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ACUICULTURA Application Note 05-2016 Continued at the Back Most Species Survive, to the Ph Should of Water Be Close Ph to 8.2 of Natural Seawater

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ACUICULTURA Application Note 05-2016 Continued at the Back Most Species Survive, to the Ph Should of Water Be Close Ph to 8.2 of Natural Seawater NOTAS DE APLICACIONES ACUICULTURA Aquarium Water Testing Application Note Testing aquarium water such as freshwater and saltwater (either natural or artificial seawater) with reliable instruments is necessary to create a clean and safe environment for your aquatic species. The LAQUAtwin pocket meters require only few drops of water and deliver the results in just few seconds. 05-2016 system like limewater, calcium carbonate, and the most species to survive, the pH of water should be Introduction two-part additive systems are recommended for close to pH 8.2 of natural seawater. routine maintenance while baking soda or washing Aquarium water chemistry is of vital importance soda is recommended for quick alkalinity correction. There are several ways to adjust the pH. To raise to the health of fishes and other aquatic species. pH, add crushed corals, limestones, or baking Aquariums may have freshwater or saltwater. Salinity soda or perform aeration. To lower pH, add Saltwater, either natural or artificial seawater, is used Salinity is the measure of all the salts dissolved in driftwood or peat. Remember to adjust the pH in fish-only, fish-only with live rock (FOWLR) and reef water. It is related to the concentration of dissolved slowly as rapid, drastic and frequent pH changes tanks while freshwater is used in planted, biotope, salts in seawater. The main difference between could kill your species. cichlid, brackish and predator tanks. In general, fresh water and salt water is the salinity content. the former is more expensive and more difficult Fresh water contains only small amount of salts. to maintain as additional equipment and frequent Too much or too little salt will adversely affect the Magnesium testing is needed. health of fishes. The recommendation is to target Magnesium is another element used by corals for the natural seawater salinity value, which is 35 ppt. growing their calcium carbonate skeletons and To ensure good water quality, maintenance To create this natural environment, add more fresh coralline algae for their calcium carbonate deposits. (filtration, water changes, and testing) is required on water if salinity is high or increase the amount of salt This ion is abundant in natural seawater. Magnesium a regular basis. For testing, the saltwater parameters mixture if salinity is low. should be measured, particularly if the aquarium’s for reef aquarium, taken from Reefkeeping Online calcium and alkalinity levels seem difficult to Magazine, are summarized in Tables 1 and 2 and Salinity can be measured directly with a salt meter maintain. The magnesium concentration should be some of them are explained below. or indirectly with a conductivity meter. The 35 ppt close to 1280ppm of natural seawater. salinity value (specific gravity = 1.025) of seawater Calcium is equivalent to 53 mS/cm conductivity. Phosphate Calcium is an essential element for coral health in High level of phosphates inhibits calcification a saltwater aquarium. It is used by corals to form Temperature or building-up of calcium carbonate skeletons their skeletons, composed primarily of calcium The best water temperature depends on the species of coral and coralline algae. Above 0.03 ppm, carbonate. When calcium level drops below in the aquarium. In general, tropical fishes are algae growth is uncontrollable. Thus, keeping the 360ppm or depleted in water, it becomes difficult healthy in the range of 24 – 28ºC. Cold water fishes, phosphate concentration below 0.03ppm will deter for corals to collect calcium for their growth. In this like goldfish, enjoy water below that temperature algae growth. instance, calcium chloride (CaCl ) can be added to 2 range. Ensure a stable temperature as rapid, drastic water to raise the calcium level. and frequent temperature changes throughout the To maintain low levels of phosphate, apply day are stressful for fishes. phosphate export mechanisms, such as growing Alkalinity and harvesting macroalgae or other rapidly growing Alkalinity, also called carbonate hardness, is Another important factor to note is the oxygen organisms. Another way is to use limewater, caused by carbonate (CO 2-) and bicarbonate 3 availability to fishes. Oxygen is less soluble in water phosphate binding media, or foods without (HCO -) anions. 