CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN Corruption in the Eyes of Women and Men is a study of women’s and men’s perceptions of corruption and its impact on their lives. The findings of the research will enable more effective efforts of stakeholders to counteract corruption, promote gender equality, and empower women.

Author: Ganna Gerasymenko, PhD

Coordinator: Tetiana Grytsenko, PhD

Editor(s): Emily Olson, Sulamita Romanchik, William Dudley, Stephanie St-Laurent-Brassard

Design: Yuliia Madinova

The report is prepared and published under the Enhanced Public Sector Transparency and Integrity project, implemented by the United Nations Development Programme in Ukraine and funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark during 2015-2018.

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UN’s global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience, and resources to help people build a better life. UNDP cooperates with more than 170 countries and territories, helping them find their own solutions to global and national development challenges.

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© 2018 UNDP in Ukraine. All rights reserved

The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, the United Nations Development Programme, or other UN Agencies. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 7

1. Gender and corruption: conceptual bases of the study 11

2. Differences in the attitude of women and men towards corruption 15

3. The influence of corruption on men and women in Ukraine 25

Involvement in political life and decision-making 25

Access to socially significant services 27

Access to the labour market and resources 33

Commitment to human rights 37

Consequences of ineffective governance in unstable states 38

4. Gender-specific forms of corruption 41

5. The gender aspect of anti-corruption activities 45

Conclusion 53

Annexes 59

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ATC Amalgamated territorial communities

CMU Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (Government)

GRB Gender-responsive budgeting

HS Household Survey

IDP Internally displaced person

IOM International Organization for Migration

KIIS Kyiv International Institute of Sociology

LFS Labour Force Survey

NABU National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine

NACP National Agency on Corruption Prevention

NGO Non-governmental organization

SAPO Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

VRU Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Parliament) INTRODUCTION

Corruption remains one of the main obstacles to development, hindering economic and social progress and reducing governmental transparency and the effectiveness of reforms. According to the most widely accepted definition among international organizations, corruption is defined as "the abuse of power by authorities for private gain."1 Depending on the actors involved, and on the sector in which it takes place, abuse of power can include political, business or domestic corruption arising from the interactions between ordinary citizens and officials. A high level of corruption is recognized as one of the most significant development challenges in Ukraine.2 International organizations emphasize that there is a lack of power among state institutions to counteract corrupt practices. They also stress the resignation of the Ukrainian public to corruption in their daily lives.3 While Ukraine ranked 130 out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index of 20174, 87% of respondents in the Global Corruption Barometer survey negatively assessed the government's attempts to change the situation for the better. Furthermore, only 14% of Ukrainians polled agreed that ordinary citizens are able to make difference in this area.5 Although the wide-ranging efforts of anti-corruption structures help eliminate corrupt practices in state institutions, considerably less attention is paid to studying the impact of such abuses on the well-being of the entire population and of specific groups. The issues of gender equality were studied through the assessment of corruption risks in the UNDP survey of Ukraine’s civil servants in

1 UNDP (2008). Corruption and Development: Anti-Corruption Intervention for Poverty Reduction, Realization of the MDGs and Promoting Sustainable Development, December 2008. 2 Ukraine Corruption Report, GAN Business Anti-Corruption Portal, August 2017: https://www.business-an- ti-corruption.com/country-profiles/ukraine/ 3 OECD (2017). Anti-Corruption Reforms in Ukraine. 4th Round of Monitoring of the Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan, Fighting Corruption in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: 168; Ash T., Gunn J., and al (2017). The Struggle for Ukraine, Chatham House Report, Russia and Eurasia Programme, October 2017: 126. 4 Corruption Perceptions Index 2017, Transparency International: 12. 5 People and Corruption. Citizen’s Voices from Around the World, Transparency International, Global Corrup- tion Barometer, 2016/2017: 14.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 7 Introduction

20146. Experts from the USAID Support to Anti-Corruption Champion Institutions in Ukraine have also stated the need to incorporate gender analysis into anti- corruption strategies.7 Still, the impact of corruption on women and men has yet to be addressed at the political level. The urgency of this issue continues to increase in the context of reform progress in Ukraine, as systemic crises and a lack of austerity measures continue to negatively affect the population's quality of life. In the process of structural transformations, women often encounter increased vulnerability due to manifestations of gender inequality which can limit their opportunities in various spheres. This is exemplified in women’s restricted access to decent employment, lower salaries, less political representation and decision-making, which in turn gives rise to discriminatory attitudes and a disproportional division of family obligations between women and men.8 According to estimates by the World Economic Forum, gender inequality remains high in Ukraine, ranking sixty- first out of 144 countries in terms of gender development in 2017. The political authority of women, their level of representation in the national parliament, and their percentage in senior executive positions in state administration bodies were identified as most problematic areas.9 The vulnerability of women in terms of everyday corruption is often exacerbated by gender stereotypes, as women’s traditional societal role of caring for the disabled makes them more dependent on access to public services. With generally lower incomes than men,10 women are also more dependent on the availability and the equity of distribution of state social assistance, along with the state’s "generosity". Social and cultural barriers can also determine differences in the attitudes of women and men in regard to corruption, the severity of corruption and strategies to combat it. Therefore, gender analyses must become an essential part of anti-corruption strategies and programs at the national and local levels. Accordingly, the task of this study is to assess the gender dimension of corruption in Ukraine. Its findings will enable more effective direction of joint efforts taken by all stakeholders in simultaneously combating corruption, promoting gender equality and empowering women. The study is designed to answer the following key questions: Are there differences in the perceptions of corruption between women and men?

6 Halustyan Yu., Kovalchuk N. (2014). Analysis of corruption risks in civil service related to gender equality / UNDP, Kyiv: 31 7 USAID (2018). Gender Analysis and Strategy for Incorporating Gender Issues in the Project. Support of Lead- ership Organizations in Combating Corruption in Ukraine!". Gender, Vulnerable Groups and Corruption. Anal- ysis and Specific Recommendations for Action: 42. 8 Gerasymenko G., Maksymenko K. (2016). Ukraine Country Gender Assessment – 2016. Document of the World Bank, Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. 9 World Economic Forum (2017). The Global Gender Gap Report 2017: 361. 10 According to the State Statistics Service, the average wages for women was only 79% of the average salary for men, and the average pension amount for women was 70% of men's pensions in 2017.

8 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN Introduction

Do corrupt practices have a different impact on women and men? What forms of corruption are more often encountered by women and men? Does corruption contribute to exacerbating gender inequalities within society? How can gender approaches be integrated into strategies that combat corruption? In accordance with these tasks, the first section of this report presents a brief theoretical overview of the gender and corruption issue and examines the history of the formation of scientific research in this area, as well as the key findings and arguments proposed to substantiate the gender dimension of anticorruption policies. The second section analyzes how gender impacts the attitudes of citizens towards corruption, the perception of the urgency of this issue for national development, and the ability to identify individual corruption practices in society. The third section focuses on gender aspects of the impact of corruption in the lives of citizens, in particular in the context of access to political representation and decision-making, access to socially meaningful services, and access to resources and the labour market. This section also addresses how gender and corruption impacts human rights and the consequences of inefficient governance in unstable countries. The fourth section defines specific forms of corruption that are exclusive to gender. In particular, the section considers the issue of sexual extortion as a form of abuse of authority, along with the category of women who are more prone to an increased risk of gender-based forms of corruption. The fifth section is dedicated to the gender analysis of anticorruption activities in Ukraine. This includes the differences in the readiness of women and men to be proactive against corruption, the ability to recognize effective anti-corruption strategies and the reasons why citizens do not report abuses of authority. According to the survey results of public activists and organizations engaged in activities related to combating corruption, possible methods of integrating gender approaches into anti-corruption strategies have been identified. This report is based on the results of desk research, including a review of literary sources and a secondary analysis of the results of sociological surveys not previously explored from a gender perspective (Global Corruption Barometer in 2016 and a nationwide GfK poll in 2017). Information for the study was sourced from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, central bodies of executive power, and from results of sociological surveys on corruption issues. One online poll was conducted among the representatives of 21 public organizations working to combat corruption in Ukraine. The responses of these public activists were paramount in formulating a vision of ways to integrate gender approaches into anticorruption activities.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 9 10 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN GENDER AND CORRUPTION: CONCEPTUAL BASES OF THE STUDY

Over the past decades, the focus on when the authors of a number was seen as a key instrument for gender equality has surged and the of behavioural studies drew improving the transparency and principles of non-discrimination the attention of the public to efficiency of state administration.14 and impartial treatment of differences in the attitudes of both Later, the evidence base for citizens, regardless of gender, women and men to social issues. these arguments was deemed are now enshrined in global Their findings demonstrated that insufficient, although the dispute policy frameworks.11 The most women are more responsive to over women's and men's "natural" common definition of "gender" moral and ethical norms; they inclination towards corruption refers to the socially and culturally show more empathy, care and continues today. In spite of the constructed representations willingness to help others; are more subsequent change of focus and and roles associated with generous in making economic methodological approach to members of different biological decisions; and have a lower research, this first wave of gender- sexes: men and women.12 At propensity for risky behaviour.13 based corruption analysis was of the conceptual level, this term Based on these conclusions, it crucial importance, as it helped reinforces the understanding that was argued that women are also establish awareness of the need to social expectations regarding more likely to give up private gain incorporate a gender perspective behavioural patterns, personal for the sake of general welfare at in anti-corruption policies. values and priorities of men and the public administration level. women may differ. Strictly defined Therefore, the propensity for The second wave of studies gender roles and norms can cause corruption or the willingness to was based on international unequal treatment of women or combat abuses of power was comparisons of the public men and can limit their rights and perceived as potentially influenced perception of corruption, opportunities to fully participate by the biological or socially including gender analysis and in society. constructed differences between the assessment of other factors women and men. Accordingly, related to specific national Scientific debates on the role of the increase in the number of contexts. The findings showed that gender in corruption began at women in national parliaments gender differences in attitudes the end of the previous century and senior government positions towards corruption can depend

11 United Nations (2017). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2017, New York: 64. 12 UNESCO (2004). Role of Men and Boys in Promoting Gender Equality, Advocacy Brief, APPEAL, Bangkok: 15. 13 Agerberg M. (2014). Perspectives on Gender and Corruption. The Quality of Governance Working Paper Series, University of Gothenburg, 2014: 14. 14 Dollar D. et al (1999). Are Women Really the Fairer Sex? Corruption and Women in Government, WB Working Series: 4.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 11 Gender and Corruption: Conceptual Bases of the Study Gender and Corruption: Concep-

significantly on institutional corruption is a socially acceptable their prevailing numbers in socially factors, such as the state structure norm.18 vulnerable categories, whose or economic development of the welfare depends on state social country, the level of democracy, The third wave of scientific policy measures and the targeted and the widespread cultural discourse on gender and cor- use of budgetary resources practices and traditions that define ruption is associated with the allocated for their support.20 gender norms and stereotypes.15 recognition of differences in the According to some researchers, impact of corrupt practices on At this stage of the gender analysis the less frequent involvement of the lives of women and men, of corruption, the existence of women in corrupt practices can hence the need to reject a gen- specific, gender-based forms of be attributed not so much to their der-blind approach to the de- corruption are recognized, such as personal preferences, but to the velopment and implementation the abuse of power in exchange external barriers of male corporate of anti-corruption programs and for sexual favours.21 Studies networks that impede women's strategies. Numerous studies stress that sexual exploitation is access to power.16 Others argue highlight the increased vulnera- a specific form of corruption to that the connection between bility of women to the negative which women are much more corruption and the level of effects of corruption, especially vulnerable than men.22 According women's political representation in healthcare, education, and so- to international estimates, women is irrelevant if other variables of cial and household services.19 account for more than 80% of fairness in state institutions — rule victims of human trafficking, of law, plurality of views, freedom Such risks are associated with workplace or sexual exploitation, of speech — are taken into women's reproductive activities, and are victims of forced marriages account.17 In democratic states, which require specialized medical and the organ trade industry.23 low corruption levels and the services, impose on them the duty parity of women in parliament are of caring for underage children Finally, corruption risks increase in not necessarily interdependent or disabled relatives, and instill conditions of instability, hostility findings, as in both cases progress in them the need to address or humanitarian catastrophe, is determined by the overall a number of issues related to while abuses of power during effectiveness of social institutions. maintaining the household. In a crisis have disproportionate By contrast, in autocratic regimes addition to the direct impact of consequences for women who differences in attitudes of both corruption on women's lives, might be exposed to gender- genders towards corrupt practices they more often become indirect based discrimination or gender- are likely to be minimal, as victims of corruption because of based violence by officials.

15 Seppanen M. and Virtanen P. (2008). Corruption, Poverty and Gender: Case Studies of Nicaragua and Tanzania, MoFA, Finland; UNIFEM (2006). The Story Behind the Numbers: Women and Employment in Central and Eastern Europe and Western CIS. 16 Goetz A. (2007). ‘Political Cleaners: How Women are the New Anti-Corruption Force. Does the Evidence Wash?’ In: Development and Change, Volume 38, Issue 1: 87-105. 17 Sung H.-E. (2003). ‘Fairer Sex or Fairer System? Gender and Corruption Revisited’. In: Social Forces 82(2): 703-723. 18 Esarey J., Chirillo G. (2013). ‘Fairer Sex’ or Purity Myth? Corruption, Gender and Institutional Context. In: Politics & Gender, 9(4) : 361-389. 19 UNDP and UNIFEM (2010). Corruption, Accountability and Gender: Understanding the Connections: 48; Transparency International (2014). Gender, Equality and Corruption: What are the Linkages? Policy Brief No 1/2014; UNDP (2012). Seeing beyond the State: Grassroots Women’ Perspective on Cor- ruption and Anti-Corruption: 64; Sen S. and Ostin P. (2007). Unequal, Unfair, Ineffective and Inefficient: Gender Inequity in Health: Why it exists and how we can change it, Report of the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health; Transparency International (2010). Corruption and Gender in Service Delivery: The Unequal Impacts. Working Paper 2. 20 U4 BRIEF. The Gendered Impact of Corruption: Who Suffers More – Men or Women? August 2015: 9. 21 Goetz A. and Jenkins R. (2005). Reinventing Accountability: Making Democracy Work for Human Development, London: Palgrave. 22 UNDP (2012). Sexual extortion toolkit, BDP. 23 GTZ (2004). Corruption and Gender: Approaches and Recommendations for TA.

12 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN Gender and Corruption: Conceptual Bases of the Study

The recognition of the various at the global level there is an their economic opportunities and effects of corruption on women understanding of the importance civic engagement, and engage and men that are exacerbated of the simultaneous promotion of women in educational programs by gender norms, inequality and gender equality, empowerment with a special focus on the gender-based discrimination has of women and implementation development of leadership capital, drawn attention to the need for of anti-corruption programs as is recognized as a central element the integration of a gender analysis mutually reinforcing development in strategies to combat corruption in the development of anti- strategies.24 The need to focus on and its negative effects.25 corruption policies. Accordingly, empowering women, support

24 Anti-Corruption and Human Rights - How to Become Mutually Reinforcing? Report of the Roundtable (Lund, 13-14 November 2017), Raoul Wallernberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: 29. 25 UNDP (2011). Primers in Gender and Democratic Governance: Primer 5. Women’s Empowerment, Corruption, Accountability and Gender: Understand- ing the Connection.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 13 14 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN DIFFERENCES IN THE ATTITUDE OF WOMEN AND MEN TOWARDS CORRUPTION

The public's attitude towards more concerned about the level number of men - by a factor of 1.3.30 corruption enables us to assess of corruption in society, are more These findings were explained as perceptions of the acuteness of acutely aware of its manifestations, the result of women being more this issue in society and the level and are more strongly affected by likely to encounter educational of corruption in state institutions, its negative effects in their own corruption, as in most cases they as well as the willingness to be lives.27 are responsible for raising children personally involved in fighting and for their child’s education. against corrupt practices. The The findings of this study led to most reliable tool for collecting a discussion on global gender The findings of the most recent such data is the Global Corruption differences in a population's Global Corruption Barometer Barometer sociological survey tolerance to corruption.28 survey (2016) show that economic conducted by Transparency International researchers argue development, corruption and International in more than 60 that women are more likely to public health are perceived countries.26 In this survey, the disapprove of bribery, are less by Ukrainians as three most public expresses its subjective involved in corrupt practices, and important problems that the assessment of the level of to a lesser extent justify the use government should address. corruption in the country, shares its of bribes by others.29 The largest Unfortunately, in terms of experience in unofficial payments gap in the public perception of corruption perceptions, Ukraine when receiving services, evaluates corruption was determined to stands out in an undesirable the government's achievements be in the social services sector, manner among other countries in in fighting corruption, etc. The including education, healthcare the region, as only Moldova shows gender analysis of findings in and housing. In developed lower figures in this indicator 2008 justified the assumption countries, the number of women (Figure 2.1). Yet according to the for the first time that women who believed there was a high perception of the relevance of are more sensitive to corruption level of corruption in education corruption by gender, certain than men, and in particular are was higher than the corresponding differences indeed persist: it was

26 https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/global_corruption_barometer_citizens_voices_from_around_the_world 27 UNIFEM’s Progress of the World’s Women 2008 Report ‘Who Answers to Women? Gender and Accountability’. 28 Swamy et al. (2000). Gender and Corruption, IRIS Centre Working Paper No. 232. 29 World Bank (2001). Engendering development: through gender equality in rights, resources, and voice. Policy World Bank Policy Research Report, Washingtion, D.C. 30 UNIFEM’s Progress of the World’s Women 2008 Report ‘Who Answers to Women? Gender and Accountability’.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 15 Differences in the Attitude of Women and Men towards Corruption

considered the most significant 45% of respondents, respectively), environment, political stability, issue in the country by 58% of while for men, issues related education and infrastructure female respondents and 52% of to economic development are development are not observed male respondents. Likewise, a more important (71% vs. 67%). (Annex A). relatively larger share of women Significant gender differences in than men are concerned with the the public perception of issues Despite the significance of the state of public health (50% vs. such as unemployment, crime, the issue, Ukraine lags far behind other

Georgia 10% 13% Poland 14% 16% women men Belarus 15% 13% Tadjikistan 19% 17% Azerbaijan 19% 23% Turkey 20% 24% Uzbekistan 21% 26% Estonia 23% 28% Hungary 30% 26% Latvia 33% 38% Bulgaria 35% 38% Slovakia 36% 39% Armenia 37% 37% Russia 39% 38% Kyrgyz. Rep. 47% 47% Romania 48% 49% Lithuania 52% 57% Ukraine 58% 52% Moldova 68% 67%

Fig. 2.1. The number of respondents who consider corruption among the three most important problems that the government should address in their country, %.

