FaRESTRY LEAVES Official Publication of the Alumni and Student Body • U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna - IN THIS ISSUE
Messages ,Management of Our Forests By M. P. Manahan •....•...... 1 /The Need for a Coordinated Socio-Economic Approach to the Kaingin Problem By C. Balmaceda ...... •• 5 Forest Resources Problems Resulting from Kaingin Practices ...••... 7 By A. de las Alas Water Resources Problems Resulting from Kaingin Practice ...... •. 9 By G. A. Daza Soil Resources Problems Resulting from Kaingin Practice ...... 15 By R. T. Marfori ( The Case for the Kaingineros By R. S. Kearns •••...... •...... •.•. 19 The Role of the Pulp and Paper Industries in the Control of Kaingin By S. Araneta ...•••...... ••••...•• 21 Research on Forest Products, Its Importance in our National Economy By M. R. Monsalud .•...... •...... • 25 Problems of the Economics of Logging and Wood Processing Industry By G. Ponce ...... : ...... • 31 Waste Wood - A Potential Source of Revenue ...... •...... •..• 35 By N. A. Avanzado A Study on the Survival of Wild-Bare-Root Dalingdingan (Hopea Foxworthyi Eml.) Seedlings Stored in Sawdust .....•••.•. 37 By ]. A. Rayos Effects of Pre-showing Treatment of Germination of Bitaog (Callophyllum lnophyllum L,) Seeds ...... •...... ••...... 43 By I. L. Domingo & C. V. Glori Machining Properties of Eight Philippine Hardwoods ...... 49 By E. M. Davis & D. G. Faustino, Sr. Scientific Wood Collection; Its Role in Forest Research and Industry .. 57 By F. N. Tamolang & R. R. Valbuena Papermaking Qualities of White Lauan ...... 63 By ]. 0. Escolano, P. M. Nicolas & E. P. Villanueva Relationship Between Veneer Contents as Determined by Moisture Meter and that by Oven-drying Method ...... •..... 71 By F. B. Tamolang Jr., E. B. Tamolang & R. P. Saraos The Role of Forest Rangers in Forest Conservation ...... •.•... 75 By L. S. Sarmiento FPRI Technical Notes & Highlights ...... • ...... 79-87 Campus Notes •...... •..•...... , . 91 Reforestation Administration Notes ...... • 93 Forestry in the News ...... • 95 From the Mailbag • . • . . • . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . • • . • • . . . • . . . • . • • • • . • . • . . • . • . 99 EDITORIALS ...... • ...... • . • • . . • . . • . . . . . • • • ...... 100 ARBOR WEEK ISSUE Vol. XV No. 2 Compliments of:
LIANGA BAY LOGGING CO., INC.
Producer - Manufacturer - Exporters Philippine Mahogany Logs, Lumber & Veneer First to Establish Continuous Forest Inventory Plots
MAIN OFFICE: CONCESSION: 2nd Floor Makati Bldg. Lianga, Marihatag, Ayala Ave., Makati Oteiza & San Miguel Rizal Surigao del Sur
CABLE ADDRESS: "LIANGABAY MANILA" "LIANGABAY LIANGA"
Wbat is Wortb Wbile?
LET US LAY hold of frienship. In the eternal life shall we not have friends forevermore? I used to think that friendship meant happiness: I have learned that it means discipline. Seek how we may, we shall never find a friend without faults, imperfections, traits and ways that vex, grieve or annoy us. Strive as we will, we our selves can never fully fulfill the ideal of us that is in our friend's mind: we inevitably come short of it. Yet let us not give U!J friendship, though we have found this true. To have a friend is to have a solemn and tender education of. soul from day to day. A friend gives us confidence for life. A friend makes us outdo ourselves. A friend remembers us when we have forgotten ourselves, or neglected ourselves; he takes loving heed of our health, our worlc, our aims, our plans. A friend may praise us, aiul we are not embarrassed; he may rebuke us, aiul we are not angered. If he be silent, we understaiul. It takes a great soul to be a true friend - a larse, catholic, steadfast aiul loving spirit. One must forgi";e much, forget much, forbear much. It costs to he a friend, or to have a friend: there is nothing else in life, except motherhood, that costs so much. 11 not only costs time, ajjection, strength, patience, love,-sometimes a man must even lay down his life for his friends. There is no true friendship withou: self-abnegation, self-sacrifice.
Let us be slow to make friends, but, having once made them, let us pray that neither life nor death, misunderstanding, distance nor doubt may ever come between us, let us be self-possessed in friendship. There are so many ways of grieving a friend,-shall we not walk softly before him? Let us be true to friends, and then believe that they are aiul ever will be true to us.
True love never nags it trusts. One of the dearest thoughts to me is this,-that a real friend will nei•er get away from me, or try to. Love does not have to be tethered, either in time or eternity.
-ANNA R. BROWN LINDSAY in "What Is Worth While?" President Diosdado Macapagal plants a golden sh'.J1t·er (Cassia fistulal'during the Tree Planting Actfoi ties at Malacariang grounds highlighting the recent Arbor Week Celebration. Administrator Viado and personnel of the Reforestation Administration look on. The First Ludy Em Ma· r-n.1mgal. plnnting n memo· rial tree ( Saraca lodiastn) at M alacaiiang Grounds. Photo shows Administrator Viado (extreme right) and RA personnel witnessing the ceremonies.
,4d'11ini. Gloria Macapa $al does her bit in the tree plant· ing while the 1"irst Lady ( e xt r e m e left\ and Admi nistrator V i a d o (partly covered by Gloria\ and other RA 0 'ficials a n d employees look on...... '• a emu of tlfe 'rnibent of t11e 'lplippinn This year's observance of Arbor Week provides us with an excellent opportunity to bring into focus the value of trees to our daily lives and the urgent need of preserving our nation's forest wealth. Our forests constitute one of the greatest natural treasures of our nation, a treasure we can translate into economic benefits for our people. Among others, they help provide food, fuel and shelter for our people. For this reason, I appeal to our people to take the steps necessary for conserving this treasae of ours in order that we and those to come after us will always be able to avail of the blessings offered by our forests. tQ(I I ., j ""~ --/ @ffice of t~e Jiu freaihent of tip Jltflippi118 Jftal•n&itaits I convey greetings to the alumni and student body of the U. P. College of' Porestry on the occasion of the publication of the, Arbor ,foek issue of the .t'Lil..C:::.>'f The importance of the properly trained Fbrester in our nation~l life cannot he over-emphasized. lluring t;ese past few years, we have beeh witness to the alarning depletion of the wealth that is in our co;.,ntry' s timberlands. \le have seen the wanton destruction of our forests and the calamities and disasters that have come as a conse~uence. I would, therefore, avail myself of this opportunity to inject a sense of urgency into the minds of those who have passed through the portals of the U. P. College of Forestry, as well as those who are still within its halls. They have a mission. The}- have a task - the conservati'on of this country's patrimony, the preservation of the vast wealth of fts forests. ~ hl L.AK u .c.L l'.c. A£,: Vice President of the Philippines ~ublit of tqt JqUippine.s @ffice of fqe Jresih.eut of tqe ~.emtfe Yarmeat congratulations and personal re gard• to the editorial board and staff members of the Forestry Leaves, together with the alum ni and student body of the U.P. College of Po reltry during the celebration of Arbor Yeek this year. The publication of Poreatry leaves ia some thing that baa filled the crying need of a re cord setting publication that ia solely designed to concentrate in one of the most important aa pect of Philippine progreas and deTelopaent - our natural reaources, the wver-green forest. It is indeed a timely venture at this ti•• vhen a lot of our petty farmers destroy acre• of forest to en hance their , unacientific ways. Poreat conserva tion in our country would likely be encouraged thru uaeful information diaaeminated to our people by this medium of comaunication. It ia noteworthy also that more and more of our youth are getting interested in this field of endeaTor if only to preser Te major source of our groas national income necesaary to stabilize our economy. Best wiahea and more power to you on .Arbor Yeek. UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES QuEzoN CrrY OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT MESSAGE It is a pleasure to greet the staff and readers of Forestry Leaves on the occasion of Arbor Week. The occasion should recall the pertinence of the proper means of guaranteeing the natural resources of the nation through scJ.entific techniques and attitudes. The wealth of the nation needs conservation, development, and exploitation; and these tasks are for all generations to assume since we must maintain the national independence through economic strength that is both progressive and consistent. Consequently, we need a vehicle that could disseminate valid attitudes towards our national wealth, in this particular instance, the national wealth that is to be derived from the reserve, as it were, of our natural resources. It is a happy fact that the College of Forestry, University of the Philippines, has precisely this vehicle in the Forestry Leaves. Its mission is to continue to function as a medium of thoughtful discussion of the proper means of increasing our national wealth. As tar as I remember, Arbor Week which used to be ob served only tor one day has been celebrated since I was a little boy. And I do not recall any single celeoration which is worthwhile reaeabering. !his is a sad commentary on the attitude of the bulk ot our citizenry towards the importance ot forest resources in the na tional economy. We mark Arbor Week with gestures thnt are empty. Liter&r7 programs are held in public schools which usually turn out to be occasions for showing off histrionic abilities, Some govern ment officials and civic organizations sponsor tree planting rites with eyes not on the seedling being planted but on the camera. Ins tead ot looking after the seedlings planted, they look long with utmost delight at the pictures published in the IIl!Wspapers. !he obsession of the administration under President Maca- pagal is the achievement of positive results. Our President himself has strongly advocated the effective protection, proper conservation and wise utilization of the forests. Porest conservation and reforesta tion are among the five projects under his socio-economic program. In the Bureau of Porestry, I have started a massive program of accelerating action on forest protection and conservation anchored on active public cooperation. No effort on the part of the government can succeed if there is no support and cooperation on the part of the public. Let us, therefore, aake this year's Arbor Week more mean ingful by making every day a forest protection and conservation day. Let us make it a life-time concern. It is everybody's concern. ___}.,~~.;o ~ -\ Acting Director of Porestry REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES l>EPABTMERT OF AGBICULTtJBE AND NATUll.AL REsoUBCES REFORESTATION ADMINISTRATION VISAYAS AVE., DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY In reply. address: TEL. Nos. (GTS): P. 0. Box 2363, MANILA 55-53 55-52 55-51 MESSAGE Arbor Week observance which falls from July 19 to 25 this year, has always been an occasion to inculcate upon the minds of the youth the love of trees and to remind the adults that trees are essential to the well-being of the nation. No matter for what purpose - whether for aesthetic, comfort, protection or economic, trees are sound investment. The country has now a backlog of more than 1. 4 million hectares and every year thousands of hectares of virgin forests are made bare by kaifigin-making, indiscriminate logging and other illegal clearings in the forests. Reforest ation, due to lack of funds, cannot even catch up with the annual forest destruction; and because of this, the people should help the government stop the rampant forest destruc tion and plant the idle lands with trees to minimize the occurrence of floods and erosion during rainy season and lack of water during dry season. Forested mountainsides do not only enhance the growth of agriculture and industries but also make the Philippines a healthier and better place to live in. In this year's Arbor Week, I appeal to the people espe cially to those residing near forest lands to rally behind the government's efforts to conserve the forests and restore the utility of bare lands through reforestation. ~E·~~..;: Administrator ARDCR if.i!:ZK ~IESSAGZ Trees are the greatest and the most indispensable friend and protector or man, without which man cannot live. From the day a man is born he lives, crawls and walks in houses, rides in automobiles, boats and airplanee, made of lumber. At his death, he is laid in a coffin made of wood. Trees make the forests which :;ive us beautiful landscapes, ~egulate rainfall, stabilize the climate and economy of the nation as ,yell as the sanity of the people. Forest has been, and will forever be a provider in time of hun~r and a refuge in time of danger. The w~ek endin6 with the last Saturday of July each year is declared Arbor ~leek, dedicated to t!1e 0 love, ap;.>reciation and care or trees. ;!;very citizen, the schools, :;overnr.1ent offices and civic or .;nnizations are enjoined to observe tilis week with appropriate pro:;r•rn• and the actual plnntin:; of trees in the yards, parlts, public plazas and denuded areas. :>.irin~ this week, we pay tribute, and reiterate our pled:;e of love and appreciation, to these mute and silent companion and friend, the tree. I-lay Arbor Jeek this year remind us a.;ain with rene,ved enthusiasm to our great responsibility in the conservation of our natural re.sources -- the ~sand the wildlife. / ./ ~" ~~~fr:r~--- 'Jirector .Parks and ~fildlife Office ~niuersitu nf tqe Jqilippint• COLLEGE OF FORESTRY COLLEG•, LAGUNA My dear Fellow Alumni, Om long felt need for a MEMORABILIA to record the eeents and achievements of our Alma Mater and the accomplishments of the alumni for the past fifty years will soon be rea!ized. You will recall that the idea of the MEMORABILIA to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of the College of Forestry teas conceived in 1960. The plan was to pub Ush the MEMORABILIA within a year's time. Advertisements tcere secured and endorse ments and commitments were made by many alumni. In fact, there is 2. Send us your latest bust picture (a black and white print if possib~e. and be sure to write on the back your full name and the year you graduated). 3. Request the other alumni working in your office, in your station or your district to send in t1ieir information sheet and pictures; and 4. Pass the request ti.so to the other alumni not now connected with the Government but whom you may have some contact. Deadline is N0t;ember 31, 1964. But do not wait fOI' the deadline. Submit your perso nal sheet and picture now. Do your share and we a1S11re you we u;ill do ours. Thank you. Very truly yours, ~E~R;~Muco .. " Dean Management Of Our by Forest* SEI'\ATOR MA1'UEL P. MANAHAN From the four corners of the world, the Six million trees were planted by the army descendants of the Wandering Jew have in commemoration of the six million Jews come back to a land which fittingly illus killed by the Nazis in Germany. I noticed trates the words of the Bible as the abomi the trees grow even on rocky terrain. The nation of desolation. This was the land that physical effect of such a tremendous pro the scouts of Moses had described as a land ject was the lowering of the temperature to flowing with milk and honey. The Hebrews several degrees. The moral effect on the overran the land of Canaan forsaking their world was another affirmation of the Miracle stark old desert way of life and setting in of Faith-the accomplishment of the im fertile growing land and with wealth estab possible. lish new standards of social distinctions sharp I was reminded of the contrast prevail ened by the craving for luxuries. And so from ing in our country today. After seeing the a hardy simple people whose morals were cor aforested area of Jerusalem I asked our guide: respondingly stern, the new fashions they "What is the penalty for cutting down a adopted made them lax as a people, natural tree?" Our guide was shocked by my ques preys to succeeding waves of conquerors tion. Our driver who was listening practical whose armies trampled down this 'natural ly turned to stare at us. But our guide soon bridge situated between Europe, Asia and recovered and said: "But that is unthink Africa. The modern Jew guided by the les able. No one would ever think of cutting sons of history has transformed deserts into down a tree here." With this remark, I re orchards in an area described as a mere membered our denuded forests knowing how crumb of a homeland no larger than the careless and thoughtless we are as a people province of Samar. The world toda.s wit with regard to our national patrimony. A nessed a series of modern miracles in the kainginero will not even bat an eyelash cut land of ancient miracles. From desert land, ting down forests trees which four men can orchards now produce a yearly. Hills that hardly embrace. For that matter neither do had been barren for thousands of years, to our millionaire loggers bat an eyelash in their day have been aforested. Skeptics who have haste to overload Japanese ships to enrich considered miracles as the swaddling clothes themselves at the expense of denuded for of infant churches could also interpret the ests - the direct causes of desolation. miracles of modern Israel as the inspiration for many of today's emerging nations. I had I have long considered the situation of the opportunity to tour Israel when I at our forests a problem as serious as the other tended the Second Rehovoth Conference last matters of state that are, at the moment, oc August. An inspiring sight in Jerusalem is the cupying the attention of our national leaders. immense green belt that covers its mountains. Your conference must serve to focus pub 0 Speech delivered by Senator Manuel P. Mana lic attention on the general state of our for han before the National Conference on the Kaingin ests. I hope that it will move our govern Problem on March 12-13, 1964, at the Philippine Columbian Club. ment and our people to act against a prac- ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 1 tice that has already laid waste five and a tion of around 30 million, this would give half million hectares of our forests, and is less than half a hectare of forest land for still going on at an alarming rate of more every Filipino. For a developing country than 40,000 hectares every year. But the ka that is only on the take off stage towards ingin problem, I believe, is only one aspect industrialization, it is tragic that the Phil of the wasteful mismanagement of Philip ippines has fallen way below the world ave pine forestry. rage of 1.6 hectares per capita. Our forestry practices, as I see it, seem Consider the following. Japan has near to be based on a policy of abundance. Year ly 1 hectare per capita, more than twice as after year, the Philippines ranks among the much as the Philippines. The United States top exporters of timber to the international has a little less than 2 hectares per capita, market. We allow indiscriminate logging and around four times as much as the Philip kaingin to level an annual average of 172,000 pines. Yet the tragedy is that we continue hectares, of which only 35,000 are being re exporting raw lumber and timber of these forested. As a nation, have we really appre countries. ciated our national patrimony of forest Already nature has been giving us dis wealth? tinct warnings of the disaster that follows We have presumed all along that our deforestation. natural resources are inexhaustible. We are Five years ago, a renowned forestry ex still laboring from that colonial mentality pert, Tom Gill, issued the warning that our of letting the colonizer extract the wealth forests are being destroyed faster than any of our land only to be sent to the markets country in the world. of the world. Madariaga has said that we are colonies of our government and in the As Tom Gill prognosticated: same view we can add that we are colonies "Throughout the world, history has am of some of our present type of businessmen ply proved that the removal of forests from and entrepreneurs who are busy creating mil non-agricultural lands is usually followed by lions for themselves at the expense of our na soil deterioration, erosion, silting, and floods tional patrimony. Before we attained state and, if spread over sufficiently wide areas, hood, the colonizers extracted wealth from renders the land unsuitable for human oc our natural resources and sent these to the cupancy." mother country to be processed into finished According to surveys conducted by the products thereby giving employment to the Bureau of Public Works, the annual ave colonizer's labor force. Today, in spite of our rage denuded caused by floods due to de sovereign status, our businessmen and entre forestation and other causes has jumped neurs have inherited the same colonial men within the last five years from P40 million tality of extracting the wealth of the national to P50 million. In the Pampanga river basin patrimony to be exported to other nations alone, the yearly damage is P8.5 million; and to be processed by alien laborers at the in Agno Valley and in Cotabato, floods claim expense of our industrialists and our ever an annual toll of P2.5 million. Floods in increasing unemployed. Agusan and Davao occur with frightening regularity and destruction every year. These Let us take a stock of our forest re property losses do not include the tremen sources. dous human suffering inflicted on the flood According to the Bureau of Forestry, as victims. Neither can they now