A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants July 2002 • NREL/TP-550-30769 A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants L. Edwards and P. Torcellini National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute ••• Battelle ••• Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 July 2002 • NREL/TP-550-30769 A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants L. Edwards and P. Torcellini Prepared under Task No. BEC2.4002 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute ••• Battelle ••• Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: reports@adonis.osti.gov Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: orders@ntis.fedworld.gov online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Table of Contents 1. Background................................................................................................................................. 2 2. Introduction................................................................................................................................. 2 3. Wavelengths of Light.................................................................................................................. 3 4. Affects of Light on the Body ...................................................................................................... 4 How the Eye Works.................................................................................................................... 5 Affects of Light on Internal Body Systems ................................................................................ 5 Nervous and Endocrine System.................................................................................................. 5 Circadian Cycles ......................................................................................................................... 6 Medical Cures from Light........................................................................................................... 7 Rickets and Osteomalacia........................................................................................................... 7 5. Daylighting in the Office ............................................................................................................ 9 Health in the Office..................................................................................................................... 9 Productivity in the Office.......................................................................................................... 10 Absenteeism in the Office......................................................................................................... 11 Employee Turnover .................................................................................................................. 11 Financial Savings...................................................................................................................... 12 Employee Preferences and Perspectives................................................................................... 14 Improper Daylighting................................................................................................................ 16 6. Daylighting in Schools.............................................................................................................. 17 Health........................................................................................................................................ 17 Attendance ................................................................................................................................ 19 Achievement ............................................................................................................................. 19 Perspectives............................................................................................................................... 23 Financial Benefits: Costs of Absence/Student/Day Breakdown............................................... 24 Windowless Classrooms ........................................................................................................... 25 Testimonials from Windowless Classrooms......................................................................... 26 7. Daylighting in Retail................................................................................................................. 27 Problems for Retail Daylighting ............................................................................................... 31 8. Daylighting in Health Care Facilities ....................................................................................... 32 Benefits for Patients and Workers ............................................................................................ 33 Post-Surgical Results ................................................................................................................ 34 Healing Environment................................................................................................................ 35 9. Daylighting Industrial Environments........................................................................................ 35 Physiological Effects ................................................................................................................ 36 Psychological Health ................................................................................................................ 36 Productivity and Safety............................................................................................................. 36 10. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 38 References and Bibliography........................................................................................................ 39 Additional Articles of Interest ...................................................................................................... 46 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................... 54 1 1. Background This paper presents summary information from a noncritical literature review on daylighting in buildings. It is by no means exhaustive, and no attempt has been made to determine the scientific nature of the studies that are cited. It was the goal of this document to compile a listing of the literature that is commonly cited for showing the impacts of daylighting in buildings. NREL does not endorse any of the findings as the citations have not been critically reviewed. Many building owners and architects have reported energy savings received from daylighting. Looking at the energy consumption of commercial buildings in the United States demonstrates the importance of saving energy. According to the Department of Energy’s Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs (BTS) 2000 Databook, commercial buildings consumed 32% of United States electricity in 1998, of which 33% went to lighting. Not only is electrical lighting responsible for a significant amount of the electrical load on a commercial building, but it can also cause excessive cooling loads. Utility costs for a building can be decreased when daylighting is properly designed to replace electrical lighting. Along with the importance of energy, studies have demonstrated the nonenergy related benefits of daylighting. Quantitative studies and qualitative statements are used to summarize the use of daylighting in buildings, its effects on occupants, and its potential economic benefits. Data have been compiled from books, periodicals, Internet articles, and interviews. The books, periodicals and Internet articles provided the background information necessary to identify the main subjects of the paper. Interviews provided details related to specific buildings and companies that have integrated daylighting into
Recommended publications
  • Lighting Efficiency CLIMATE TECHBOOK
    Lighting Efficiency CLIMATE TECHBOOK Quick Facts Lighting accounts for about 11 percent of energy use in residential buildings and 18 percent in commercial buildings. Both conserving lighting use and adopting more efficient technologies can yield substantial energy savings. Some of these technologies and practices have no up-front cost at all, and others pay for themselves over time in the form of lower utility bills. In addition to helping reduce energy use, and therefore greenhouse gas emissions, other benefits may include better reading and working conditions and reduced light pollution. New lighting technologies are many times more efficient than traditional technologies such as incandescent bulbs, and switching to newer technologies can result in substantial net energy use reduction, and associated reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. A 2008 study for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) revealed that using light emitting diodes (LEDs) for niche purposes in which it is currently feasible would save enough electricity to equal the output of 27 coal power plants. Background Nearly all of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the residential and commercial sectors can be attributed to energy use in buildings (see CLIMATE TECHBOOK: Residential and Commercial Sectors Overview). Embodied energy – which goes into the materials, transportation, and labor used to construct the building – makes up the next largest portion. Even so, existing technology and practices can be used to make both new and existing buildings significantly more efficient in their energy use, and can even be used in the design of net zero energy buildings—buildings that use design and efficiency measures to reduce energy needs dramatically and rely on renewable energy sources to meet remaining demand.
