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A Quantitative Analysis of Performance in a Multi-Protocol Ad Hoc 802.11B-Based Wireless Local Network Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks CEC Theses and Dissertations College of Engineering and Computing 2006 A Quantitative Analysis of Performance in a Multi- Protocol Ad Hoc 802.11b-based Wireless Local Network Paul Christian Nielsen Jr. Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University College of Engineering and Computing. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU College of Engineering and Computing, please click here. Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd Part of the Computer Sciences Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Paul Christian Nielsen Jr.. 2006. A Quantitative Analysis of Performance in a Multi-Protocol Ad Hoc 802.11b-based Wireless Local Network. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, Graduate School of Computer and Information Sciences. (750) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/750. This Dissertation is brought to you by the College of Engineering and Computing at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in CEC Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Quantitative Analysis of Performance in a Multi-Protocol Ad Hoc 802.11b-based Wireless Local Network by Paul Christian Nielsen, Jr. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate School of Computer and Information Science Nova Southeastern University 2006 We hereby certify that this dissertation, submitted by Paul Christian Nielsen Jr., conforms to acceptable standards and is fully adequate in scope and quality to fulfill the dissertation requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________________________________ _____________________ Marlyn Kemper Littman, Ph.D. Date Chairperson of Dissertation Committee _____________________________________________ _____________________ Maxine S. Cohen, Ph.D. Date Dissertation Committee Member _____________________________________________ _____________________ Sumitra Mukherjee, Ph.D. Date Dissertation Committee Member Approved: _____________________________________________ _____________________ Edward Lieblein, Ph.D. Date Dean Graduate School of Computer and Information Sciences Nova Southeastern University 2006 An Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to Nova Southeastern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy A Quantitative Analysis of Performance in a Multi- Protocol Ad Hoc 802.11b-based Wireless Local Network by Paul Christian Nielsen, Jr. May 2006 The popularity of the Internet and the growing demand for ubiquitous connectivity accelerate the need for viable wireless local area network (WLAN) solutions. As a consequence, increasing number of manufacturers have adopted the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.11a/b/g set of WLAN standards and produced inexpensive wireless products to expand capabilities of existing LANs. IEEE 802.11b wireless products are widely accepted. Mobile ad hoc networks, a variant of the 802.11 standards, exist without the requirement for a wired infrastructure or host to provide routing, connectivity, and maintenance services. Because of the high variability of environments in which ad hoc networks operate, numerous routing protocols are proposed. Research indicates that these protocols are unsuited for efficient operation in multiple environments. In this investigation, the author examined the effect of multiple protocols on throughput and end-to-end delay in simulated ad hoc networks. The author selected the ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and dynamic source routing (DSR) routing protocols for this research. The outcomes from the simulations conducted indicated increased end-to-end delay and reduced packet throughput as a result of the mixed populations of the AODV and DSR ad hoc routing protocols. The results also indicated that increasing node density and velocity improved packet throughput and reduced end-to-end delay. Acknowledgements I wish to express my deepest appreciation to my wife, Lita. Without her support and sacrifice this effort could not have been accomplished. I wish to thank my family whose constant encouragement helped me through the difficult patches of this journey. I offer my sincere thanks and appreciation to my dissertation chairperson, Dr. Marlyn Kemper Littman whose encouraging words and insightful guidance kept me from wandering too far off the path to completion. I wish also to thank Dr. Maxine Cohen and Dr. Sumitra Mukherjee for their contributions to my education as well as their guidance as members of my dissertation committee. Table of Contents Abstract iii List of Tables viii List of Figures ix