reflect in of last year, we have a total forest land terms of pesos the erosion that diminishes area of 13,171,000 hectares. For a popula- the productivity of the land. Page ;! FORESTRY LEAVES Droughts, on the other hand, have been I do not agree that the responsibility is blamed for our perennial rice crisis. This year, the government's alone-that huge amount the National Economic Council in certify of money should be appropriated to main ing a rice shortage gave as the main reason tain enough guards to protect all our forest the drought in the rice granaries of Central areas. I believe that the responsibilty in Luzon. So this year we are again spending guarding the forest must be shared by the hundreds of millions of pesos for rice im concessionaries. It is they who derive tre portations. In the meanwhile, it may be ask mendous wealth from the national heritage ed, what is the government doing about all of every Filipino - man, woman and child these? of this generation and generations yet un born. In the pending budget for the current year, the Executive proposed only Pl2 mil Under the selective cutting regulations lion for the Bureau of Forestry, P14 mil enforced, only trees of at least 80 centime ters in diameter plus one-third of those of lion for the Reforestation Administration, and between 60 and 70 centimeters are cut. The a little less than Pl million for the Parks rest of the woods are preserved to grow for and Wildlife Office. These amount to only subsequent cuttings. Usually the loggers find P27 million proposed for forestry manage it more profitable to get a new concession, ment and reforestation. And yet last year a rather than wait for a second cutting. Some Calamity Fund amounting to Pl4 million was how they always manage to acquire new spent for the relief and rehabilitation of ones so they move out of their previous con flood victims in Mindanao as well as the re cession. This is where the kaingineros al pair and reconstruction of damaged public most always come in. They enter the logged works, as a result of the floods due to de over area with the way already cleared for forestation. them by the trail left by loggers' trucks and Some quarters have centered the blame tractors. on the kaingin and the kaingineros. But Gentlemen, I think we should not be too let's face it. hasty in casting most of the blame on the There are loggers who turn out worse kaingineros. To many of them, that is the than the kaingineros. In their desire to get only way they know to make a living. On rich quickly, they do not bother to put up our logged-over lands, may I propose a re adequate equipment, but instead practice in medy to this particular problem. The res discriminate cutting to acquire the most pro ponsibility for preventing kaingin must be squarely placed on the loggers. It is only fit with the least investment. The genuine fair since the concessionnaires derive the kaingineros take to the forest to eke out a benefits from these lands. The Bureau must living. These loggers destroy the forests to see to it that all forest grantees guard their amass fortunes at the expense of our national areas from kaingin. Those who fail to com wealth. Worse, many of them are absentee ply with his measure should be barred from loggers. After acquiring a license, they let renewing their grants. Some progressive log unqualified persons, usually aliens, make use gers are already setting the example. of their concessions for a consideration. The problem is that the Bureau of Fo As for loggers who observe selective restry and the Department of Agriculture cutting, they must take it their responsibi and Natural Resources have been so liberal lity to guard their concessions even after in granting logging concessions that it seems cutting the trees to pre.vent kaingineros we are following a Forest policy of abun from destroying what they left behind. dance of forest resources. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 3 As of June 30, 1963, according to the There are over one thousand holders of Bureau, the government has disposed of a forest grants, but those in the business on total of 1,189 concessions, of which 29 are a big-scale are few in number. Among them license agreements and 1,160 are ordinary is a new batch of millionaires who are real timber licenses. These grants cover 6.6 mil ly the ones profiting from the rampant des lion hectares, an area that is more than 80 truction of our forests. per cent of our remaining 8.2 million hec Their only investment is political in tares of commercial forests. Many of these fluence-through which they are able to get outstanding licenses are renewals. fabulous releases of thousands of hectares of You will get an idea of the prodigality precious forests. And with their increasing of the government in doling out licenses by millions, they succeed in further consolidat just considering what happened in the one ing their political hold over our forestry year period between 1962 and 1963. Accord agencies. Already some of them are entrench ing to the figures of the Bureau of Forestry, ed in high government circles, even sitting as of June 30, 1962, the area covered by in official deliberations that lay down forest licenses and agreements amounted to 6.6 policy. More than the kaingineros, these pri million hectares of our then 9.3 million com vileged few are the ones responsible for the mercial forests. It may be noted that in one merciless squandering of our timber wealth. year the area opened to loggers even in They are the ones who, even in the face of creased by some 40,00 hectares as against an already critical shortage of forest lands, a decrease of over 1 million hectares of are badgering the government to open more commercial forests in that year. forests to their destructive exploitation. Unless we put an immediate stop to this In one year alone, mismanagement of wasteful mismanagement of our forests, we our forests caused an incalculable loss of would be bequeathing a wasteland to our over 1 million hectares of commercial fo future generations. In view of the desolate rests. state of our forests today, it is imperative What accounts for the rapid depletion that we consider our entire forest practices. of our commercial forests? The speakers who have preceded me have The answer is the fact that we are con concentrated on that aspect of the problem sistently exporting our timber and lumber involving kaingin and kaingineros. materials to Japan, the United States and I have focused your attention tonight on other countries almost all of which have the other aspect of the problem, that involv many times more forest resources per ca ing the loggers, to give you the entire pic pita than the Philippines. Lately our wood ture. With this perspective in mind, it is my exports have shown fantastic increases. In sincere hope that this conference would come fiscal year 1962, the total was 'P'500 million. up with recommendations to solve our fo In the face of our rapid deforestation, rest crisis. I am sure Congress will be very it is high time we ask: are these huge ex eager to consider whatever remedial legisla portations truly economic? tion you may propose along with the other bills on forestry now pending in the Senate. It is significant to note that the United For my part, I would like to submit the States, Japan and Germany - the most fo following for your consideration: rest-conscious nations of the world - would First, the Bureau of Forestry should stop rather import than topple their own trees. issuing new concessions while we re-examine It may also be proper to ask: Who are the entire problem; really profiting from these exportations? (Continued on page 6) Page ~ FORESTRY LEAVES PAPER INDUSTRIES CORPORATION OF THE PHILIPPINES GENERAL MANAGERS: A. SORIANO Y CIA. SORIANO BLDG.,PASEO DE ROXAS, MAKATI, RIZAL P.O. BOX- 942-MANI LA !------~------Compliments of: Compliments of: Desiderio Dalisay Borre Logging Investments, Inc. Enterprises OFFICES: Juan P. Cabaguio Avenue Agdao, Davao City MANILA OFFICES: Davao City 704 Don Santiago Building Taft Avenue, Manila ------~------ Compliments of- Compliments of- NORTH MOUNTAIN SAWMILL BOSQUIT LOGGING Pansian, Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte ENTERPRISES Producer of quality lumber JUAN TANPOCO, SR. Davao City Manager Compliments of- Compliments of - EL CID SAWMILL CO., LTD. PULANGI TIMBER Pasaleng, Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte CORPORATION Timber Producer - Exporter Cotabato RIZAL A. TIU CID Manager The Need for a Coordinated Socio-Economic Approach to by CORNELIO BALMACEDA the Kaingin Problem Secretary of Commerce & Industry 0 Dean Zamuco, droughts that render them barren and use Delegates to the Conference, less. The wanton cutting of trees in our fo Ladies and Gentlemen: rests can only lead to the eventual exhaus tion of our forest resources unless the pro I appreciate the opportunity afforded me by this conference to participate in the dis per steps are taken in time to stop the prac cussion of an important national problem. tice. At the outset, I wish to congratulate the Ge There have been anti-kaingin campaigns neral Forestry Committee for its initiative in launched in the past. Some measures have calling this conference in order to stimulate been adopted to protect and conserve our thinking and a free exchange of ideas on the forests, as for instance, the enactment of Re kaingin problem. The deliberations in the public Act No. 3701 which prohibits any two-day meetings will no doubt serve to fo form of destruction of public forest areas. cus public attention on the dangers arising Moreover, the government, through its fo from the kaingin practices and can lead to restry agencies, has launched campaigns for the adoption of appropriate measures to the preservation of our forests and adopted solve the problem. punitive measures against illegal kaingin and It is well known that kaingin is causing other forms of forest destruction. The Bureau immense destruction of our public forests of Public Schools has likewise assisted by with great loss to the national wealth and disseminating continuously information and natural resources. It is estimated that around educational literature against the havoc of 60,000 kaingineros in the country are denud kaingin. The Philippine ARMY and consta ing our forests at the annual rate of 172,000 bulary have cooperated with forest officers hectares representing an annual loss of in apprehending illegal kaingineros. Our around ?35 million. Even more serious than courts have also cooperated in the prosecu this loss in the national wealth are the des tion of forest offenders in deciding as soon tructive results of kaingin: the destructive as practicable cases filed by forest officers. floods that have plagued the denuded areas, Simultaneously, the government has under destroying crops as well as homes and pro taken a reforestation program designed pri perties and threatening the lives of the peo marily to restore forests that have been de ple living in the vicinity. nuded. An attendant effect of deforestation is soil erosion which destroys our watersheds But, despite all these measures, kaingin exposing our rich agricultural lands to still exists and continues to pose a serious problem to the country. It is therefore timely 0 Speech delivered at the National Conference that we 5hould consider the various aspects on the Kaingin Problem held at the FilOil Audi torium, Manila, on March 12, 1964. of this problem. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 5 In general the measures adopted by the to help him to settle 1"h with other kaingi government to solve the kaingin problem neros in a settlement project where he and have been purely punitive and remedial. It his group will be able to live with their fa has been mainly a haphazard attempt by milies and pursue a peaceful and productive one or two government agencies when what occupation. This can be made a part of the is required is no less than the coordinated government's resettlement program which efforts of the entire government machinery may be re-examined wtih the view to pro and the people. viding the settlers not only with lands on We have laws to protect our timberlands which to build their homes and the tools and and several anti-kaingin measures what we equipment to produce, but also with some lack is an effective enforcement of these technical guidance to enable them to utilize laws and a public appreciation and realiza their lands more fully and scientifically. tion of the seriousness of the kaingin prob Roads, schools, churches and other essential lem. requirements of a community should also be provided to induce the settlen to stay in the It should be realized and considered that settlement. Adequate and liberal financing kaingin is to the kainginero an occupation assistance should be afforded them so that and a means of livelihod for himself and eveniually they can own the properties his family. This impelling necessity leads which they have acquired by paying them the kainginero to ignore the laws and to dis on easy deferred payments. The success of regard the punitive action, or educational campaigns being launched. He views it evi similar settlements in other countries should dently as a matter of survival. It is such a be studied and such methods as are adopted situation affecting not less than 60,000 ka to local conditions may be introduced. ingineros that has to be met with the pro I hope that the deliberations of this Con per solution. ference will bring about a clearer under Some assistance is necessary to bring the standing of the kaingin problem in all its kainginero as a law-abiding citizen. One aspects and that effective solutions to the way is to utilize his pioneering spirit and problem will result your deliberations. MANAGEMENT OF OUR .... "Forest history has repeated itself many (Continued from page 4) times in the methods and devices adopt ed by one nation after another. But the Second, renewals of existing licenses forest policy of every country is some should be extended only to loggers who thing of its own making, hammered out comply with all regulations, particularly by the dominant forces in its own envi those on forest conservation and kaingin ronment, incentives, and disciplines. It is prevention; often an expression of national charac Third, forestry education must be extend ter." ed to our people. This is essential, for as a In our case, my friends, what is at stake distinguished forester, Greeley, has said and is not only national character but national I quote: survival. Page 6 FORESTRY LEAVES Forest Resources Problem Resulting by from Kaingin Practices* A~TONIO DE LAS ALAS Mr. Chairman, ladies I shall begin by repeating what perhaps and gentlemen: other speakers would probably touch or what might be considered obvious. Our fo Perhaps kaingin is the most serious prob rest resources constitute the greatest known lem confronting our forest resources today. heritage of the Filipinos notwithstanding ser Howe,·er, my cursory impression was that ious depletion caused by kaingin practices the problem is not big and broad enough and illegal or wasteful logging. This fabu to justify a conference lasting two days. As lous wealth is still estimated to be about there are many speakers I fear that there 962,997,792 cubic meters or about 408,311,- would be quite a great deal of overlapping 946,848 board feet. At the present rate the and repetition in the papers of the different forest charges therefrom can amount to 'P'l,- speakers. The theme assigned to me is "FO 348,196.852.00. The conservative valuation of REST RESOURCES PROBLEMS RE this timber is estimated to be way over thir SULTING FROM KAINGIN PRACTICES". ty-two billion pesos. This vast wealth is now This seems to be broad enough for me to the source of exports constituting the third be able to develop a fairly lengthy disserta largest among the Philippine exports, bring tion but then after me two other speakers ing a great amount of dollars so essential to will follow and their subjects are "WATER the maintenance and stabilization of our RESOURCES RESULTING FROM KAI dollar reserve. The preservation of such NGIN PRACTICES" and "SOIL RESOUR wealth is the unavoidable duty of each and CES PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM KA every Filipino citizen. This is the reason INGIN PRACTICES." These two subjects why the Philippine Lumber Producers' As cover the two principal ramifications 0f sociation has actively and consistently sup ported measures calculated to protect our problems resulting from kaingin practices. I forest resources or to rehabilitate or reforest must confess that I am not so sure as to areas which had been denuded. This is the what other important problems might arise motive why we have given unstinted sup resulting from kaingin practices. I will, how port to the campign against kaingin which ever, endeavour to touch on what could be no doubt has been the most destructive to such other problems without trespassing all the enemies of our forests. When a scien upon the subjects of the speakers scheduled tific research on kaingin was undertaken by for this afternoon and taking into account the College of Forestry, we did not hesitate the multifarious problems and incidents I in contributing though in an insignificant had to deal with since I became President way to the support of that worthy project. of the Philippine Lumber Producers' Asso The policy of the Administration on ka ciation about fifteen years ago. ingin has not always been definite and con 0 Speech delivered by Hon. Antonio de las Alas sistent. There is the policy of land for the at the National Conference on the Kaingin Problem landless advocated very strongly by the late held at the FILOIL Auditorium, Manila on March 12, 1964. President Magsaysay. This is indeed an ideal ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 7 policy as land ownership breeds conserva of the fact that the government derives con tism which rejects discontent and subversion. siderable revenues from the forests. In the But the implementation of this policy even allocation of government funds I certainly went beyond legal bounds. Some persons would give this service top priority. I know had decided to just occupy the forest lands that the Bureau of Forestry has been con and clean or burn the trees thereon. Nah1- sistently asking for more money to protect rally as they had violated the law, they were our forests resources. I do hope that the arrested and accused. In some cases the Congress will not hesitate to appropriate complaints against them were not only or adequate funds for the purpose. In view of dered dismissed but the land cleared by the immensity of the areas involved one of them was ordered given to them. Kaingin the most effective means would be the use practices were thus given official sanction. of helicopter or helicopters to be able to This caused deep concern and general de watch the forests more effectively. moralization among the forest officials and among the lumber people. For quite some There is one thing that the government time the destruction of forests by kaingin can do in this connection. Our association practices continued unabated. Fortunately has been maintaining that what should be the policy of land for the landless no longer done first is to delimit the forest areas. A authorizes the kaingin method of acquiring law for this purpose was approved but its land. There was also a practice which is si implementation has been rather slow. The milar to kaingin consisting of persons squat work of delimitation must be finished as ting on forest land. Some of the areas affect soon as possible. Once the forest areas are ed had been planted and cared for by the well defined their guarding would be less Bureau of Forestry officials as a reforesta complicated. Our association has offered to tion project. This also caused untold discour help in this work by cooperating in the de agement on the part of the forest officials limitation of forest areas covered by their and lumbermen. Fortunately such practice respective concessions. is no longer tolerated. In this work of protection of forest areas In discussing kaingin what should be the lumber people can contribute to a great most important is to consider methods to extent. The concessionaires themselves can suppress such pernicious practice. The best take care of the guarding of their respective means of course is for the government to areas but for this purpose certain fundamen guard the forest lands. This is a most diffi Lal changes should be made in granting fo cult task as the areas involved are quite rest concessions. The present practice of large and far apart. The Bureau of Forestrv granting the forests for short periods of time does not have enough guards for the pu; ranging from one to five years is not con pose. The services of the Constabulary and ducive to more effective participation on of the local and police officials have been the part of the concessionaires in this work enlisted, but generally speaking this has not of protection. The concessions must be for been a success. The Constabulary people are a much longer period, say twenty-five years. too few and on the other hand the local and If a concessionaire is assured of the posses police officials are more or less influenced sion of the forest lands for a good number by the politicians and by personal and lo of years, he certainly will do his best to pro cal considerations. This is, however, a most tect the forest covered by his concession. important function of the government. Tak Concessionaires of one or two years are not ing into consideration the value of the wealth interested at all in protecting the forests in to be protected a large appropriation for their areas. guards is fully justified, especially in view (Continued on page 24) Page 8 FORESTRY LEAVES SAN~ ~IJ.:.1:1.:.