    [Show full text]
  • Lighting Journey
    Your journey to a Lighting Career DESIGNED BY HURLBUT ACADEMY Creating Depth, Mood and Emotion with Lighting DIY Home Depot Lights Parts 1 & 2 Lighting Large Day Interiors, DIY Lighting, Essential Tools Lighting For Specific Camera Blocking LOCATION LIGHTING SET LIGHTING S C I S A B E Day Exteriors: Shaping and Day Interiors: How to Light an H Wide-shots and Controlling Interview with 4 T The Scout Walk-talks Light Leko Lights N R Day Exteriors: A Day Interiors: Shaping Light E Shaping Natural Night Interiors: L The Build Part 1 Light w/ Negative and Shadow The Build Fill Shaping light & Day Interiors: Day Exteriors: Shadow: Nailing Night Interiors: The Build Part 2 Shaping high sun for the Close-Up The Finesse close ups Lighting From Above: The Night Interiors: Day Interiors: Day Exteriors: Softbox The Shoot The Shoot Part 1 Lighting w/ available light Mounting The Softbox Day Interiors: The Shoot Part 2 Wall Spreader Etiquette Lighting techniques - Building the perfect key light Lighting for 3 cameras: Why & How TV Gag: Kino Flo Lights The Police Light Gag LOCATION LIGHTING SET LIGHTING Day Exteriors: On Set: Fathers How to Light Day Interiors: Changing the and Daughters - Green Screen The Scout direction of the sun Blocking and Series: Lighting for close-ups Lighting for Small your subject R Interiors E H Day Interiors: On-set: Into the How to Light T The Build Part 1 On Set: Fathers R Badlands Green Screen and Daughters - U Character Series: Lighting F Understanding Development with Just two Your Camera T through camera lights I Day
    [Show full text]
  • Ambient Lightand Sleep in Community Dwelling Older
    AMBIENT LIGHT AND SLEEP IN COMMUNITY DWELLING OLDER ADULTS By ASHLEY MAE STRIPLING A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2008 1 © 2008 Ashley Mae Stripling 2 To all who light up life 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my chair Dr. Christina McCrae for her intellectual guidance and constant mentoring; my supervisory committee members for their time and recommendations; the Sleep Research Lab for their support, Amanda Ross, Natalie Dautovich, Joseph MacNamara, and Joseph Dzierzewski; my parents, Richard and Rozann Stripling for their unconditional love and unvarying support through my entire educational process; and Rome Cagnina for editing countless copies of this work. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 8 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 11 REVIEW
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Lighting - DIG Workshop 14 June 2019
    Introduction to Lighting - DIG workshop 14 June 2019 Liana Bull & Robert King Turner Lighting is in many respects the most important aspect of photography, period. It’s essentially what our camera captures when we take a photograph, and it’s the manipulation of that light that ultimately determines what type of image is produced. There are infinite ways to use light in photography, each one creating a completely different result. Learning to understand and control how the light affects your images is arguably the single most important thing to improving your photography. Photography can be thought of as “painting with light.” The word photography is derived from Greek roots: “photos” meaning “light” and “graphe” meaning “drawing.” Without light, there would be no photography. Natural Light Photography, what does that even mean? Natural light photography is simply to record an image using the light that exists all around us. This can be direct sunlight, reflected sunlight or ambient sunlight Lighting is a key factor in creating a successful image. Lighting determines not only brightness and darkness, but also tone, mood and the atmosphere. Therefore it is necessary to control and manipulate light correctly in order to get the best texture, vibrancy of colour and luminosity on your subjects. Using Natural Light in Photography As a photographer, you get used to working with different kinds of lighting, including natural light, to produce high quality photos. Natural light can blend lightly within its environment to create a soft subtle light. Now, we aren’t always going to be so lucky and have ample light, the chance to pose a subject, or even have an option to be outdoors.
