarushebeiensis 73 Bathyporeiapilosa Monoporeiaaffinis Abyssorchomenechevreuxi Falklandiareducta Lepidepecreumumbo Menigratesobtusifrons 87 Odiuscarinatus Onisimusglacialis Orchomenellagerulicorbis Orchomenyxmacronyx Pseudorchomenecoatsi Ambasiopsissp Uristesspn Centromedonzoe Opisatakafuminakanoi Tmetonyxspn Hirondelleanamarensis Cyclocarisspn Stephonyxbiscayensis Scopelocheirusschellenbergi 90 Eurythenesgryllus Eurythenesmaldoror Paracallisomaspn 91 Alicellagigantea 53 Tectovalopsiswegeneri Paralicellacaperesca Valettiettaanacantha Fuegophoxusabjectus 95 Gammarellusangulosus 66 Gammarellushomari 51 Weyprechtiapinguis Cleippidesquadricuspis 99 Caprella 90 Cyamus 81 Caprogammarusgurjanovae 98 83 Phtisicamarina Protomimaimitatrix Monoliropustener Jassafalcata Podocerusvariegatus Ampithoeramondi Priscomilitarisheike Dyopedosporrectus Gammaropsis 82 90 Grandidierellachaohuensis Grandidierellajaponica Aoragracilis 95 Bubocorophiumsp Corophiumvolutator Paraceradocusgibber Liljeborgia Neohelamonstrosa 97 Megaluropuslongimerus Melphidippaantarctica Bogidiellaalbertimagni Bogidiellaveneris Eriopisaelongata Hadziasp Maerainaequipes Megamoerasubtener Melitadentata Metacrangonyxilvanus Sextonialongirostris Syrrhoepsychrophila Amurocrangonyxarsenjevi 54 Stygobromusmackini 55 Bactrurusmucronatus 59 Crangonyxpseudogracilis 93 Crymostygiusthingvallensis Pseudocrangonyxyezonis 61 Andaniexislupus 97 Andaniopsisnordlandica 55 Stegocephalusinflatus 72 Antatelsonwalkeri Stenothoe 96 Pseudoniphargusdaviui 92 Pseudoniphargusgorbeanus 90 Microniphargusleruthi 98 Niphargobatesorophobata Nipharguskochianus 87 Ampelisca 90 Haploopstubicola Byblisgaimardi 100 Gammaracanthuslacustris Gammaracanthusloricatus Idunellapicta Urothoebrevicornis 53 Allorchestesangusta 55 Hyalenilssoni Hyalellaazteca Mesohyalellasp 95 Orchestiagammarellus Platorchestiajaponica 74 71 Austrochiltoniasp Wangiannachiltoniaguzikae Parhyalehawaiensis Salentinelladenticulata Astyraantarctica Dikwaandresi Acanthonotozomellatrispinosa 100 Alexandrelladentata 79 Bathypanoploeaschellenbergi Epimeriacornigera Epimeriawalkeri 100 Arrhisphyllonyx 100 Paroedicerospropinquus 100 Monoculodescarinatus 51 Bathymedonobtusifrons Thurstonellasp 100 Acanthonotozomoidesoatesi Acanthonotozomopsispushkini 92 Bovalliagigantea Eurymeramonticulosa Eusiroidesgeorgiana Atylopsissp Eusirusgiganteus Rhachotropisantarctica Amathillopsischarlottae Schraderiagracilis 76 Acanthonotozoma 59 Prostebbingiagracilis 100 Neopleustespulchellus Pleustespanoplus Parepimeriabidentata Anchiphimediadorsalis 100 Gnathiphimediasexdentata 88 Iphimediellacyclogena 53 Oradareatricarinata Atyloellatribinicuspidata 76 100 Austropleustescuspidatus Paramoerasp Liouvilleasp Calliopiuslaeviusculus Chosroesaffdecoratus 52 Phreatogammarussp 95 Apherusabispinosa Paramphithoehystrix 93 Oxycephalusclausi 