Azerbaijan Source: calculated according9% to the Global Corruption Barometer survey, 2016. 20% Poland 21% 34% women men Estonia 37% 16 38% CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN Turkey 41% 42% Romania 42% 43% Georgia 42% 39% Belarus 43% 46% Kazakhstan 46% 46% Bulgaria 54% 55% Hungary 55% 55% Slovakia 56% 56% Russia 62% 62% Armenia 65% 64% Czech Rep. 68% 66% Lithuania 69% 73% Latvia 70% 72% Moldova 84% 84% Ukraine 86% 86%

Belarus 10% 10% Ukraine 13% 14% women men Hungary 14% 15% Russia 23% 18% Slovakia 17% 19% Bulgaria 27% 26% Kazakhstan 26% 28% Lithuania 24% 29% Armenia 27% 31% Latvia 30% 33% Romania 34% 38% Moldova 37% 38% Azerbaijan 28% 39% Georgia 47% 42% Poland 37% 43% Tadjikistan 44% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 47% 51% Estonia 50% 54% Turkey 60% 59%

42% 39% 37% 38% 38% 38% 33% 34%

women men 18-29 years old 30-44 years old 45-59 years old 60 years old and over

55% What is corruption? 64%

What is the level of 45% corruption in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions 25% are authorized to ght corruption? 34%

What are the results 19% of the work of these institutions? 28% women men

A pensioner gave a postwoman 32% 20 Hryvnias when she brought her pension 35% women men

A math teacher tells his pupil's 57% parents about the need for additional paid classes with him 59%

A patient personally paid a doctor 58% 5,000 Hryvnias after a surgical operation on his own initiative 62%

The health minister is the owner 79% of a pharmacy network 79%

A defendant's father concludes an agreement with a law rm where the 79% founder is the son of the chairman of the court in which the case of the 82% man's son is to be tried

A patient, at the physician’s request, 92% paid him personally 5,000 Hryvnias after a surgical operation 92%

A company director oered up a candidate for a bookkeeping job 92% with the condition that the candidate paid 5,000 Hryvnias to get the job 94%

Non-governmental 30% organizations 34% Media 35% 41% women men National Anti-Corruption Bureau 39% of Ukraine (NABU) 41% National Agency on Corruption 40% Prevention (NACP) 42% Ukrainian Armed Forces 43% 48% Small and medium-sized 48% businesses 55% Local self-governance bodies / 49% local councils 52% Local government bodies (oblast 50% and rayon administrations) 54% Patrol / Road Police 53% 56% The President of Ukraine / 59% Administration of the President of 65% Ukraine 59% Education 61% State Security Service of Ukraine 61% 64% Central executive 61% authorities / Ministries 65% Police 62% 67%

Big businesses 65% 73% 68% Political parties 72% 72% Tax Services 77% The Cabinet of Ministers 73% of Ukraine 79% Customs 74% 77% Healthcare 74% 75% Ukrainian Parliament 76% (Verkhovna Rada) 81% Prosecutors 76% 80%

Courts 81% 85% Georgia 10% 13% Poland 14% 16% women men Belarus 15% 13% Tadjikistan 19% 17% Azerbaijan 19% 23% Turkey 20% 24% Uzbekistan 21% 26% Estonia 23% 28% Hungary 30% 26% Latvia 33% 38% Bulgaria 35% 38% Slovakia Differences36% in the Attitude of Women and Men towards Corruption 39% Armenia 37% 37% Russia 39% 38% Kyrgyz. Rep. 47% 47% countries inRomania the region regarding results of government officials against48% corruption (Figure 2.3). 49% citizen’s assessments of their as fairly bad or very bad Therefore, it can be concluded that Lithuania 52% government's achievements in (Figure 2.2), while a smaller share corrupt practices57% have become so combating corruption.Ukraine More than of the population, in comparison deeply embedded58% in the everyday 52% 80% of respondentsMoldova in the Global to other countries in the region, lives of people that both68% genders Corruption Barometer survey in agreed that ordinary people can have reached a consensus67% on 2016 assessed the performance make a difference in the fight attitudes towards corruption.

Azerbaijan 9% 20% Poland 21% 34% women men Estonia 37% 38% Turkey 41% 42% Romania 42% 43% Georgia 42% 39% Belarus 43% 46% Kazakhstan 46% 46% Bulgaria 54% 55% Hungary 55% 55% Slovakia 56% 56% Russia 62% 62% Armenia 65% 64% Czech Rep. 68% 66% Lithuania 69% 73% Latvia 70% 72% Moldova 84% 84% Ukraine 86% 86%

Fig. 2.2. The number of respondents who assess the government's achievements in combating corruption in their country as fairly bad or very bad, %. Source: calculated according to the Global Corruption Barometer survey, 2016. Belarus 10% 10% Ukraine 13% 14% women men Hungary 14% 15% CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 17 Russia 23% 18% Slovakia 17% 19% Bulgaria 27% 26% Kazakhstan 26% 28% Lithuania 24% 29% Armenia 27% 31% Latvia 30% 33% Romania 34% 38% Moldova 37% 38% Azerbaijan 28% 39% Georgia 47% 42% Poland 37% 43% Tadjikistan 44% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 47% 51% Estonia 50% 54% Turkey 60% 59%

42% 39% 37% 38% 38% 38% 33% 34%

women men 18-29 years old 30-44 years old 45-59 years old 60 years old and over

55% What is corruption? 64%

What is the level of 45% corruption in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions 25% are authorized to ght corruption? 34%

What are the results 19% of the work of these institutions? 28% women men

A pensioner gave a postwoman 32% 20 Hryvnias when she brought her pension 35% women men

A math teacher tells his pupil's 57% parents about the need for additional paid classes with him 59%

A patient personally paid a doctor 58% 5,000 Hryvnias after a surgical operation on his own initiative 62%

The health minister is the owner 79% of a pharmacy network 79%

A defendant's father concludes an agreement with a law rm where the 79% founder is the son of the chairman of the court in which the case of the 82% man's son is to be tried

A patient, at the physician’s request, 92% paid him personally 5,000 Hryvnias after a surgical operation 92%

A company director oered up a candidate for a bookkeeping job 92% with the condition that the candidate paid 5,000 Hryvnias to get the job 94%

Non-governmental 30% organizations 34% Media 35% 41% women men National Anti-Corruption Bureau 39% of Ukraine (NABU) 41% National Agency on Corruption 40% Prevention (NACP) 42% Ukrainian Armed Forces 43% 48% Small and medium-sized 48% businesses 55% Local self-governance bodies / 49% local councils 52% Local government bodies (oblast 50% and rayon administrations) 54% Patrol / Road Police 53% 56% The President of Ukraine / 59% Administration of the President of 65% Ukraine 59% Education 61% State Security Service of Ukraine 61% 64% Central executive 61% authorities / Ministries 65% Police 62% 67%

Big businesses 65% 73% 68% Political parties 72% 72% Tax Services 77% The Cabinet of Ministers 73% of Ukraine 79% Customs 74% 77% Healthcare 74% 75% Ukrainian Parliament 76% (Verkhovna Rada) 81% Prosecutors 76% 80%

Courts 81% 85% Georgia 10% 13% Poland 14% 16% women men Belarus 15% 13% Tadjikistan 19% 17% Azerbaijan 19% 23% Turkey 20% 24% Uzbekistan 21% 26% Estonia 23% 28% Hungary 30% 26% Latvia 33% 38% Bulgaria 35% 38% Slovakia 36% 39% Armenia 37% 37% Russia 39% 38% Kyrgyz. Rep. 47% 47% Romania 48% 49% Lithuania 52% 57% Ukraine 58% 52% Moldova 68% 67%

Azerbaijan 9% 20% Poland 21% 34% women men Estonia 37% 38% Turkey 41% 42% Romania 42% 43% Georgia 42% 39% Belarus 43% 46% Kazakhstan 46% 46% Bulgaria 54% 55% Hungary 55% 55% Slovakia 56% 56% Russia 62% 62% Differences in the Attitude of Women and Men towards Corruption Armenia 65% 64% Czech Rep. 68% 66% Lithuania 69% 73% Latvia 70% The corruption perception values and attitudes of women part of the72% Ukrainian mentality Moldova 31 84% survey conducted by the Kyiv and men towards corruption. and that most people84% try to resolve InternationalUkraine Institute of Sociology Although a slightly smaller issues with bribes if86% given the (KIIS) in 2015 also failed to reveal proportion of women than men opportunity, the difference86% in the any significant differences in the agreed that bribery is an integral responses of the different genders

Belarus 10% 10% Ukraine 13% 14% women men Hungary 14% 15% Russia 23% 18% Slovakia 17% 19% Bulgaria 27% 26% Kazakhstan 26% 28% Lithuania 24% 29% Armenia 27% 31% Latvia 30% 33% Romania 34% 38% Moldova 37% 38% Azerbaijan 28% 39% Georgia 47% 42% Poland 37% 43% Tadjikistan 44% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 47% 51% Estonia 50% 54% Turkey 60% 59%

Fig. 2.3. The number of respondents who believe that ordinary people can make a difference in the fight against corruption, %. Source: calculated according to the Global Corruption Barometer survey, 2016. 42% 39% 31 38% 38% KIIS (2015). The State of Corruption in Ukraine. Comparative37% Analysis of Nationwide Studies:38% 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2015: Kyiv International Institute of Sociology: 68. 33% 34%

18 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN

women men 18-29 years old 30-44 years old 45-59 years old 60 years old and over

55% What is corruption? 64%

What is the level of 45% corruption in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions 25% are authorized to ght corruption? 34%

What are the results 19% of the work of these institutions? 28% women men

A pensioner gave a postwoman 32% 20 Hryvnias when she brought her pension 35% women men

A math teacher tells his pupil's 57% parents about the need for additional paid classes with him 59%

A patient personally paid a doctor 58% 5,000 Hryvnias after a surgical operation on his own initiative 62%

The health minister is the owner 79% of a pharmacy network 79%

A defendant's father concludes an agreement with a law rm where the 79% founder is the son of the chairman of the court in which the case of the 82% man's son is to be tried

A patient, at the physician’s request, 92% paid him personally 5,000 Hryvnias after a surgical operation 92%

A company director oered up a candidate for a bookkeeping job 92% with the condition that the candidate paid 5,000 Hryvnias to get the job 94%

Non-governmental 30% organizations 34% Media 35% 41% women men National Anti-Corruption Bureau 39% of Ukraine (NABU) 41% National Agency on Corruption 40% Prevention (NACP) 42% Ukrainian Armed Forces 43% 48% Small and medium-sized 48% businesses 55% Local self-governance bodies / 49% local councils 52% Local government bodies (oblast 50% and rayon administrations) 54% Patrol / Road Police 53% 56% The President of Ukraine / 59% Administration of the President of 65% Ukraine 59% Education 61% State Security Service of Ukraine 61% 64% Central executive 61% authorities / Ministries 65% Police 62% 67%

Big businesses 65% 73% 68% Political parties 72% 72% Tax Services 77% The Cabinet of Ministers 73% of Ukraine 79% Customs 74% 77% Healthcare 74% 75% Ukrainian Parliament 76% (Verkhovna Rada) 81% Prosecutors 76% 80%

Courts 81% 85% Georgia 10% 13% Poland 14% 16% women men Belarus 15% 13% Tadjikistan 19% 17% Azerbaijan 19% 23% Turkey 20% 24% Uzbekistan 21% 26% Estonia 23% 28% Hungary 30% 26% Latvia 33% 38% Bulgaria 35% 38% Slovakia 36% 39% Armenia 37% 37% Russia 39% 38% Kyrgyz. Rep. 47% 47% Romania 48% 49% Lithuania 52% 57% Ukraine 58% 52% Moldova 68% 67%

Azerbaijan 9% 20% Poland 21% 34% women men Estonia 37% 38% Turkey 41% 42% Romania 42% 43% Georgia 42% 39% Belarus 43% 46% Kazakhstan 46% 46% Bulgaria 54% 55% Hungary 55% 55% Slovakia 56% 56% Russia 62% 62% Armenia 65% 64% Czech Rep. 68% 66% Lithuania 69% 73% Latvia 70% 72% Moldova 84% 84% Ukraine 86% 86%

Belarus 10% 10% Ukraine 13% 14% women men Hungary 14% 15% Russia 23% 18% Slovakia 17% 19% Bulgaria 27% 26% Kazakhstan 26% 28%Differences in the Attitude of Women and Men towards Corruption Lithuania 24% 29% Armenia 27% 31% Latvia 30% 33% Romania 34% was simply a few percentage explain the bribery of government 38%among the elderly: 42% of women Moldova 37% points (Annex B). employees as a result of low 38%aged 60 and older agreed with the Azerbaijan wages (43% of both 28%respondent statement that nothing can justify 39% Very similar positions were also groups) and were skeptical of corruption, compared to 38% Georgia 47% displayed by women and men the assumption that they would of42% men of the same age group in the disapprovalPoland of acts of not take bribes if wages were37% (Figure 2.4). 43% corruption. 68% of respondents of significantly increased (36% of Tadjikistan 44% both genders agreed that people men agreed vs. 39% of women).32 However,47% certain gender differ- who offerKyrgyz bribes Rep. should be just More than one third of the KIIS ences are47% observed in the self-as- 51% as accountable as the officials survey respondents in 2015, sessment of personal levels of Estonia 50% who accept them, and 94% of both women and men, agreed corruption awareness.54% According respondents ofTurkey both genders that corruption in society is to GfK survey data in 2017,60% a sig- 59% stated that corrupt officials should unacceptable. A notable gender nificantly smaller proportion of be removed from office. Both gap in tolerance towards women (55%) admitted that they women and men were inclined to corruption can only be seen were sufficiently knowledgeable

42% 39% 37% 38% 38% 38% 33% 34%

women men 18-29 years old 30-44 years old 45-59 years old 60 years old and over

Fig. 2.4. The number of Ukrainians who believe nothing can55% justify corruption, %. What is corruption?Source: KIIS (2015). The State of Corruption in Ukraine. Comparative Analysis of Nationwide Studies: 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2015: 68. 64%

What is the level of 45% corruption in Ukraine? 32 Ibid. 54%

What state institutions 25% are authorized to ght CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 19 corruption? 34%

What are the results 19% of the work of these institutions? 28% women men

A pensioner gave a postwoman 32% 20 Hryvnias when she brought her pension 35% women men

A math teacher tells his pupil's 57% parents about the need for additional paid classes with him 59%

A patient personally paid a doctor 58% 5,000 Hryvnias after a surgical operation on his own initiative 62%

The health minister is the owner 79% of a pharmacy network 79%

A defendant's father concludes an agreement with a law rm where the 79% founder is the son of the chairman of the court in which the case of the 82% man's son is to be tried

A patient, at the physician’s request, 92% paid him personally 5,000 Hryvnias after a surgical operation 92%

A company director oered up a candidate for a bookkeeping job 92% with the condition that the candidate paid 5,000 Hryvnias to get the job 94%

Non-governmental 30% organizations 34% Media 35% 41% women men National Anti-Corruption Bureau 39% of Ukraine (NABU) 41% National Agency on Corruption 40% Prevention (NACP) 42% Ukrainian Armed Forces 43% 48% Small and medium-sized 48% businesses 55% Local self-governance bodies / 49% local councils 52% Local government bodies (oblast 50% and rayon administrations) 54% Patrol / Road Police 53% 56% The President of Ukraine / 59% Administration of the President of 65% Ukraine 59% Education 61% State Security Service of Ukraine 61% 64% Central executive 61% authorities / Ministries 65% Police 62% 67%

Big businesses 65% 73% 68% Political parties 72% 72% Tax Services 77% The Cabinet of Ministers 73% of Ukraine 79% Customs 74% 77% Healthcare 74% 75% Ukrainian Parliament 76% (Verkhovna Rada) 81% Prosecutors 76% 80%

Courts 81% 85% Georgia 10% 13% Poland 14% 16% women men Belarus 15% 13% Tadjikistan 19% 17% Azerbaijan 19% 23% Turkey 20% 24% Uzbekistan 21% 26% Estonia 23% 28% Hungary 30% 26% Latvia 33% 38% Bulgaria 35% 38% Slovakia 36% 39% Armenia 37% 37% Russia 39% 38% Kyrgyz. Rep. 47% 47% Romania 48% 49% Lithuania 52% 57% Ukraine 58% 52% Moldova 68% 67%

Azerbaijan 9% 20% Poland 21% 34% women men Estonia 37% 38% Turkey 41% 42% Romania 42% 43% Georgia 42% 39% Belarus 43% 46% Kazakhstan 46% 46% Bulgaria 54% 55% Hungary 55% 55% Slovakia 56% 56% Russia 62% 62% Armenia 65% 64% Czech Rep. 68% 66% Lithuania 69% 73% Latvia 70% 72% Moldova 84% 84% Ukraine 86% 86%

Belarus 10% 10% Ukraine 13% 14% women men Hungary 14% 15% Russia 23% 18% Slovakia 17% 19% Bulgaria 27% 26% Kazakhstan 26% 28% Lithuania 24% 29% Armenia 27% 31% Latvia 30% 33% Romania 34% 38% Moldova 37% 38% Azerbaijan 28% 39% Georgia 47% 42% Poland 37% 43% Tadjikistan 44% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 47% 51% Estonia 50% 54% Turkey 60% 59%

42% 39% 37% 38% 38% 38% 33% 34%

Differences in the Attitude of Women and Men towards Corruption

women men 18-29 years old 30-44 years old 45-59 years old 60 years old and over

55% What is corruption? 64%

What is the level of 45% corruption in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions 25% are authorized to ght corruption? 34%

What are the results 19% of the work of these institutions? 28% women men

Fig. 2.5. Public awareness of corruption by gender (number of respondents who consider themselves sufficiently informed), %. Source: calculated based on GfK survey data in 2017.