Chapters 1. Introduction 1 Problem Statement 5 Statement of Goal 7 Relevance and Significance 9 Barriers and Issues 13 Research Questions to be investigated 15 Limitations and Delimitations 16 Definition of terms 17 Summary 30 2. Review of the Literature 33 Historical Overview 33 WLAN Technologies 35 Infrared 35 Spread Spectrum Technologies 36 Narrow Band Ultra High Frequency 37 Unlicensed Radio Frequencies 900 MHz and above 37 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standards 39 IEEE 802.11b 40 IEEE 802.11a 41 IEEE 802.11g 42 IEEE 802.11n 43 IEEE 802.15 - Bluetooth 44 IEEE 802.16 - WiMAX 45 High Performance Radio Local Area Network (HIPERLAN) 46 Home Radio Frequency (HomeRF) 47 WLANs and ad hoc routing protocols 48 v Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Protocol Overview 50 Proactive or Table-driven Protocols 52 Hierarchical Routing Protocols 54 On-demand or Reactive Routing Protocols 57 Hybrid Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Protocols 59 Agent-based Routing Protocols 60 Mobile Ad Hoc Protocol Performance 63 Software Agents 66 Network Simulation 69 Summary of the known and unknown 70 Contribution to the field of study 72 Summary 74 3. Methodology 78 Approach 78 Simulation environment 83 Research Assumptions 86 Resources 87 Reliability and Validity 89 Summary 90 4. Results 94 Introduction 94 Data analysis 94 10 Node Series Results 100 20 Node Series Results 105 30 Node Series Results 110 Findings 114 Summary 117 5. Conclusions, Implications, Recommendations, and Summary 120 Conclusions 120 Implications 122 Recommendations 123 Summary 125 vi Appendixes A. Definitions of Acronyms 132 B. Movement file: mov1-10.txt 135 C. Movement file: mov1-20.txt 138 D. Movement file: mov1-30.txt 142 E. Communications file: cbr10-1-5-4.txt 148 F. Communications file: cbr20-1-10-4.txt 150 G. Communications file: cbr30-1-15-4.txt 154 H. Control file: AODV-10-1-5-4-0.tcl 160 I. A-stat.awk 164 J. Sample Output of A-stat 169 K. 10 Node Series Data Collection 170 L. 20 Node Series Data Collection 172 M. 10 Node Series Results 175 N. 20 Node Series Results 177 O. 30 Node Series Results 179 References 181 vii List of Tables Tables M1. 10 node series average throughput percentage baseline statistics 175 M2. 10 node series throughput percentage results 175 M3. 10 node end-to-end delay statistical analysis 175 M4. 10 node end-to-end delay results analysis 176 N1. 20 node average throughput statistical analysis 177 N2. 20 node average throughput results analysis 177 N3. 20 node average end-to-end delay statistic analysis 177 N4. 20 node average end-to-end delay results analysis 178 O1. 30 node average throughput statistical analysis 179 O2. 30 node average throughput results analysis 179 O3. 30 node average end-to-end delay statistical analysis 180 O4. 30 node average end-to-end delay evaluation 180 viii List of Figures Figures 1. Movement script file creation process 96 2. Process for creating communications scripts using cbrgen.tcl 97 3. Processing of control scripts 99 4. 10 node average data packet throughput percentage 101 5. 10 node average end-to-end delay 104 6. 20 node average data packet throughput percentage 107 7. 20 node average end-to-end delay 109 8. 30 node average data packet throughput percentage 111 9. 30 node average end-to-end delay 113 ix 1 Chapter 1 Introduction The popularity of the Internet and ubiquitous computing contributes to the growing demand for wireless local area network (WLAN) solutions. The development of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 suite of WLAN standards including 802.11a and 802.11b in the 1990s increased interest in mobile ad hoc networks or MANETs (Bruno, Conti, & Gregori, 2001). As a result, manufacturers including Cisco, Sony, Belkin, D-Link, and Microsoft currently produce inexpensive wireless products compliant with these standards to expand capabilities of existing wireline LANs by adding wireless connectivity. IEEE 802.11b wireless products are widely accepted. Higher speed IEEE 802.11a and 802.11g standards-based devices are readily available on store shelves. Hardware providing mobility and access through wireless technology is pervasive in business and home environments. New products such as Personal Digital or Data Assistants (PDAs) and notebook computers feature embedded wireless capability. Yet, most networks still cannot support communications within a network without a wireline host (Sudame & Badrinath, 2001). Technical advances in mobile computing and ad hoc WLANs offer the potential for ubiquitous connectivity without the need for a host (Boukerche, 2004). Factors such as mobility, topography, and interference make achieving this goal 2 challenging (Kim, Lee, & Helmy, 2004).
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