73 Rhabdosomawhitei Brachyscelusrapax Parapronoecampbelli Eupronoeintermedia Thyropussphaeroma Hemityphistenuimanus 59 Amphithyrusmuratus 100 Parascelustyphoides 85 Tetrathyrusforcipatus 68 Tryphanamalmi 100 Cyllopusmagellanicus Vibiliaantartica 100 51 Hyperochemartinezi 76 Iulopisloveni 96 72 Parathemistopacifica 72 Hyperiettaparviceps 100 Lestrigonusschizogeneios 100 Phronimabucephala 69 Phronimellaelongata 96 Phrosinasemilunata Primnoevansi Leucothoe 93 Amphilochus Colomastixfissilingua 90 98 100 Lanceolapacifica 100 Microphasmaagassizi Scypholanceolaaestiva 58 Mimonectesloveni 98 Acanthoscinaacanthodes 58 Scinaborealis 100 Cystisomapellucida Paraphronimagracilis 93 Atylusswammerdami Nototropisguttatus Spelaeogriphuslepidops 64 65 Neognathophausiaingens Thetispelecarisremex Ingolfiellatabularis Tethysbaenaargentarii Burmoniscusmeeusei 90 Colubotelsonthomsoni Trichoniscuspusillus Homarusgammarus HabitatSymbiosisZoneTemperature 1 Stenogammarussimilis 0.95 Obesogammaruscrassus Pontogammarusrobustoides 1 1 Turcogammarusspandli 1 Dikerogammarusvillosus Habitat 1 Paraniphargoidesmotasi 1 Chaetogammarusischnus Freshwater 1 Gmelinacostata Jugogammaruskusceri 1 1 Echinogammarusacarinatus Marine+Freshwater 0.99 Typhlogammarusmrazeki Metohiacarinata Marine Zenkevitchiaadmirabilis Pallaseagrubei 1 Acanthogammarusvictorii Terrestrial Dorogostaiskiaparasitica Hakonboekiastrauchii 1 Ommatogammarusalbinus 1 1 Gmelinoidesfasciata Micruropuswahli Symbiosis/Zone/Temperature 1 Anopogammarusrevazi Macrohectopusbranickii 1 Gammaruslacustris Free/Benthic/Cold Barnardiorumshadini Marinogammarusstoerensis Free+Symbiont/Benthic+Pelagic/Cold+Warm 1 Haustoriusarenarius 1 Ramellogammarusvancouverensis 1 Eogammarusconfervicolus Symbiont/Pelagic/Warm Jesogammarushebeiensis 1 Monoporeiaaffinis 1 Bathyporeiapilosa 0.92 Falklandiareducta 1 Orchomenellagerulicorbis Orchomenyxmacronyx 0.85 Abyssorchomenechevreuxi Lepidepecreumumbo 0.86 Pseudorchomenecoatsi Menigratesobtusifrons 0.92 Onisimusglacialis Odiuscarinatus 1 Scopelocheirusschellenbergi Paracallisomaspn Uristesspn 1 Tmetonyxspn Opisatakafuminakanoi 1 Centromedonzoe 1 Ambasiopsissp Hirondelleanamarensis 1 0.99 0.95 Stephonyxbiscayensis Cyclocarisspn 1 Eurythenesgryllus Eurythenesmaldoror 0.9 Paralicellacaperesca 1 Valettiettaanacantha 1 Tectovalopsiswegeneri Alicellagigantea 0.95 1 1 Gammarellusangulosus 1 1 Gammarellushomari Weyprechtiapinguis Cleippidesquadricuspis 1 Fuegophoxusabjectus 1 Haploopstubicola Ampelisca Byblisgaimardi 1 Bogidiellaalbertimagni Bogidiellaveneris Eriopisaelongata Hadziasp 1 Andaniopsisnordlandica Andaniexislupus 1 Stegocephalusinflatus 1 Stenothoe 1 Antatelsonwalkeri 1 Pseudoniphargusdaviui 1 Pseudoniphargusgorbeanus Microniphargusleruthi 1 Nipharguskochianus Niphargobatesorophobata Urothoebrevicornis 0.9 Stygobromusmackini 1 Bactrurusmucronatus 