A pensioner gave a postwoman 32% about corruption,20 Hryvnias versus when 64% she brought of were able to identify corrupt ees, it is hard to recognize this 33 her pension men. Likewise, less than half of all practices that ordinary 35%people as true whenwomen it comesmen to law en- women (45%) believed they have might encounter in their everyday forcement agencies or the Armed sufficient knowledge to assess the lives (Figure 2.6). However, these Forces. A math teacher tells his pupil's 57% level of corruptionparents in aboutUkraine, the ver need- forgender differences should not be sus 54% ofadditional men, and paid only classes a quarter with himconsidered too significant in terms More59% likely, these differences are of women have sufficient informa- of statistical variation. related to a lower women’s interest tion about government agencies to corruption and the lack in authorizedA patient to personallyfight corruption, paid a doctor Slightly more men than women awareness58% on its forms to identify versus one5,000 third Hryvniasof men. after a surgicalperceive corruption as a wide- them in real life. operation on his own initiative 62% spread phenomenon in society Lastly, only 19% of women and (83% vs. 78%, respectively), and This thesis is proven by the 28% of men believe that they are believe corruption exists in vari- situational analysis in transition The health minister is the owner 79% well-informed aboutof a pharmacy the results network ous social institutions of Ukraine economies, explaining the lower of the efforts of anti-corruption (Figure 2.7). Although the as- level of perceived79% corruption bodies in Ukraine (Figure 2.5). sumption exists that women tend among women in this region as A defendant's father concludes an to notice corruption less in public a "renaissance" of the patriarchy agreement with a law rm where the 79% Mostfounder likely dueis the to son greater of the aware-chairman ofinstitutions because they make in post-soviet society, where the ness, relativelythe court morein which polled the casemen of theup the majority of public employ- traditional social82% roles of women man's son is to be tried 33 Corruption in Ukraine: 2017. Analysis of Findings under the Pilot Application of the Methodology for the Assessment of the Corruption Level in Ukraine. – Kyiv, GfK Ukraine. A patient, at the physician’s request, 92% paid him personally 5,000 Hryvnias after a surgical operation 92% 20 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN A company director oered up a candidate for a bookkeeping job 92% with the condition that the candidate paid 5,000 Hryvnias to get the job 94%

Non-governmental 30% organizations 34% Media 35% 41% women men National Anti-Corruption Bureau 39% of Ukraine (NABU) 41% National Agency on Corruption 40% Prevention (NACP) 42% Ukrainian Armed Forces 43% 48% Small and medium-sized 48% businesses 55% Local self-governance bodies / 49% local councils 52% Local government bodies (oblast 50% and rayon administrations) 54% Patrol / Road Police 53% 56% The President of Ukraine / 59% Administration of the President of 65% Ukraine 59% Education 61% State Security Service of Ukraine 61% 64% Central executive 61% authorities / Ministries 65% Police 62% 67%

Big businesses 65% 73% 68% Political parties 72% 72% Tax Services 77% The Cabinet of Ministers 73% of Ukraine 79% Customs 74% 77% Healthcare 74% 75% Ukrainian Parliament 76% (Verkhovna Rada) 81% Prosecutors 76% 80%

Courts 81% 85% Georgia 10% 13% Poland 14% 16% women men Belarus 15% 13% Tadjikistan 19% 17% Azerbaijan 19% 23% Turkey 20% 24% Uzbekistan 21% 26% Estonia 23% 28% Hungary 30% 26% Latvia 33% 38% Bulgaria 35% 38% Slovakia 36% 39% Armenia 37% 37% Russia 39% 38% Kyrgyz. Rep. 47% 47% Romania 48% 49% Lithuania 52% 57% Ukraine 58% 52% Moldova 68% 67%

Azerbaijan 9% 20% Poland 21% 34% women men Estonia 37% 38% Turkey 41% 42% Romania 42% 43% Georgia 42% 39% Belarus 43% 46% Kazakhstan 46% 46% Bulgaria 54% 55% Hungary 55% 55% Slovakia 56% 56% Russia 62% 62% Armenia 65% 64% Czech Rep. 68% 66% Lithuania 69% 73% Latvia 70% 72% Moldova 84% 84% Ukraine 86% 86%

Belarus 10% 10% Ukraine 13% 14% women men Hungary 14% 15% Russia 23% 18% Slovakia 17% 19% Bulgaria 27% 26% Kazakhstan 26% 28% Lithuania 24% 29% Armenia 27% 31% Latvia 30% 33% Romania 34% 38% Moldova 37% 38% Azerbaijan 28% 39% Georgia 47% 42% Poland 37% 43% Tadjikistan 44% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 47% 51% Estonia 50% 54% Turkey 60% 59%

42% 39% 37% 38% 38% 38% 33% 34%

women men 18-29 years old 30-44 years old 45-59 years old 60 years old and over

55% What is corruption? 64%

What is the level of 45% corruption in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions 25% are authorized to ght corruption? 34%

What are the results 19% of the work of these Differences in the Attitude of Women and Men towards Corruption institutions? 28% women men

A pensioner gave a postwoman 32% 20 Hryvnias when she brought her pension 35% women men

A math teacher tells his pupil's 57% parents about the need for additional paid classes with him 59%

A patient personally paid a doctor 58% 5,000 Hryvnias after a surgical operation on his own initiative 62%

The health minister is the owner 79% of a pharmacy network 79%

A defendant's father concludes an agreement with a law rm where the 79% founder is the son of the chairman of the court in which the case of the 82% man's son is to be tried

A patient, at the physician’s request, 92% paid him personally 5,000 Hryvnias after a surgical operation 92%

A company director oered up a candidate for a bookkeeping job 92% with the condition that the candidate paid 5,000 Hryvnias to get the job 94%

Fig. 2.6. Identification of corruption: respondent answers about acts they consider corrupt, %. Source: calculated based on GfK survey data in 2017. Non-governmental 30% organizations 34% Media 35% and their exclusion from "male" The most significant gender41% who agreedwomen that thismen issue was corporateNational networks Anti-Corruption limit their Bureau differences in the assessment39% typical for all sizes of businesses experience of corruption.of Ukraine34 (NABU)of the public relate to business41% exceed the corresponding share National Agency on Corruption corruption, where the share of men40% of women by 8% (Figure 2.7). Prevention (NACP) 42% 43% 34 Ukrainian Armed Forces Michailova J. and Melnikovska I. (2009). Gender, Corruption and Sustainable Growth in Transition Countries.48% Christian-Albrecht University and Kyiv Institute for the World Economy. Small and medium-sized 48% businesses 55% Local self-governance bodies / 49% CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN ANDlocal MEN councils 52% 21 Local government bodies (oblast 50% and rayon administrations) 54% Patrol / Road Police 53% 56% The President of Ukraine / 59% Administration of the President of 65% Ukraine 59% Education 61% State Security Service of Ukraine 61% 64% Central executive 61% authorities / Ministries 65% Police 62% 67%

Big businesses 65% 73% 68% Political parties 72% 72% Tax Services 77% The Cabinet of Ministers 73% of Ukraine 79% Customs 74% 77% Healthcare 74% 75% Ukrainian Parliament 76% (Verkhovna Rada) 81% Prosecutors 76% 80%

Courts 81% 85% Georgia 10% 13% Poland 14% 16% women men Belarus 15% 13% Tadjikistan 19% 17% Azerbaijan 19% 23% Turkey 20% 24% Uzbekistan 21% 26% Estonia 23% 28% Hungary 30% 26% Latvia 33% 38% Bulgaria 35% 38% Slovakia 36% 39% Armenia 37% 37% Russia 39% 38% Kyrgyz. Rep. 47% 47% Romania 48% 49% Lithuania 52% 57% Ukraine 58% 52% Moldova 68% 67%

Azerbaijan 9% 20% Poland 21% 34% women men Estonia 37% 38% Turkey 41% 42% Romania 42% 43% Georgia 42% 39% Belarus 43% 46% Kazakhstan 46% 46% Bulgaria 54% 55% Hungary 55% 55% Slovakia 56% 56% Russia 62% 62% Armenia 65% 64% Czech Rep. 68% 66% Lithuania 69% 73% Latvia 70% 72% Moldova 84% 84% Ukraine 86% 86%

Belarus 10% 10% Ukraine 13% 14% women men Hungary 14% 15% Russia 23% 18% Slovakia 17% 19% Bulgaria 27% 26% Kazakhstan 26% 28% Lithuania 24% 29% Armenia 27% 31% Latvia 30% 33% Romania 34% 38% Moldova 37% 38% Azerbaijan 28% 39% Georgia 47% 42% Poland 37% 43% Tadjikistan 44% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 47% 51% Estonia 50% 54% Turkey 60% 59%

42% 39% 37% 38% 38% 38% 33% 34%

women men 18-29 years old 30-44 years old 45-59 years old 60 years old and over

55% What is corruption? 64%

What is the level of 45% corruption in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions 25% are authorized to ght corruption? 34%

What are the results 19% of the work of these institutions? 28% women men

A pensioner gave a postwoman 32% 20 Hryvnias when she brought her pension 35% women men

A math teacher tells his pupil's 57% parents about the need for additional paid classes with him 59%

A patient personally paid a doctor 58% 5,000 Hryvnias after a surgical operation on his own initiative 62%

The health minister is the owner 79% of a pharmacy network 79%

A defendant's father concludes an agreement with a law rm where the 79% founder is the son of the chairman of the court in which the case of the 82% man's son is to be tried

A patient, at the physician’s request, 92% paid him personally 5,000 Hryvnias after a surgical operation 92%

A company director oered up 92% Differencesa candidate in the Attitude for of a bookkeepingWomen and Men towards job Corruption with the condition that the candidate paid 5,000 Hryvnias to get the job 94%

Non-governmental 30% organizations 34% Media 35% 41% women men National Anti-Corruption Bureau 39% of Ukraine (NABU) 41% National Agency on Corruption 40% Prevention (NACP) 42% Ukrainian Armed Forces 43% 48% Small and medium-sized 48% businesses 55% Local self-governance bodies / 49% local councils 52% Local government bodies (oblast 50% and rayon administrations) 54% Patrol / Road Police 53% 56% The President of Ukraine / 59% Administration of the President of 65% Ukraine 59% Education 61% State Security Service of Ukraine 61% 64% Central executive 61% authorities / Ministries 65% Police 62% 67%

Big businesses 65% 73% 68% Political parties 72% 72% Tax Services 77% The Cabinet of Ministers 73% of Ukraine 79% Customs 74% 77% Healthcare 74% 75% Ukrainian Parliament 76% (Verkhovna Rada) 81% Prosecutors 76% 80%

Courts 81% 85%

Fig. 2.7. The number of respondents who believe corruption is common* in the following public institutions, %. Source: calculated based on GfK survey data in 2017. *The responses include "very common" and "somewhat common.”

22 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN Differences in the Attitude of Women and Men towards Corruption

The attitude of men towards considered to be high, which is women. This may influence prevalence of corruption among indicative of the all-encompassing, women's decreased interest in senior government officials normative nature of this issue. socio-economic processes and and the media is seen as more Surveys show that women tend phenomena, including corruption. pronounced (the share of to consider themselves less aware At the same time, the sense of men who agreed with these of corruption than men and are acuteness of the corruption issue assumptions exceeded the relatively less likely to identify has increased, especially among respective share of women by its manifestations in public women, who consider it a priority 6%). institutions. It can be argued for the country. This gives grounds that these differences are due to suggest that women have an In summary, differences in the to the influence of widespread increased vulnerability to the perception of corruption among gender norms, which prioritize effects of corruption. Ukrainian women and men are not the private, not social, life for

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 23 24 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN THE INFLUENCE OF CORRUPTION ON MEN AND WOMEN IN UKRAINE

As discussions on gender INVOLVEMENT the average world index (globally, differences in the perception 23.8% of women parliamentarians of corruption continue, the IN POLITICAL are women as of April 2018)36. various effects of corruption on LIFE AND Despite the fact that gender quotas the lives of women and men are are stated in the national election being unanimously recognized DECISION- legislation to be no less than 30% by researchers. International MAKING of representatives of either gender organizations identify four (2013),37 the number of women interrelated areas in which in government did not increase corruption can exacerbate Equal access to political significantly. Correspondingly, as of gender differences: 1) access representation and higher levels of April 2018, women composed only to basic services, markets and government for women and men is 12.3% of people's representatives loans; 2) involvement in the a fundamental prerequisite to the (52 women among 423 deputies). political sphere; 3) human rights achievement of gender equality According to gender monitoring violations; 4) consequences of in society, as the participation data from the 2014 elections, 20 ineffective management.35 In of women in decision-making is out of 29 political parties failed accordance with this framework essential for the formation of state to comply with this legislation approach, the gender analysis was policy. Other opportunities for their requirement.38 The slow progress is built around the following issues: participation in society depend on linked not only to a lack of political 1) involvement in political life access to political representation will to implement gender reforms, and decision-making; 2) access and higher levels of government but also to a lack of any sanctions to socially significant services; as well. Ukraine especially faces on political parties for non- 3) access to the labour market challenges in terms of gender compliance to the gender quotas. and resources; 4) human rights equality in political involvement violations; and 5) consequences and decision-making. In terms of Two-thirds of the NDI survey of inefficient governance in gender parity in parliament, the respondents in 2017 agreed that unstable countries. country is markedly behind not only political parties are more likely developed democracies, but also to nominate men than women

35 Sida (2015). Gender and Corruption: Brief, Gender Tool Box, March 2015: 4. 36 Inter-Parliament Union (01.04.18): http://archive.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm 37 Art. 8 of the Law of Ukraine "On Political Parties in Ukraine" and Art. 4 Law of Ukraine "On Local Elections". 38 Women's Consortium of Ukraine (2014). Gender monitoring in the 2014 parliamentary elections: Analytical report, Kyiv: 60.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 25 The Influence of Corruption on Men and Women in Ukraine

among electoral candidates, while is clearly contrary to gender management positions and half of the respondents admitted equality guidelines, there is no political representation is best women have less access to reliable research data that can seen in the context of artificially resources in support of their own provide evidence of the impact of created barriers, the impact of electoral campaigns.39 As such, the gender parity in parliament on the which is generalized under the importance of gender stereotypes reduction of political corruption. notion of the "glass ceiling" and in determining the skeptical Current analytical reviews "sticky floor." While the "glass attitude of Ukrainians towards emphasize that the gender ceiling" characterizes the invisible women in politics should not be factor in politics is influenced by and officially unstated conditional neglected: more than half (53%) institutional norms, including the barriers limiting women's of survey respondents agreed that state system, distribution of the advancements in the workplace, Ukrainians are less likely to vote for political forces in powers, gender the "sticky floor" reflects the women, 42% believe women were stereotypes, and the culture of tendency for women to lag behind less interested in politics than decision-making.40 in their initial positions in the men, and 55% were convinced career hierarchy, while men move that family commitments prevent The assumption that women faster towards managerial status in women from having time to are less inclined than men to the early stages of their careers.42 participate in politics. participate in corrupt actions at the state administration level Unequal conditions for women's There is also a disproportionately is dispelled by the findings of a promotion in the civil service low representation of women survey conducted in 2014 among system may be caused by abuses of among senior government Ukrainian civil servants.41 In an power spanning both the personal officials. At the time of survey, assessment of the gender aspects prejudices of managers and the there were only three women of corruption in the civil service tradition of excluding women from among the twenty-four total system, respondents unanimously "male" corporate networks. Only government ministers (Vice Prime agreed that corruption at the two-thirds of civil servants polled Minister for European and Euro- state level is more related to in 2014 agreed that women and Atlantic Integration, Minister of men, but solely because they men are treated equally in terms of Education, Acting Minister of quantitatively prevail among promotions. Moreover, according Health, and Acting Minister of officials in managementto every fifth respondent, unequal Finances). Women constituted positions. As noted by the opportunities for men and women nearly 28% of deputy prime participants of the focus group in the civil service system are ministers and ministers (18 women discussions held as part of the formed in the process of training among 68 officials), 2 out of 19 study, "if there were more women in and professional development.43 state secretaries in ministries, and leadership positions, they would be the CMU secretariat (almost 11%). involved in corrupt practices as well." The urgency of studying the gender dimension of corruption Although the low proportion of However, the issue of women's increases in the context of the women in representative bodies unequal access to senior local self-government reform in

39 NDI Ukraine (2017). Opportunities and Challenges Facing Ukraine’s Democratic Transition, Nationwide Survey, July 2017. 40 UNDP (2008). Primer on Corruption and Development: Anti-Corruption Interventions for Poverty Reduction, Realization of the MDGs and Promoting Sustainable Development. New York: Democratic Governance Group, Bureau for Development Policy, December. 41 Halustyan Yu., Kovalchuk N. (2014). Analysis of Corruption Risks in Civil Service Related to Gender Equality / UNDP, Kyiv: 31. 42 Glossary of gender terms / Compiled by Z. V. Shevchenko – Access mode: http://a-z-gender.net/ua/sklyana-stelya.html. 43 Halustyan Yu., Kovalchuk N. (2014). Analysis of Corruption Risks in Civil Service Related to Gender Equality / UNDP, Kyiv: 31.

26 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN The Influence of Corruption on Men and Women in Ukraine

Ukraine, which is accompanied by provision with adequate financial a party, while the proportion of the decentralization of governance resources. As a result, new women who eventually voted for and local delegation. Traditionally, corruption challenges emerge a candidate who offered a reward compared to the national level, that impede on women's access was substantially less than the women have enjoyed much to decision-making at the local corresponding share of men (19% greater representation in local level. and 28% respectively). authorities, especially at lower administrative levels. Based on the According to the Ministry findings of gender monitoring in of Regional Development, the 2015 local elections, women Construction and Housing and ACCESS accounted for 15% of regional Communal Services of Ukraine, council deputies, 18% of city comparative gender monitoring TO BASIC council deputies, 56% of village of ATC elections in 2015–2017 PUBLIC council deputies and 46% of has already recorded a gradual settlement councils.44 reduction in the proportion of SERVICES women among the elected heads of According to the Word and ATCs: 19% in 2015, 15% in 2016 and The findings of the Global Business analytical portal, women 14% in 2017. The Ministry’s officials Corruption Barometer survey composed 6% of heads of cities have confirmed the trend that the provide data to compare public with an oblast significance, 10% more economically capable an ATC attitudes towards corruption with of heads of cities with a district is (in regard to income, production personal experiences of informal significance, 19% of chairpersons capacity, private business, farms, practices when using services of village councils, and 32% of etc.), the fiercer the pre-election provided by public institutions. heads of village councils elected in struggle is in this territory, and the International comparisons 2015–2017 (not including heads of smaller the percentage of female show that Ukraine stands out councils that joined amalgamated candidates who run for election unfavourably among other territorial communities). The to local councils and for the Head countries in the region, as more key factors that determined the position of an ATC.45 than one third of respondents of accessibility of these elected this 2016 study admitted they had positions for women were lower In fact, the findings of the GfK encountered demands for bribes financial costs for local election survey in 2017 also provide grounds from officials over the last year campaigns, a narrower scope to conclude that women are less (Figure 3.1). of authority, and the limited inclined to accept remuneration resources administered by local from unscrupulous candidates Furthermore, no significant gender government bodies. in support of their candidature differences were identified: 38% of for elections, at least at the local women and 37% of men reported Decentralization processes level. About 4% of polled voters that at least once during this time and the creation of new united as part of the study were offered they, or their household members, territorial communities (ATC) monetary compensation and 5% were forced to make unofficial entail the empowerment of local were offered gifts or charitable payments or give gifts to officials self-government bodies and their assistance for voting or joining who provided certain services.

44 Final Report on the Findings of Gender Monitoring in the Local Elections of 2015 in Ukraine, the Committee of Voters of Ukraine. http://cvu.org.ua/ nodes/view/type:news/slug:finalnyi-zvit-za-rezultatamy-gendernogo-monitoryngu-2015. 45 http://www.unn.com.ua/uk/news/1718114-sered-goliv-otg-v-ukrayini-ye-lishe-15-4-zhinok.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 27 The Influence of Corruption on Men and Women in Ukraine

As shown by the gender- had to deal with cases of bribery of men) and receiving benefits on disaggregated data of this poll when initiating legal action in civil unemployment (13% of women (Annex С), almost twice as many cases (31% of women versus 15% versus 6% of men). On the other women reported that they or of men), interacting with the road hand, a higher percentage of men Рис. 3.1. members of their households police (38% of women versus 28% reported they had experienced

6% Georgia 8% 6% Estonia 4% women men 7% Poland 8% 10% Czech Republic 9% 13% Latvia 18% 15% Slovakia 9% 18% Bulgaria 16% 19% Uzbekistan 17% 21% Belarus 18% 22% Hungary 22% 23% Armenia 25% 23% Turkey 12% 25% Lithuania 23% 26% Kazakhstan 34% 27% Russia 42% 29% Romania 28% 38% Ukraine 37% 39% Moldova 46% 41% Azerbaijan 36% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 35% 49% Tajikistan 51%

Fig. 3.1. The share of respondents who reported that they or their household members had made unofficial payments or given gifts to receive services at least once during the last 12 months, % % of respondents who used the services. Source: calculated according to the Global Corruption Barometer survey, 2016.

28 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN

60% 46% 45%

women men 44% 35% 34% 41% 38% 37% 37% 34% 33%

urban area rural area 18 – 24 25 – 34 35 – 54 55+ years old years old years old years old

An intermediary (for example, 23% a lawyer) oered you his services to speed up litigation 10%

Judges or other court ocials suggested / hinted / demanded 10% monetary rewards, gifts, services 20% and other unocial expenses

Law enforcement ocers suggested / hinted / demanded monetary 2% rewards, gifts, services and other 15% unocial expenses

You used personal relationships, acquaintances (nepotism) to resolve 2% certain issues, gain benets, 11% speed up litigation women men

Рис. 3.5.