~ PLYWOOD . . . preferred by tlw discriminating a n d the practical. throuµ:h the vears . . . guaran teed. to last 1i1e life of Your home and offic~. ------ The Forestry Technology Building Compliments of: Compliments of: Sarmiento Enterprises Inc. R. Magsaysay Avenue, Davao City Santiago Rafael 0. T. Licensee General Manager of: L. S. Sarmiento & Co., Inc. SARBRO & Co., Inc. Plaridel Lumber Co., Inc. Vitarich Feed Mill Address: Angat, Bulacan Location of Area - Bagabag, Diffun Telephone Nos. Nueva Vizcaya 388-R 0 1210 ° 169 ° 739-J Compliments of: Compliments of: Mountain Sawmill Co. Maddela Sawmill Co. Diffun, Nueva Vizcaya San Agustin Isabe la JULIAN TIEU Location of Area: Diffun, N. Vizcaya Manager Water Resources Problems by G. A. DAZA Resulting from Kaingin National Power Board President and Chief Scout Practice Boy Scouts of the Philippinnes When your committee came to invite me tershed. Better said, and more specifically to this conference and later disclosed my stated, we want to arrest from further da assigned theme on the program, my first re mage the green areas of the watershed, and action was of a mild surprise and wonder, at the same time undertake to replace with by what chain of circumstances the com new trees the denudation that has played mittee has come to honor me, professionally a criminal havoc in this section of our fo incompetent as I feel, I am, to sit with a rests. And the problem in capital letters, is group of our top technologists in forest con the KAINGIN. servation. After recovering from the initial I am not going to delve on the damag surprise, and on second thought, I felt flat ing effects of kaingin in the conservation of tered at the distinction, and my deep per our forests, and its direct resultant effect sonal interest in the problem compelled me of erosion that brings flood, and washes to accept the invitation, because of an in away the valuable fertile top soil; but I will ner urge in my curious mind to expose my discuss the very important element to us in self to any remedial methods and procedures the corporation in the resulting silting in that I may pick up from more competent our lake reservoirs that feed our turbines authorities on the subject, to help us in the with water. Silting will eventually reduce National Power Corporation to find an ex the water reserve capacity in our lakes, thus pedient solution in protecting the watershed jeopardizing the energy . load factor of our of the Agno river, where we operate at pre turbines during the dry season. With an sent two hydro-electric plants, and because extensive open areas burned by kaingin in in our scheduled power program, we intend the watershed, "run off" waters will neces to further utilize its water potentials with sarily cause less water flow on the tributary additional plants down stream. springs that discharge its waters to the ri ver. The National Power has a total invest ment of the people's money in the plants of All these facts, I am sure, constitute a Ambuklao and Binga, in the stupendous famili~r subject of mental tribulation to us sum of 237 million pesos, installed at the all, and I fervently hope that during this favorable rate of 2 pesos to a dollar. Con conference we can arrive at a concrete con verted this amount to the current rate of centrated and coordinated conclusions that exchange, both plants are now worth 95 will result in a long range educational pro million pesos more in our books, or a total gram to arrest and cure this evil curse di of 332 million pesos. You will therefore un rected to the very heart of our national pat derstand how gravely the water potentials trimony. We, at the National Power, offer of the Agno from all elements that may ad in this paper, a suggestion to minimize the versely affect the conservation of its wa- principal social cause of what we think is a ARBOfi WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 9 way of life reflecting the mental attitude of tant mountains and ranges, and by the co the primitive people in the forest areas. lor of the smoke, imagine the damage caus ed to living trees. Our concern in this re In my personal experience over the years gard has led us to investigate the possibility that the National Power Board has taken a of using chemicals to be dropped from the very serious outlook at the problem of ka air to kill these fires, and we have written ingin, and in that Board, I have found my to investigate a large chemical company in self constituted as a Committee of one, a the United States to supply us with the ne sort of a knight errant, to plan and propulse cessary information. our efforts to save the watershed of Agno, I found out that in this particular area, and The Agno watershed of our two instal this might also hold true in other areas, the lations of Ambuklao and Binga, is estimat kaingin constitutes a manifestation of a ser ed to comprise of some 950 square kilome ious social problem among our inhabitants ters, and our closest information is that about of the forest areas, and must be approached 40% of this extension, is what you may clas with sympathy and understanding by our sify as critical area - or about 380 square government, through a sensible and realis kilometers, or 38,000 hectares. tic program of education and possible reset tlements. In the Agno, I am told very few To get a close factual information of this are the cases of itenerant gypsy-like far territory that must receive the highest prio mers that burn, cultivate and move on from rity of reforestation work, we requested the one area to another after they find out that services of our air force for a photogram the land is not productive. What we predo metry aerial survey, but the resultant pic minantly have in this watershed are the fa tures taken were not satisfactory for our milies that in addition to their truck garden purpose when we laid out the mosaic, be patches, they raise a few heads of cattle and cause of the defficient technique caused per goats as part of their home economy, an im haps by the variations in course and alti portant element to them that provide the tude of the aircraft. This was to be expected family till with seasonal cash with which to because of the type of plane and equipment meet the necessities of life, such as the used in the survey. We have recently con clothes of the children, etc. tracted a firm that specializes in such aerial surveys, but our application is being held To provide these small herds with grass in the Army for "security reasons." ing fields, they burn the underbrush before the advent of the rains in order to provide a In the absence of a more reliable infor rich carpet of fresh grass and cogon for the mation, we are proceeding with the assump animals, and in the process, burn also the tion that the total critical area of the Agno young trees. waters of Ambuklao and Binga is 38,00 hec tares, and our program of work in coopera Characteristic of my experience, I do not tion with the Reforestation Administration usually ask your field boys for the number is geared to this objective. of seedlings planted in one season in our yearly schedules of planting, but, instead, Our plan in the Corporation with the co I prefer to ask how many seedlings are operation of the R.A. is to undertake this growing and were saved during the year. program with a target of reforesting 10,000 In going to Binga and Ambuklao during the hectares per year, for a period of four ( 4) late summer months, I have often felt a years, to fully cover the entire 38,000 hec certain tinge of frustration when I see from tares with 285 million seedlings; or an ave the road extensive fires burning in the dis- rage yearly planting program of 71 million Page IO FORESTRY LEAVES seedlings. (One hectare = 7500 seedlings; At the end of the fifth year, we would 10,000 hectares = 75 million seedlings. But have 112,500 trees at a total cost of PC).04 in undertaking this project, my Board wish per tree, and at the same time the project es to emphasize the fact that we are in this would have supported the livelihood of a projects as a contributory agency only, and family with the important bonus of a re that the main responsibility of carrying out forested area of 15 hectares at the cost of the total project should be pursued by the P280.00 per hectare. Department of Agriculture and Natural Re sources, with special funds for the purpose. Considering however, the average condi tions of the topography of this area, one fa In my own modest and lay interest in mily may only clear and cultivate 3 hectares discovering available practical solution to per year, and as the cleared and planted undertake a permanent method of reforest area increase from year to year, weeding ing this vast area of the Agno watershed, around the first planted seedlings will need and confronted by the big obstacle that the more attention of the family, in addition of seasonal fires causes, I directed my attention course, to their domestic chores tending their in searching for a possible cause - and laid own patches of camote, corn, etc. At the end my problem before some friends who are of the 5-year period we would have, at least: authorities in social sciences. From these conversations and deductions, I evolved a 22,500 - 5-year old project study which I submitted to the Ho 22,500 - 4-year old norable Secretary of Agriculture and Natu 22,500 - 3-year old ral Resources in June 1962, by which, seed 22,500 - 2-year old lings that are planted for reforestation will 22,500 - I-year old be cared for until they have attained a growth of five years, and at the same time But considering the severe denudation of provide a moderate livelihood for the fami some areas that I have seen, very little clear lies that will care for these plants and there ing will be needed, and one family may ac fore protect them from being burned in a celerate the number of seedlings planted per kaingin. year to more than an average of 3 hectares. The Family-Planting-Project as suggest I was asked what happens to this family ed in this plan, consist in enlisting and as after their tour of duty of the 5-year period? signing to a family a plot of 15 hectares0 The government should assign an agency to where they will plant 112,500 potted seed develop a program of training during the lings ( 7,500 per hectare) to be provided by 5-year period with a practical line of cot the Reforestation Administration. During the tage industries. In this region, for example, first year, after they had planted 22,500 seed the mulberry tree thrives well, and it may lings of the total ( 112,500) assigned to them, be possible that this agency can teach them the family will immediately receive a month in the cultivation of cocoons to supply with ly living allowance as follows: silk a cooperative silk weaving industry that may be established in the area. In Thailand, Lit:ing allowance per family per plot we can obtain valuable information on this 1st 12 months at P60.00/month-P 720.00 line. A good many items for the tourist trade 2nd 12 months at P'70.00/month- 840.00 could be produced by these families with 3rd 12 months at P80.00/month- 960.00 4th 12 months at P90.00/month- 1,080.00 materials in the region, say with bamboo. 5th 12 months at PI00.00/month- 1,200.00 Japan has reached a perfection in producing Total-P 4,200.00 with bamboo fancy variety of baskets, hand- ARBOH WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 11 bags, domestic implements and utensils, by can be developed to produced raw materials the simple aid of a hand or electrically ope to feed a small industry by the installation rated machine to split and clean the bamboo. of a plant close-by with the farmers serving This equipment can easily be obtained as partners of a cooperative. from Reparations. Again, such a program You will please note that on the basis must be well studied and manned by com of 38,000 hectares of land of the critical area petent trained men and assured of financial in this watershed, we would need the servi support. ces of 2,533 families to care of an equal num In some of the areas of this project we ber of plots at 15 hectares each. In the struc may direct our attention to some of the fast ture of the average Filipino family in the growing species of recognized industrial va rural areas, one family may perhaps take care lue such as for match sticks, pulp fiber boards of 2 or more contiguous plots. ( Albizzia f alcata-the puting bankal) etc. On the basis of 38,000 hectares, which which yield substantial wood fiber in three in my study I presume uncommitted areas to five years, and I am told would grow of public domain, this project if carried out well in the altitude of this watershed, and in its entirety, there would be at the end of are, in a sense ideal for holding the soil the 5-year period, a total of 285 million grow in the slopes because of its root system that ing trees, at a total cost of P12,218,400 dis grows its own suckers. Such species of trees tributed yearly as follows: 1st year, 2,533 family plots X 'P 720.00 = P 1,823, 760.00 2nd year, 2,533 family plots X 'P 840.00 = P 2,127, 720.00 3rd year, 2,533 family plots X 'P 960.00 = P 2,491,680.00 4th year, 2,533 family plots X 'P'l,080.00 'P 2,735.640.00 5th year, 2,533 family plots x Pl,200.00 = 'P 3,039.600.00 Total in five years ______1"12,218,400.00 The five-year Family Planting Project feature of this plan in addition to its low would result on an average expenditure of cost per hectare in five years, is the very P2,43,680 per year, which is less than one raluable social contribution of providing a percent of the total investment on both Am livelihood to 2,533 families during that per buklao and Binga hydros of P332 million. iod, from among which lurked the presence Being a non-recuring expense, it fits and of a potential kainginero. will enhance the implementation of the Pre During the five-year period of this pro sident's socio-economic program. And I would ject, an intensive sympathetic educational add, a more permanent improvement will campaign should be patiently pursued to edu accrue the people than many of our stray cate these families on the value of our na projects financed by pork-barrel funds. tional forests, and its importance of conser From the simple element of direct cost, rntion with relation to the watersheds, and an average of '.P280.00 per hectare plot, co of the laws that govern the protection of vered with 7,500 growing trees, is decidedly these forests. Knowing as we all do, the strong more economical than our averages of PlOO ties that bind these people to the customs and per hectare, by hiring laborers on the direct traditions of the locality, there will still be planting plan, from which we were lucky if a need of a degree of police supervision to we emerged with a casualty record of not protect these areas from possible "kaingin" more than 30% mortality of the seedlings and this police discipline must be firm, con planted the previous season. But the major stant and continuous. Page 12 FORESTRY LEAVES Stations of Constabulary detachments grateful to Mr. Viado for his assistance in should be spotted along strategic locations securing the services of a technical man that in the reforested areas, not only for police will help me in the implementation of our purposes but for the psychological effect of reforestation and conservation undertakings, conveying the message that the government and in carrying out the development of the will apply stern measures to enforce all safe apitong farm. ty regulations. Simultaneously, strong cam In the Boy Scout Movement, the conser paign of education program by means of a vation of our natural resources, particularly radio station in Baguio should be used to the plant and wildlife, are a continuous pro reach these inhabitants by means of tran ject pursued in our Program, and I pledge sistor radio receivers provided for every com the human resources of our membership of munity. 445,000 boys and scouters all over the Phil Our Kaingin laws, if properly enforced ippines to support a national coordinated are adequate to solve the evils resulting from plan of protection and conservation of our the careless use of forests. But politics in our forests areas with all the means of our com midst has nullified these laws to a point of mand. becoming impotent; I am told of a case of Specifically, I recommend to the Confer three kaingineros in the cutting area of Basi ence that we identify and recognize the fol lan Lumber Co. who were arrested and lowing elements for a satisfactory solution brought to court. The lawyer of the kaingine of our conservation program of the Country's ros at the time of trial produced an order natural resources: from Malacafiang that postponed the hearing indefinitely and ordered the Company to a) That the problem of kaingin is not a transport back the kaingineros to their res cause per se, but a manifestation of a pective clearings. social problem among our less fortu nate inhabitants in the hinderlands, The National Power Corporation is now who are possessed of the inherent hu engaged in the construction of Angat Hydro man rights to existence and therefore, electric plant which will have a total capa assistance from our Government. city of 218,000 kw., and we are not taking any chances in exposing the watershed of b) That all efforts to protect our forests the waters of Angat river from possible des and water sheds from kaingin must truction. We are requesting the authorities consider the need of educating, help to transfer to the corporation the supervision ing and supporting the inhabitants of and control of this area, because we feel that these areas with a well planned pro we must assume a greater responsibility in gram of self-help enterprises, to give its conservation to protect the waters that them first, the dignity of human be will feed our turbines, in a plant that will ings before we can demand the res cost, when completed, an estimated amount ponsibilities of civic and patriotic du of 210 million pesos. Because of the favor ties to respect and preserve our fo able conditions in the Angat watershed we rests. are also undertaking a project to establish c) That we firmly implement our Kaingin an apitong farm to contain one million trees laws and by removing these families in order to make the Corporation self-suffi away from forest reserves and water cient in its future pole requirements, and sheds, and gradually locate them in at the same time to provide an export pro resettlement agricultural areas duly duct of badly needed pole materials in many conditioned for the purpose, and pro of the countries in the ECAFE region. I am vided with the necessary assistance to ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 13 permit them a decent livelihood for charged with the work of conservation, and the first year. at the same time arouse a national conscious d) That in the execution of a reforesta ness of conservation and protection of our tion program we consider the practi natural· resources. Members of the Commis cal advantage of the Family Planting sion will serve free and shall be appointed by Project, suggested in this paper, which the President for terms of one, two and three has a triple advantage of reducing years, among three groups of the Commis the cause of kaingin in our forests and sion. Only the Executive Secretary and small reforested areas, ensuring the growth staff will be paid salaries, but the Commis of its trees and at the same time pro sion will have to be provided with sufficient viding a livelihood to the inhabitants funds for its administrative operation, tran thereof. sportation, and particularly for its publicity and educational material. With the compo e) That we consider as a doubtful eco sition of a membership of top level volun nomy any disbursement of public teers in the commission, it is hoped that pub funds for reforestation, unless a pa rallel program of social welfare is lic opinion and Congress will be inclined to support its recommendations with funds, and adopted to ensure the protection of the work of the government agencies iden reforested areas from the kaingin pro tified in the program of conservation, will blem. be enhanced and made into an efficient and Confronted as we all are, as a Nation, productive enterprise protected from the po with the serious situation of seeing the des litical pressures that have plagued these of truction of our national patrimony in our fo fices with the burdensome load of excess of rest resources by which the future welfare personnel. of our people is placed on grave jeopardy, we must take courage and draw deep into "Land for the landless" is a very won our individual patriotisms to protect the rich drous political slogan and is indeed a verv inheritance which the munificence of Di christian principle supported by Papal e~ vine Providence has endowed our land, and cyclicals, but our brothers in the hinderlands from its warm soil and the waters of our must be taught the rules of the game and brooks, our forefathers found sustenance, and our professional politicians should not con with faith and courage, built for us a nation, fuse them with misdirected advice that that we, of our present generation, may en would undermine the applications and en joy the fullness of sovereign people. forcement of our laws. An expedient and practical approach that Under our existing methods of selective would mobilize a nationwide interest in solv logging, (theoretically enforced, but often ing the problem of conservation free from times circumYented by small but fast opera shackles of political consideratons, was sug tors enjoying political sanctuary) no parti gested by us in the Boy Scouts, three years cular consideration has been given by the ago. Our plan was to secure from Congress government with regard to silvicultural meth a legislation to create a National Commission of Conservation of National Resources, to be od of cutting in forest concessions in water composed of fifteen of the top business exe shed areas, on what the experts now call wa cutives, religious and civic leaders of the tershed management. I am referring parti country, who will devise a plan and conduct cularly to studies related to the problem of an over-all long range program of conser erosion and sedimentation which pose a ser vation, and coordinate the work of all gov ious threat to the economic operation and e r n men t agencies and instrumentalities (Continued on page 18) Page 14 FORESTRY LEAVES Soil Resources Problems Resulting by RICARDO T. MARFORI from Kain9in Practices Director of Soils Kaingin, the common term for shifting mic need ..