0.87 Crangonyxpseudogracilis Amurocrangonyxarsenjevi 1 1 Crymostygiusthingvallensis Pseudocrangonyxyezonis 1 Syrrhoepsychrophila 1 Cyamus Caprella Caprogammarusgurjanovae 1 1 Protomimaimitatrix 0.89 Phtisicamarina 1 Monoliropustener Podocerusvariegatus Jassafalcata Dyopedosporrectus 1 Grandidierellajaponica 0.95 Grandidierellachaohuensis Aoragracilis 1 Priscomilitarisheike Gammaropsis 1 Ampithoeramondi 1 Corophiumvolutator 1 1 Bubocorophiumsp 1 Neohelamonstrosa 1 Melphidippaantarctica Megaluropuslongimerus Liljeborgia Idunellapicta 1 Gammaracanthuslacustris Gammaracanthusloricatus 1 Paraceradocusgibber 0.92 Bathypanoploeaschellenbergi 0.85 Alexandrelladentata Dikwaandresi 0.99 0.98 Astyraantarctica 1 Epimeriacornigera 1 Acanthonotozomellatrispinosa Epimeriawalkeri 1 Acanthonotozomopsispushkini Acanthonotozomoidesoatesi 1 1 Gnathiphimediasexdentata 1 Iphimediellacyclogena Anchiphimediadorsalis Oradareatricarinata 1 Liouvilleasp 1 Paramoerasp Atyloellatribinicuspidata 1 Austropleustescuspidatus 1 1 Acanthonotozoma 0.99 Thurstonellasp Prostebbingiagracilis 1 Pleustespanoplus Neopleustespulchellus 0.97 Parepimeriabidentata 0.99 Rhachotropisantarctica Eusirusgiganteus 1 1 Amathillopsischarlottae 1 Schraderiagracilis 1 1 Bovalliagigantea 1 Eurymeramonticulosa Eusiroidesgeorgiana Atylopsissp 1 Phreatogammarussp Chosroesaffdecoratus 0.89 0.99 Paroedicerospropinquus 0.95 Arrhisphyllonyx Monoculodescarinatus Bathymedonobtusifrons Calliopiuslaeviusculus 1 Paramphithoehystrix Apherusabispinosa 0.99 Eupronoeintermedia Parapronoecampbelli Hemityphistenuimanus Parascelustyphoides Tetrathyrusforcipatus 1 Rhabdosomawhitei 1 Oxycephalusclausi 1 Brachyscelusrapax 0.99 Amphithyrusmuratus 0.82 Thyropussphaeroma Tryphanamalmi 1 Vibiliaantartica Cyllopusmagellanicus 1 0.8 1 Iulopisloveni 1 Hyperochemartinezi 0.85 Parathemistopacifica 1 Hyperiettaparviceps 1 Lestrigonusschizogeneios 1 Phrosinasemilunata 1 Primnoevansi 1 Phronimabucephala 1 1 Phronimellaelongata 1 Microphasmaagassizi 1 0.98 Lanceolapacifica 1 Scypholanceolaaestiva Mimonectesloveni 1 0.99 Acanthoscinaacanthodes Scinaborealis Cystisomapellucida 0.99 Paraphronimagracilis 0.96 Leucothoe 1 Colomastixfissilingua Amphilochus Mesohyalellasp Hyalellaazteca Allorchestesangusta Hyalenilssoni 1 1 Orchestiagammarellus 1 Platorchestiajaponica 1 0.92 Austrochiltoniasp Wangiannachiltoniaguzikae Parhyalehawaiensis 1 Salentinelladenticulata 1 Melitadentata 1 Megamoerasubtener Maerainaequipes 1 Sextonialongirostris Metacrangonyxilvanus 1 Atylusswammerdami Nototropisguttatus Ingolfiellatabularis Spelaeogriphuslepidops 1 Tethysbaenaargentarii 1 Thetispelecarisremex 1 Neognathophausiaingens 1 Burmoniscusmeeusei 0 2 4 6 8 10 Trichoniscuspusillus Colubotelsonthomsoni Homarusgammarus depth (km) Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Palaeogene Neog.