41% 39%

28%

20% 20% 21%

women men 18-29 30-58 59 years old years old years old and over

Рис. 3.6. 88% 76% 73% 70%

48% 51% 44% 44% 32% 23%

women men meetings with getting an getting an getting a "getting things tax ocials operating import license construction done" license permit

Рис. 3.7.

54% What is corruption? 67%

What is the level of corruption 36% in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions are 29% authorized to ght corruption? 51%

What are the results 16% of the work of these institutions? 27% women men

Рис. 3.8.

Receive bank loans solely due 6% to the corrupt interests of bank employees 8%

women men Use the services of tax "minimizers" 11% (i.e. ctitious companies, etc.) 15%

Have "protection" from law 17% enforcement bodies 20%

Pay "kickbacks" or otherwise 19% bribe employees of their counterparts or competitors 21%

Give money to politicians, 17% deputies, political parties to get benets and assistance 24%

Entrepreneurs oer ocials bribes 17% to resolve certain issues 24%

Conduct "double" bookkeeping, 17% use unocial cash payments 26%

Entrepreneurs give bribes 19% to ocials at their request 26%

Pay salaries "under the table" 23% 33%

Рис. 4.1.

99% 88%

58%

42%

12% 1% women men sexual non sexual mixed

Рис. 5.1.

It's too expensive to report 1% (e.g., due to travel or phone charges) 1% women men Corruption is normal / 2% Everyone does it / everyone is involved 3%

People don't know how 4% to report it 3%

People don't know where 5% to report it 5%

People don't have enough 5% time to report it 6%

Because they would implicate 9% themselves as bribe-givers 12%

Most people do report 11% incidents of corruption 12%

Corruption is too dicult 15% to prove 12%

People are afraid 16% of the consequences 13%

Nothing will be done / 14% It wouldn't make a dierence 18%

Рис. 5.2.

48% 48% 44% 42%

women men I am willing to report cases I am willing to join a protest of corruption that I become against local corrupt people aware of

Рис. 5.3.

32% 30% 26% 26% 23% 22% 22% 20%

women men 18-29 30-44 45-59 60 years old years old years old years old and over Рис. 3.1.

6% Georgia 8% 6% Estonia 4% women men 7% Poland 8% 10% Czech Republic 9% 13% Latvia 18% 15% Slovakia 9% 18% Bulgaria 16% 19% Uzbekistan 17% 21% Belarus 18% 22% Hungary 22% 23% Armenia 25% 23% Turkey 12% 25% Lithuania 23% 26% Kazakhstan 34% 27% Russia 42% 29% Romania 28% 38% Ukraine 37% 39% Moldova 46% 41% Azerbaijan 36% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 35% 49% Tajikistan 51%

The Influence of Corruption on Men and Women in Ukraine

bribery in educational institutions gave gifts when receiving services GfK survey findings in 2017 also (41% of men and 34% of women are also characterized by nota- provide data on the experience made unofficial payments in ble differences. In particular, the of engaging women and men primary and secondary education, proportion of women and men in informal practices. Although while 33% of men and 27% of involved in these corrupt prac- gender analysis does not provide women made unofficial payments tices was significantly higher in reliable enough data to make in vocational institutions). Yet, the rural areas and among repre- unambiguous conclusions about limitations of using this data for sentatives of younger age groups the inclination of a particular gender analysis should also be (Figure 3.2-3). The gender-disag- gender to corruption in obtaining considered, as the questions asked gregated data analysis shows a par- services, some gender differences concerned not only the experience ticularly high level of unofficial pay- are nonetheless evident. In of respondents, but also other ments among young men, where particular, significantly more members of their family (i.e. entire 60% of respondents aged 18-24 polled men reported that they had households). reported that they made such pay- to deal with corrupt practices when ments over the last year. Primarily, interacting with law enforcement The socio-demographic character- this concerns unofficial payments agencies (except patrol police) istics of respondents who reported in the education sector (primary and judges. On the other hand, that they or their household mem- and secondary) and healthcare twice as many women reported bers made unofficial payments or (two-thirds of men aged 18-24). that they had encountered

60% 46% 45%

women men 44% 35% 34% 41% 38% 37% 37% 34% 33%

urban area rural area 18 – 24 25 – 34 35 – 54 55+ years old years old years old years old

Fig. 3.2-3. The share of Ukrainian respondents who reported they or their household members had made unofficial payments or gifts to receive services at An intermediaryleast once during (for example, the last 12 months, % of respondents who used the services.23% a lawyer) oered you his services Source:to calculated speed up according litigation to the Global Corruption Barometer1 survey,0% 2016.

Judges or other court ocials suggested / hinted / demanded 10% monetary rewards, gifts, services CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 20% 29 and other unocial expenses

Law enforcement ocers suggested / hinted / demanded monetary 2% rewards, gifts, services and other 15% unocial expenses

You used personal relationships, acquaintances (nepotism) to resolve 2% certain issues, gain benets, 11% speed up litigation women men

Рис. 3.5.

41% 39%

28%

20% 20% 21%

women men 18-29 30-58 59 years old years old years old and over

Рис. 3.6. 88% 76% 73% 70%

48% 51% 44% 44% 32% 23%

women men meetings with getting an getting an getting a "getting things tax ocials operating import license construction done" license permit

Рис. 3.7.

54% What is corruption? 67%

What is the level of corruption 36% in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions are 29% authorized to ght corruption? 51%

What are the results 16% of the work of these institutions? 27% women men

Рис. 3.8.

Receive bank loans solely due 6% to the corrupt interests of bank employees 8%

women men Use the services of tax "minimizers" 11% (i.e. ctitious companies, etc.) 15%

Have "protection" from law 17% enforcement bodies 20%

Pay "kickbacks" or otherwise 19% bribe employees of their counterparts or competitors 21%

Give money to politicians, 17% deputies, political parties to get benets and assistance 24%

Entrepreneurs oer ocials bribes 17% to resolve certain issues 24%

Conduct "double" bookkeeping, 17% use unocial cash payments 26%

Entrepreneurs give bribes 19% to ocials at their request 26%

Pay salaries "under the table" 23% 33%

Рис. 4.1.

99% 88%

58%

42%

12% 1% women men sexual non sexual mixed

Рис. 5.1.

It's too expensive to report 1% (e.g., due to travel or phone charges) 1% women men Corruption is normal / 2% Everyone does it / everyone is involved 3%

People don't know how 4% to report it 3%

People don't know where 5% to report it 5%

People don't have enough 5% time to report it 6%

Because they would implicate 9% themselves as bribe-givers 12%

Most people do report 11% incidents of corruption 12%

Corruption is too dicult 15% to prove 12%

People are afraid 16% of the consequences 13%

Nothing will be done / 14% It wouldn't make a dierence 18%

Рис. 5.2.

48% 48% 44% 42%

women men I am willing to report cases I am willing to join a protest of corruption that I become against local corrupt people aware of

Рис. 5.3.

32% 30% 26% 26% 23% 22% 22% 20%

women men 18-29 30-44 45-59 60 years old years old years old years old and over Рис. 3.1.

6% Georgia 8% 6% Estonia 4% women men 7% Poland 8% 10% Czech Republic 9% 13% Latvia 18% 15% Slovakia 9% 18% Bulgaria 16% 19% Uzbekistan 17% 21% Belarus 18% 22% Hungary 22% 23% Armenia 25% 23% Turkey 12% 25% Lithuania 23% 26% Kazakhstan 34% 27% Russia 42% 29% Romania 28% 38% Ukraine 37% 39% Moldova 46% 41% Azerbaijan 36% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 35% 49% Tajikistan 51%

60% 46% 45%

women men 44% 35% 34% 41% 38% 37% 37% 34% 33%

The Influence of Corruption on Men and Women in Ukraine

urban area rural area 18 – 24 25 – 34 35 – 54 55+ years old years old years old years old

An intermediary (for example, 23% a lawyer) oered you his services to speed up litigation 10%

Judges or other court ocials suggested / hinted / demanded 10% monetary rewards, gifts, services 20% and other unocial expenses

Law enforcement ocers suggested / hinted / demanded monetary 2% rewards, gifts, services and other 15% unocial expenses

You used personal relationships, acquaintances (nepotism) to resolve 2% certain issues, gain benets, 11% speed up litigation women men

Fig. 3.4. The proportion of women and men who encountered informal practices when interacting with law enforcement agencies and Рис. 3.5. representatives of the judiciary, % of respondents who interacted with these institutions during the last year. Source: calculated based on GfK survey data in 2017.41% Note: only findings characterized as statistically significant39 gender% differences are presented.

mediation proposals to accelerate when attending28% post-graduate gender inequality that already the resolution of court cases courses, which is an indirect exists within society, which 21% (Figure 3.4). 20% 20% indication of inequality in respect creates additional obstacles for to opportunities for further women's access to resources, The proportion of men who training necessary for women's services and opportunities. This is participated in informal practices professional development and linked to several factors which are in higher education institutions career growth. becoming particularly important women men involving significant additional in Ukraine. 18-29 30-58 59 years old informal expenses, compulsoryyears old Although yearsdifferences old in theand over charitable contributions, gifts to personal experience of informal FACTOR 1 teachers to facilitate learning, practices among women and and the use of personal ties to men in using services may be In most societies, gender rules address various issues or benefits ambiguous, there are grounds to dictate women's overwhelming in training,Рис. was3.6. also slightly larger argue that the negative effects responsibility for family duties 88% (Annex D). A larger proportion of domestic corruption have related to caring for children, the of women reported they were a greater impact on women's 76%ill and senior citizens. In Ukraine, 73% 70% involved in informal practices lives. They can also exacerbate strong expectations about the

48% 51% 44% 44%

30 32% CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 23%

women men meetings with getting an getting an getting a "getting things tax ocials operating import license construction done" license permit

Рис. 3.7.

54% What is corruption? 67%

What is the level of corruption 36% in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions are 29% authorized to ght corruption? 51%

What are the results 16% of the work of these institutions? 27% women men

Рис. 3.8.

Receive bank loans solely due 6% to the corrupt interests of bank employees 8%

women men Use the services of tax "minimizers" 11% (i.e. ctitious companies, etc.) 15%

Have "protection" from law 17% enforcement bodies 20%

Pay "kickbacks" or otherwise 19% bribe employees of their counterparts or competitors 21%

Give money to politicians, 17% deputies, political parties to get benets and assistance 24%

Entrepreneurs oer ocials bribes 17% to resolve certain issues 24%

Conduct "double" bookkeeping, 17% use unocial cash payments 26%

Entrepreneurs give bribes 19% to ocials at their request 26%

Pay salaries "under the table" 23% 33%

Рис. 4.1.

99% 88%

58%

42%

12% 1% women men sexual non sexual mixed

Рис. 5.1.

It's too expensive to report 1% (e.g., due to travel or phone charges) 1% women men Corruption is normal / 2% Everyone does it / everyone is involved 3%

People don't know how 4% to report it 3%

People don't know where 5% to report it 5%

People don't have enough 5% time to report it 6%

Because they would implicate 9% themselves as bribe-givers 12%

Most people do report 11% incidents of corruption 12%

Corruption is too dicult 15% to prove 12%

People are afraid 16% of the consequences 13%

Nothing will be done / 14% It wouldn't make a dierence 18%

Рис. 5.2.

48% 48% 44% 42%

women men I am willing to report cases I am willing to join a protest of corruption that I become against local corrupt people aware of

Рис. 5.3.

32% 30% 26% 26% 23% 22% 22% 20%

women men 18-29 30-44 45-59 60 years old years old years old years old and over The Influence of Corruption on Men and Women in Ukraine

division of roles in marital relations a special survey on the experience obtaining a pension or for reasons are the norm: while a husband of rural women did not complain beyond their control. is assigned the role of the family about the availability of medical "breadwinner", the prerogative of a services.48 FACTOR 2 woman is recognized as caring for family members, housework, etc. The remaining respondents In certain periods of their lives, Almost two-thirds of respondents complained about the remoteness women have significantly greater in the UNFPA 2012 survey stated of medical institutions and financial needs for medical services based that caring for children and family inaccessibility of treatment or on reproductive activities. Women members who need constant the purchase of medicine (48% need specific health services during attention is the responsibility of of women surveyed), and the pregnancy planning, the pregnancy women.46 Most women polled also lack of equipment and specialists period, childbirth and the claimed they were responsible of a certain profile (30% of postpartum period. In this context, for making decisions about respondents could not access a they may become particularly running the household. Therefore, dentist, 27% were without access vulnerable to corruption, including they often had to interact with to a gynecologist or obstetrician, subject to demands for bribes by providers of various services, such and 23% had no therapist or family medical personnel or abuses from as educational, medical, and social physician). According to the same other service suppliers. services. Therefore, any barriers to survey, women living in rural areas accessing services necessary for a also encountered difficulties in Unofficial payments to receive family member, due to the abuse of accessing social services, including healthcare during pregnancy and power by officials, primarily affects employment and the provision of childbirth are not just widespread women who act as caregivers. social assistance. in Ukraine, but among the highest recorded. The findings As the findings of international Almost half of polled women of the "Assessing the impact of studies show, the lack of necessary reported they did not believe policies and methods of paying services or low quality of such in the ability of employment for medical services and their services are also perceived by centres to help them find a job, economic efficiency, fairness and women as a form of corruption, and 14% faced obstacles from quality in the countries of Central as they relate this to the abuse employment centres in receiving and Eastern Europe (based on of power and non-fulfillment of unemployment benefits. Other the example of Ukraine, Poland, responsibilities by community issues were observed in women's Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and leaders who are authorized to access in rural areas to their Lithuania)" study are presented in maintain public welfare and pension, as 4% of all women aged the article by Stepurko and other infrastructure at a proper level in 55 and over believed their pension authors (2013). The results showed the areas entrusted to them.47 In is calculated incorrectly, and 2% of that three quarters of respondents this context, the rural population is women of this age did not receive paid for childbirth services and particularly vulnerable. Only 25% any pension at all due to a lack of 57% made unofficial payments. 49 of female rural residents polled in information on the conditions for In addition, 65% of patients paid

46 Gerasymenko G., Libanova E. et al. (2012). Analytical Research on Women’s Participation in the Labor Force of Ukraine, UNFP, UCSR, Kyiv: 212. 47 Sida (2015). Gender and Corruption: Brief, Gender Tool Box, March 2015: 4. 48 Comprehensive Study on the Status of Rights of Women Living in Rural Areas of Ukraine, UNDP and the Office of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights, 2015: 88. 49 Stepurko T., Pavlova M. et al. (2013). Informal Payments by Patients to Medical Institutions in Ukraine and Bulgaria // Academic Writings Journal of NaUKMA. Sociological sciences, Vol. 148: 83-93.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 31 Рис. 3.1.

6% Georgia 8% 6% Estonia 4% women men 7% Poland 8% 10% Czech Republic 9% 13% Latvia 18% 15% Slovakia 9% 18% Bulgaria 16% 19% Uzbekistan 17% 21% Belarus 18% 22% Hungary 22% 23% Armenia 25% 23% Turkey 12% 25% Lithuania 23% 26% Kazakhstan 34% 27% Russia 42% 29% Romania 28% 38% Ukraine 37% 39% Moldova 46% 41% Azerbaijan 36% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 35% 49% Tajikistan 51%

60% 46% 45%

women men 44% 35% 34% 41% 38% 37% 37% 34% 33%

urban area rural area 18 – 24 25 – 34 35 – 54 55+ The Influence of Corruption on Men and Women in Ukraine years old years old years old years old

An intermediary (for example, 23% a lawyer) oered you his services for gynecologist services (almostto speed upThe litigation issue of informal payments in 10lower% for households headed by 40% unofficially) and they referred the domestic healthcare system women.52 In particular, 28% of to these services asJudges among or theother courtis widely ocials recognized, as almost households headed by women, most expensive. Amongsuggested the main / hinted /46% demanded of all healthcare expenditures 10versus% 21% of male-headed reasons named by monetaryrespondents rewards, for gifts,in Ukraineservices are paid directly by households, reported20% they were and other unocial expenses making unofficial payments were patients from their own pockets unable to obtain necessary receiving "more attention"Law fromenforcement when ocers receiving medical services medical care during the previous a specialistsuggested (45%), / improvementhinted / demanded or monetary purchasing medicine.2% 51 As a year (Figure 3.5). of care (25%), rewards,increasing gifts, the services result, and other about 4% of households in 15% availability of services (30%),unocial Ukraine expenses suffer from "catastrophic" The vulnerability of such families and others. It is worth noting medical expenses and 92% of increases with the age of the head You used personal relationships, that the vast majority of patients citizens fear financial difficulties of the household. acquaintances (nepotism) to resolve 2% were negatively affected by such in the event of an illness. Data certain issues, gain benets, 11% practices and about 41% of payersspeed upfrom litigation the household survey (HHS) FACTOR 3women men reported that an informal payment conducted by the State Statistics was made because of a request by Service show that the availability The increased vulnerability of the service provider.50 of medical services is much women to the negative effects

Рис. 3.5.

41% 39%

28%

20% 20% 21%

women men 18-29 30-58 59 years old years old years old and over

Fig. 3.5. The share of households where one of its members was not able to obtain medical assistance or purchase medicine and medical supplies when necessary during the last 12 months, depending on the gender and age Рис. 3.6. of the head of the household, %. 88% Source: compiled based on data from the household survey (HHS) in 2017. 76% 73% 70%

48% 51% 50 Ibid. 44% 44% 51 The Concept of Financing Healthcare Reform, approved by CMU Decree No. 1013-p dated November 30, 2006. 52 Self-Assessment of Health and the Availability of Certain Types3 of2 %Medical Care in 2017 (according to a sample household survey in October 2017). Statistical collection of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2018: 75. 23%

32 women men CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN meetings with getting an getting an getting a "getting things tax ocials operating import license construction done" license permit

Рис. 3.7.

54% What is corruption? 67%

What is the level of corruption 36% in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions are 29% authorized to ght corruption? 51%

What are the results 16% of the work of these institutions? 27% women men

Рис. 3.8.

Receive bank loans solely due 6% to the corrupt interests of bank employees 8%

women men Use the services of tax "minimizers" 11% (i.e. ctitious companies, etc.) 15%

Have "protection" from law 17% enforcement bodies 20%

Pay "kickbacks" or otherwise 19% bribe employees of their counterparts or competitors 21%

Give money to politicians, 17% deputies, political parties to get benets and assistance 24%

Entrepreneurs oer ocials bribes 17% to resolve certain issues 24%

Conduct "double" bookkeeping, 17% use unocial cash payments 26%

Entrepreneurs give bribes 19% to ocials at their request 26%

Pay salaries "under the table" 23% 33%

Рис. 4.1.

99% 88%

58%

42%

12% 1% women men sexual non sexual mixed

Рис. 5.1.

It's too expensive to report 1% (e.g., due to travel or phone charges) 1% women men Corruption is normal / 2% Everyone does it / everyone is involved 3%

People don't know how 4% to report it 3%

People don't know where 5% to report it 5%

People don't have enough 5% time to report it 6%

Because they would implicate 9% themselves as bribe-givers 12%

Most people do report 11% incidents of corruption 12%

Corruption is too dicult 15% to prove 12%

People are afraid 16% of the consequences 13%

Nothing will be done / 14% It wouldn't make a dierence 18%

Рис. 5.2.

48% 48% 44% 42%

women men I am willing to report cases I am willing to join a protest of corruption that I become against local corrupt people aware of

Рис. 5.3.