3 at higher temperature. excessive phosphate. It is expressed as either parts per million (ppm or pH Ammonia mg/L) or degree KH (dKH). One dKH is equal to pH, stands for power of hydrogen, is the Ammonia is excreted by all aquatic animals and is 17.848 ppm CaCO . Like calcium, alkalinity is also 3 measurement of hydrogens ions in a solution. This considered toxic to them even as low as 0.2ppm. essential for the skeletons of corals. It is believed gives us the acidity or alkalinity of water from a scale The ammonia level in water increases as the pH that corals take up the bicarbonate, convert it to of 0 to 14. The carbonate hardness and calcium level rises. In this instance, transfer the fishes to carbonate then use that to form calcium carbonate level in water affect the pH value. The optimal pH cleaner water or treat the aquarium with ammonia- skeletons. Balanced calcium and alkalinity additive also depends on the species in the aquarium. For binding product. Continued at the back Continued from the front Table 1: Critical Parameters for Reef Aquarium Water Table 2: Non-Critical Parameters for Reef Aquarium Water The LAQUAtwin pocket meters are used to Recommended Typical Ocean Reef Aquaria measure and monitor freshwater or saltwater in Parameter aquarium. The meters have flat sensors for quick, Value Value Parameter Recommended Typical Ocean Value Value direct and accurate measurement of micro volume Calcium 380 - 450 ppm 420 ppm water samples without adding any chemicals. < 2 ppm, much 7 - 11 dKH 7 dKH Silica lower if diatoms are < 0.06 – 2.7 ppm 125 – 200 ppm 125 ppm CaCO Alkalinity 3 a problem CaCO equivalents equivalents 3 Control not 0.06 ppm total of all Method 2.5 - 4 meq/L 2.5 meq/L Iodine recommended forms Salinity 34-36 ppt 35 ppt Variable (typically Calibrate the LAQUAtwin pocket meters Nitrate < 0.2 ppm according to manufacturer’s instructions 24 – 28 ºC / 76 – below 0.1 ppm) Temperature Variable using the standard solutions included in 83 ºF Variable each kit. Nitrite < 0.2 ppm typically (typically below 8.0 – 8.3 7.8 – 8.5 Good 0.0001 ppm) pH (can be lower or Sample Measurement 8.1 – 8.3 Better higher in lagoons) Strontium 5 – 15 ppm 8 ppm Place a sample of aquarium water onto the Control not sensor by using a pipette or by opening Magnesium 1250 – 1350 ppm 1280 ppm ORP Variable recommended the sensor cap and scooping water Phosphate < 0.03 ppm 0.005 ppm directly from the aquarium. Alternatively, Boron < 10 ppm 4.4 ppm Variable (typically Below detection perform direct measurement by opening Ammonia < 0.1 ppm Iron 0.000006 ppm the sensor guard and immersing the < 0.1 ppm) limit sensor into the aquarium. Rinse the Source: Reefkeeping Online Magazine (http://reefkeeping.com/ Source: Reefkeeping Online Magazine (http://reefkeeping.com/ sensor with DI water and blot dry with soft issues/2004-05/rhf/) issues/2004-05/rhf/) tissue between samples. Table 3: Artificial Seawater Measurement Results Table 4: Practical Salinity of 1978 (PSS-78) Conversion Table When measuring sample, you may allow using LAQUAtwin Pocket Meters the meter to lock the stable reading by Conductivity (mS/cm) Seawater Salinity (ppt) Expected 45 29.1 pressing MEAS button. This activates the Parameter Result Error auto-hold function—MEAS will blink until Value* 46 29.8 the reading is stable and will appear. Conductivity (EC) —— 49 mS/cm —— 47 30.5 48 31.3 Press MEAS button again to deactivate Salinity —— 32.0 ppt —— auto-hold function. Note: For pH, salt, 49 32.0 and conductivity meters, make sure to set pH 8.1 - 8.2 8.0 < 10% 50 32.7 auto-hold (AH) in the meter settings prior Calcium Ion (Ca2+) 416 ppm 380 ppm < 10% 51 33.5 52 34.2 to measurement. + Sodium Ion (Na ) 9651 ppm 9800 ppm < 10% 53 35.0 + Refer to Technical Tip nos. 1, 2 and 3 Potassium Ion (K ) 366 ppm 400 ppm < 10% 54 35.7 for detailed information on conditioning, *According to product label 55 36.4 cleaning, and storing the sensors. The technical tips can be viewed and and calibrate the meter using pH 7.00 and 10.01 in artificial seawater measurement have less than downloaded from the support section of buffers or select NIST buffer setting and calibrate 10% error. using pH 6.98 and 9.18 buffers. our website www.horiba-laqua.com. In nitrate ion measurement, chloride ion in seawater Salinity and Conductivity is one of the interfering ions. The chloride ion The Salt 11 meter is programmed with concentration in seawater is around 20,000ppm Results and Benefits sodium chloride (NaCl) and seawater and will affect the nitrate ion concentration. The curves. For this application, seawater curve target nitrate concentration in aquarium water is is suitable. The meter displays both salinity Table 3 shows the results of LAQUAtwin pocket less than 0.2ppm, but the B-743 meter measures and temperature readings. meters in artificial seawater measurement. nitrate in 62 to 6200 ppm range. The results were compared against the values indicated in the product label. The EC 11, 22, or 33 conductivity meters can be used to determine salinity indirectly. After obtaining the conductivity value, refer to Table References and Suggested Reading pH 1. Saltwater Versus Freshwater Aquariums by Katherine 4 to check the corresponding salinity value. Barrington http://www.ratemyfishtank.com/blog/ The pH 11, 22 or 33 meters have temperature saltwater-versus-freshwater-aquariums compensation function, but only pH33 meter Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, and 2.
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