    [Show full text]
  • Rgb Portrait Kit Usage Instructions ®®
    RGB PORTRAIT KIT USAGE INSTRUCTIONS ®® LIGHT STANDS Unpack each light stand and loosen leg locks. Pull the upright section upwards while pushing the leg bracket down to extend the tripod legs. Tighten the knob on the leg bracket to secure the base. Loosen and extend each upright section to your desired height, then tighten to lock. Set the light on the top pin of the stand, and tighten the side knob of the light stand adapter to secure the light in place. AC POWER CORD Thread the included AC power cord into the AC receiver on the back of the light. Plug into nearby wall plug. Switch the “On/Off” button to the “On” position. The LED back z should illuminate. ATTACH AC POWER CORD OPEN LIGHT STANDS & MOUNT LIGHT HEAD SOFTBOX ATTACHMENT Unpack and open each softbox with care. Softboxes will open rapidly after tight packaging. OPEN & UNFOLD SOFTBOX Line up softbox opening with LED light head, and stretch and pull over the light head until it fits snugly over the light. STRETCH SOFTBOX OPENING OVER LIGHT HEAD Attach diffusion sheet to the front of the softbox by aligning the Velcro edges to the corners of the softbox, and press firmly to attach all edges. ATTACH FRONT DIFFUSER TO SOFTBOX VELCRO EDGES PROFESSIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY MADE SIMPLE 800.624.8891 SAVAGEUNIVERSAL.COM USAGE INSTRUCTIONS ®® RGB PORTRAIT KIT DISPLAY REAR PANEL CONTROL If the light is paired with the Savage Light Manager app, a blue light next to the Bluetooth BLUETOOTH INDICATOR RGB INDICATOR icon on the back panel will be illuminated.
    [Show full text]
  • Visual Timing Light Biodynamic Light in Elderly Care 2 3
    VISUAL TIMING LIGHT BIODYNAMIC LIGHT IN ELDERLY CARE 2 3 CONTENTS VISUAL TIMING LIGHT PAGE MAN AND LIGHT 4 NATURE AS A MODEL 6 THE THIRD DIMENSION OF LIGHT 8 THE INTERNAL CLOCK 10 BIOLOGICALLY EFFECTIVE LIGHT 12 VISUAL TIMING LIGHT (VTL) SENIORS 14 BETTER LIGHTING FOR THE ELDERLY 16 DEMENTIA ADDED VALUE 18 ADVANTAGES FOR RESIDENTS ”All the variety, all the charm, 20 ADVANTAGES FOR CAREGIVERS all the beauty of life are made 22 BENEFITS FOR OPERATORS AND HOME MANAGERS up of light and shade” Leo N. Tolstoy, ”Anna Karenina” VTL-SYSTEM 24 THE LIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM VTL 26 THE VTL-COMPONENTS / Shaun Lowe ® iStockphoto 4 5 NATURE AS A MODEL AND A LITTLE BIT BETTER Light is everything in nature. It provides growth, diversity and beauty. We humans are a part of nature. Light is therefore the most natural nourishment in the world for us. It determines our entire existence: Light affects important hormonal and metabolic processes, synchronizing our internal clocks again and again. Light gives our lives rhythm. Whenever there is a lack of natural daylight our rhythm is disrupted. The Visual Timing Light (VTL) system from Derungs recreates the effects of natural daylight, restoring proper rhythm and balance to people’s lives. / konradlew / ® iStockphoto 6 7 MARVEL OF NATURE THE THIRD DIMENSION OF LIGHT It is well known that the benefits of light go beyond just helping us see and creating a pleasant atmosphere within a space. Now, scientific research has shown that natural light also positively affects our biological health and well-being. These findings have created the third biological dimension of light.