32% 30% 26% 26% 23% 22% 22% 20%

women men 18-29 30-44 45-59 60 years old years old years old years old and over The Influence of Corruption on Men and Women in Ukraine

of corruption is also conditioned the average wage of women was ACCESS by material factors. With lower equivalent to only 79% of average incomes compared to men, male earnings in 2017. TO THE LABOUR women predominate among the MARKET AND poor and are at a higher risk of These gender differences are poverty. further reflected in lower pensions RESOURCES for women. The latter issue is As a result, their welfare depends of particular significance in the Gender can also be a factor in much more on state social context of women's vulnerability, business corruption, which affects guarantees (the volume of social as with a longer life span, they business opportunities, the payments, pensions, subsidies) are quantitatively more prevalent access of companies to markets and unhindered access to services among older age groups, who are and resources, and cooperation provided by public institutions. the main users of social services with the regulatory authorities. The abuse of authority in the for the elderly.53 There are numerous indications provision of these services that female entrepreneurs face increases the vulnerability of With lower incomes, women barriers when accessing business certain citizens, while corrupt also make up the majority of development loans and that it practices at the macro level recipients of subsidies for housing can be more difficult for them to associated with the misuse of and communal services, benefit obtain permits and licenses to 56 budgetary resources for social recipients, and recipients of social start their own business. purposes reduces the social well- assistance.54 being of the entire nation. In general, access to opportunities The gender factor determines in the labour market among The average salary of women in the specifics of Ukrainian poverty Ukrainians is characterized by Ukraine is traditionally less than the "profiles", which includes single certain gender differences. Data average earnings among men. This elderly women, unemployed from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) is due to gender-based "vertical" women and women raising conducted by the State Statistics employment segregation, where children on their own. Finally, in Service show that in the process men predominate in managerial a society where corruption and of finding a job, women are more positions in all sectors of the informal payments are considered inclined to use public employment 57 economy, and the "horizontal" a common practice when receiving services than men. Accordingly, segregation of the labour market, services, poor women do not women are more vulnerable to where women work in less always have the ability to pay extra possible abuses in this sphere. prestigious and lower paid jobs fees, and, as a result, lose access to (for example, in civil sectors such as these services.55 In particular, 34% of women education, healthcare, and social looking for a job or trying to open assistance provision). According their own business sought the to the State Statistics Service, services of employment centres (vs. 23% of men). On the other hand, a

53 According to demographic statistics, women make up almost three quarters of the population of Ukraine ages 80 and older. 54 Gerasymenko G., Maksymenko K. (2016). Ukraine Country Gender Assessment – 2016. Document of the World Bank, Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. 55 U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Center. Expert Answer. State of Research on Gender and Corruption: 7. 56 U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Center (2006). ‘Gender and Corruption’. Helpdesk query. Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) : http://www.u4.no/help- desk/ helpdesk/queries/query98.cfm 57 Economic activity of the population of Ukraine - 2016 : Stat. Collection / State Statistics Service of Ukraine: 2017: 205.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 33 The Influence of Corruption on Men and Women in Ukraine

significantly higher proportion of with corruption in interactions Findings of the GfK entrepreneurs unemployed men (40% vs. 28% with regulatory authorities. survey in 2017 also confirm that of women) tried to get a job using men are more likely to face personal connections. Ukrainian companies note that corrupt practices in business than among the biggest obstacles to women. In particular, 28% of male Another area where the doing business are corruption and entrepreneurs and 15% of female consequences of corrupt practices access to financing.59 According entrepreneurs polled said that can be particularly negative is to the World Bank Survey of they have experienced situations informal employment, which 2013, corruption was identified where a gift or bribe could help functions outside the control of as the main obstacle to doing solve business issues. At the same state regulators. Unable to defend business by 40% of companies time, reflecting on the reasons their rights, informally employed with male top managers and for not resorting to corruption workers may lose a significant 28% of companies with female to solve issues, almost twice the portion of their earnings or top managers.60 This data was percentage of women noted resources due to corruption. significantly higher than the they simply did not have enough At the global level, employees average perception of corruption money (19% of women versus in the informal economy are in companies in Europe and Central 10% of men), did not know how predominantly women, and thus Asia, where similar studies were to perform a corrupt activity, or face a higher risk of vulnerable conducted (Annex F). Moreover, lacked experience (10% of women employment where workers about 99% of polled companies versus 6% of men). do not have social protection with male top managers expressed guarantees. In Ukraine, about a they feel expected to give "gifts" Female entrepreneurs consider quarter of the total employed to authorized persons to secure their own level of knowledge of population (almost 4 million in government contracts.61 corruption, and the outcomes 2016) is informally employed.58 of the efforts of authorities Yet, the gender structure of Almost twice the percentage empowered to deal with it, to informal employment in Ukraine of companies with male top be lower than men’s (Figure 3.7). is somewhat different from the managers expect they have to Compared to male entrepreneurs, global structure. The proportion make informal payments/give a significantly smaller proportion of informally employed citizens gifts to get an import license (44% of female entrepreneurs consider has been dominated by men for versus 23% of companies headed corruption a very common a long time (58% in 2016), which by women) (Figure 3.6). On the phenomenon in domestic business is most likely associated with other hand, a relatively higher (58% vs. 65%, respectively). more widespread employment of percentage of companies with women in the public sector. female top managers expect to Similar gender features also char- give a bribe when obtaining an acterize entrepreneurs' percep- Due to widespread employment operating license (44% versus 32% tions of corruption or informal at enterprises in the informal respectively) or “get things done” practices in doing business (Figure sector, men are often confronted (88% versus 70%).62 3.8). Compared to women, more

58 Ibid 59 Enterprise Surveys, World Bank: http://www.enterprisesurveys.org. 60 Ibid. 61 A small number of companies with female top managers also answered this question, so the findings of their survey are not taken into account in the analysis. 62 As part of the survey, the owners and top managers of 1,200 enterprises were surveyed, 19% of which were headed by women top managers.

34 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN Рис. 3.1.

6% Georgia 8% 6% Estonia 4% women men 7% Poland 8% 10% Czech Republic 9% 13% Latvia 18% 15% Slovakia 9% 18% Bulgaria 16% 19% Uzbekistan 17% 21% Belarus 18% 22% Hungary 22% 23% Armenia 25% 23% Turkey 12% 25% Lithuania 23% 26% Kazakhstan 34% 27% Russia 42% 29% Romania 28% 38% Ukraine 37% 39% Moldova 46% 41% Azerbaijan 36% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 35% 49% Tajikistan 51%

60% 46% 45%

women men 44% 35% 34% 41% 38% 37% 37% 34% 33%

urban area rural area 18 – 24 25 – 34 35 – 54 55+ years old years old years old years old

An intermediary (for example, 23% a lawyer) oered you his services to speed up litigation 10%

Judges or other court ocials suggested / hinted / demanded 10% monetary rewards, gifts, services 20% and other unocial expenses

Law enforcement ocers suggested / hinted / demanded monetary 2% rewards, gifts, services and other 15% unocial expenses

You used personal relationships, acquaintances (nepotism) to resolve 2% certain issues, gain benets, 11% speed up litigation women men

Рис. 3.5.

41% 39%

28%

20% 20% 21%

women men The Influence of Corruption on Men and Women in Ukraine 18-29 30-58 59 years old years old years old and over

Рис. 3.6. 88% 76% 73% 70%

48% 51% 44% 44% 32% 23%

women men meetings with getting an getting an getting a "getting things tax ocials operating import license construction done" license permit

Fig. 3.6. The share of companies assuming «gifts» are required for officials to positively resolve the following situations, depending on the gender of the top manager, %. Source: calculated based on the findings of the World Bank enterprises survey, 2013. Рис. 3.7.

54% male entrepreneurs agreeWhat isthat corruption? In summary, it can be stated COMMITMENT TO among domestic enterprises the that corruption is perceived less 67% practices of paying salaries in en- by women as a barrier to doing HUMAN RIGHTS velopes (33% of men vs. 23% of business, but not only because women), and What"double" is the bookkeep level of corruption- they are less likely to face bribes. 3Corrupt6% institutions, especially ing and informal cash paymentsin Ukraine? Women entrepreneurs in law enforcement54% agencies (27% of men vs. 17% women), are Ukraine face challenges that and the justice system, also more widespread. The same has are no less significant due to the constitute threats in the context What state institutions are 29% been determined regarding giving impact of gender stereotypes of protecting civil rights, especially authorized to ght corruption? money to politicians, deputies and underestimating their business among vulnerable51% groups of the political parties to receive benefits qualities and business prospects. population who may encounter and promote business activities prejudiced attitudes and What are the results 16% (24% of men vs. 17% of wom- Thus, 82% of the men polled in the discrimination in society. of the work of these institutions? 27% en). The smallest gender gap was UNFP study in 2018 agreed there women men noted in the perception of such are certain "male" and "female" At the same time, civil rights can be practices as "protection" from law professions in Ukraine, while 40% violated in the political (e.g., right to enforcement bodies, and the use of respondents considered men vote or representation), economic of fictitious companies to mini- to be better businessmen than (employment opportunities, Рис. 3.8. mize taxes or obtain bank loans, women.63 equal pay, professional training through motivating the corrupt and advancement, ownership interests of bank employees. and inheritance of property, etc.), Receive bank loans solely due 6% to the corrupt interests 63 UNFPA (2018). Masculinity Today:of bank Men’s employees Attitude to Gender Stereotypes and Violence8% against Women / UNFPA, UCSR, Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine, Kyiv: 128. women men Use the services of tax "minimizers" 11% (i.e. ctitious companies, etc.) 15% CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 35 Have "protection" from law 17% enforcement bodies 20%

Pay "kickbacks" or otherwise 19% bribe employees of their counterparts or competitors 21%

Give money to politicians, 17% deputies, political parties to get benets and assistance 24%

Entrepreneurs oer ocials bribes 17% to resolve certain issues 24%

Conduct "double" bookkeeping, 17% use unocial cash payments 26%

Entrepreneurs give bribes 19% to ocials at their request 26%

Pay salaries "under the table" 23% 33%

Рис. 4.1.

99% 88%

58%

42%

12% 1% women men sexual non sexual mixed

Рис. 5.1.

It's too expensive to report 1% (e.g., due to travel or phone charges) 1% women men Corruption is normal / 2% Everyone does it / everyone is involved 3%

People don't know how 4% to report it 3%

People don't know where 5% to report it 5%

People don't have enough 5% time to report it 6%

Because they would implicate 9% themselves as bribe-givers 12%

Most people do report 11% incidents of corruption 12%

Corruption is too dicult 15% to prove 12%

People are afraid 16% of the consequences 13%

Nothing will be done / 14% It wouldn't make a dierence 18%

Рис. 5.2.

48% 48% 44% 42%

women men I am willing to report cases I am willing to join a protest of corruption that I become against local corrupt people aware of

Рис. 5.3.

32% 30% 26% 26% 23% 22% 22% 20%

women men 18-29 30-44 45-59 60 years old years old years old years old and over Рис. 3.1.

6% Georgia 8% 6% Estonia 4% women men 7% Poland 8% 10% Czech Republic 9% 13% Latvia 18% 15% Slovakia 9% 18% Bulgaria 16% 19% Uzbekistan 17% 21% Belarus 18% 22% Hungary 22% 23% Armenia 25% 23% Turkey 12% 25% Lithuania 23% 26% Kazakhstan 34% 27% Russia 42% 29% Romania 28% 38% Ukraine 37% 39% Moldova 46% 41% Azerbaijan 36% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 35% 49% Tajikistan 51%

60% 46% 45%

women men 44% 35% 34% 41% 38% 37% 37% 34% 33%

urban area rural area 18 – 24 25 – 34 35 – 54 55+ years old years old years old years old

An intermediary (for example, 23% a lawyer) oered you his services to speed up litigation 10%

Judges or other court ocials suggested / hinted / demanded 10% monetary rewards, gifts, services 20% and other unocial expenses

Law enforcement ocers suggested / hinted / demanded monetary 2% rewards, gifts, services and other 15% unocial expenses

You used personal relationships, acquaintances (nepotism) to resolve 2% certain issues, gain benets, 11% speed up litigation women men

Рис. 3.5.

41% 39%

28%

20% 20% 21%

women men The Influence of Corruption on Men and Women in Ukraine 18-29 30-58 59 years old years old years old and over

and socialРис. 3.6.spheres (marital and friends or relatives that have The situation is exacerbated by family relations, guardianship over encountered it.65 low public awareness88% of rights, children, protection from domestic 76%domestic73% legislation, the nation- violence, etc.). The most common manifestations al mechanism for7 0%combating of discrimination mentioned are discrimination, and distrust to- Gender-based discrimination48% 51% is a prejudiced attitude towards wards organizations protecting 44% 44% quite common in Ukraine and its women in employment (14% civil rights. The level of awareness distribution is recognized by one of respondents),32% lower salaries among the adult population of of five survey respondents of the for women than23 %men doing Ukraine regarding domestic legis- "Rating" Sociological Group in similar work, and insufficient lation on gender equality remains 64 2015.women Dependingmen on the form representation of women in relatively low: from 14% in relation of biased attitude, meetings2 to 14% with of businessesgetting an (10% ofgetting respondents). an gettingto the a prohibition"getting of things lower wag- respondents of the taxUNFPA ocials and However,operating in practice,import the license depth of constructiones for women compareddone" to men license permit GfK survey in 2014 reported discrimination can be significantly when performing work of equal that they have personally greater because of the taboo value, to 44% on anti-trafficking encountered some form of nature of the topic and the inability legislation. Women living in rural gender discrimination, or know of the public to recognize it. areas and women with disabilities

Рис. 3.7.

54% What is corruption? 67%

What is the level of corruption 36% in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions are 29% authorized to ght corruption? 51%

What are the results 16% of the work of these institutions? 27% women men

Fig. 3.7. Self-assessment of the level of corruption awareness among female entrepreneurs and male entrepreneurs, % of respondents. Рис. 3.8. Source: calculated based on GfK survey data in 2017.

Receive bank loans solely due 6% to the corrupt interests 64 http://ratingpro.org/research/gendernye_roli_i_stereotipy_v_ukraine.html#&gid=1&pid=6.of bank employees 8% 65 UNFPA and GFK (2014). Assessment of Awareness of the Existence of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Wom- en and its Related Laws, July 2014 / GFK, UNFPA: http://www.mlsp.gov.ua/labour/control/uk/publish/category?cat_id=166710women men Use the services of tax "minimizers" 11% (i.e. ctitious companies, etc.) 15%

36 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN Have "protection" from law 17% enforcement bodies 20%

Pay "kickbacks" or otherwise 19% bribe employees of their counterparts or competitors 21%

Give money to politicians, 17% deputies, political parties to get benets and assistance 24%

Entrepreneurs oer ocials bribes 17% to resolve certain issues 24%

Conduct "double" bookkeeping, 17% use unocial cash payments 26%

Entrepreneurs give bribes 19% to ocials at their request 26%

Pay salaries "under the table" 23% 33%

Рис. 4.1.

99% 88%

58%

42%

12% 1% women men sexual non sexual mixed

Рис. 5.1.

It's too expensive to report 1% (e.g., due to travel or phone charges) 1% women men Corruption is normal / 2% Everyone does it / everyone is involved 3%

People don't know how 4% to report it 3%

People don't know where 5% to report it 5%

People don't have enough 5% time to report it 6%

Because they would implicate 9% themselves as bribe-givers 12%

Most people do report 11% incidents of corruption 12%

Corruption is too dicult 15% to prove 12%

People are afraid 16% of the consequences 13%

Nothing will be done / 14% It wouldn't make a dierence 18%

Рис. 5.2.

48% 48% 44% 42%

women men I am willing to report cases I am willing to join a protest of corruption that I become against local corrupt people aware of

Рис. 5.3.

32% 30% 26% 26% 23% 22% 22% 20%

women men 18-29 30-44 45-59 60 years old years old years old years old and over Рис. 3.1.

6% Georgia 8% 6% Estonia 4% women men 7% Poland 8% 10% Czech Republic 9% 13% Latvia 18% 15% Slovakia 9% 18% Bulgaria 16% 19% Uzbekistan 17% 21% Belarus 18% 22% Hungary 22% 23% Armenia 25% 23% Turkey 12% 25% Lithuania 23% 26% Kazakhstan 34% 27% Russia 42% 29% Romania 28% 38% Ukraine 37% 39% Moldova 46% 41% Azerbaijan 36% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 35% 49% Tajikistan 51%

60% 46% 45%

women men 44% 35% 34% 41% 38% 37% 37% 34% 33%

urban area rural area 18 – 24 25 – 34 35 – 54 55+ years old years old years old years old

An intermediary (for example, 23% a lawyer) oered you his services to speed up litigation 10%

Judges or other court ocials suggested / hinted / demanded 10% monetary rewards, gifts, services 20% and other unocial expenses

Law enforcement ocers suggested / hinted / demanded monetary 2% rewards, gifts, services and other 15% unocial expenses

You used personal relationships, acquaintances (nepotism) to resolve 2% certain issues, gain benets, 11% speed up litigation women men

Рис. 3.5.

41% 39%

28%

20% 20% 21%

women men 18-29 30-58 59 years old years old years old and over

Рис. 3.6. 88% 76% 73% 70%

48% 51% 44% 44% 32% 23%

women men meetings with getting an getting an getting a "getting things tax ocials operating import license construction done" license permit

Рис. 3.7.

54% What is corruption? 67%

What is the level of corruption 36% in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions are 29% authorized to ght corruption? 51%

What are the results 16% of the work of these institutions? The2 7Influence% of Corruption onwomen Men and menWomen in Ukraine

Рис. 3.8.

Receive bank loans solely due 6% to the corrupt interests of bank employees 8%

women men Use the services of tax "minimizers" 11% (i.e. ctitious companies, etc.) 15%

Have "protection" from law 17% enforcement bodies 20%

Pay "kickbacks" or otherwise 19% bribe employees of their counterparts or competitors 21%

Give money to politicians, 17% deputies, political parties to get benets and assistance 24%

Entrepreneurs oer ocials bribes 17% to resolve certain issues 24%

Conduct "double" bookkeeping, 17% use unocial cash payments 26%

Entrepreneurs give bribes 19% to ocials at their request 26%

Pay salaries "under the table" 23% 33%

Fig. 3.8. The share of entrepreneurs who agreed the following manifestations Рис. 4.1. of corruption are generally widespread in Ukrainian business, %. Source: calculated based on GfK survey data in 2017. 99% 88% and other vulnerable populations plain more often about violations the population contributes to the also lack awareness of their rights of respect for their private and exacerbation of a biased attitude and legislation that protects their family life (5% vs. 1%).67 and increased vulnerability to rights.66 In addition, Ukrainian 58% discrimination. Women are not women are more likely than men In a corrupt society, the inability always able to afford qualified to have their social security rights of the judicial42% system to protect lawyer services because of limited violated (26% vs. 21%) and com- the rights of vulnerable groups of access to resources or defend

66 Ibid 12% 67 What Ukrainians Know and Think about Human Rights: Nationwide Research / І. Bekeshkina, T. Pechonchik, V. Yavorsky and others; edited by Т. Pechon- chik, Kyiv, 2017: 308. 1% women men sexual non sexual mixed

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 37

Рис. 5.1.

It's too expensive to report 1% (e.g., due to travel or phone charges) 1% women men Corruption is normal / 2% Everyone does it / everyone is involved 3%

People don't know how 4% to report it 3%

People don't know where 5% to report it 5%

People don't have enough 5% time to report it 6%

Because they would implicate 9% themselves as bribe-givers 12%

Most people do report 11% incidents of corruption 12%

Corruption is too dicult 15% to prove 12%

People are afraid 16% of the consequences 13%

Nothing will be done / 14% It wouldn't make a dierence 18%

Рис. 5.2.