\nd in trying to satisfy this need agriculture, is the practice of clearing up they wantonly destroy the land. No matter for cultivation virgin forests, by removing how justified the reason may be, it still re all the vegetation mostly by cutting them mains a fact that kaingin cultivation is very down and burning, for planting to annual destructive. crops generally rice or corn for two or three years, then abandoning the area for another WHY KAINGIN IS A VERY virgin forest area. DESTRUCTIVE PRACTICE Some authorities define kaingin as fire Some authorities and/or observers claim farming because the primary tool used by that through this practice, the country loses kaingineros is fire. It is observed that during hundreds of millions of pesos in trees and the dry months, kaingineros cut the trees other forest products destroyed by kaingi and brushes, set them to fire in preparation neros. for the coming planting season in the region. This is the money loss. If this is added, loss "due to soil erosion, decline of soil fer It is said that the primitive people started tility, destruction of wildlife, flood and this system of farming in small patches clear drought, and the cancellation of the many ing only the shrubs and small trees, leaving blessing that man derives from the forest,'' the big trees because at the early days they the total would be appalling. did not have tools and facilities to remove them. But with the development of better SOIL EROSION AND FACTORS implements and with improved practice of AFFECTING IT clearing forests as now being adopted by civilized people, total destruction of the ve At this point, allow me to quote the fol getation is done. lowing about soil erosion and the factors affecting it: The Philippines is no exception to the practice. Rather, it has been going on for cen Soil erosion is defined as the process of turies that approximately 5.46 million hec soil detachment and transportation by either tares of land had been left barren by the wind or water. There are two kinds of ero practice. It is known that in Southeast Asia, sion; namely, normal or geologic and accele shifting cultivation of kaingin is generally rated erosion. practiced. Normal or geologic erosion.: -Normal or geologic erosion takes place in a natural or WHY FILIPINO FARMERS undistrnrbed condition under the canopy of PRACTICE KAINGIN forest, grasses, ground litter, and in under Filipino farmers employ the kaingin sys ground network of binding roots. Geologic tem of cultivation chiefly because they need erosion is a slow process; the removal of the more land to cultivate to satisfy their econo- soil by either water or wind balanced by the ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 15 formation of soil from the parent material opened for cultivation, especially by kaingin underneath. This kind of erosion is benefi practices, methods that induce accelerated cial in the sense that there is a constant re soil erosion such as planting and cultivating newal of the fertility of the soil. up and down the slope are employed; and with the high intensity of rainfall in the Phil Accelerated erosion: -Accelerated erosion ippine soil erosion becomes very rapid. This is the process brought about by man's acti practice of cultivating up and down the slopes vities on the land, thereby disturbing the easily removes the top soil so that after two equilibrum between soil building and soil re or three years, when the area cannot give moval. This kind of erosion is destructive as profitable produce any longer, the kainginero it removes soil particles very much faster has no alternative but to abandon the area than the formation of soils from the materials and look for another virgin forest area and beneath. The loss of the surface soil which start the practice all over again. contains most of the fertility means also the decline in crop yields. Soil erosion in the 2. Removal of all vegetation.: - The vege Philippines is caused mainly by water. The tation itself, because of the roots, holds the different kinds of accelerated soil erosion are: soil together. The vegetation also absorbs sheet, rill, gully, and stream bank erosion." some of the rain that falls on the area, thus minimizing the flow of rain or at least de Factors affecting soil erosion.: -Soil ero creasing the intensity. The vegetation prevents sion occurs when water runs over the sur the rain from falling directly on the surface face of a sloping land. This water running of the soil which when allowed to happen over the surface is called runoff. The rate of loosens the soil hence it is carried by the wa soil erosion will depend upon the speed of ter that flows on the surface. The forest lit surface runoff. The volume of runoff as well ter as well as the decayed organic matter ab as its speed depends upon the soil, slope, sorbed and stored a substantial part of the vegetation, and intensity of rainfall in the rain, while the roots of the forest trees lead area." ( B.C. Dagdah, et al, Soil Survey of into the bowels of the earth a greater por Nueva Vizcaya Province) tion of the rain which would come out later as spring water in the lower part of water KAINGIN PROMOTES RAPID shed feeding the live stream. The runoff is SOIL EROSION thus greatly minimized. What flows in the stream is more or less clear water and not The following kaingin practices are the main contributing factors in rapid accelerated muddy water. Therefore, when the vegeta soil erosion leading not only to rapid deple tion is removed from the laud surface, it re sults in rapid accelerated soil erosion. tion of soil fertility and total loss of soil but also to the destruction of wildlife, floods 3. Burning of all the cut vegetation.: - and drought: In order that the area can be cleared and be planted to kaingin, it is a general practice to 1. Cultivation of lands that are unfit for burn all the cut vegetation on the surface cultivation due to slope and soil conditions. of the land. The burning of the vegetation - Much of our virgin forest areas are not completes the removal of whatever protec suited for agriculture mainly because of their tion it could give toward protecting the soil soil slopes. Kaingineros, however, choose these from erosion. areas for their kaingin site because of their rich fertile soil which had been built up 4. Abandonment of the area after two or through accumulation of decayed vegetation. three years of cultivation.: - After the kain The slope exposes the soil to rapid or accele gineros have abandoned the area, generally rated erosion so that once these lands are no top soil is left and if there is some vege- Page 16 FORESTRY LEAVES tation that will grow in this abandoned area, water shortage because runoff flows to the they will only be cogon and other grasses river and nothing is left in the watershed~. that dry JJP during the dry season and catch Most of the irrigation system in the Philip fire quickly. Frequent occurences of fire pines is of the diversion type, not the storage could prevent the natural reforestation of the type. This system makes use of the water denuded area. from the river merely by diverting the water from the river. However, because of the ab BAD EFFECTS OF KAINGIN sence of vegetation arising from kaingin prac ON WATER RESOURCES tice, no water has been stored in the water Vegetation promotes the storage of water shed, hence no water flows to the rivers dur as described above, and because of the ground ing the dry season. We can see therefore, litter and plant roots, holds the soil particles how the kaingin practice make:> our irriga together. With the removal of the natural tion very ineffective. It makes the water flow vegetation, primarily trees, and planting the in the irrigation system during the rainy sea area to annual crops without em?loying soil son with accompanying floods, while during conservation measures and practices, rapid the dry season, when water is badly needed, loss of water from the land takes place; so there is practically none. }n extensive defor that in a kaingined area, all the rain that ested areas, drought is the result. falls goes direct to all the depressions and A very good example of the effect of pro eventually through creeks and rivers to the per care and management of watershed on sea. It is a known fact that when vegetation irrigation system is that which is followed by is removed in the watershed areas, springs the Igorots who are efficient in their irriga on waterways disapear. Hence, no water is tion system. They see to it that water is stored in the kaingin area. All the water flow stored in the watersheds of their irrigation as runoff and soil erosion is accelerated. system and is well protected and well guard ed. It is said that they will not hesitate to THE GENERAL EFFECTS OF SOIL cut off the heads of those who destroy the EROSION IN THE COUNTRY - vegetation of these watersheds. FLOODS AND DROUGHT The removal of vegetation principally in ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE the watersheds causes all the rainfall to flow BAD EFFECTS OF KAINGIN ON and drain direct into the river. When it rains, SOIL RESOURCES no water is stored in the area but all of 1t It is estimated by Sanvictores ( 1962) that flows into the river and other drainage chan the area destroyed through kaingin is ap nel carrying with it soil and other foreign ma proximately 40,000 hectares of forest lands terials. The silt and sand that go with the annually. He has made an estimate of appro water flow are depos.ited in the river beds ximately 240 million pesos on the destruction and other deep channel decreasing their of forests annually. On soil resources consider drainage capacity. The soil materials and ing only its fertility value, an approximate other foreign matters increase the volume loss of one foot on top soil is a very conser of the runoff and with the decrease in the vative estimate considering the fact that the carrying capacity of the river and other area is rendered useless after two or three drainage channel, the runoff will flow the years, and upland soils having an average of banks and cause floods on all the low areas. ( .15% N, .18% P 20 5 and .17% of K2 ), this For this reason, floods occur in Central LU loss of soil on the 40,000 hectares will be ap zon, Davao and Agusan provinces during the proximately equivalent to 1,460,960 tons of rainy season. During the dry season, there is ammonium sulfate (20%N), 1,836,000 tons ARBOI:. WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 17 of superphosphate '20% P 2 0 5 (and 578,000 that will bring ruin to our lands if not given tons of muriate of potash ( 60% K20). These remedies in time. huge amounts of fertilizer will be sufficient A very important recommendation is the to satisfy the fertilizer requirements of the classification of all public lands. All lands Philippines for one year. In terms of loss suited for agriculture may be released for due to flood, the amount would be tremen the production of food and other crops. Lands dous. This also results in loss of lives and that have been set aside for forest or for farming areas which are covered by the de wildlife should be devoted entirely for those position of eroded materials. particular purposes. There should be rigid control of all areas set aside for permanent Remedial and Control Measures forest. And areas that had been worked by kaingineros should be reforested. As squat As agricultural workers, we fully under ters in cities are now being relocated in suit stand that this kaingin practice is an evil able areas, it is believed that kaingineros, if one. It is destructive. It is an economic ill the government is really determined, could that brings havoc to our agricultural layout also be relocated in suitable agricultural areas. WATER RESOURCES PROBLEMS . . . this line conducted in Europe and in the ( Continued from page 14) United States, or even in Japan, because life expectancy of a hydroelectric installa their forest management in watersheds have tion. elements or factors that we do not have, In other words, in my limited informa such as the climate and the resultant seaso tion on the subject, I ask, what is the opti nal bonus of waters from melting snow. mum balance of volumes that we should It was therefore, with intimate personal maintain in drawing from our forests the jubilation that I welcome in our midst, the logs that we export and feed our local needs, assignment in our government of a Water yet, provide for natural regeneration and shed Expert, a Forestry Officer of FAQ, at the same time minimize the resultant ele whom I had the great pleasure recently of ments of erosion and sedimentation? What meeting, in the amiable person of Mr. Macid are the laws of nature that govern these ele Gulcur, who honored me with a visit in my ments, that would balance their assigned office accompanied by our Mr. Meimban of functions that we must employ, to obtain the Bureau of Forestry. The outline of his the highest efficiency of the above objec program of experiments impressed me, and I tives? am confident that with a full support of our Experts on the matter tell me that this government, we should be able, in time, to is a difficult problem to solve, because of gather vital statistics and pertinent informa the many factors involved in determining tion with which to guide us evolve a balanc specific treatment for specific result, of a ed program of for est utilization, conservation formula to discover the relationship of wa and watershed management, not only for us tershed management and the flow of water in the Philippines but for the countries of that must reach our reservoirs, these factors the ECAFE region that are facing the same being, among others, the soil, geology, topo problem like us. graphy and climate, and I would add a very important factor, the presence of "Mang Ka If this project is judiciously pursued, once inginero". we know the rules of nature, with vigor and Unfortunately for us, we cannot utilize tenacity by our government and people, we the results of important experiments along (Continued on page 36) Page 18 FORESTRY LEAVES The Case for the by RICHARDS S. KEARNS Kaingineros* General Manager Insular Lumber Co. It is indeed a pleasure to appear before humble life, with few of life's pleasures, all you today, although admittedly I'd feel far of life's sorrows and none of life's opportu more comfortable wearing my caulk boots nities - they are a part of God's people - - walking down a mountain spur road - just as are you and I. They have found a and observing the never ending wonders of meager life in the forest when no opportu your beautiful tropical forests. And beauti nity for survival was offered elsewhere. The ful forests, they are, whether virgin, or cut sanctity of their new home was spelled out overs commencing their early healing after in the words of a great leader - "Land for the removal of the ripe and over-ripe wood the landless". They have continued, they fibre fruit so important in the sustenance of have continued, they have multiplied and the Philippine economy. Yes, yours is a na their very numbers have brought them in tion endowed with incomparable forest creasing political immunity from removal wealth; renewable, yet despoilable; valuable, from their new homes and silent encourage yet at times wasted. ment to continue to multiply and to despoil. The wide-angle video screen observable People in any nation deserve an oppor in that stroll down the mountain spur road tunity for existence beyond administered to - with pictures constantly changing in pa assure that the country's resources are so noramic majesty induces a tranquility and utilized as to produce the greatest good to serenity of thought that here in this wonder the greatest number of people. ful country, forest growth is as beautiful as it is economically important and so expan· The kainginero has been offered neither sive as to be everlasting. Then with almost of these modem day requisites of a respon tragic abruptness, the scene changes. Tran sible society. And so he has continued bare quility vanishes with the disappearing fo ly to exist, to beget ill-fed children and to rest. Charred stumps and partially rotten despoil the nation's forest resources. Often logs center in on the screen. An eroded hill times he has served as the tool for the pro side with some sickly stalks of corn en fessional speculator to force opening of large gulfs the picture's background. A small segments of land only suited to the produc shack, dwarf chickens, unclothed youngsters, tion of forest crops. His awesome monument rib-showing pigs and a poorly clad woman for his unwitting acts is the ever-widening and a worse clad man become evident in belt of an eroded or cogon covered land on the picture's foreground. most of the Islands of the Philippine and a Who are these vicious despoilers of the deterioration of opportunity for the genera forest? Born of humble parentage, living a tions of Philippine people yet to come. Is the kainginero solely to blame for this " Speech deliYered by RICHARD S. KEARNS at the National Conference on the Kaingin Problem willful, progressive, pseudo-regimented, ca held at the FILOIL Auditorium, ~lanila on March 13, 1964. tastrophic destruction? It is my conviction ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 19 that justice would be perverted if he were It lacks the first and most important tenant so convicted. of modern society's responsibility to offer a It is my conviction that the real crimi "living opportunity" to its citizens. nal is the lethargic attitude of all of us: How do we satisfy that tenant. Follow leaders, congressman, businessmen, and pro ing are a few suggestions for a program that fessional foresters alike. I take heart that may offer that satisfaction: through meetings such as this, there is be 1. Recognize that the kainginero must ing generated a growing concern over the be relocated and be offered an opportunity everlasting effect of the terrible waste and to make a living. destruction that is occurring and can but have hope that together we have the tena 2. Recognize that there are level, fertile, city of purpose of putting together a correc river bottom lands in many forest areas that tive program and the real public-spiritedness may be best suited to agricultural use. So and courage to push that program to com classify these lands so that the kaingineros plete fulfillment. occupying these areas today become the legal, respected owner-farmer tomorrow. To date our progress seems to have been But secure them against speculation by making more imaginary than real and where real ownership nontransferable for a period of - more sporadic than enduring - more year. punitive than constructive. To give an example, at Fabrica, Negros 3. Recognize that just as monies taken Occidental, home of Insular Lumber Compa from the forest in the form of fees, taxes, ny, we have made conscientious efforts in timber sales or licenses in many countries the last years to bring about control of ka are largely reinvested in the forest, so should ingin destruction. Cooperating in this effort such monies be reinvested in the forest lands has been the Provincial Governor, the Bureau of the Philippines. of Forestry, the Philippine Constabulary and 4. Recognize that such reinvestment should the Insular Lumber Company. Constant daily be a physical reinvestment with not less patrol of the concession area occurs by the than 90% of the proceeds going to the re team composed of Bureau, PC, and company located kaingineros who do the work and personnel. Extension of existent farms is for not over 10% allocated to administration. bidden and charges are brought against those 5. Recognize that the job has become so who extend the areas of clearings. The pro big as to be almost overwhelming - that gram has achieved moderate but, I gravely saving the 50% of the forest area least affect fear, only temporary and transitory success. ed by the kainginero should be the first An estimated population of 5000 people, il objective and that the work should only then legally inhabiting portions of a forest total proceed to areas already beyond hope of ing thirty thousand hectares, cannot be held any rehabilitation except through massive in place over a long period of time, on lands programs requiring expensive artificial means. unsuited to the production of agricultural crops. The pressures for food transcend the May I close my brief comments with the fear of punitive action - and the fear of pu plea that the problem we are here discussing nitive action becomes an attitude of cynicism be not left at the conference table, for prompt when court proceedings are postponed or pro remedial action is sorely needed to avoid longed or when those charged, convicted, economic retrogression in this wonderful jailed and finally released, have no alterna country. May I thank you for your kindness tive but to return to their illegal farms. The in permitting this homely guest citizen to program is basically negative satisfying only sit with you today on this important nation the criteria of "rules firmly administered". al problem of the Philippines. Page 20 FORESTRY LEAVES The Coll. of Forestr:r Swimming Pool GENERAL MANAGERS: A.SORIANO Y CIA. Soriono Building, Paseo de Roxas, Makari, Rizal MEMIER- PHILIPPINE LUMIER PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION The Mahogany Grove The Coll. of Forestr)· Adm. Bldg. Forestry Campus (Side Vie1t·) Compliments of: IGNACIO SABALLA 0. T. Licensee Location of Area: Sta. Fe, Aritao N ueva Vizcaya Forest Songbirds ------ Compliments of: Compliments of: CARLOS D. LIM JUAN MERCADO 0. T. Licensee 0. T. Licensee Address: Biadi, Bagabag, N. Vizcaya Location of Area: Aglipay, N. Vizcaya Location of Area: Bagabag, N Vizcaya Compliments of: Compliments of: WILSON SAWMILL Bascaran, Solano, N. Vizcaya NEW SAMSON SAWMILL & CO. Bascaran, Solano N. Vizcaya MIKE ANG Manager LIM SON Manager Compliments of: UNIVERSAL TIMBER CORPORATION Polilio. Quezon Coll. of Forestry Adm. Bldg. The Role of the Pulp and Paper Industries to the by Control of Kaingin SALVADOR ARANETA Kaingin, or "shifting cultivation," is one Under present conditions the people of of the prevalent causes of forest destruction. Kalinga are caught in a vicious circle of It is a pernicious practice not only in the choosing whether to preserve the forest or to Philippines but in many parts of the world. have more rice. A most vicious circle indeed, A kainginero is a shifting mountain-farmer for they are involved in a self-liquidating prin who finds in the virgin land of the forest the ciple whereby any alternative they choose only livelihood available to him. With his would involve the liquidation of the other. meager agricultural implements, mostly a The immediate needs of this mountain peo bolo, an ax and a saw, he finds his liveli ple who know no better, would obviously hood in the virgin forest land, since no better dictate rice at the expense of forest. And yet agricultural land is available to him, and when the depletion of the forest would result in the same has be~n exhausted, he abandons the drying up of their irrigation sources, and it and moves to another portion of the forest consequently the loss of their rice crops, and destroys it. which ironically, they chose in the first place Before the war it was reliably estimated instead of the forest. that kaingineros were destroying about \Vhat is the Remedy? 