    [Show full text]
  • RSVP by May 3Rd to the Jewish Federation At
    S D I P A g R 0 r h 1 t o D 2 0 . 1 8 2 y s N r r a , d s A i y r e e R a v p i b n a G M n r m A F le d u f • Raf n O N ing ! a 0 t t , i h r xc ig 7 N E N 5 g y 7 er O 1 v h 5 I E s es T i , iz e r r P A a w m R y I e M u j / E a l y . 2 n - D 6 o , a w E V s F s w 2 i 010 N H w S I North W E J Sunday, May 2 nd ELI & BEN rd R Monday, May 3 CAMERA OBSCURA A Tuesday, May 4 th F SPRING OF 1941 Wednesday, May 5 th O WHITE BALANCE H MIDDLE EASTERN DINNER S ADAM RESURRECTED Thursday, May 6 th E NORA’S WILL Admission: $ 6.00 per film H Flex pass tickets (eight admissions): $ 36.00 available at the Jewish Federation until April 30th T This program is sponsored by the Jewish Federation of Grand Rapids, Celebration! Cinema, the Rosenzweig-Coopersmith Foundation and private donors. See information on pages 6-7 INTERNATIONAL NEWS . JDC P ROGRAMS The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee By partnering with local municipalities and organizations around the world, JDC provides critical and innovative services such as relief and welfare, Jewish education, community and leadership development, and non-sectarian aid for the world’s most vulnerable populations in over 70 countries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Light in the Built Environment to Improve Mental Health Outcomes
    Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT Scholar Theses and Dissertations Student Graduate Works 3-2020 The Influence of Light in the Built Environment to Improve Mental Health Outcomes Nathanael T. Kohl Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.afit.edu/etd Part of the Mental and Social Health Commons, and the Other Architecture Commons Recommended Citation Kohl, Nathanael T., "The Influence of Light in the Built Environment to Improve Mental Health Outcomes" (2020). Theses and Dissertations. 4342. https://scholar.afit.edu/etd/4342 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Graduate Works at AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact richard.mansfield@afit.edu. THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TO IMPROVE MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES THESIS Nathanael T Kohl, Captain, USAF AFIT-ENV-MS-20-M-222 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. (IF your document is limited, place your Destruction Notice Here) The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. AFIT-ENV-MS-20-M-222 THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TO IMPROVE MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES THESIS Presented to the Faculty Department of Engineering Graduate School of Engineering and Management Air Force Institute of Technology Air University Air Education and Training Command In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Engineering Management Nathanael T Kohl, BS Captain, USAF March 2020 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A.
    [Show full text]
  • General Service Incandescent Lamps Data Availability RFI Comments
    Appliance Standards Awareness Project American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy National Consumer Law Center Consumer Federation of America Natural Resources Defense Council Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships Alliance to Save Energy Northwest Power & Conservation Council Southeast Energy Efficiency Alliance October 16, 2016 Mr. Steven Chalk Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Appliance and Equipment Standards Program, U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Office, EE-5B 1000 Independence Avenue SW Washington, DC 20585-0121 Docket Number: EERE- 2017–BT–NOA–0052 Dear Mr. Chalk, This document constitutes the comments of Appliance Standards Awareness Project, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, National Consumer Law Center, Consumer Federation of America, Natural Resources Defense Council, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance, Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships, Alliance to Save Energy, Northwest Power & Conservation Council, and Southeast Energy Efficiency Alliance to the Department of Energy’s (DOE) “Energy Conservation Program: General Service Incandescent Lamps and Other Incandescent Lamps Request for Data” published in the Federal Register on August 15, 2017. (82 Fed. Reg. 38,613). The “Request for Data” appears to have been issued in response to a settlement agreement between the Department and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) to resolve a lawsuit brought by NEMA.1 We are concerned that the settlement and this Request for Data suggest an effort by the Department to work together with the major lighting companies to roll back lighting efficiency standards that apply beginning in 2020. Any attempt by DOE to circumvent the legally-required standards would be unlawful and would harm consumers.