48% 48% 44% 42%

women men I am willing to report cases I am willing to join a protest of corruption that I become against local corrupt people aware of

Рис. 5.3.

32% 30% 26% 26% 23% 22% 22% 20%

women men 18-29 30-44 45-59 60 years old years old years old years old and over The Influence of Corruption on Men and Women in Ukraine

themselves in court against by the lack, or weakness, of the citizenship, and access to justice individuals who use corrupt justice system.68 and legal protection.69 connections for their own benefit. Therefore, corruption not only Violations of human rights in the The development of the armed limits the ability to protect civil context of humanitarian crises conflict in eastern Ukraine, and the rights in the face of discrimination may also have different effects formation of large-scale processes or prejudice, but also restricts on women and men. In countries involving the displacement of the general progress in the promotion affected by armed conflicts internal population, determine the of gender equality. or natural disasters, women particular urgency of these issues constitute the majority of refugees in Ukraine. For example, in June and displaced persons, and thus 2018, almost 1.5 million displaced encounter specific risks and people from Donbas and THE vulnerabilities. In situations where Crimea were registered by social humanitarian mission personnel protection units in other regions CONSEQUENCES or emergency response personnel of the country.70 According to OF INEFFECTIVE are mostly men, opportunities the national situation monitoring for the abuse of entrusted power, system for internally displaced GOVERNANCE risks of gender-based violence persons (IDPs), women constitute IN UNSTABLE and other forms of exploitation of 58% of IDP households with the women and girls increase. The rise following age breakdown: 20% of STATES in poverty due to a lack of income those younger than18 years old, and decent living conditions 22% of 18-34 years old, 38% of 35- The negative impact of corruption can lead to the prevalence of 39 years old, and 20% of those 60 on the lives of ordinary citizens survival strategies that are not years and older.71 increases in the context of political practiced by people under normal instability and humanitarian circumstances. In particular, Displaced women remain more crises caused by armed conflicts there are reports of cases where vulnerable regarding access or large-scale natural disasters. refugees and other vulnerable to employment and income, Unstable states are characterized women or children are forced to according to the State Employment by the weak adherence of the provide sexual favours in exchange Service, as they account for two- government to the rule of law, and for food, safety or essential goods. thirds of all unemployed IDPs. the ineffective use of resources Therefore, the United Nations For such women, it is much more and protection of human rights. Security Council Resolution 1325 difficult to adapt to new living "Women, Peace and Security" conditions than for men, as in In the context of limited access to recommends measures be taken the midst of family separation public services, the prevalence of to respond to the whole spectrum and lack of external support, they corrupt practices and the scale of of violations of women's rights in become responsible for disabled abuses increases, while the search conflict situations, including, but family members. According to the for justice for those encountering not limited to, health, education, findings of the gender analysis on abuses of power is compromised food, water, land, livelihood, respecting IDP rights, displaced

68 Baranyi S. and Powell K. (2005). Fragile States, Gender Equality and Aid Effectiveness: A Review of Donor Perspectives. 69 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000), adopted by the Security Council at its 4213th meeting, on 31 October 2000 (S/RES/1325 (2000)) 70 1 515 128 IDPs recorded / Ministry of Social Policy. - Access mode: https://www.msp.gov.ua/news/15569.html 71 Report of the National System for Monitoring the Situation with IDPs / IOM, The Ministry of Social Policy, The Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territo- ries and IDPs. September 2017: 40.

38 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN The Influence of Corruption on Men and Women in Ukraine

women are additionally burdened documents, etc. Although this women compared to 5% of local with raising children (27% of men survey did not include questions women).73 It is notable that polled versus 42% of women among IDPs about experiences regarding women named their abusers not live with children under 18), and corruption among IDPs, based on only as strangers or representatives the number of women reporting the evidence, it can be deduced of military groups, but also service they lack income and are forced that women are more vulnerable providers; respondents reported to economize is significantly to such practices when dealing isolated cases of violence by greater than the number of men.72 with officials. law enforcement officials, social, The survey showed that IDP medical and even educational women contact the authorities The findings of a study on the workers. The survey also and local service providers, prevalence of gender-based recognized that several women human rights organizations, violence in the regions of eastern polled reported that they had to migration services, courts and law Ukraine affected by the conflict provide sexual favours in exchange enforcement agencies more often also confirmed the increased for food, goods or services. Such than men. A noticeably higher vulnerability of women living in, misuse of power by the authorities percentage of displaced women or near, various forms of violence. is an unmistakable manifestation also encounter issues dealing The proportion of IDP women of corruption. Moreover, they with social institutions, including who reported at least one case of prove that corruption practices requirements for additional violence by strangers was three can acquire specific gender-based documents, lack of clarification times higher than that of local forms. by officials, lack of information women who did not change their on procedures for processing place of residence (15% of IDP

72 Chumalo M. (2017). Report on the Gender Analysis of the Results of the All-Ukrainian Survey on Observing the Rights of IDPs compiled with the support of UNDP: 24. 73 UNFPA and UCSR (2015). Gender-Based Violence in the Conflict-Affected Regions of Ukraine: Analytical Report, November 2015, Kyiv: 66.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 39 40 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN GENDER-SPECIFIC FORMS OF CORRUPTION

Although women and men their own provocative behaviour. officials, who demand not only mostly encounter the same Due to women’s reluctance in monetary incentives, but also forms of corruption, the negative seeking help, the collection and sexual favours in exchange for a effects of such abuses can have monitoring of data on such abuses tolerant attitude. According to a greater impact on women, remains a challenge. a survey of female sex workers as they are combined with conducted in 2016, almost every various manifestations of gender Unfortunately, power abuse cases tenth female sex worker was inequality and discrimination in related to sexual harassment by subjected to physical abuse by law society. At the same time, there are government officials are found not enforcement officials, while they also specific forms of corruption only in the midst of conflict or post- also identified other violations caused by gender factors. Sexual conflict reconstruction, but also in of their rights, such as threats, favours demanded from women the lives of ordinary citizens and blackmail, psychological pressure, or girls in exchange for services even state officials. In particular, humiliation and illegal detention.75 or some preferences when 15% of respondents from the 2014 Trafficking remains an equally providing services may become UNDP study on gender aspects of important gender-sensitive issue. an informal "currency" of bribery. corruption among civil servants It is highlighted in international Unfortunately, such cases go indicated there was harassment, reports that organized human unreported, as well as a significant including that of a sexual nature, trafficking networks could number of cases of sexual in the civil service.74 not function without the harassment and violence, since the existence of corrupt practices victims experience shame, guilt, Vulnerable categories of women between officials and criminal or fear the offender. As a result of who do not always have the organizations.76 the widespread and community- opportunity to seek justice to based attitudes and stigmatization protect their rights are in a much Corruption plays an important of the victims of violence, women worse position. In particular, part at all stages of the trafficking do not seek help, expecting public women sex workers often report process, including during recruit- condemnation or accusations of cases of abuse by law enforcement ment of potential victims and the

74 Halustyan Yu., Kovalchuk N. (2014). Analysis of Corruption Risks in Civil Service Related to Gender Equality / UNDP, Kyiv: 31. 75 The Observance of the Rights of Vulnerable Groups (Drug Users and Sex Workers) in the Work of Law Enforcement Bodies: [analytical report on the results of the study] / Multiple authors. Yu. Bielousov, Z. Shvets, V. Semenyuk, V. Chuprov, S. Shvec, Kyiv, Palyvoda, 2016: 96. 76 UNODC (2011). The Role of Corruption in Trafficking in Persons, UNODC, Issue Paper: 36; OECD (2016). Trafficking in Persons and Corruption: Breaking the Chain, OECD Public Governance Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 41 Рис. 3.1.

6% Georgia 8% 6% Estonia 4% women men 7% Poland 8% 10% Czech Republic 9% 13% Latvia 18% 15% Slovakia 9% 18% Bulgaria 16% 19% Uzbekistan 17% 21% Belarus 18% 22% Hungary 22% 23% Armenia 25% 23% Turkey 12% 25% Lithuania 23% 26% Kazakhstan 34% 27% Russia 42% 29% Romania 28% 38% Ukraine 37% 39% Moldova 46% 41% Azerbaijan 36% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 35% 49% Tajikistan 51%

60% 46% 45%

women men 44% 35% 34% 41% 38% 37% 37% 34% 33%

urban area rural area 18 – 24 25 – 34 35 – 54 55+ years old years old years old years old

An intermediary (for example, 23% a lawyer) oered you his services to speed up litigation 10%

Judges or other court ocials suggested / hinted / demanded 10% monetary rewards, gifts, services 20% and other unocial expenses

Law enforcement ocers suggested / hinted / demanded monetary 2% rewards, gifts, services and other 15% unocial expenses

You used personal relationships, acquaintances (nepotism) to resolve 2% certain issues, gain benets, 11% speed up litigation women men

Рис. 3.5.

41% 39%

28%

20% 20% 21%

women men 18-29 30-58 59 years old years old years old and over

Рис. 3.6. 88% 76% 73% 70%

48% 51% 44% 44% 32% 23%

women men meetings with getting an getting an getting a "getting things tax ocials operating import license construction done" license permit

Рис. 3.7.

54% What is corruption? 67%

What is the level of corruption 36% in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions are 29% authorized to ght corruption? 51%

What are the results 16% of the work of these institutions? 27% women men

Рис. 3.8.

Receive bank loans solely due 6% to the corrupt interests of bank employees 8%

women men Use the services of tax "minimizers" 11% (i.e. ctitious companies, etc.) 15%

Have "protection" from law 17% enforcement bodies 20%

Pay "kickbacks" or otherwise 19% bribe employees of their counterparts or competitors 21%

Give money to politicians, 17% deputies, political parties to get benets and assistance 24%

Entrepreneurs oer ocials bribes 17% to resolve certain issues 24%

Conduct "double" bookkeeping, 17% use unocial cash payments 26%

Entrepreneurs give bribes 19% to ocials at their request 26%

Gender-specific Forms of Corruption Pay salaries "under the table" 23% 33%

Рис. 4.1.

99% 88%

58%

42%

12% 1% women men sexual non sexual mixed

Fig. 4.1. Ukrainian victims who received assistance from IOM by gender and forms of exploitation (2007–2017) Рис. 5.1. Source: IOM data.

production of fake documents,It's too expensive ernment to report institutions 1% and do not women predominated among vic- the facilitation(e.g., of duetransportation to travel or phoneexpect charges) any help from1% them. tims of sexual exploitation, men and border crossings for victims, accounted for aboutwomen 60% ofmen labour Corruption is normal / 2% labour or sexual exploitation, the According to estimates, the num- exploitation (Fig. 4.1). In general, Everyone does it / everyone is involved 3% prevention of criminal investiga- ber of Ukrainian human trafficking since 2012 men have accounted tions or protection for victims,People don't victims know how ranges from 7 to 204% thou- for more than half of the recipients and the imposition of biased court sandto report people it per year.77 Together3% of IOM assistance, and according judgments. Such corrupt practices with a network of partner NGOs, to 2017 data, 1.6 times more men contribute to the "invisibility"People don'tof knowfrom whereJanuary 2000 to December5% received assistance than women.78 to report it human trafficking crimes for soci- 2017, the International Organiza5%- ety and state structures, the impu- tion for Migration (IOM) provided Empirical evidence suggests that People don't have enough 5% nity of criminals, and the victimiza-timecomprehensive to report it assistance for the6% gender-based forms of corruption tion of trafficking victims, even in reintegration of more than 14,000 are widespread among migrants, cases where victims areBecause identified they would victims implicate of trafficking. Interestingly, especially9% illegal migrants. and receive assistance. themselvesThere are as bribe-giversbefore 2009 women (77-86%) were Women who 12%travel alone face a particularly favourable conditions the main recipients of assistance, particular risk of corruption and for recruiting and controllingMost po people- but do inreport the following years the sexual exploitation,11% especially in incidents of corruption tential victims of trafficking in share of men began to increase in societies where12% patriarchal gender countries with high corruption connection with an increase in the rules prevail. Moreover, there is Corruption is too dicult 15% rates, as people do not trust gov- shareto proveof labour exploitation. While evidence that12% "women's bodies

People are afraid 16% 77 State Report on the Implementation of State Policy in Combating Human Trafficking in 2015 – the First Half of 2016, Kyiv, Institute for Demography and Social Studies NANU, 2016: 60. of the consequences 13% 78 Combating Human Trafficking in Ukraine. IOM statistics as of December 31, 2017, http://iom.org.ua/sites/default/files/iom_vot_statistics_ukrdec2017.pdf Nothing will be done / 14% It wouldn't make a dierence 18%

42 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN

Рис. 5.2.

48% 48% 44% 42%

women men I am willing to report cases I am willing to join a protest of corruption that I become against local corrupt people aware of

Рис. 5.3.

32% 30% 26% 26% 23% 22% 22% 20%

women men 18-29 30-44 45-59 60 years old years old years old years old and over Gender-specific Forms of Corruption

are used as currency not only in be expressly recognized and dealt other forms of sexual harassment individual corrupt transactions for with appropriately through anti- or sexual exploitation because the purpose of crossing borders corruption programs and policies. of the impact of the corruption illegally, but also as an exchange Today, such manifestations of component: "The perpetrator has to commodity for entire migrant corrupt practices are generalized in be in a position of power and abuse groups." 79 the context of the term sextortion their authority, demanding sexual in exchange for certain preferences favours in exchange for the use of Gender-related forms of or necessary services. Researchers powers entrusted to them". 80 corruption remain an objective and activists call for the concept reality of the present, which must to be considered in the context of

79 Merkle O., Reinold J., Siegel M. (2018). Corruption, Gender and Migration, Paper presented at the 2018 JECD Anti-Corruption and Integrity Forum: 18, https://www.oecd.org/corruption/integrity-forum/academic-papers/Merkle.pdf. 80 IAWJ (2012). Stopping the Abuse of Power Though Sexual Exploitation: Naming, Shaming and Ending Sextortion. International Association of Women Judges.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 43 44 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN THE GENDER ASPECT OF ANTI-CORRUPTION ACTIVITIES

The existence of varying impacts polled in the Global Corruption en and men towards measures to of corruption on gender and Barometer survey (2016) consider increase the effectiveness of com- of gender-specific forms of that individuals do not report bating corruption (Figure 5.2). The corruption, justifies the need to corruption to the authorities men polled, especially entrepre- introduce a gender perspective because they believe nothing will neurs who typically represent the into the formation of anti- change (18% of men and 14% of most active population groups, corruption policies. Taking into women). On the contrary, women demonstrate much more decisive account the different experiences are more likely to be uncertain attitudes than women on how of corruption, it can be assumed and worried about the negative to increase the accountability of that women and men have consequences of reporting corrupt officials. In particular, the differing ideas and methods on corruption. In particular, 15% need to make punishments for cor- how to prevent abuses of power of women (compared with 12% ruption more severe was empha- and to increase the effectiveness of men) agreed that corruption sized by every fourth man polled by of anti-corruption activities. On goes unreported because it is GfK in 2017, compared to only 16% the other hand, women and too difficult to prove, and 16% of women.81 men professionally engaged in of women (opposed to 13% of anti-corruption activities might men) associate the causes of not Even greater differences in regard consider different priorities, reporting corruption with the to increasing responsibility for formulate different strategies for anticipation of possible negative corruption were observed among their implementation, and identify consequences. The experts from entrepreneurs surveyed in this different enforcement actions. anti-corruption associations and study (25% of male entrepreneurs organizations polled in this study vs. 16% of female entrepreneurs). For example, there are certain share these views, emphasizing in However, more women than differences in how men and their own comments that "women men believe it is important to women understand the reasons for typically hold back because of their change the mentality of society, citizens not reporting the corrupt family and children." form a sense of responsibility practices they encounter in their among citizens, and to educate everyday lives (Figure 5.1). Slightly Certain differences can also be ob- the next generation about more Ukrainian men than women served in the perceptions of wom- corresponding values (19% of

81 Corruption in Ukraine: 2017. Analysis of findings under the pilot application of the Methodology for the Assessment of the Corruption Level in Ukraine, Kyiv, GfK Ukraine.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 45 Рис. 3.1.

6% Georgia 8% 6% Estonia 4% women men 7% Poland 8% 10% Czech Republic 9% 13% Latvia 18% 15% Slovakia 9% 18% Bulgaria 16% 19% Uzbekistan 17% 21% Belarus 18% 22% Hungary 22% 23% Armenia 25% 23% Turkey 12% 25% Lithuania 23% 26% Kazakhstan 34% 27% Russia 42% 29% Romania 28% 38% Ukraine 37% 39% Moldova 46% 41% Azerbaijan 36% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 35% 49% Tajikistan 51%

60% 46% 45%

women men 44% 35% 34% 41% 38% 37% 37% 34% 33%

urban area rural area 18 – 24 25 – 34 35 – 54 55+ years old years old years old years old

An intermediary (for example, 23% a lawyer) oered you his services to speed up litigation 10%

Judges or other court ocials suggested / hinted / demanded 10% monetary rewards, gifts, services 20% and other unocial expenses

Law enforcement ocers suggested / hinted / demanded monetary 2% rewards, gifts, services and other 15% unocial expenses

You used personal relationships, acquaintances (nepotism) to resolve 2% certain issues, gain benets, 11% speed up litigation women men

Рис. 3.5.

41% 39%

28%

20% 20% 21%

women men 18-29 30-58 59 years old years old years old and over

Рис. 3.6. 88% 76% 73% 70%

48% 51% 44% 44% 32% 23%

women men meetings with getting an getting an getting a "getting things tax ocials operating import license construction done" license permit

Рис. 3.7.

54% What is corruption? 67%

What is the level of corruption 36% in Ukraine? 54%

What state institutions are 29% authorized to ght corruption? 51%

What are the results 16% of the work of these institutions? 27% women men

Рис. 3.8.

Receive bank loans solely due 6% to the corrupt interests of bank employees 8%

women men Use the services of tax "minimizers" 11% (i.e. ctitious companies, etc.) 15%

Have "protection" from law 17% enforcement bodies 20%

Pay "kickbacks" or otherwise 19% bribe employees of their counterparts or competitors 21%

Give money to politicians, 17% deputies, political parties to get benets and assistance 24%

Entrepreneurs oer ocials bribes 17% to resolve certain issues 24%

Conduct "double" bookkeeping, 17% use unocial cash payments 26%

Entrepreneurs give bribes 19% to ocials at their request 26%

Pay salaries "under the table" 23% 33%

Рис. 4.1.

99% 88%

58%

42%

12%

The Gender Aspect of Anti-Corruption Activities1% women men sexual non sexual mixed

Рис. 5.1.

It's too expensive to report 1% (e.g., due to travel or phone charges) 1% women men Corruption is normal / 2% Everyone does it / everyone is involved 3%

People don't know how 4% to report it 3%

People don't know where 5% to report it 5%

People don't have enough 5% time to report it 6%

Because they would implicate 9% themselves as bribe-givers 12%

Most people do report 11% incidents of corruption 12%

Corruption is too dicult 15% to prove 12%

People are afraid 16% of the consequences 13%

Nothing will be done / 14% It wouldn't make a dierence 18%

Fig. 5.1. Responses to the question: «Some people say that many incidents of corruption are never reported. Based on your experience, what do you think is the main reason that Рис. 5.2. many people do not report incidents of corruption when they occur? %. Source: calculated according to the Global Corruption Barometer survey, 2016.