420 400 380 360 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Time (Ma) Ocean Ocean aciﬁc Ocean Ocean Ocean P

Ocean est aciﬁc aciﬁc n Ocean Atlantic Atlantic P P Indian

th th th−W

alearctic onto−Caspianustralasia P P A Baikal Iceland Holarctic Nearctic Neotropic Arctic Nor South Nor Nor South South Souther Cosmopolitan Obesogammaruscrassus Stenogammarussimilis Pontogammarusrobustoides Dikerogammarusvillosus Turcogammarusspandli Paraniphargoidesmotasi Chaetogammarusischnus Gmelinacostata Jugogammaruskusceri Echinogammarusacarinatus Metohiacarinata Typhlogammarusmrazeki Zenkevitchiaadmirabilis Acanthogammarusvictorii Pallaseagrubei Dorogostaiskiaparasitica Ommatogammarusalbinus Hakonboekiastrauchii Micruropuswahli Gmelinoidesfasciata Anopogammarusrevazi Macrohectopusbranickii Gammaruslacustris Barnardiorumshadini Marinogammarusstoerensis Haustoriusarenarius Ramellogammarusvancouverensis Eogammarusconfervicolus Jesogammarushebeiensis Monoporeiaaffinis Bathyporeiapilosa Falklandiareducta Orchomenellagerulicorbis Orchomenyxmacronyx Abyssorchomenechevreuxi Lepidepecreumumbo Temperature Pseudorchomenecoatsi Menigratesobtusifrons Onisimusglacialis Odiuscarinatus Scopelocheirusschellenbergi Paracallisomaspn Uristesspn cold Tmetonyxspn Opisatakafuminakanoi Centromedonzoe Ambasiopsissp Hirondelleanamarensis cold/warm Stephonyxbiscayensis Cyclocarisspn Eurythenesmaldoror Eurythenesgryllus Paralicellacaperesca warm Valettiettaanacantha Tectovalopsiswegeneri Alicellagigantea Gammarellushomari Gammarellusangulosus Weyprechtiapinguis Cleippidesquadricuspis Fuegophoxusabjectus Haploopstubicola Ampelisca Byblisgaimardi Bogidiellaveneris Bogidiellaalbertimagni Eriopisaelongata Hadziasp Andaniopsisnordlandica Andaniexislupus Stegocephalusinflatus Stenothoe Antatelsonwalkeri Pseudoniphargusgorbeanus Pseudoniphargusdaviui Microniphargusleruthi Niphargobatesorophobata Nipharguskochianus Urothoebrevicornis Bactrurusmucronatus Stygobromusmackini Crangonyxpseudogracilis Amurocrangonyxarsenjevi Pseudocrangonyxyezonis Crymostygiusthingvallensis Syrrhoepsychrophila Cyamus Caprella Caprogammarusgurjanovae Protomimaimitatrix Phtisicamarina Monoliropustener Podocerusvariegatus Jassafalcata Dyopedosporrectus Grandidierellachaohuensis Grandidierellajaponica Aoragracilis Priscomilitarisheike Gammaropsis Ampithoeramondi Corophiumvolutator Bubocorophiumsp Neohelamonstrosa Melphidippaantarctica Megaluropuslongimerus Liljeborgia Idunellapicta Gammaracanthusloricatus Gammaracanthuslacustris Paraceradocusgibber Bathypanoploeaschellenbergi Alexandrelladentata Dikwaandresi Astyraantarctica Epimeriacornigera Acanthonotozomellatrispinosa Epimeriawalkeri Acanthonotozomopsispushkini Acanthonotozomoidesoatesi Gnathiphimediasexdentata Iphimediellacyclogena Anchiphimediadorsalis Oradareatricarinata Liouvilleasp Paramoerasp Atyloellatribinicuspidata Austropleustescuspidatus Acanthonotozoma Thurstonellasp Prostebbingiagracilis Pleustespanoplus Neopleustespulchellus Parepimeriabidentata Rhachotropisantarctica Eusirusgiganteus Amathillopsischarlottae Schraderiagracilis Bovalliagigantea Eurymeramonticulosa Eusiroidesgeorgiana Atylopsissp Phreatogammarussp Chosroesaffdecoratus Paroedicerospropinquus Arrhisphyllonyx Monoculodescarinatus Bathymedonobtusifrons Calliopiuslaeviusculus Paramphithoehystrix Apherusabispinosa Parapronoecampbelli Eupronoeintermedia Hemityphistenuimanus Tetrathyrusforcipatus Parascelustyphoides Rhabdosomawhitei Oxycephalusclausi Brachyscelusrapax Amphithyrusmuratus Thyropussphaeroma Tryphanamalmi Vibiliaantartica Cyllopusmagellanicus Iulopisloveni Hyperochemartinezi Parathemistopacifica Lestrigonusschizogeneios Hyperiettaparviceps Phrosinasemilunata Primnoevansi Phronimellaelongata Phronimabucephala Microphasmaagassizi Lanceolapacifica Scypholanceolaaestiva Mimonectesloveni Acanthoscinaacanthodes Scinaborealis Cystisomapellucida Paraphronimagracilis Leucothoe Colomastixfissilingua Amphilochus Allorchestesangusta Hyalenilssoni Mesohyalellasp Hyalellaazteca Orchestiagammarellus Platorchestiajaponica Wangiannachiltoniaguzikae Austrochiltoniasp Parhyalehawaiensis Salentinelladenticulata Melitadentata Megamoerasubtener Maerainaequipes Sextonialongirostris Metacrangonyxilvanus Nototropisguttatus Atylusswammerdami cold benthic freshwater warm pelagic marine semiterrestrial

abyssalpelagic [>4000 m] bathypelagic [1000−4000 m] Maximum Likelihood free epipelagic [<200 m] Ancestral State Reconstruction simbiont mesopelagic [200−1000 m]