10,000 hectares a year. At this rate since li beration the total destruction would amount The remedy is to have a large pulp and to about 180,00 hectares. paper industry that will bring about the fol lowing: I was in the forest of Kalinga a few weeks ago, and I noticed that many persons 1. Make reforestation attractive and a re hold two inconsistent views. Firstly, they munerative enterprise even to private initia expressed great concern about the need of tive. In Norway and Sweden the pulp in conserving the forest to preserve the water dustry is processing wood with an average of their creeks which they use for irrigating diameter of three inches and a minimum dia their rice padies. Later these same people meter of 1.5 inches. This to me is the key showed a desire to destroy the forest and to the solution of the problem of reforesta convert them into rice paddies for the live tion. Many foreign experts have come to the lihood of their increasing population. Popu Philippines and have told us that we have to lation explosion is most evident in Kalinga. reforest our hills and mountains. And their I was pained to see so many dirty children advice stops there. And generally, we are of roaming around, and I could understand the the belief, that reforestation cannot be made concern of some of those very people who an attractive economic enterprise, that we saw the need of expanding further the rice have to wait years before the tree that we paddies at the expense of the forest as the have planted can provide some income. This solution for the livelihood of their children is true if the tree has to attain the growth and grandchildren. and diameter needed for the lumber and ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 21 plywood industry. But the secret is to plant From my good friend, Mr. Antonio lrala, trees very near each other, say one meter I got the best appreciation that I have ever apart, and after eight to ten years, when the heard of the rice terraces of Banawe. He trees have reached a diameter of three to thinks it is a more significant monument to four inches, to cut some of the trees, to start civilization than the pyramids of Egypt, not thinning the forest - to allow the other trees only because of their beauty, but because to continue growing. Thus, by continuous of their utility and significance to human thinning, we start to derive income from the civilization. For whereas the pyramids were forest in a short time while we allow the re built at a great cost of human life and labor, maining trees to attain a large growth. just to be the ruler's mausoleum, the rice This I learned from my good friend, Mr. terraces, with less labor are just as impressive Antonio Irala, while he was driving me in the a monument and are the ever replenishing Basque country in 1956. And my interest in sources of life to thousands of our people for the pulp and paper industry started then. many, many, generations past, present and fu Mr. lrala is now in Manila helping me in ture, so unlike the barren symbol of the py this project. ramids of Egypt which are nothing but pa 2. Because the branches and tops of trees laces for dead deified kings. are used in pulp making, we can salvage But the rice terraces of Banawe will not most of the waste wood that now is left in remain long as an agricultural land, if the the forest in the logging operations, a waste forest areas in the vicinity are destroyed, that is equal in volume to the logs that is and agriculture continue invading the forest. taken from the forest for commercial pur There must be a proper balance between poses. agriculture and forest if water resources are The pulp industry will also make use of to be maintained for afiticulture. much of the waste in a sawmill and veneer and plywood factory. What the pulp industry In the past, we thought we could make can do is being done already in Nasipit with people have a better appreciation of the need a chipboard factory- which also uses wood for conserving the forest and to undertake wastes. reforestation by educating them to the va lue of the forest for soil and water conserva By making full utilization of all the wood tion. True enough, the soil and the forest in a forest, we increase the value of the for have to be preserved together, and if forest est and reforestation becomes more profitable areas have to be cut, they should not exceed as an investment. the natural increment of the forest, and if 3. vVith reforestation in the forest areas, the destruction exceeds such increment, it we create the employment needed in the should be immmediately replaced with re mountain areas and offer the kaingineros a forestation. But moral and patriotic consider better livelihood than their present low-in ations, and long-range values for the good come kaingin way of life. of the country and future generations un 4. Thus, we save the forest from its fur fortunately are not compelling motives in ther destruction and we even increase the many of our actions. These considerations are area of our forests, providing a well-balanced fortified and they acquire a new value, if forest-agricultural and industrial economy. they are supported by considerations of self I may say that our ancestors, ages past, interest. And fortunately, they can be sup knew how to terrace and preserve the soil, ported with economic projects that make re and they built the now famous Terraces of forestation a good investment. With a pulp Banawe, instead of being kaingineros. and paper factory ready to pay for young Page 22 FORESTRY LEAVES trees and for the waste in logging opera The Philippine importation of pulp and tions, reforestation can become an attractive paper amounts to more than P130 M per economic enterprise. year. The answer to the kaingin menace, the It is indeed a national crime that up to answer to the population growth in the moun now, the Philippines is not manufacturing a tain areas is not found in the destruction of single ton of pulp out of wood, when we have more forest areas, but in reforestation and so much forests and wood wastes in the Phil industrialization. Industrialization is needed ippines. Once we produce pulp in this coun to reduce the pressure on the land and ag try the consumption of paper will naturally ricultural areas. Industries have to be estab increase, because the need today is much lished to increase the productivity of the higher than our consumption, and our boys farms. For the Mountain Province, this should in the schools will be in a position to bu.v textbooks and obtain maximum benefits from include the harnessing of hydroelectric power, their classes. fertilizer and insecticide plants, the develop ment of the mineral wealth buried in our Because of the need that the country has mountains. But as stated, the pulp and pa for pulp and paper, the need to encourage re per industry is one industry that has direct forestation and to stop the heavy soil erosion bearing to the problem of reforestation, be now going on, pulp and paper mills must be cause as already stated, it is the one industry erected. These pulp mills will use the waste that will stimulate and make practicable re and the thinnings from the forest will stimu forestation by private initiative. And this is late reforestation, and bring about soil con the new aproach that we must give to our servation. But these mills to become a suc reforestation campaign to make them a real cess must be big mills of about 300 tons daily ity in the Philippines. The slogan should be capacity if they have to meet the competition of the big well established mills abroad. - Reforestation is an attractive economic en terprise if there are pulp mills and chipboard The pioneering spirit of those who plan factories ready to buy young trees and waste to establish integrated pulp and paper mills wood. England produces paper even if it has in the Philippines must be given due sup to import wood for pulp. In our case, we port by the government. They are breaking have been importing pulp at a greater cost the trail in industries that will create per than had we imported wood. But we do not manent employment opportunities, produce have to import pulp nor wood, because we commodities that will be dollar-saving and have plenty of wood and waste wood that dollar-earning. And most important of all, could be used to produce pulp and paper. they will put to good use raw materials that But certainly better than importing pulp as are presently thrown away and which are the country is now doing is to produce our even definite hazards in the forests and own pulp to a great extent from our own around the mill sites, and provide the neces sary incentives needed for reforestation. wood waste. In this way, we give full value to our forests. Reforestation will become a The growing consciousness of the Filipi reality in the Philippines only if we use our nos to conserve its own land and resources, forests to their maximum utility, with an in the healthy indignation that is spreading tegrated industry that will use the best logs against our pernicious customs such as ka for lumber and veneers, and for the manufac ingin, and the wasteful habits and short-sight ture of pulp and less valuable logs and the ed selfishness of loggers and sawmills for wastes of the forests and the waste from immediate gains, indicate that our nation's the lumber, veneer and plywood factories. economy will not be chained to the stagnant ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 23 level of a primary producer nor would rest maturity as a nation, and a dynamism that content in being an underdeveloped nation. would soon reach for the heights of pro It is, in fact, a clear sign of our growing gress. FOREST RESOURCES PROBLEM Love of trees should be incalcated in (Continued from page 8 ) each and every citizen. You can see mani The other fundamental change that festations of lack of appreciation of the va should be made in this connection is instead lue of trees everywhere. The tendency in of giving more concessions, the forests should each municipality is to cut trees for fuel. be granted to the applicants in the form of In the City of Manila many trees grown to a lease just as is done in the case of public provide shade and ornamentation died be lands. In the case of a lease the grantee is cause the children used them in their gym clothed with certain proprietary rights which nastic exercises. On the other hand in some will enable him to protect his areas in the countries you can see clear indication of same way that he could protect lands own love for trees. In Scandinavian countries I ed by him against trespassers and despoilers. noticed that there were some houses that This change is most important and its adop seemed to have been built out of place. tion should be approved by the government. Upon inquiry I found that the owners de· I might add that it will not only be effective liberately built those houses that way in or protection for the forests but it is also very der not to cut trees that would have been effective in the conservation of the forests affected by a different location. We have an as concessionaires will practice religiously annual Arbor Week celebration. Instead of the selective logging method which, as all inviting prominent citizens to plant trees of us know, is the way forest areas can be that a year later nobody could find, the peo made more or less perpetual. ple should be taught to respect and to love We have to admit that the destruction of fo- trees. I might add in this connection that rests and the cutting of trees have also been there should be established more tree parks largely due to ignorance of the importance in our different cities and municipalities. and necessity of forests and the value of This will be the best means of beautifying trees. In many instances good forests are localities. These parks could also be made destroyed in the belief on the part of inte to help the coffers of charitable institutions. rested parties that they can get more income I remember that in Memphis, Tenessee, and more benefits if the lands were cleared. every year there was an auction for the cut They must be convinced that if forests are ting of matured trees on the parks and the properly developed, from the economic streets and the proceeds were given to cha point of view they are as valuable if not rity. more valuable than if they were to be con verted into regular farm lands. In Finland Our Lumber Association can be depend I noticed that many farms are composed of ed upon to render any time such services two divisions, one clean and intended for and assistance that might be solicited in regular farming and the other covered with connection with the suppression of kaingin forests or trees. practices.# Page 24 FORESTRY LEAVES Research on Forest Products, by Its Importance in Our MANUEL R. MoNSALUD Director National Economy1 Forest Products Research Institute Ladies and Gentlemen: mative for I consider it a great honor to ad dress this distinguished group of university Last time when we held a meeting of the students and faculty members of the Insti SAR aboard the R.P.S. Roxas (formerly R.P.S. tute of Science, Araneta University. Lapu-lapu) on our way to Corregidor, Dr. de Dr. De Leon has given me freedom to Leon of your Institute asked me if I could choose my subject and I decided to talk be address a convocation of your student body fore you on "Research on Forest Products, and Faculty. I readily answered in the affir- its importance in our national economy". I. Total Land Area of the Philippines (Annual Report of the Bureau of Forestry, 1961-62) 1. Commercial Forests ______(31.37%) 9,329,280 ha. 2. Non-Commercial Forests ______(12.92%) 3,842,120 ,, 3. Cogon, open land including brushland ______(18.42%) 5,480,090 ,, 4. Swamps ______------___ - ( 2.41%) 716,260 ha. 5. Cultivated and other lands ______(34.88%) 10,373,540 ,, T o t a 1 ______100.00% 29, 741,290 ha. II. Estimated Standing Timber in the Public Forests - 962,997,752 cu. m. ( 408,311,046,848 bd. ft.) (a) Value of this standing timber based on forests and reforestation charges ______P 1,348,196,852.00 ( b) Based on commercial value at P80/1000 bd. ft. ------P32,664,883,747.84 Above figures do not include the volume of young standing timber. (Sources - Annual Report of the Bureau of Forestry, 1961-62) III. For 1962, Total Log Production ______2,871,120,500 bd. ft. Exported ------ 1, 706, 792, 750 Value of exported logs at $65.00/1000 bd. ft. ------'P325,525,561.99 (Sources - The Lumberman, Dec. 1962-Jan. 1963) 1 Read before the com·ocation of the Student Body and Faculty, Institute of Science, Ara neta University, March 18, 1964. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 25 IV. For 1962, Total Lumber Production ______406,093,045 bd. ft. Lumber exported ______39,196,411 Value of exported lumber ______'P' 15,718,571.20 (Sources - The Lumberman, Dec. 1962-Jan. 1963). V. Wood Wastes are classified under the following categories: 1. Logging (forest) wastes - (Usable tops and branches, log trims, and stumps etc.) 15% based on the standing timber. 2. Sawmill wastes - (sawdust, edgings, trims, slabs, barks, etc.) ______50% The waste items mentioned above are broken down into: a. Sawdust ______47% b. edgings ______24% c. trims 11% d. slabs ______11% e. bark ______7% (Source - FPRI's studies) 3. Veneer mill waste - bucking waste, cutting waste and clipping waste. These are broken down into: a. Bucking waste ______10.23 b. Rounding waste ______15.6% c. Cutting waste ______12.0% d. Clipping waste ______3.2% e. Drying waste ______3 % (Source - FPRI's studies) VI. Based on the 1962 Log Production, the different waste categories and their corresponding volumes are as follows: 1. Forest residues 506,668,230 bd. ft. - 55% 2. Sawmill wastes 230,701,478 25% 3. Veneer mill wastes ______33,244,000 5% 4. Plywood mill wastes ______118,775,503 12% 5. Furniture plants and other se- condary processing plants __ _ 24,646,433 3% Total residues ______914,035,644 100% Page 26 FORESTRY LEAVES It must be clearly understood that these Before 1952, the only research work on wastes are not all in one place. Neither are forest products was done by a limited staff they all available economically. Oftentimes, of the Bureau of Forestry, the Philippine their costs of handling, transportation and Bureau of Science, the U.P. College of Fo storage become prohibitive. restry, and a few independent workers. The work was not coordinated, discontinuous, ve Assuming that 50 percent of these wastes ry limited, and inadequately financed. The are valued as live timber at ~0.00/1000 bd. results, although useful, did not have much ft., the monetary equivalence of these wastes effect to encourage wise and wide use of fo- is about P36,561,425. 