48% 48% female entrepreneurs vs. 410%4% of and Central Asia, with the4 exception2% they witness it, while 16% of men male entrepreneurs). of Russia and Belarus (Annex E). and 14% of women stated they would report corruption even if Unfortunately, the level of According to the Global Corruption they had to spend the whole day willingness of Ukrainians to Barometer survey of 2016, only in court testifying. personally combat corruption 18% of men and 13% of women remains significantly lower than in said they would feel personally The KIIS survey in 2015 also other countries in Eastern Europe responsible to report corruption if confirms the relatively high women men I am willing to report cases I am willing to join a protest of corruption that I become against local corrupt people aware of

46 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN

Рис. 5.3.

32% 30% 26% 26% 23% 22% 22% 20%

women men 18-29 30-44 45-59 60 years old years old years old years old and over 311 257 62 195 Sta Actual number, Number of persons holding Number of persons holding number of them: the position of director, the position of specialist, of them: of them:

women men women men women men The Gender Aspect of Anti-Corruption Activities 133 124 26 36 107 88

Entire population Entrepreneurs

1% Prosecute / increase punishment for corrupt 6% 2% practices / increase accountability 7% Change among o cials in power 1% 6% women men (the Verkhovna Rada, the government, 2% the President, individual o cials, etc.) 6% 2% Change the mentality of society, educate 5% 1% oneself and the next generation 9% Strengthen control (state, social, etc.) 2% 5% of compliance with the law and the work 3% 7% of public employees 2% 3% Increase living standards / salaries 1% 1%

3% 1% Change the legislative base 2% 1%

3% 1% Nothing can be changed 3% 0%

5% Dismiss o cials found to be corrupt and 3% 6% prohibit them from holding o ce 4% Public information campaign, 5% 4% open access to databases / hotline 3% 6% for reporting corruption 6% Change the judiciary / law enforcement 9% 6% system and judges 11%

10% Reform the entire government system 19% 8% and its components 10%

12% Hire young, qualied professionals 18% 13% for government positions 15%

27% Fight corruption starting 16% 33% in the upper echelons of power 25%

Fig. 5.2. Responses to the question «What should be done to increase the effectiveness of combating corruption?» depending on the respondent’s gender, %. willingness of men to take action report known cases of corruption Nevertheless, data shows that the to counter corruption.82 (48% of men and 44% of women) willingness to combat corruption and join collective protests (48% of also depends on age, as citizens in A slightly higher proportion of men men and 42% of women) against older age groups were considerably polled reported their willingness to Womenlocal andcorrupt men officials, if needed. less prepared to actively combat "DO WOMEN OR are equally Women Men Di cult MEN PREVAIL..." represented prevail prevail to say 82 KIIS (2015). The state of corruption in Ukraine. Comparative analysis of nationwide studies: 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2015: Kyiv International Institute of Sociology. – 68among p. activists of the anti-corruption movement? 29% 19% 33% 19%

among the employees/ CORRUPTIONactivists IN of THE your EYES OForganization? WOMEN AND MEN 42% 29% 29% 47

in key positions in your organization? 47% 24% 29%

among the main inuencers 33% 19% 43% 5% in your organization?

women men Рис. 3.1.

6% Рис. 3.1. Georgia 8% 6% Estonia 4% women men 7% Poland 8% 6% Georgia 8%10% Czech Republic 9% Estonia 6% Latvia 4% 13% 18% women men 7% Poland 8% 15% Slovakia 9% 10% Czech Republic 9% 18% Bulgaria 16% 13% Latvia 18%19% Uzbekistan 17% 15% Slovakia 9% 21% Belarus 18% 18% Bulgaria 16% 22% Hungary 22% 19% Uzbekistan 17% 23% Armenia 25% 21% Belarus 18% 23% Turkey 12% 22% Hungary 22% 25% Lithuania 23% 23% Armenia 25%26% Kazakhstan 34% 23% Turkey 12% 27% Russia 42% 25% Lithuania 23% 29% Romania 28% 26% Kazakhstan 34% 38% Ukraine 37% 27% Russia 39% 42% Moldova 46% 29% Romania 28% 41% Azerbaijan 36% 38% Ukraine 37% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 35% 39% Moldova 46% 49% Tajikistan 51% 41% Azerbaijan 36% 47% Kyrgyz Rep. 35% 49% Tajikistan 51%

60% 46% 45%

women men 44% 35% 34% 41% 60% 38% 37% 37% 46% 45% 34% 33%

women men 44% 35% 34% 41% 38% 37% 37% 34% 33%

urban area rural area 18 – 24 25 – 34 35 – 54 55+ years old years old years old years old

urban area rural area 18 – 24 25 – 34 35 – 54 55+ An intermediary (for example,years old years old years old years23 %old a lawyer) oered you his services to speed up litigation 10%

Judges or other court ocials An intermediary (for example, 10% 23% asuggested lawyer) oered / hinted you / hisdemanded services monetary rewards,to speed gifts, up litigation services 10% 20% and other unocial expenses

Judges or other court ocials Law enforcement ocers 10% suggestedsuggested / hinted / demanded / hinted / demanded monetary 2% monetary rewards, gifts, services rewards, gifts, services and other 15% 20% and other unocial expenses

Law enforcement ocers You used personal relationships, 2% suggestedacquaintances / hinted / demanded(nepotism) monetaryto resolve 2% rewards, gifts, services and other certain issues, gain benets, 11% 15% unocialspeed up expenseslitigation women men

You used personal relationships, acquaintances (nepotism) to resolve 2% certain issues, gain benets, 11% speed up litigation women men Рис. 3.5.

41% 39%

Рис. 3.5. 28% 41% 39% 20% 20% 21%

28%

20% 20% 21% women men 18-29 30-58 59 years old years old years old and over

women men 18-29 30-58 59 years old years old years old and over Рис. 3.6. 88% 76% 73% 70% Рис. 3.6. 48% 51% 88% 44% 44% 76% 73% 32% 70% 23% 48% 51% 44% 44% women men meetings with getting3 2an% getting an getting a "getting things tax ocials operating import23% license construction done" license permit

women men meetings with getting an getting an getting a "getting things tax ocials operating import license construction done" license permit

Рис. 3.7.

54% What is corruption? 67% Рис. 3.7.

54% What is theWhat level isof corruption? corruption 36% in Ukraine? 54% 67%

What state institutions are 29% What is the level of corruption 36% authorized to ght corruption? in Ukraine? 515%4%

What stateWhat institutions are the results are 16% 29% ofauthorized the work of to these ght institutions? corruption? 27% 51women% men

What are the results 16% of the work of these institutions? 27% women men Рис. 3.8.

Receive bank loans solely due 6% Рис. 3.8. to the corrupt interests of bank employees 8%

women men Use the services of tax "minimizers" 11% Receive(i.e. ctitious bank companies,loans solely etc.)due 6% 15% to the corrupt interests of bank employees 8% Have "protection" from law 17% women men Use the servicesenforcement of tax "minimizers" bodies 11% 20% (i.e. ctitious companies, etc.) 15% Pay "kickbacks" or otherwise 19% bribe employees of their counterpartsHave "protection" or competitors from law 17% 21% enforcement bodies 20% Give money to politicians, 17% deputies, political parties Pay "kickbacks" or otherwise to get benets and assistance 19% 24% bribe employees of their counterparts or competitors 21% Entrepreneurs oer ocials bribes 17% Giveto resolvemoney certainto politicians, issues 17% 24% deputies, political parties to get benets and assistance 24% Conduct "double" bookkeeping, 17% Entrepreneursuse unocial oer cash ocials payments bribes 17% 26% to resolve certain issues 24% Entrepreneurs give bribes 19% to ocials at their request Conduct "double" bookkeeping, 17% 26% use unocial cash payments 26% Pay salaries "under the table" 23% Entrepreneurs give bribes 19% 33% to ocials at their request 26%

Pay salaries "under the table" 23% Рис. 4.1. 33%

99% 88% Рис. 4.1.

99% 58% 88% 42%

58% 12% 42% 1% women men sexual non sexual mixed 12% 1% women men Рис. 5.1. sexual non sexual mixed

It's too expensive to report 1% (e.g., due to travel or phone charges) Рис. 5.1. 1% women men Corruption is normal / 2% Everyone does it / everyone is involved 3% It's too expensive to report 1% (e.g., due to travel or phone charges) People don't know how 1% 4% women men to report it 3% Corruption is normal / 2% Everyone does it / everyone is involved People don't know where 3% 5% to report it 5% People don't know how 4% to report it People don't have enough 3%5% time to report it 6% People don't know where 5% to report it Because they would implicate 5% 9% themselves as bribe-givers 12% People don't have enough 5% time to report it Most people do report 6% 11% incidents of corruption 12% Because they would implicate 9% themselves as bribe-givers 12% Corruption is too dicult 15% to prove 12% Most people do report 11% incidents of corruption 12% People are afraid 16% of the consequences 13% Corruption is too dicult 15% to prove 12% The Gender Aspect of Anti-CorruptionNothing Activities will be done / 14% It wouldn't make a dierence 18% People are afraid 16% of the consequences 13%

Nothing will be done / 14% It wouldn't make a dierence Рис. 5.2. 18%

48% 48% Рис. 5.2. 44% 42%

48% 48% 44% 42%

women men I am willing to report cases I am willing to join a protest of corruption that I become against local corrupt people aware of

women men Fig. 5.3. Willingness of the public to take decisive action to overcome corruption,I am willing to%. report cases I am willing to join a protest of corruption that I become against local corrupt people Source:aware KIIS of (2015). The state of corruption in Ukraine. Comparative analysis of nationwide studies: 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2015: Kyiv International Institute of Sociology: 68.

corruptionРис. 5.3.than younger people civic consciousness, as almost gender analysis, it is noteworthy (Figure 5.3). one-third of respondents aged 30- that among younger respondents 44 agreed that32 %ordinary citizens there is a slightly higher proportion In general, middle-aged people are also3 responsible0% for combating of men who take responsibility, demonstratedРис. 5.3. a higher level 2of6 % corruption. In the context of while older26 %men are more likely 23% 22% 22% 32% 20% 30% 26% 26% 23% 22% 22% 20%

women men 18-29 30-44 45-59 60 years old years old years old years old and over

women men 18-29 30-44 45-59 60 years old years old years old years old and over Fig. 5.4. Share of respondents who believe ordinary citizens are responsible for combating corruption, %. Source: KIIS (2015). The state of corruption in Ukraine. Comparative analysis of nationwide studies: 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2015: Kyiv International Institute of Sociology: 68..

48 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN The Gender Aspect of Anti-Corruption Activities

to shift responsibility to someone When SAPO was established, the operating locally are increas- else (Figure 5.4). head of the program and two of ingly characterized by a gen- his deputies were men. Men also der-balanced staff and by gender The use of gender analysis to dominated among the heads of parity in leadership positions. assess anti-corruption activities at the NACP, as only one woman These findings are based on a the national level reveals certain was represented among the five survey conducted among 21 an- disproportions among the staff of NACP members. Although the ti-corruption associations and or- anti-corruption bodies, including gender structure of the Agency ganizations. In particular, about the National Anti-Corruption staff was close to parity (52% of half of all respondents reported Bureau of Ukraine (NABU), the women and 48% of men), there women and men were equally Specialized Anti-Corruption were significantly more men in represented among employees Prosecutor's Office (SAPO) and the managerial positions (58%), while or activists of their organiza- National Agency on Corruption specialists were predominately tions, as well as in key positions Prevention (NACP). As of May 2018, women (Figure 5.5). (Figure 5.6). One third of respond- all three institutions were headed by ents said that women and men are men, and men also predominated In this context, a positive step equally represented within their in the top management of these forward for increasing attention organization's main influencers institutions. Out of the three NABU to gender issues in the process and in general within activists of deputy directors, only one was a of reforming the civil service in the anti-corruption movements. woman, but among the heads of Ukraine is the introduction an the 23 structural units of the Bureau authorized person (coordinator) A large portion of experts agreed and their deputies, fifteen were within NACP in July 2018, tasked that certain gender differences women. It is striking that women with ensuring equal rights and can be observed in the personal predominantly work as heads of opportunities for women and men, motives leading citizens to engage structural units whose activities are and prevention and counteraction in anti-corruption activities. related to support activities, such as to gender-based violence. Most activists polled supported document processing, accounting the idea that men are more likely and finance, public relations and In contrast, public organizations to be involved in anti-corruption communications.83 and anti-corruption movements activities because of their interest 311 257 62 195 Sta Actual number, Number of persons holding Number of persons holding number of them: the position of director, the position of specialist, of them: of them:

women men women men women men 133 124 26 36 107 88

Fig. 5.5. Number of National Agency employees in 2017, broken down by professional qualification and gender.

83 https://nabu.gov.ua/leadership. Entire population Entrepreneurs

1% Prosecute / increase punishment for corrupt 6% CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND2% MEN practices / increase accountability 7% 49 Change among o cials in power 1% 6% women men (the Verkhovna Rada, the government, 2% the President, individual o cials, etc.) 6% 2% Change the mentality of society, educate 5% 1% oneself and the next generation 9% Strengthen control (state, social, etc.) 2% 5% of compliance with the law and the work 3% 7% of public employees 2% 3% Increase living standards / salaries 1% 1%

3% 1% Change the legislative base 2% 1%

3% 1% Nothing can be changed 3% 0%

5% Dismiss o cials found to be corrupt and 3% 6% prohibit them from holding o ce 4% Public information campaign, 5% 4% open access to databases / hotline 3% 6% for reporting corruption 6% Change the judiciary / law enforcement 9% 6% system and judges 11%

10% Reform the entire government system 19% 8% and its components 10%

12% Hire young, qualied professionals 18% 13% for government positions 15%

27% Fight corruption starting 16% 33% in the upper echelons of power 25%

Women and men "DO WOMEN OR are equally Women Men Di cult MEN PREVAIL..." represented prevail prevail to say among activists of the anti-corruption movement? 29% 19% 33% 19%

among the employees/ activists of your organization? 42% 29% 29%

in key positions in your organization? 47% 24% 29%

among the main inuencers 33% 19% 43% 5% in your organization?

women men 311 257 62 195 Sta Actual number, Number of persons holding Number of persons holding number of them: the position of director, the position of specialist, of them: of them:

women men women men women men 133 124 26 36 107 88

Entire population Entrepreneurs

1% Prosecute / increase punishment for corrupt 6% 2% practices / increase accountability 7% Change among o cials in power 1% 6% women men (the Verkhovna Rada, the government, 2% the President, individual o cials, etc.) 6% 2% Change the mentality of society, educate 5% 1% oneself and the next generation 9% Strengthen control (state, social, etc.) 2% 5% of compliance with the law and the work 3% 7% of public employees 2% 3% Increase living standards / salaries 1% 1%

3% 1% Change the legislative base 2% 1%

3% 1% Nothing can be changed 3% 0%

5% Dismiss o cials found to be corrupt and 3% 6% prohibit them from holding o ce 4% Public information campaign, 5% 4% open access to databases / hotline 3% 6% for reporting corruption 6% Change the judiciary / law enforcement 9% 6% system and judges 11%

10% Reform the entire government system 19% 8% and its components 10%

12% Hire young, qualied professionals 18% 13% for government positions 15%

27% Fight corruption starting 16% 33% in the upper echelons of power 25%

The Gender Aspect of Anti-Corruption Activities

Women and men "DO WOMEN OR are equally Women Men Di cult MEN PREVAIL..." represented prevail prevail to say among activists of the anti-corruption movement? 29% 19% 33% 19%

among the employees/ activists of your organization? 42% 29% 29%

in key positions in your organization? 47% 24% 29%

among the main inuencers 33% 19% 43% 5% in your organization?

Fig. 5.6. Answers of experts* polled on the question «Do you think women or men prevail among activists of the anti-corruption movement, the employees of your organization or the main influencers in your women men organization?» *as part of the survey, members of 21 anti-corruption associations and organizations working in different regions of Ukraine were polled.

in the political and socio-economic activities because they consider processes taking place within the this employment profitable and In general, the majority of polled government, and in the allocation prestigious (Annex G). activists supported the need to of resources, including public take account of gender differences finances. One-third of activists According to polled activists, in the experience of corruption polled believed that when pursuing women and men may prefer when planning anti-corruption higher education, men are more different anti-corruption strategies: programs and strategies. Although likely to choose majors needed for men are more likely to participate women were more unanimous anti-corruption activities. in organized campaigns, protests about the feasibility of integrating and demonstrations, and are also the gender perspective (80% of However, many experts agreed more likely to participate directly polled women), more than half that women are more likely to in litigation. On the other hand, of polled men still supported this engage in combating corruption women prefer "word of mouth," idea. Among the specific tools and because of their sensitivity to informing people around them measures of gender policy that injustices in society, widespread about known cases of corruption. can enhance the effectiveness of experience of domestic corrup- The experts agreed that women anti-corruption activities, about tion, and vulnerability to the and men are equally involved two-thirds of the experts have negative effects of corruption. in signing petitions, collective identified the following: Interestingly, even activists hold demands, appeals of citizens, • observance of gender quotas gender-biased views. Some reporting corruption cases to in the electoral process at the believed that women simply regulatory bodies, and exposing national level have more free time and men corruption in the media and social are involved in anti-corruption media. • increasing citizen awareness

50 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN The Gender Aspect of Anti-Corruption Activities

of anti-discrimination budgeting (GRB) at all levels of gender issues into the program- legislation and the government, along with support ming of anti-corruption measures protections of their rights, for local women's initiatives, should include a number of trans- including in the event of organizations and associations. parent recommendations, which discrimination on the basis of This may indicate a lack of gender promise to bring about positive gender sensitivity of the polled activists, inter-sectoral results: or a lack of awareness of modern • implementation of 1) use of gender-disaggregated "participation budgeting" tools, information campaigns to data in the planning of as GRB is considered the most change traditional gender activities, determination of the effective tool for ensuring gender stereotypes and overcome system of basic indicators and equality, and for improving sexism in the information target indicators of monitoring, accountability and transparency in space and evaluation of the the use of budget funds. effectiveness of implemented • creating conditions for the activities harmonious combination In other words, GRB is a budgeting of professional and family method designed to increase 2) conducting targeted studies responsibilities among the cost-effectiveness of budget to fill the existing information employees with children expenditures by considering the gaps on gender aspects of needs of women and men from corruption in Ukraine, use of Gender policy measures such as various social and demographic gender analysis in the process support for women's leadership groups. of assessing the needs of the development programs and population and identifying the expansion of women's According to commonly accepted problematic issues in anti- employment, including women's approaches, GRB's main compo- corruption policy entrepreneurship and the nents include gender budgeting, 3) ensuring gender balance observance of gender quotas in the subsequent changes in programs among members of anti- local electoral process, were less and budgets, and the systematic corruption bodies to better supported by respondents (50%- integration of GRB in the budget take into account the interests 60% of the experts surveyed). process. Since 2014, in partner- ship with the Ministry of Finance and needs of both women and men. The idea of supporting gender of Ukraine, the "Gender Budget- 84 parity in leading positions in large ing Project in Ukraine" has been companies and organizations was implemented to raise awareness supported only by one-fourth of among anti-corruption activ- the respondents. ists about the opportunities and benefits of GRB at the local and Fewer than half of the anti- national level as important areas corruption activists supported the in strengthening the capacity of suggestion that the effectiveness their organizations and associa- of the fight against corruption tions. would increase with the introduction of gender-responsive In general, the integration of

84 http://grbproject.org/

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 51 52 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN CONCLUSION

Corruption continues to be the main obstacle to development, which in turn reduces the efficiency of resource use, slows down economic growth and sets the stage for human rights violations. Although corruption has a negative impact on the population as a whole, empirical evidence suggests that men and women perceive its manifestations and outcomes differently. Similarly, they encounter different forms of corruption and demonstrate different attitudes towards combating corruption. At the global level, the importance of the simultaneous promotion of gender equality, empowerment of women, and implementation of anti-corruption programs as mutually reinforcing development strategies is recognized.