    [Show full text]
  • Lighting 101
    Strobist ::: Apparatus minor • Cogitatio magis • Lux melior ::: Lighting 101 http://strobist.com ver. 12-2013 Introduction Welcome to Lighting 101. You may not realize it yet, but you have just stepped through a door that may change your photography forever. Over the past few years, over four million people from nearly every country in the world have begun their lighting education right here. And if they can do it, you can do it. Photography is literally writing with light. As you read through Lighting 101 you'll learn how to control every aspect of your electronic flash. If you can imagine it, you'll be able to create it. You'll learn how to take the removable flash that you probably already have on the top of your camera and use it off-camera to make beautiful, more three-dimensional photos. Once you learn the basics of controlling light, you'll quickly see that most lighting is intuitive, easy and fun. The Good News: The Gear Doesn't Cost Much (Photo by Strobist reader Sam Simon) Basic lighting gear is also refreshingly inexpensive. If you have a camera, lens and flash you have already done the spendy part. The gear needed to take your light off-camera is very inexpensive compared to your camera, your flash or even a single lens. By getting your flash off-camera, your images become more three-dimensional, more textural and more professional looking. All of the photos on this page were made by Strobist readers (who very recently may well have been exactly where you are right now) just lighting with small flashes.
    [Show full text]
  • Lighting and Studio Photography Version 2.0
    Lighting and Studio Photography Version 2.0 Matthew Chapman UNSW Photography Club matthew.chapman@unswphotoclub.org 1 LIGHTING BASICS Small light sources produce hard shadows Large light sources produce soft shadows ➜ N.B. Distance also affects effective size. LIGHTING BASICS 2 TYPES OF LIGHTING Sunlight ➜ Direct sunlight is hard (point source) ➜ Sky light is soft Tungsten/halogen lighting ➜ Electricity heats up filament which glows white hot ➜ Small hard source, but easy to add modifiers to direct light ➜ High power usage and heat output Fluorescent lighting ➜ Around 5 times more efficient than tungsten ➜ Complex/unpredictable colour spectrum TYPES OF LIGHTING 3 TYPES OF LIGHTING Flash lighting ➜ Very short high-intensity flash of light — much brighter than practically achievable with continuous lighting ➜ Must be synchronised with camera shutter ➜ hotshoe or X-sync connector ➜ Sometimes combined with a continuous modelling light to allow the photographer to visualise the lighting TYPES OF LIGHTING 4 DIRECTION OF LIGHT From the front: ➜ no shadows, flat From above: ➜ soft light can be useful for fill, like a cloudy sky ➜ hard light casts harsh shadows downwards From the side: ➜ emphasises form and texture From behind (rim lighting): ➜ emphasises the outline of the object ➜ typically use a grid to avoid light hitting the lens directly DIRECTION OF LIGHT 5 SHADOW CONTRAST A single light produces very deep shadows in areas where it does not reach. Reducing shadow contrast: ➜ Add a reflector to bounce light into the shadows ➜ Move the light further
    [Show full text]
  • NPL REPORT DQL-OR 019 Better Lighting for Improved Human
    NPL REPORT DQL-OR 019 Better Lighting for Improved Human Performance, Health and Well-Being, and Increased Energy Efficiency – A Scoping Study for CIE-UK Teresa Goodman, NPL David Gibbs, NPL Geoff Cook, University of Reading October 2006 National Physical Laboratory | Hampton Road | Teddington | Middlesex | United Kingdom | TW11 0LW Switchboard 020 8977 3222 | NPL Helpline 020 8943 6880 | Fax 020 8943 6458 | www.npl.co.uk NPL Report DQL-OR 019 Better Lighting for Improved Human Performance, Health and Well-Being, and Increased Energy Efficiency - A Scoping Study for CIE-UK Teresa Goodman Quality of Life Division NPL Report DQL-OR 019 © Crown copyright 2006 Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and Queen's Printer for Scotland ISSN 1744-0610 National Physical Laboratory Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW Extracts from this report may be reproduced provided the source is acknowledged and the extract is not taken out of context. Approved on behalf of the Managing Director, NPL by Dr Julie Taylor, Quality of Life Division NPL Report DQL-OR 019 FOREWORD This publication marks a milestone in the work of CIE-UK in that it is the outcome of the first piece of sponsored research that it has undertaken. CIE-UK provides UK representation to the International Commission on Illumination based in Vienna, which has a world-wide membership. Its role is to encourage the development of all aspects of lighting and, where appropriate, to provide recommendations and standardisation. Much of its work has a basis in research but in recent times this has become less and less through a reduction in financial resources, which has led to a depletion in suitably qualified personnel and appropriate facilities, both industrial and academic.
    [Show full text]