1 est products. WEED SPECIES In 1953, the Forest Products Research La boratory was set up as a division of the Bu It is reported that there are 3,800 wood spe reau of Forestry, DANH. This laboratory, a cies, more or less, found scattered all over joint project of MSA-PHILCUSA cooperative the archipelago. Less than 100 of these spe program, was devoted entirely to forest pro cies are heretofore handled or dealt with by ducts research and industry development. the log producers or lumbermen. The rest, so called weed species, more than 3700 of In 1954, the Forest Products Laboratory them, are not cut for commercial purpose, Building was erected on the Forestry Cam primarily because of lack of knowledge about pus, at Los Banos, Laguna at a cost of '.P'350,- their chemical, physical, mechanical and other 000, which was shouldered by the Philippine characteristics. government. The U.S. Foreign Operations Administration provided the laboratory equip It has been estimated that from 1/4 to ment, which came in several installments. A 1/3 of the volume of a standing, matured small staff was assembled and in 1955 more timber reaches the end-user. The rest ordi narily goes to wastes, as pointed out earlier, new equipment arrived and were installed. The staff was increased and research work to rot or decay in the forest or to be incine started in earnest. Several members of the rated by big sawmills and veneer plants. research staff were sent under the sponsor The so-called weed species and the wood ship of FOA, now AID, and F AO to the U.S. residues in the logging area and processing to undertake technical training in pulp and plants are potential raw materials for secon paper, timber physics and engineering, ento dary industries, such as in the manufacture mological researches, etc. These fellows were of hardboard, charcoal and particleboard, for also allowed to register in American Univer pulp and papermaking and in wood distil sities to upgrade their competence. \Vhen lation industry, etc. this batch, and others later, came back they installed and manned precision research Need for Forest Products Research equipment and conducted planned research In view of the great potentiality of these projects on wood and other forest products. tremendous wood residues in our nationa] Later several researchers of the Institute were sent to Australia, England, Japan, Canada, economy, the Bell Mission reported in 1950, and India under the Colombo Plan. among other things, "that the lack of a fo restry laboratory to test the quality and use The Forest Products Research Institute fulness of forest products retards the deve lopments of the forestry industry. x x x A fo On July, 5, 1957, the President of the Phil rest products laboratory should be established ippines issued Executive Order 257, imple to test and develop uses for forest products menting Reorganization Plan 77, creating the ,, xx x. Forest Products Research Institute, a semi- ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 27 autonomous, research agency solely devoted properties, fire resistance, destructive in to forest products research. The Institute is sect pests and fungi, and the biology, attached to the University of the Philippines ecology, identification of and control for policy coordination. measures for these organisms. At present, less than 7 years after its crea 5. The Wood Technology Division supplies tion, the Institute has seven divisions and a the other research divisions with logs staff of about 230. Its researchers come from and other forest products for use in their different professional groups, namely, fores research projects, plus basic informa ters, chemists, electrical, mechanical, civil, tion essential to the successful operation and chemical engineers in addition to pa of the Institute's integrated forest pro thologists, entomologists, etc. ducts research studies, e.g., the fiber The main objective of the Institute is to characteristics, structure, identification, aid manufacturers, wood users, and the ge structure-property relationship of wood. neral public by way of digging up and dis In addition to the afon:mentioned five tech seminating useful information for the most pro nical divisions, there is the Administrative fitable and maximum utilization of wood such Management Division that services all the as: the divisions of the Institute. This division 1. eliminating wastes runs the business, general operation, recruit 2. reducing cost of manufacture ment of employees, procurement of supplies 3. increasing serviceability of wood and and materials needed by the Institute and other forest products takes care of the maintainance of equipment, etc. 4. introducing new and profitable products from wood Lastly, the Institute has the Publications and Information Division that disseminates the The Institute has five technical divisions: results of the Institutes' research studies to 1. The Chemical Investigations Division the wood-using industries or to the general studies the chemical compositi.on of public. wood and-' other forest products, their processing and their uses in pulp and In other words, the Forest Products Re papermaking, charcoal and charcoal bri search Institute seeks ways and means by quette production, tannin extraction, fi which wood and other forest products and berboard making, etc. the wastes arising therefrom can be utilized for maximum benefit in our national econo 2. The Timber Physics and Engineering my. Creating new or improving present fo Division determines the mechanical and rest products industries that will give em physical properties of wood, studies the ployment to the unemployed or underem various factors affecting its strength, ployed Filipinos is the Institute's chief con and investigates the potentialities of cern. This will ultimately lead to new or in Philippine woods for engineering uses. creased direct or indirect taxes that will aug 3. The Industrial Investigations Division ment the Nation's coffers. undertakes research activities on prima The Forest Products Research Institute has ry and secondary conversion of forest helped many wood-using enterprises both raw materials into useful articles. old and new such as the veneer and plywood, 4. The Wood Preservation Division studies pulp and paper, sawmills, wood preserving the preservative treatment of wood and plants, tool handle manufacturers, construc other forest products, their seasoning tion enterprises, to mention some. Page 28 FORESTRY LEAVES The Local Pulp and Paper Industry ficient local cellulosic raw material for this purpose, namely, rice straw, sugar cane ba We have right now in this country two gasse, ramie and abaca wastes, wood resi integrated pulp and paper mills. One is es dues, bamboos, etc. What we lack is capi tablished in Bais, Negros Oriental which uti tal with which to purchase machinery and lizes sugar cane bagasse as its principal raw the technical know-how. material in pulping. Another one is located in Bataan which uses buho (a species of To determine for instance what specific bamboo) as its main cellulosic raw material wood species or what pulping process to em for pulping. So far we have no pulp mill ploy to produce specific products, research that uses wood. There are two or three com is a must. We are often told, and justifiably panies intending to put up, a few years from at that, that research is the key to industrial now, pulp mills using hardwood and pines. progress. People with money to invest (ca pitalist or entrepreneurs) will not just sink Presently, we have ten or so small paper hundreds of thousand or millions of pesos of mills located in Manila or suburbs producing their own in a venture they do not know cardboard and different grades of paper such much about to start with. Ordinarily before as toilet tissue, bond, bag, mimeograph pa they invest sizeable sums, they conduct, or pers, and others. These paper mills use pulp they let competent agencies conduct for imported from the U.S., Canada, Scandina them, research or project studies, or experi vian countries, Japan, Taiwan, etc., or waste papers collected locally. ments to determine whether or not the en terprise they are about to engage in is fea We have also a big factory producing sible and profitable under conditions obtain hardboard, "Lawanit", located in Nasipit, ing locally. All factors bearing on the pro Agusan province. This particular hardboard posed venture should be studied. Hence, the factory uses principally sawmill wastes. There importance or significance of a research agen is also a particleboard plant in Zamboanga cy such as the Forest Products Research In using wood wastes. stitute. Recent estimates place our pulp and pa Concerning pulp and paper production, it per importation at about PI00,000,000.00 an should be our aim not only to produce to nually, and our pulp and paper consumption supply local needs but also to manufacture per capita per year at 12 pounds. We are adequate quantities for export to foreign the third largest users of pulp and paper in countries, utilizing our tremendous quantities Asia, the first being Japan and the second, of wood residues and agricultural fibrous Malaya. wastes found in many regions of this coun Considering the per capita per year pulp try. and paper consumption of i_ndustrially ad Imagine for a moment a situation in which, Yanced countries such as the U.S., Australia, as if by magic, paper disappears from the England, Canada, etc., (more than 420 pounds face of this earth. What will happen to the for the U.S.), there is a lot of room for im present civilization that we know? We will provement in this country. It is said that the go back to the dark ages, I'm sure. industrial development of a given country is generally gauged by the pulp and paper con· Observations and Suggestions sumption of its people. Permit me to digress from my main dis There is no doubt that as literacy, sanita course for whenever I have occasion to ad tion, and industrialization advance in the dress a gathering such as this, comprising Philippines our pulp and paper consumption mostly of young students, the "hope of our inevitably will also go upwards. We have suf- Fatherland" as Rizal said, I could not help ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 29 but mention a few observations and make your time on frivolities and waste your pa some suggestions. It is not, however, my in rents' hard-earned money on non-essentials. tention to criticize or cast aspersion on any Whether these are the so-called status- sym body. The following observations or sugges bols or not, discard them. Be frugal and tions are therefore placed at your disposal soend only on essentials. for you to take or leave them with no hard The Philippines is the only country God feeling between us, I hope. has given us. Let us therefore do everything For most of you, perhaps this will be possible to make her strong economically your first and last time to attend the Univer and respected in the concert of nations. sity. After this you will go out into the world to earn a living. Therefore it is incumbent Mentally and despite our broW'n color, we upon you to make the most of your stay in are not inferior to any race. Our country is this University. Prepare yourselves theoreti rich in natural resources. It is up to us to use cally and practically, therefore, for your fu our knowledge of the sciences and technolo ture role in our society. Be ready to answer gies that we have acquired in schools to ex the call of duty that may sooner or later ploit and utilize our God-given wealth - knock at your door. Whether your services those in our seas, mountains, rivers, forests, will be needed in the field of battle, in the lakes, etc. Let us harness them to enhance farms, factories, or offices, be prepared al cur national economy. ways. Right now most of you may not know Our climate is better than the climates of where the trail will lead you. Nevertheless many industrially advanced countries. We always prepare yourself for that opportunity, have no winter here unlike countries situat for it may come sooner than you expect. ed in the frigid and temperate zones. In this Work hard, study conscientiously, practice country, plants grow throughout the year. in your daily lives the good things that you The aforementioned zones have winter; that have learned in school. Engage in moderate means snow or ice blanketing their fields, body-building exercises and eat balance diet mountains, rivers and lakes part of the year so as to keep your body healthy and strong. with only a few months in which plants grow There is no reason why Filipinos should look actively. frail and sickly, compared to Americans, Ja It is always better to live within one's panese, or Australians. means. Cultivate the habit of saving a little Abstain from harmful vices such as smok from whatever income you may be receiving ing, drinking intoxicating liquors, gambling, for the so-called rainy day, which may come and going to nightclubs. All of these are ex sooner or later. Also, savings enable you to pensive vices and, more often than not, lead accumulate capital for future undertakings. ultimately to immorality, illegal acts, or plain Let us all avoid extravagant fiestas. In unsuccessful life. I address this advice espe stead let us earmark such money intended cially to students wholly or partly dependent for fiestas for worthwhile or enduring ven on their parents for support; students who tures. are not yet earning their upkeep. Probably most of your parents sweat it out under the Read widely and voraciously. Use your li rain and sun in the fields, or they work in brary to the fullest extent possible. Read cur factories, offices or stores just to earn extra rent events to keep yourself posted on what money to send to you so that you can, they is happening here and abroad. Other things hope, finish your University course. It is being equal, a well-informed person is al really a pity if you are not conscientiously ways a better citizen of the Republic. doing your share and that you while away (Continued on page 94) Page 30 FORESTRY LEAVES Problems of the Economics of Lo99in9 and Wood by Processing Industry* G. PONCE I. First Step. a new graduate forester. This job is very delicate and very important, because the re When one goes to business in the logging sult of this preliminary survey will determine industry, he has to get an area from the Bu whether it would pay to operate the area. reau of Forestry. The hardest problem of The writer knows of specific instances where a prospective logger today is to get a timber preliminary surveys of timber areas were area. The area maybe 2,000 hectares and made by men with no actual training and ex may reach 50,000. The chances are that perience in logging operations. In one case, there are no more big areas available. the report of an investigating engineer stated As soon as one has secured a timber area, that there were plenty of trees. The company the next thing to do is to conduct a prelimi went to construct expensive roads and bridges nary survey over the area to determine: only to find, upon reaching the timber that the predominating species are Balete trees 1. Possible outlet of the timber and non-commercial species. The company 2. Quality and quantity of timber found went broke. In another case an investigating in the area. engineer reported that the area is big and 3. Climatic conditions there is enormous amount of timber. The 4. Topography and soil conditions. licensee went to buy equipment and proceed This survey should be conducted by an ed to operate. It was found that there were experienced logger, who had been in the log plenty of trees but were all of small diame ging operations for at least five years or bet ters. The timber are in patches requiring ter yet a forester-logger who had the tech plenty of road construction. The climatic nical training in forestry and actual opera condition is bad. There is practically no dry season. Gravel is not available. The company tion experience in bringing logs from the forest to market. Beware of employing a discontinued operation. newly graduated engineer or for that matter This survey must be done quickly and must cover the whole area. It is necessary G. Ponce - Forester - Logging Engineer A graduate of UP and Oregon State Univer- to use planes to conduct an aerial survey. sity With this survey, you could determine the 18 years in the lumber business. Worked 16 years in Bu. of Forestry topography and see as to whether the tim Owns and Manages the Sta. Ines Veneer & ber is solid, or contains patches of clearings Plywood, Inc. which operates a. Plywood Factory and second growth areas. We must not rely b. Sawmill on this aerial survey alone. Next, the inves c. Box Factory tigator must proceed to the ground to de d. Logging Operation on the Agusan River Valley termine quality and quantity of timber. Tim 0 This paper was read in the Convention of Log ber estimates must be made. This will show Producers and Log Processors, Manila Hotel, April 20-22, 1964. stand per hectare and species available. These ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page :n timber estimates maybe made in sample plots I-bulldozer '.P' 50,000 new in different places over the whole area. If I-grader 275,000 new the investigator finds that there is enough 2-dump trucks 50,000 surplus timber of commercial species he may pro converted ceed in his preliminary survey, otherwise, I-truck loader 96,000 new there would be no need to proceed further. 2-logging trucks I00,000 surplus Timber found to be commercial, the inves converted tigator may proceed to determine timber outlets, topography, soil condition, and cli 2-second hand I60,000 second truck hand reconditioned matic condition. If the area is near the sea, near a navigable river or crossed by a pro vincial road even the timber stand is only III. Third Step. 50 cu. m. per hectare and the area is only It is necessary to make a good logging I,000 hectares the licensee may proceed to plan before any operation is started. In or operate because he will still make money. der to make one, a more intensive surYey Under these conditions, there is not much pro of the area, must be made to determine the blem to solve. best outlet for the timber. Preliminary road location to and inside the area is made. Areas which are far from roads, navi This logging plan contains among other things gable rivers or sea, say IO kilometers or more, plan for road location and more accurate the area must at least be 10,000 hectares timber estimates. Kind of equipment needed and stand per hectare of at least 75 cu. m. that will fit the area is also decided. Or This minimum requirements are necessary to ganization of men to run the show must be enable the investor to recover his big invest included in this plan. ment in equipment and roads and logging camp constructions. IV. Fourth Step. II. Second Step. Problem of the logger in this case is to get his financing. He may look for capitalists a. Granting the area is small say, 2,000 and form a corporation. He may not like this hectares to 5,000 hectares and located near and may borrow money from the bank using a government road or near a navigable ri his personal properties as collaterals. ver or near the sea, the licensee can start with a tractor or carabaos and yard logs V. Fifth Step. to the river or road. From there, he can Choosing his equipment and his logging float his logs to market or contract the truck men to run the show is his fifth step. If he ing on the provincial road. He may start could afford, he must buy all new equipment. with 8 carabaos which cost only 'PS,200. The economics of low financing using second With falling saws and axes he may begin hand equipment against bigger investment with P5,000 to P-10,000 capital. for new equipment is a problem for the log b. Nowadays, however, timber areas are ger to consider. It has been found in many now far from roads, river and the sea. Under existing operations that using new equipment this condition, the entrepreneur must have is the better business proposition. Continuous bigger capital. At least he must have operations of new equipment give higher PI,000,000 in order that he can start log productions because there is less down time ging operation. This maybe M50,000 for and less maintenance costs. If the operation equipment and P200,000 to construct his 10 is big, and the area is far, to be logged on kilometer roads, working capital '.P'50,000. The private road, the choice over trucks and trac equipment may consist of: tors is in favor of the bigger trucks and big- Page 32 FORESTRY LEAVES ger tractors. Less men are employed to dri\·e ed mechanics are also very important to main the trucks and tractors. Less men are used tain and repair modern logging equipment. to maintain these equipment. Experienced loggers although without high scholastic attainments are more desired than The biggest problem in actual operations new college graduates. College graduates, today in big areas is the production of logs however, if he must be efficient should be in a continuous basis to feed a factory or to willing to learn and his experience besides fill monthly commitments. Rain is the worst his scholastic attainment should qualify him enemy of the logger. He is forced to build the best logging superintendent because he all-weather roads in order that he can truck knows how to figure costs and use modern logs the year-round. Gravelling the mainline techniques which he gets in his constant is the only economical thing to do with plenty reading and contact with more qualified men of skylines to bring logs to this road. Spar in logging. roads can only be used during the dry wea ther. The present impression that a Jogger al ways turns a millionaire is not true. Logging The modern trend today is the use of is not an easy business. It is only when a Jog power saws in falling and bucking. The fall ger gets a license area under a navigable ri er makes more money and the logger needs ver, near a government road and near the less men. Cost of falling and bucking is low sea, and happens to get a big capital to buy er than the old system of using hand saws. modern equipment that he maybe lucky to In yarding, the highlead system in addi make money. But my friends, he has still tion to skylines are still the prevailing systems to sweat it out to earn his profit. The logger used in rough areas. The triple drum yarders who gets an area far from natural facilities found universal use specially among small like roads, rivers or the sea may Jose all what loggers. This kind of yarder is very versatile he has if he is not careful, if he has not and easy to move from place to place. The enough capital and does not employ tech skagits are more advantageous for skyline nical knowhow. Most areas today are already yarding because these yarders have longer far. All the help that the government can able capacities and higher horse powers. In give must be given to the logger so that he level areas, loggers should use tractor ground could make money and help other people yarding to minimize destruction of young and our government. All Joggers must pray trees. Tractor yarding is more economical that the 20% retention on April 25th be dis than highlead and skyline system. continued and the export tax be disapproved In trucking over long private roads, big in Congress so that these loggers may be ger trucks with trailers are in general use. more able to continue in their operations. Trucks without trailers must only be used to Problems of the Economics of Processing feed the bigger trucks. In Davao and Cota First of all, let us consider the advantages bato where areas are near government roads, and disadvantages of processing. contract trucking with commercial trucks had been found profitable. This is advantageous Advantages: to the small logger because he does not invest 1. The biggest advantage in processing big capital in trucks. is--one gets a higher return if he processes To run these mechanized logging opera logs into finished products instead of selling tions technical knowhow is very necessary. the logs. To illustrate in the case of plywood. There are plenty of experienced loggers in From one cubic meter of logs we can get the Philipipnes today