According to poll results, more than half of Ukrainian citizens perceive corruption as one of the most significant issues in the country that the government should be addressing. Women and men were unanimous in critically assessing the effectiveness of government attempts to combat corruption and shared a lack of confidence in the opportunities available to ordinary people to effect change in this area. Unfortunately, this gives grounds to conclude that corruption has become so deeply embedded in the daily lives of the public that there is a certain consensus on these issues in society that does not depend on the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents.

Compared to men, women tend to consider themselves to be less aware of corruption, making them relatively less likely to identify its manifestations in everyday life. As a result, corruption is perceived by women to be a widespread phenomenon in Ukraine, and fewer women than men believe that corrupt practices take place in the operations of domestic social institutions. It can be concluded that these differences are due to the impact of widespread gender norms linking the social roles of women with private (family) life rather than social life. This can result in women taking less of an interest in the sociopolitical processes and phenomena taking place in the country, including issues of corruption. Therefore, the information campaigns targeted at population

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 53 Conclusion

awareness raising should address this gender variation and articulate the negative effects of corruption in public institutions for all dimensions of everyday life of individuals and their families.

Corruption can have different impacts on the lives of women and men, thereby reinforcing gender inequalities in access to power, resources and opportunities. The increased vulnerability of women to the negative effects of corruption in public institutions presents itself in the following ways:

INVOLVEMENT Women can shy away from the electoral process or not be accepted for management positions in public administration as a result of the influence of IN POLITICAL informal barriers ("glass ceiling" and "sticky floor") or "male" corporate networks. LIFE AND The disproportionately low representation of women in the Verkhovna Rada of DECISION- Ukraine (12.3% of all deputies) and at the highest levels of state government MAKING (four women out of twenty-four government ministers) not only contradicts gender equality directives, but also serves as a barrier to promoting gender transformation in other areas. Although local self-governance bodies have traditionally remained more open to women, in the context of the modern decentralization of authority and transfer of a significant volume of financial resources to the field, new corruption challenges are being created that can further impede on women's access to managerial positions at this level.

The gender aspect of the impact of domestic corruption on citizens is most ACCESS TO obvious in this area. According to the findings of the survey, the negative BASIC PUBLIC effects of domestic corruption are more likely to affect women's welfare due to the following reasons: 1) social norms place the responsibility of caring for SERVICES minors and disabled family members on women, so they are more dependent on access to public services; 2) the vulnerability of women to abuse by officials is conditioned by the need for specific medical services related to birth and childcare in the early years of their lives; 3) women prevail among the low-income and socially vulnerable groups of the population, whose standard of living is largely determined by targeted justice and generosity of the country's social policy. In this regard, the lack, or poor quality of necessary local services can be perceived by women as a component of corruption, as they are associated with the misuse of power by the authorities and failure to fulfil their duties as community leaders. Domestic surveys also show that women and men can have different experiences of corruption when interacting with various service providers, and the proportion of citizens who have experience making informal payments or giving gifts to receive certain services is increasing in rural areas and among young people.

54 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN Conclusion

ACCESS TO The barriers and limitations faced by women in terms of employment and access THE LABOUR to resources may be in part due to corruption. When seeking employment, women are more likely to use employment centres than men and may be MARKET more vulnerable to abuse by officials in these institutions. However, informal AND employment is more widespread among men, which makes them more RESOURCES vulnerable to corrupt practices by supervisors. Although the majority of domestic companies refer to corruption as one of the main obstacles to doing business, men tend to give more radical assessments: corruption was identified as the main obstacle for 40% of companies with male top managers, and 28% of companies with female top managers. It can also be deduced that corruption is perceived by female entrepreneurs as less of a barrier to doing business because they face other, equally important challenges related to the impact of gender inequality (limited access to loans, funding programs, business networks, etc.). Domestic polls show that women are less likely to face corrupt practices in business (15% of female entrepreneurs vs. 28% of male entrepreneurs). However, few associate moral or ethical guidelines as reasons for refraining from bribery - lack of funds or experience was deemed as a greater reason for avoiding corrupt practices. Similar to the rest of the country's population, women entrepreneurs judge their own self-awareness of forms of corruption significantly lower than men.

HUMAN Human rights violations are closely linked to corruption, as corrupt institutions RIGHTS and administrative bodies can hinder the ability of the public to seek justice. Discrimination and a biased attitude based on gender remain commonplace VIOLATIONS in Ukraine, as 4 to 14% of respondents from sociological surveys encountered various forms of human rights violations. Women, especially vulnerable women and women living in rural areas, have a significantly lower level of awareness of the opportunities available to them to protect their own rights, and they often have limited resources to employ the services of a qualified lawyer in order to seek justice. Therefore, corruption contributes to discrimination and human rights violations going unpunished, while the gender aspect curtails progress in promoting gender equality in society.

THE The consequences of ineffective governance in unstable states are particularly CONSEQUENCES relevant in times of crisis, when weakness in, or absence of, the justice system makes it impossible for citizens to seek justice. Women are particularly vulnerable OF INEFFECTIVE to the consequences of armed conflict and forced displacement, as the loss of their GOVERNANCE normal living conditions is compounded by manifestations of gender inequality IN UNSTABLE when accessing employment and generating income. Women are considered responsible for the welfare of disabled members of households (children, the STATES elderly, people with disabilities), which determines their dependence on public services, and hence the vulnerability to abuse by officials.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 55 Conclusion

In the context of a humanitarian crisis, women and girls encounter increased risks to gender-based violence and cases of abuse by authorities, as protection services or essential commodities are bartered in return for sexual favours.

GENDER-BASED Gender-based forms of corruption, summarized in international practice as FORMS OF part of the concept of "sextortion," manifest not only in times of crisis, but also in the everyday lives of citizens. Vulnerable groups of women—commercial CORRUPTION sex workers, refugees and illegal migrants, victims of trafficking and others— encounter particular risks of corruption in the form of sexual favours as currency”. Furthermore, about 15% of state officials polled in the Ukrainian surveys agreed that sexual harassment exists in the civil service system.

The existence of gender differences in the impact of corruption on the population determines the need to integrate gender issues in the development and implementation of anti-corruption strategies and programs. In light of the differences in the personal experience of corruption, women and men can propose and take measures to prevent abuse of power and increase the effectiveness of anti-corruption activities in different ways. In particular, men of younger and middle ages show relatively more readiness to pursue active anti-corruption measures than women. They also more often support decisive measures to fight corruption, such as increasing the responsibility of corrupt officials, while women are more inclined to emphasize the expediency of gradual approaches, changing the mentality of citizens, and the need to properly educate future generations. To better understand the factors that motivate men and women to get involved in anti-corruption activity and determine their preferences in terms of specific impact actions, additional population-based surveys are needed to provide qualitative and quantitative data. Based on these studies, efficient target communication strategies can be developed, as well as ways to promote men’s and women’s participation in anti-corruption activities.

The gender composition of the staff of state anti-corruption bodies shows certain imbalances, as men prevail in managerial positions. At the same time, anti-corruption civil society movements are characterized by greater gender balance among activists and circles of influence. Most representatives of the anti- corruption movement surveyed in this study recognized the need to integrate gender issues into the programming and implementation of anti-corruption measures. Polled activists also agreed that the measures proposed by modern gender policies could contribute to increasing the effectiveness of several initiatives. They can fight against corruption, especially in regard to observing gender quotas in the national election process, raising citizen awareness of anti-discrimination legislation and advocacy options for their own rights in the event of discrimination, and the implementation of information campaigns to change traditional gender stereotypes and combat sexism. Measures such as the introduction of gender quotas for leadership positions, the development of

56 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN Conclusion

women's leadership, support for grassroots initiatives of women's organizations, and the introduction of gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) at all levels received somewhat less support among activists. The low level of support of gender-responsive budgeting may indicate a lack of awareness of civil activists regarding the content and benefits of this concept, as in international practice GRB is considered the most effective tool for ensuring fair distribution of outcomes of economic development and participatory approaches to budget- planning. In turn, participatory budgeting addresses the interests of all social and demographic groups of the population and contributes to increasing the accountability and transparency of the use of budget funds. Under the support of international organizations, initiatives currently being implemented in Ukraine to introduce GRB and raise awareness among anti-corruption activists about its capabilities at the local and national level should be considered an important way to strengthen the capacity of their organizations and associations.

In general, the integration of gender issues in anti-corruption measures and policies involves implementing a series of transparent recommendations related to the use of gender-disaggregated data in the planning, monitoring and evaluation of programs, conducting case studies on the gender aspects of corruption to fill in current information gaps, and ensuring gender parity among members of the anti-corruption movement and officials of state bodies authorized to fight corruption. It is equally important to conduct a structural analysis of the issue of gender discrimination, as its manifestations are conditioned by institutional factors and aggravated by the impact of corruption. The proper conditions for the introduction of structural changes to reduce gender inequality in society are currently being formed in the midst of systemic reforms taking place in Ukraine. The issues of strengthening human rights protection, raising awareness among the population on interrelated instruments for combating discrimination, ensuring the rule of law, and combating corruption still remain unresolved. In the context of gender development, the gradual transformation of gender stereotypes and the formation of guidelines for the impartial and equal treatment of women and men in various spheres of society is of the utmost importance. The systematic implementation of these measures will increase the effectiveness of the fight against corruption and heed to the interests and needs of all members of the population, both women and men.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 57 58 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN ANNEXES

ANNEX А. PERCEPTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEMS IN UKRAINE TO BE ADDRESSED BY THE GOVERNMENT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF RESPONDENTS OF THE GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER SURVEY, 2016.

Problems Men, % Women, %

Economics 71 67

Corruption / bribery 52 58

Health 45 50

Political instability and security 35 33

Unemployment 29 28

Crime 23 25

Education 23 23

Environment 10 8

Transport, roads, infrastructure 9 7

Immigration 1 1

Source: calculated according to the Global Corruption Barometer survey, 2016

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 59 Annexes

ANNEX B. VALUES OF UKRAINIAN CITIZENS CONCERNING CORRUPTION: GENDER DIFFERENCES

Statements Men, % Women, %

If the salaries of public employees are increased 36 39 substantially, they will not take bribes

Bribery is an integral part of the Ukrainian mentality 68 66

All people must follow laws, even those they consider 69 70 unfair

If an issue can be solved by paying off a public employee, most people in Ukraine will try to take advantage of this 74 72 opportunity

I am willing to report cases of corruption I have become 48 44 aware of

Ordinary citizens can also refuse to abide by laws if high 32 32 ranking officials also ignore them

The salary of public workers is so low they simply have to 43 43 accept unofficial payments for their services

People offering a bribe should be held equally 68 68 accountable as people accepting a bribe

I am willing to join a protest against local corrupt officials 48 42

I will not receive any services, such as medical aid or 60 60 higher education, unless I give bribes

Corrupt officials should be removed from office 94 94

Source: KIIS (2015). The state of corruption in Ukraine. Comparative analysis of nationwide studies: 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2015: 68 p.

60 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN Annexes

ANNEX С. RESPONSES TO THE QUESTION “DID YOU OR ANY MEMBER OF YOUR HOUSEHOLD MAKE AN UNOFFICIAL PAYMENT OR GIFT WHEN USING THESE SERVICES OVER THE PAST 12 MONTHS?”, % of respondents who have used the respective services

Receive public Interaction with Request official Go to court for education (primary the road police documents a civil matter Countries or secondary) men women men women men women men women Armenia 22 22 8 5 0 13 27 5 Azerbaijan 34 32 16 15 28 0 20 17 Belarus 12 28 5 6 0 7 14 22 Bulgaria 11 17 0 4 0 7 10 5 Czech Republic 3 3 5 4 0 0 3 5 Estonia 1 0 1 1 0 0 4 3 Georgia 2 4 6 8 0 12 1 8 Hungary 3 4 0 3 0 14 6 7 Kazakhstan 51 41 16 21 29 34 16 17 Kyrgyzstan 47 48 25 22 30 41 11 14 Latvia 12 8 2 0 0 5 4 4 Lithuania 7 5 2 0 6 0 0 8 Moldova 46 28 20 12 33 8 23 23 Poland 6 3 0 1 0 5 3 2 Romania 12 6 3 6 14 0 20 27 Russia 30 17 18 6 0 14 36 23 Slovakia 5 5 5 9 19 8 1 2 Tajikistan 62 68 49 45 55 24 24 27 Turkey 0 17 10 13 25 19 12 20 Ukraine 28 38 20 24 15 31 41 34 Uzbekistan 13 21 3 4 0 0 9 18 Total 16 15 8 7 11 9 9 9

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 61 Annexes

Receive medical Request Request Receive public treatment in the unemployment other social security education (vocation) Countries public health system benefits benefits men women men women men women men women Armenia 0 0 19 21 4 2 16 7 Azerbaijan 24 26 25 40 38 53 32 35 Belarus 9 10 17 18 2 4 3 4 Bulgaria 20 12 16 16 0 4 4 4 Czech Republic 0 5 8 9 3 0 4 2 Estonia 0 0 3 6 0 0 2 3 Georgia 13 21 4 3 26 22 18 6 Hungary 0 5 23 21 3 2 6 3 Kazakhstan 20 25 22 19 33 32 23 18 Kyrgyzstan 25 22 23 29 10 20 13 19 Latvia 0 0 14 11 4 2 0 1 Lithuania 15 6 22 25 2 4 5 0 Moldova 27 37 44 41 12 3 14 3 Poland 10 1 7 6 0 0 0 8 Romania 8 14 33 33 0 11 0 0 Russia 17 31 31 21 0 10 0 8 Slovakia 6 1 9 12 0 5 0 5 Tajikistan 49 39 46 46 44 60 17 0 Turkey 10 23 9 15 18 24 5 18 Ukraine 33 27 31 35 6 13 5 7 Uzbekistan 6 21 17 16 16 11 8 5 Total 11 11 15 15 7 8 7 6

Source: calculated according to the Global Corruption Barometer survey, 2016.

62 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN Annexes

ANNEX D. SHARE OF RESPONDENTS WHO ENCOUNTERED INFORMAL PRACTICES IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, DEPENDING ON GENDER, %

Secondary Higher Educational Kindergarten Manifestations of corruption education education courses men women men women men women men women Significant additional non-official expenses (personally for employees, tutors or teachers for tuition, student 10 8 13 9 26 18 17 8 accommodations, etc.) of UAH 300 and more Obligatory charitable contributions (for repairing buildings, purchasing 72 65 73 72 28 20 0 18 equipment, etc.) Forced acquisition of textbooks or other publications by teachers as a 7 5 19 19 28 27 0 8 condition for obtaining a grade or passing an examination Inexpensive gifts (up to UAH 300) for lecturers, teachers and educators in 44 43 39 38 27 23 5 17 exchange for their services Use of personal ties, acquaintances (nepotism) to resolve certain issues, 6 4 3 4 15 9 4 0 obtain benefits, get higher grades, etc.

Source: calculated based on GfK survey data in 2017.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 63 Annexes

ANNEX Е. SHARE OF RESPONDENTS WHO GENERALLY AGREE WITH STATEMENTS ABOUT THE WILLINGNESS OF CITIZENS TO FIGHT CORRUPTION, %

In our society it is If I would witness an act I would report a case of generally acceptable for of corruption, I would corruption even if I would Countries people to report a case of feel personally obliged to have to spend a day in corruption they witness report it court to give evidence men women men women men women Armenia 15 16 22 25 17 20 Azerbaijan 37 39 44 41 43 34 Belarus 10 12 9 11 7 7 Bulgaria 16 14 31 27 23 21 Czech Republic 38 33 42 36 31 27 Estonia 34 32 49 48 42 38 Georgia 40 49 34 42 30 32 Hungary 14 12 21 22 18 20 Kazakhstan 27 24 36 30 29 28 Kyrgyzstan 49 49 45 46 44 44 Latvia 39 41 51 47 39 35 Lithuania 16 15 37 37 26 22 Moldova 31 35 35 38 30 30 Poland 23 24 39 33 30 28 Romania 42 38 45 35 40 32 Russian Federation 14 18 18 19 12 14 Slovakia 23 20 21 20 17 14 Tajikistan 26 25 30 29 25 23 Turkey 63 66 65 58 62 63 Ukraine 11 11 18 13 16 14 Total 36 35 41 37 34 31

Source: calculated according to the Global Corruption Barometer survey, 2016

64 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN Annexes

ANNEX F. CORRUPTION PRACTICES WHEN CONDUCTING BUSINESS DEPENDING ON THE GENDER OF THE TOP MANAGER OF THE COMPANY, %

Ukraine Europe and Central Asia

Indicator top manager top manager top manager top manager is is is is female male female male Bribery incidence (percent of firms experiencing at 51 50 14 13 least one bribe payment request) Bribery depth (% of public transactions where a gift or 49 44 11 10 informal payment was requested) Percent of firms expected to give gifts in meetings with 48 51 11 10 tax officials Percent of firms expected to give gifts to secure N/A 99 28 22 government contract Value of gift expected to secure a government contract N/A 15 1 2 (% of contract value) Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get an 44 32 11 12 operating license Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get an import 23 44 11 9 license Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get a 76 73 21 19 construction permit Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get a water 14 17 11 8 connection Percent of firms expected to give gifts to public officials 88 70 21 17 "to get things done" Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get an N/A 28 17 12 electrical connection Percent of firms identifying corruption as a major 28 40 21 20 constraint to doing business Percent of firms identifying the courts system as a 3 5 6 6 major constraint to doing business

Source: calculated based on the findings of the World Bank enterprises survey, 2013.

Note: statistics derived from less than or equal to five firms are displayed with an «N.A.» to maintain confidentiality of respondents. This data should be distinguished from missing values.

CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 65 Annexes

ANNEX G. DISTRIBUTION OF ANSWERS OF POLLED EXPERTS* ON REASONS AND MOTIVES ENCOURAGING WOMEN OR MEN TO GET INVOLVED IN ANTI-CORRUPTION ACTIVITIES, %

Mainly Representatives of both Reasons behind anti-corruption activities Mainly men women sexes equally More sensitive to any manifestation of injustice in 48 4 48 society More affected by the consequences of corruption 19 0 81 More faced with manifestations of business 24 19 57 corruption / corruption in the workplace More faced with manifestations of domestic 43 0 57 corruption Feel more responsibility for the welfare of their families (are involved in the fight against corruption 24 24 52 if it directly affects their families) In general, they have a more active social position in 29 5 67 society More interested in the political and socio-economic 10 57 33 processes taking place in the country More interested in the allocation of resources, 5 43 52 including public finances In higher education institutions, they are more likely 10 29 62 to choose majors needed in anti-corruption activities Consider anti-corruption activities as a profitable and 0 24 76 prestigious form of employment Have more free time 33 19 48

* as part of the survey, members of 21 anti-corruption associations and organizations working in various regions of Ukraine were polled.

66 CORRUPTION IN THE EYES OF WOMEN AND MEN 67 UNDP in Ukraine 1, Klovskiy uzviz Tel.: +38 (044) 253- 93-63 Fax: +38 (044) 253-26 -07 www. ua.undp.org