and all efforts should 30 panels of plywood, which has an average be used to utilize these expert loggers. Train- sale of 'P6.00 per panel or Pl80 for 30 pa- ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 33 nels. The average sale of a cubic meter of dustries that are directly enriched by wood logs today based on Agusan price is P76. processors. Deducting cost of labor, glue, flour and crat ing, we get a net sale of 1"132 on the plywood. Disadvantages: And Pl32 less M6 we get an advantage of 1. However, to go into processing is not P52 per cubic meter by processing the log easy. A big capital is needed to put up a into plywood. factory. A plywood factory of 8-10,000 pa If a log producer does not have a pro nels capacity per day requires M,000,000 for cessing plant of any kind and he operates the purchase of machineries, buildings an Page 34 FORESTRY LEAVES WasteWood--A Potential by NORMA ABIGANIA-AVANZADO Source of Revenue College, Laguna Floods are becoming rampant and in their around 1,060,270 metric tons (bone dry ba wake are destruction and calamity. Minda sis), for 1962. Assuming that only half of nao, the e\·er land of promise, is slowly im these wastes can be converted into usable poverished by the rather too frequent occur chips, and subsequently into pulp for paper rence of floods and the tolls paid are not only making, it is estimated that these wastes millions of pesos worth of properties, but al would yield about 265,000 metric tons of dry so lives of people who have braved the dan chemical pulp with an estimated value of gers of the frontiers. One of the reasons ex Pll2,625,000. The quantity of paper and pa pounded for flood occurrences is the denu per products that can be produced from these dation of forests due to indiscriminate 101?; wastes is estimated to be more than twice ging and illegal cutting of trees. the yearly output of all the existing pulp and paper mills in the country today. This quan What are the causes of the wanton forest tity is fabulous, in spite of the fact that only destruction? Why is illegal cutting of trees 41 percent of the total log production is con so rampant? Is it due to the evils of the sumed locally. If the log exportation is re kaingin system or is it due to indiscriminate duced and the reduction converted by local cutting of trees for log exportation? What processing plants into articles salable locally ever may be the real cause, our forests must and abroad, it will enhance proportionately be conserved by selective logging, wise and our national economy. full utilization of wood, wood wastes, and residues. There are other reasons to which Another study undertaken at the Institute this flood calamity has been attributed, but is the manufacture of particleboard and fi we shall not deal with them here. We shall berboard from these wood wastes. discuss the conservation of forests through wise utilization. These researches may be the needed break for veneer and plywood mills and log pro At the Forest Products Research Institute ducers, to increase wood utilization and pro in College, Laguna, scientists and technolo duction. Consequently, there will be more gists are conducting research in utilizing income for the country and its people. These wood to the maximum. This is their share, are incentives to process locally more logs, their job, their contribution to our country and eventually log exportation would be de and people. creased, if not totally eliminated. This will mean less logs consumed or less trees to be One of the studies being conducted at the cut thus conserving the forest. Institute is the possibility of converting ve neer and plywood wastes, forest residues, The Philippine log production in 1961-1962, and sawmill wastes into pulp and paper. according to the Philippine Lumber Produ Present findings show that these wastes are cers' Association, amounted to 2,871,120,000 potential sources of raw materials for paper board feet and 59 percent of this was export making. These wastes are estimated to be ed. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 35 The exported logs are processed in for plants, creating jobs for more people, thus eign countries, (like Japan, the heaviest log contributing to the social and economic de importer), into valuable wood products such ,·elopment of the country. as veneer and plywood, which compete with Our scientists and technologists believe that the locally processed veneer and plywood in wood waste utilization for pulp and paper foreign markets, notably in the United States. making, particleboard and wallboard manu It is obvious that foreign countries profit facture would be profitable in the Philip from processing our logs, otherwise the de pines. The wood residues left in the forest mand would not be as great as it is today. to rot, or are a problem for waste disposal Why can't we process our own logs so that in sawmills, can be the raw materials for our country gets the maximum return for its diversified wood products. Proof of this are products? Is it because log producers found the Times Timber Exports Incorporated, which that log exportation is very much more pro is successfully producing particleboard, and fitable? If only wood wastes command a the Nasipit Lumber Company, which manu good price as raw materials for papermaking, factures the famous "LAWANIT" hardboard. such that the aggregate profits in local pro So far, there is no pulp and paper company cessing of logs becomes profitable, log ex in the Philippines which utilizes wood wastes portation can be greatly reduced and the as raw materials. Eastern Canada and the competition suffered by our locally process~d United States, however, have been success wood products would also be greatly mini fully and profitably utilizing their waste mized. wood for pulp and papermaking, including softboard and hardboard manufacture. There On the other hand, the Philippines im is no reason why the Philippines can not or ported 240,000 tons 1 of pulp in 1962. But we have bountiful raw materials locally, parti should not transform its wood wastes into usable products. cularly wood wastes and residues, which could be converted into pulps to sufficient Our forests are dwindling very fast, while ly meet our needs. One can just imagine, some countries import logs and wood pro the benefits that would accrue in producing ducts to preserve their forests. Let us con sufficient paper and paper products for our serve our forests, before it is too late; what consumption. we conserve today will be the forests of our children tomorrow. The importance of these possibilities must The Forest Products Research Institute is not be underestimated - socially and eco trying to find ways and means of profitably nomically. An assurance of a good return producing new wood products; to improve of profits on investments would spark incen present techniques, or to devise new ones, of tives, followed by addition and expansion of wood processing in order to reduce cost of veneer and plywood plants, pulp and paper production. The Institute is helping wood mills, sawmills and other wood processing products manufacturers to effect maximum utilization of this important raw materials, 1 This includes finished paper and paper board products that were imported. wood. WATER RESOURCES PROBLEMS dants, and transmit to them the enjoyment (Continued from page 18) of our democratic way of life, under the mu may, in our present generation, honorably nificent providence of God. discharge our duty to ensure the future of our country with an equal abundance of the Thank you for the pleasure and ho patrimony of our rich natural resources that nor which you so kindly have given me - will sustain the well-being of our descen- to be with you in this conference. Page 36 FORESTRY LEAVES Veneer and plywood plant wood waste ,,_ - Sawmill Residue~ Experimental Fourdrinier paper machine of the Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna Forest Residues , :JI a AVrRAGI: PrRCl:NT SURVIVAL ... 0 "' I I~ I I II ' ~ v I .. / / I / I v i I/ ! / .,, v i / i i ! / M i· v i / e I z ~ / .. ~ -i ' /v i Q.. / 0 v ---·------·-- --· z ~c !; ' ' PERCENT SURVIVAL li a I / • "' I / ~ v--- 8 I i ~ n,... I I ./ • ~ J I v ',... I I / • ft I • I / ~ t I J I ~ ~ I / z I .. w I I / i ,., I 1· n Cll s GI E "' / ! Ill I - • I ~ ; i I I I I I A Study on the Survival of Wild Bare-Root Dalin9din9an (Hopea Foxworthyi EML) by Seedlings Stored in Sawdust1 FORESTER JosE A. RAYos2 INTRODUCTION of various lengths of storage on the sur vival of wild bare-root dalingdifigan (Hope a Numerous attempts have been made in fox1rnrthyi Elm.) seedlings. the Philippines to raise planting stocks of dipterocarp species from seeds by artificial MATERIALS AND METHODS methods but without any marked success. ;\Jaterials - '!'he planting stock which was The species are comparatively difficult to used in this study consisted of 900 natural handle, even under favorable conditions in reproductions or seedlings of dalingdifigan a nursery and with the aid of treatments that that were gathered from the Quezon Nation are known to produce good results in other al Park, Quezon (formerly Taya bas) at an species. The difficulty lies not so much in elevation of about 1,000 feet above sea le inducing a high percentage of germination vel. These seedlings were about one year but in setting out the seedlings in the field. old, from 10 to 60 cm. in height, and these The percentage of survival among nursery were in groups some distance around their grown stocks in the field has not been very mother tree. 3 satisfactory. That the wild seedlings of the Only healthy and vigorous seedlings were species may not survive any better seems ob selected and gathered during a rainy day, vious. August 19, 1939, by lifting them with the aid of a bolo. Soil that clung to the root However, wild seedlings have seldom been 5ystem of the seedlings was gently removed. tried in field planting, but this does not real Also, their leaves were trimmed off by means ly mean that this is all there is to it. Dip of a sharp knife to minimize transpiration. terocarp seedlings are easy to procure and they have the advantage of growing natural Afterwards, the 900 seedlings were divid ly. If a practical method could be worked ed into three groups of 300 seedlings each. out in transplanting them, a bold step for Great care was employed so as to include ward shall have been taken in the right di in each group distribution of seedlings as rection. to height classes. These three groups were bundled temporarily and then weighed (Ta This paper discusses the effect of saw ble 1 ). dust as a packing medium and the influence The sawdust used in packing and storing 1 Revised text of a paper submitted in partial the seedlings, was taken from a sawmill which fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of was located about six kilometers from the Bachelor of Science in Forestry U.P. College of Forestry, College, Laguna. park. 2 Chief, Planting Stock Section, Technical Ser 3 These trees were healthy and had an average Yices Division, Reforestation Administration, Dili heights of 12 meters and an average diameter of man, Quezon City. 50 centinteters. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 37 Packing of seedlings - On one-half the segregated according to height classes. FiYe surface area of a piece of gunny sack, about height classes, ranging from 10 cm. to 60 one meter square ,moist sawdust was spread cm., were noted (Table 3-a). The seedlings evenly, about an inch thick as the first layer. in each class were counted. On this layer, the seedlings were placed The seedlings in the five height classes flat, side by side, following the length of were properly labelled with tags and plant the portion co\'ered with sawdust. Only the ed, 5 to 10 cm. apart, in the designated plots roots were allowed to rest on top of this lay by the dibble method. Partial shade was pro er while the stems of the seedlings above vided to the plants during the first 20 days the root collar were exposed outside the gun with kaong Arenga pinnata Wurmb leaves ny sack. Another layer of sawdust of the to protect them from intense heat. same thickness was spread on top of the roots. Thus, the roots were "sandwiched" Three plots, each 1 x 10 meters, were pre between the two layers of the packing me viously prepared to accomodate the seed dium. The other half of the sack was folded lings from the three bundles. These plots over the medium to envelop the whole set. were partly under the shades of Vidal's la Finally, from one end of the sack, parallel nutan ( Bombycidendron vidalianum (Naves) to the seedlings the folded gunny sack, with Merr. & Rolfe) and teak (Tectona grandis the seedlings inside was rolled to form a cy L.F.). lindrical shape. The rolled sack of seedlings As previously mentioned, the seedlings in was bundled and secured with abaca twine. bundle No. 1 were planted immediately upon Three bundles of seedlings in all were arrival. This bundle served as the control. made and properly labelled, 1, 2, and 3. These bundles were bought to the Makiling After one week, bundle No. 2 was open ed and the seedlings were weighed, sorted National Park, Los Bafi.os, Laguna on the same day they were collected for storage into height classes, and planted in the same and trial planting. Upon arrival at the Ma manner as the seedlings in bundle No. 1. kiling National Park, bundle No. 1 was im After two weeks, the same procedure was mediately planted at the experimental plots followed with bundle No. 3. of the Division of Forest Investigation, Ma The plots were visited occasionally, dur kiling National Park, at an elevation of about ing which the weeds were removed from the 500 feet. plots. Seventy three days after, the seedlings Storage - Bundles No. 2 and 3 were . that survived in each plot were counted and stored in a petroleum can which had per recorded. forated sides for aeration. In setting the bun DISCUSSION OF RESULTS dles, a sufficient layer of sawdust was first placed inside the can. The two bundles were Table 1 shows the original weight of the placed over this layer and more sawdust were seedlings and the sawdust in each bundle. filled in to keep them firm. Bundle No. 2 It can be seen that the difference in their was stored for a week and bundle No. 3, for respective weights is not much. This shows two weeks. that there is an even distribution of sizes and an almost equal amount of sawdust in Field Planting Operation - The weight each bundle. of each bundle, before and after removing the sawdust, was first taken before planting. Table 2 shows the losses of weight of This was done to calculate the loss of mois the seedlings and sawdust during transit and ture or the weight of both seedlings and during storage. It can be seen from this ta sawdust (Table 2). Then, the seedlings were ble that the seedlings in bundle No. 1 lost Page 38 FORESTRY LEAVES only 5.9 per cent of moisture; bundle No. 2 The survival irrespective of length of stor which was stored for one week, lost 20.0 per age is greatest in the height class 10 to 20 cent; and bundle No. 3 stored for two weeks cm. This points to the possibility that daling lost 34.l per cent. These losses may be con diiigan should be transplanted before they sidered small considering the transit of about got beyond 20 cm. in height. In each of the 100 kilometers from Quezon National Park three cases, the percentages of survival tends to the Makiling National Park and the length to decrease as the seedlings become higher of storage. than 20 centimeters. Rainfall was very favor able during the early phase of the experi Table 3-a, 3-b, and 3-c show the results ment. of the experiment used upon the percentage of survival as to height classes. The seedlings SUMMARY in the control group gave a survival of 54.0 per cent; those planted after one week of From the results obtained in this study, storage, 26.0 per cent; and those stored for the following may be considered: two weeks, 9.33 per cent. 1. That ordinarily dalingdiiigan seedlings The percentage of survival are apparent are hard to handle much more so when the ly low, but this is to be expected in view of seedlings are natural of wild reproductions. the fact that the seedlings used are wild 2. Under the bare-root system of plant stock seedlings. Working on wild reproduc ing and with the method of treatment, pack tion of baguilumbang ( Aleurites trisperma ing and storage as described in this report, Blanco), Viado (1938) obtained compara naturally grown dalingdiiigan seedlings give tively low survival; 40.5 per cent for control, a fair percentage of survival. The average 37.0 per cent for six days storage, 31.0 per per cent survival for the control is 54.0 per cent for 12-day storage, and 7.0 per cent for cent; one week storage, 26.0 per cent; two 24-day storage. Using apitong (Dipterocarpus weeks storage, 9.33 per cent. grandiflorus Blanco) and tiaong ( Shorea teys maniana Dyer) seedlings, Lantion ( 1938) 3. The capacity of sawdust as packing got an average of 9.5 per cent for mud-pud medium to retain moisture influences greatly dled seedlings and 2.9 per cent for the un the survival of wild dalingdiiigan seedlings; puddled. This confirms the common obser the greater the moisture retention the high vation that dipterocarp seedlings are hard er was the percentage of survival. to handle, whether nursery-grown or natural 4. The proper height in which to plant ly grown. dalingdiiigan wildlings when bare-rooted Furthermore, it will be noted that the ranges from 10 to 20 cm. seedlings used originated from a region of ACKNOWLEDGMENT much higher elevation, and that in their na tural condition they grew under a dense ca The author wishes to convey his heart nopy. Naturally, their vitality was affected felt gratitude to Dr. Francisco N. Tamolang, when they were planted in the experimental Prof. Jose B. Blando and Foresters Isidro plot in the Makiling National Park, where D. Esteban and Carlos V. Glori for going entirely different conditions exist. Unlike over the manuscript and to all those who in transplants, the seedlings did not also have one way or another have made this inves numerous lateral rootlets necessary to the tigation possible. life of young plants. ---oOo--- ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 39 REFERENCES 3. Newcome, F. R. "Moisture-absorbing and re taining capacities of various tree packing 1. Kumel, J. F. (1925) "Relative water-holding materials", Journal For., p. 413. capacity of sphagnum and tree moss," Amer ican Journal of Forestry, p. 181. 4. Viado, J. ( 1938) "The survival of baguilumbang 2. Lantion, D. C. ( 1938) "Wild forest seedlings seedlings under varying lengths of storage, as planting stock", Philippine Journal of Philippine Journal of Forestry (1), pp. 275- Forestry, pp. 199-210. 282. Table I - Original Weight of Dalingdingan Seedlings and the Packing Material used before Storage. Number of Weight of We1ihtof Weight of seedlings in seedlings see lings sawdust the bundle and saw- per bundle Bundle Number dust in the bundle (grams) (grams) (grams) I-Control 300 5,000 2,100 2,900 2 - I week storage 300 5,200 2,000 3,200 3 - 2 weeks storage 300 5,500 2,200 3,300 Tot al 900 I5,700 6,300 9,400 Table 2 - Loss of Weight of Dalingdingan Seedlings and Sawdust Immediately Prior to Planting. I Losses of weight I I Weight Weight Length Weight seed- of of lings Sawdust Seedlings Bundle Number of sawdust Storage bundle per per bundle bundle (grams) (grams) I Per I Per I (grams) Grams cent Grams cent I-Control None 4, 730 1,980 2, 750 150 5.2 120 5.9 2-I week storage I week 4,160 1,600 2,560 640 20.00 400 20.0 3-2 weeks storage 2 weeks 3,400 1,450 1,950 1,359 40.9 750 34.1 Table 3-a - Survival by Height Classes of Dalingdingan Seedlings in Bundle No. I (Seedlings Planted without Storage.) Number of Height Class (cm.) seedlings Number of Percentage in the class survival of survival 10-20 154 lll 72.07 2I-30 72 33 45.83 31-40 24 8 33.33 41-50 39 8 20.51 5I-60 ll 2 18.18 Tot al ------300 162 Ave. 54.00 Page 40 FORESTRY LEAVES Table 3-b - Survival by Height Classes of Dalingdifigan Seedlings in Bundle No. 2 (Stored for One Week before Planting). Numl:-er of Height Class (cm.) seedlings Number of Percentage in the class survival of survival 10-20 79 27 34.17 21-30 101 28 27.72 31-40 65 16 24.61 41-50 43 6 13.95 51-60 ------·------Total ______300 78 Ave. 26.00 ------ Table 3-c - Survival by Height Classes of Dalingdifigan Seedlings in Bundle No. 3 (with Two Weeks Storage before Planting). Number of Height Class (cm.) seedlings Number of Percentage in the class survival of survival 10-20 84 10 11.91 21-30 112 12 10.71 31-40 55 4 7.27 41-50 31 2 6.45 51-60 18 0 Tot a I 300 28 Ave. 9.33 ------ ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 41 Table 4 - Daily Distribution of Rainfall in the lv!akiling National Park, Laguna, during the Months of August, September, and October, 1939." ------Rainfall by Months Days September October Inches Inches Inches 1 ------.20 .25 2 0 .51 3 ------0 .11 4 ------0 .22 5 0 0 6 ------0 0 7 ------0 0 8 0 0 9 ------0 0 10 0 .08 11 ------2.80 .29 12 ------.20 0 13 ------1.99 .34 14 .15 .09 15 .26 .08 16 0 .20 17 ------.15 .51 18 .16 .29 19 0 0 20 ------3.00 0 .18 21 1.00 0 3.71 22 ------.73 .16 .11 23 ------1.90 .18 0 24 ------0 .24 0 25 ------.07 .12 .08 26 1.26 0 0 27 1.25 .20 .18 28 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 30 .45 0 0 31 ------.24 .33 T o t a I 10.60 6.80 7.56 " Data furnished by Forester Vicente Caguioa, Chief Statistics & Extension Division. Reforestation Administration. Formerly Asst. Forester of the Division of Forest Investiga tion, Bureau of Forestry. Page 42 FORESTRY LEAVES Effects of Pre-sowing Treatment on Germination of Bitaog (Callophyllum by Inophyllum L) Seeds IsENEod~fo~M~~~~ 0~~ Introduction ras, 1935) . In this study, three treatments were tested against untreated seeds, namely, Seed coat dormancy is the inability of a cracking of the seed coat, mulching with co seed to germinate even with favorable con gon, and removing the shell or seed coat from ditions due to the nature of the seed coat. the seed. The treatment where the shell was Seeds having seed coat dormancy often fail completely removed gave the highest germi to germinate or, if they do, they take some nation, followed by the cracking treatment, time to germinate. These characteristics are mulching, and control. It was not stated, how regarded as disadvantageous to the nursery ever, whether the differences were significant man because they involve unnecessary extra enough to have a definite conclusion. expenses in terms of more seeds needed for sowing, more time for handling of nursery Methods and Materials beds, and in terms of lesser quality of seed Materials lings. A delay in germination after sowing in the nursery may be the difference between a_ Seeds. - The seeds used in the study success and failure of a crop of seedlings. were collected on the ground under bitaog trees on the Forestry Campus. The seeds were Bitaog ( Callophyllum inophyllum L. ), is hard coated, spherical, and measured about an important timber species belonging to the three to four centimeters in diameter. The family Guttiferae. This species exhibits seed viability of the seeds were tested by indivi coat dormancy. This study was conducted in dually cutting and examining the cotyledons an effort to find means of making bitaog of the sample seeds which were taken at seeds germinate faster and in greater per random from the lot. centage. Specifically, the objective of the study was to compare the efficiency of dif b. Equipment.-Spades and rakes were ferent treatments applied to bitaog seeds in used in the preparation of seed beds where terms of germination percentage, germina the seeds were sown. And improvised sprink tion and pre-germination periods, and even ling can was used for watering the seed ness of germination. beds. A scout knife was used in nicking seeds and a carpenters' hammer was used in crack Revieu; of Literature ing seed coats. Studies on the methods of hastening ger Methods mination of dormant seeds are quite nume rous. However, there has been only one stu a. Experimental Design.-The study was dy that was conducted on bitaog seeds (Par- conducted on a randomized complete block design with five replications. Nursery beds ¢Jfr. Domingo is an Instructor in Siluiculture at the served as blocks or replications. The treat U.P. College of Forestry. Mr. Glori is a Forester of the Reforestation Administration. ments used were the following: ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 43 1. Seed coat removed completely e. Sowing.-The seeds were sown about 2. Seed coat nicked at one end five centimeters deep and about eight to ten 3. Seed coat cracked centimeters apart along five rows in a sub plot. Fifty seeds were sown to each sub-plot 4. No treatment (control) or for each treatment in a plot, or a sum of b. Seed preparation.-Seeds used for the 250 seeds per treatment in five replications, "cracked" treatment were prepared by put 200 seeds per plot or a total of 1000 seeds. ting the seed on a cement floor and giving 1t f. Data collection.-The seeds germinated a light downward blow with a carpenter's in each sub-plot every time the plots were in hammer. The same procedure was followed spected were counted and recorded. In or for the seeds used in the "removed" treatment der to avoid duplication of counting, tooth but then the seed coat was completely re picks were staked beside the counted seed moved by the hand after being cracked. For lings to signify that those marked seedlings the "nicked' treatment, seeds used were pre have been tallied and recorded. This record pared by cutting the end of the seed coat op ing of germinations was done in every three posite the micropyle until a portion of the to five days and continued until there was cotyledons is exposed. No treatment was done no more germination in any sub-plot. The to the control seeds. total germination percentage in each sub-plot c. Seed bed preparation.-In accordance was computed by the following formula: with the experimental design, five 1 m. x 4 m. n seeds beds were prepared. The seed beds were G = -- x 100 laid out by erecting pegs in each proposed N corner and stretching a string between the where: G germination percentage per opposite pegs. sub-plot The soil was dug with the use of a spade n number of seeds germinated to about eight to twelve inches deep. The soil in a sub-plot was pulverized and formed into raised ( 5 to N number of seeds sown in a 8 centimeters high) plots with the use of a sub-plot rake. Each seed bed or plot was sub-divided into four 1 m. x 1 m. sub-plots. Germination and pre-germination periods d. Randomization.-To avoid bias in the and evenness of germination were determined in the following manner: allocation of treatments to sub-plots, rando mization was carried out by the folowing Germination period = Number of days be procedure: tween date of sowing and date of last germination Four slips of paper, marked "removed", "cracked'', "nicked'', and "control", respect Pre-germination period = Number of days ively, were prepared, rolled, and placed in a between date of sowing and date of box. These slips of paper were drawn one first germination at a time. The treatment indicated on the Evenness of germination= Number of days first paper drawn was alloted to the first between date of first germination and sub-plot; the treatment indicated on the se date of last germination. cond paper drawn was alloted to the second sub-plot; and so on. This drawing of lots g. Analyses of data.-AII data on germina was for the first plot or seed bed. The same tion percentages, germination and pre-germi procedure was followed for each of the other nation periods, and evenness of germination four plots. were analyzed by the analysis of variance Page 44 FORESTRY LEAVES method. Where significant differences were the 1 percent level of significance than the found, treatment means were compared by germination percentage under the control Duncan's Multiple Range Test. ( 47.2%) or under the two other treatments. Results Means for the "nicked" ( 62.0%) and "crack The results of the study are summarized in ed" ( 56.4%) treatments are not significantly tables 1, 3, 5, and 7. The analyses of these different from each other but both are sig data are, respectively, summarized in tables nificantly better at the 1 percent level than 2, 4, 6, and 8. the mean for the control (Tables 1 and 2). a. Germination percentage.-Completely re In other words the percentage of germination moving the shell gave a germination percent increased with greater exposure of the coty age ( 80.8%) that was significantly better at ledons. Table !.-Germination percentages based on fifty seeds sown per replicat3 in each treatment T~eatments 1 All Replicates I Treatments I Re Ni Cr Con 1 86 60 54 50 62.5 2 82 60 52 46 60.0 3 68 60 56 44 57.0 4 82 54 50 42 57.0 5 86 76 70 54 71.5 All Replicates 80.8 62.0 56.4 47.2 61.6 1 For this and succeeding tables, "Re'', "Ni", "Cr", and "Con" refer, respectively, to treatments where the shell was removed, nicked, cracked, and control. Table 2.-Analysis of variance of germination percentage data in Table 1 Source oi variation d.f. SS MS F Replicates 4 574.80 143.70 6.58° 0 Treatments 3 3016.00 1005.33 46.05° 0 Error 12 262.00 21.83 Total 19 3852.80 Duncan's Multiple Range Test000 Ranked Con Cr Ni Re Means 47.2 56.4 62.0 80.8 ------ "" Signilicant at the 1 percent level. ""° For this and succeeding tables, means above a continuous solid line are not signifi cantly different at the 5 percent level and means above a continuous broken line are not significantly different at the 1 percent Jew!. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 45 b. Germination period.-The period be Germination period for the control ( 81.8 tween the date of sowing and date of the days) was significantly longer than the ger last germinaiton and the period between the mination period for the "removed" treatment date of sowing and date of first germination (62.2 days) and "cracked" (82.2 days) treat ments (Tables 3 and 4). In other words were both determined and analyzed sepa- simply cracking or nicking the shell did not 0rately. The former is the germination per seem to make the germination period shorter iod and the latter, for convenience and for than the control. Removing completely the lack of a definite term, is called the pre shell, however, definitely made the germi germination period. nation faster than the untreated seeds. Table 3.-Number of days from date of sowing to date of last germination Replicates Re Ni Cr Con All Treabnents l 59 76 90 90 78.75 1 63 90 90 90 8.'3.25 3 63 65 90 63 70.25 4 63 65 76 76 70.00 5 63 65 65 90 70.75 AH Replicates 62.2 72.2 82.2 81.8 74.60 Table 4.-Analysis of variance for the number of days from date of sowing to date of last germination ------Source oi variation d.f. SS MS F Replicates 4 587.80 146.95 1.73 n.s. Treatments 3 1'345.60 448.53 5.29° Error 12 1017.40 84.78 Total 19 2950.80 ------Duncan's Multiple Range Test Ranked Re Ni Con Cr Means 62.2 72.2 81.8 82.2 " Significant at the 5 percent level. c. Pre-germination period. - Pre-germi for the "nicked" treatment ( 32.4 days) was nation period for the "removed" treatment significantly shorter at the 1 percent level ( 26.0 days) was significantly shorter at the than for the "cracked" treatment ( 38.4 days) 1 percent level than the pre-germination and for the control. Pre-germination period period under the control ( 41-2 days) or under for the latter two treatments were not signi the other treatments. Pre-germination period ficantly different (Tables 5 and 6). Pa;:e 46 FORESTRY LEAVES Table 5.-Number of days from date of sowing to date of first germination Meciplicates Re Ni Cr Con All Treabnents I 26 32 40 43 35.25 2 26 32 40 40 34.50 3 26 26 32 40 31.00 4 26 32 40 40 34.50 5 26 40 40 43 37.25 All Replicates 26.00 32.40 38.40 41.20 34.50 Table 6.-Analysis of variance for the number of days from date of sowing to date of first germination Source of variation d.f. SS MS F Replicates 4 81.50 20.38 3.07 n.:s. Treatments 3 683.80 227.93 34.3300 Error 12 79.70 6.64 Total 19 845.00 Duncan's Multiple Range Test Ranked Re Ni Cr Con Means 26.00 32.40 38.40 41.20 ------ d. Evenness of germination.-The evenness all treatments including the control. The of germination, i.e., the period between the means for all the treatments were not signi date of the first germination and the date of ficantly different from each other (Tables 7 the last germination, is about the same for and 8). Table 1.-Number of days between date of first germination and the date of last germination ------·-·- Meciplicates Re Ni Cr Con All Treatments 1 33 44 50 47 43.50 2 37 58 50 50 48.75 3 37 37 58 23 38.75 4 37 33 36 36 35.50 5 37 25 25 47 33.50 ---·· All Reciplicates 36.2 39.4 43.8 40.6 40.00 ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 47 Table 8.-Analysis of variance for the number of days from date of first germination to date of last germination ·--·-·------· ------.-- variation d.f. SS MS F Replicates 4 611.50 152.88 1.51 D.S. Treatments 3 148.00 49.33 0.49 D.S. Error 12 1216.50 101.38 Total 19 1976.00 Discussion germination for the "cracked treatment is It is of significance to note that the per lesser than in the "nicked" treatment gives centage of germination of bitaog seeds in a good reason to suspect that dormancy of creased with greater exposure of the coty bitaog seeds is due to non-permeability of ledons. The germination and pre-germina the seed coat to gases and/or water. Despite tion periods were, on the other hand, short this, however, it cannot be definitely estab ened by removing the shell or seed coat. lished whether or not non-permeability is These results confirm the presence of dor the real reason for the dormancy because the mancy in bitaog seeds in so far as the seed difference is not big enough to be statistical coat is concerned. The seed coat may not ly significant. Nevertheless, although it can be permeable to allow the passage of gas not be definitely established in this study es and water into the seed which are needed which of the cases mentioned is the real rea by the seed to carry on its metabolic pro son for the seed coat dormancy of bitaog cesses. Another possibility is that there mav seeds, the results of this study show definitely be no question on the permeability of the that the dormancy of bitaog seeds is due to seed coat but the seed coat may just be too the nature of the seed coat. By knowing this, strong, providing a mechanical limitation to delay and incomplete germination may now the swelling of the developing embryo. Seed be remedied by completely removing the coat dormancy may also be due to a combi seed coat as has been demonstrated in this nation of the two cases mentioned (Crocker study. This method is economical, because it and Barton, 1957) . The mean germination requires no machine nor any chemical that is percentage for each of the "nicked" ( 62.0%) expensive. and "cracked" ( 56.4%) treatments may be The design used in this study was good as worthwhile noting. Since a nicked seed coat evidenced by the highly significant varia is mechanically stronger than a cracked seed tion due to replicates in Table 2. Significant coat for obvious reason, it is expected that differences in replicates means that the ex there should be a lesser germination percent perimental area was not homogenous and age if the dormancy was due to mechanical that, had a completely randomized design restriction of the developing embryo. The been used, the effects of the different treat fact that the mean for the "nicked" treat ments would have not been properly isolated. ment was higher, therefore, should descredit By blocking the experimental area, the effect the mechanical restriction theory. Since the of the non-homogeneity of the area was eli passage of gases and water to the seed treat minated. ed by nicking the seed coat is greater be The results of this study supports the find cause the entrance is larger than in the ings of Parras (1935) that the more the ex "cracked" treatment, it is expected that there posure of the cotyledons of the seed the fast should be a lesser germination percentage in er and greater is the germination. the latter method. The fact that the mean (Continued on page 89) Page 48 FORESTRY LEAVES Formal transfer of original wood collection from the ~earl o/ Forestry to the FPRI. Forester Nablo, representing Acting Director A. Rivera, is handing to Asst. Director FPRI, Dr. Tamolang the document of transfer. The original wood collection arrives at the FPRJ. Dr. William L. Stem, looks with appreciation at the priceless collection for the lnstitute's Scientific Wood Collection of the Philippines. The Forest Products Research ln•itute has .. always been servicing the public. Photo above shows three FPRJ wood experts giving technical assistance to a tootpick Jactory in Manila. The three are, left to right Engr. Ramon P. Saroos, Ramon V illarama a11d llD Chief Dominador G. Faustino. •· itI•.'!~ F.P.R.I. Board of Directors meet at the U.P. Conference Room (L. • r.). Denn Gregorio Zamuco, FPRI Dir. Ma· nuel Monsalud, B.F. Director Apolonio F. RivEra, U.P. Pres. Carlos P. Romulo, Santos Lantican (FPRI Stenographer), former FPRI Director Eugenio de la Cruz, Hon. 1<1se G. Sanvictores, and Engr. Dominador Cepeda. Machining Properties of Eight by EDWARD M. DAVIS1 and Philippine Hardwoods DoMINADOR G.· FAUSTINO, SR. 2 SUMMARY OF RESULTS reported in increasing volume from Asia, Africa, and South America. True mahogany, Several years ago, data were published on the species impmted in biggest volume, i5 the machining properties of some 20 hard too well known to be considered new. Next woods of the United States. Based on the in amount comes "Philippine Mahogany". tests here reported, the eight Philippine woods appear to be about equal with the bet This term includes at least a half-dozen bo ter of the native United States hardwoods. tanical species, all different in their proper This is not surprising, since these native ties. Imports from the Philippines include a woods included some species that machine smaller volume of hardwoods that are not poorly, and those Philippine woods chosen classed as Philippine mahogany. for export would hardly include any species that are inadequate in that respect. To a large degree, the Philippine lumber that is imported into the United States con Three of the eight Philippine woods, api sists of species and grades that are suitable and manggasinoro, were con tong, tangile, for cabinet work, interior trim, or other sistently better than average in all or most exacting uses. In determining the suitability of the tests. At the other extreme, mayapis, of any wood for such uses, its machining almon, and white lauan were consistently properties are an important consideration. below average in all or most of the tests. Red lauan and bagtikan were intermediate. OBJECT AND SCOPE OF RESEARCH NEED FOR THE INVESTIGATION The main object of this work was to eva luate the more important machining proper We have now reached a point where the ties of certain Philippine hardwoods. The native hardwood forests of the United States machining tests described here include plan have been pretty well cut over, or at least ing, shaping, turning, mortising, boring, and culled over for the best trees and the most sanding. In the case of the most important desirable species. As a result, native hard wood lumber in top grades and large sizes operation, planing, some of the factors that has become increasingly scarce. affect the results were explored. In each of the other tests, one fairly typical set of ope This situation has aroused considerable in rating conditions was adopted, and all spe terest in tropical hardwoods as possible sub cies were treated similarly. stitutes for native hardwoods. In response to demand, numerous hardwoods that are rela TEST MATERIAL tively new to the United States have been Table I shows the botanical name, com 1 Technologist, Forest Products Laboratory, Ma mercial name, weight per cubic foot, and dison, \Visconsin, U. S. A., retired. number of samples for each species tested. 2 Chief Forest Products Technologist & Chief, Industrial Investigations Division, Forest Products The commercial names in the second column Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines. are those usually used in United States mar- ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 49 kets and are as classified in the rule book head) often have an important influence on of the National Hardwood Lumber Associa planing. Four cutting angles were investigat tion. ed (table 3). For six of the eight woods, the 20-degree angle proved to be the best, The heaviest wood, apitong, weighs about and the 30-degree angle was a close second. the same as oak. The lightest two, mayapis The IO-degree angle produced considerably and manggasinoro, are about equal to yel more raised grain than the 20-degree and 30- low-poplar, while the remaining five are si degree angles, and the 40-degree angle pro milar to sweetgun in weight. The Philippine duced much more torn grain. woods correspond closely to familiar native hardwoods in density. A.2 Number of knife cuts per inch. - In planing, much depends upon the number These woods varied noticeably in texture, of knife cuts per inch. Although eight cuts although none of them could be considered may be adequate for common-grade con fine-textured woods. Almon has the coarsest struction lumber, it does not produce first texture. White lauan and apitong were class planing. For cabinet use, 20 cuts would the finest, and the other five were interme produce three times as many defect-free pie diate. Most of these woods contained more ces on the average (see table 4), and 16 cuts or less interlocked grain that yielded a rib would be considered about the minimum. bon-stripe figure when quarter-sawed. Be To a large degree, torn grain accounted for cause of the small number of samples, the the difference in results, as it was much results should be considered only as indica more prevalent at 8 and 12 knife cuts per tive. inch than at 16 and 20. Figures 1, 2, and 3 illustrate the grain and A.3 Moisture content. - In this test, the texture of three of these woods. same set of samples was planed at four dif ferent moisture conditions. The results va MACHINING TESTS ried all the way from 0 percent of defect A. Planing. - Next to sawing, planing is free pieces for green material up to 83 per the most common woodworking operation. cent for material at 6 percent moisture con Where high-class finish is required, as in tent, as shown in table 5. The drier the ma furniture, good planing is especially impor terial, the better the results, although there tant to minimize subsequent finishing work. was little difference between 6 percent and 12 percent moisture content on the average. In general, the Philippine hardwoods In all conditions, except the green, which planed about as well as the better native was uniformly poor, the quality of the plan hardwoods. Table 2 which is based on an ing varied widely between different species average of two runs under the most favor as might be expected. Raised grain and fuz able conditions, shows the results. zy grain were the most common defects by The chief defect in these runs was raised far, especially at the higher moisture con grain of a type that would be sanded off tents. easily. Some of the factors that influence re A.4. Depth of cut. - Depth of cut also in sults are discussed in the following pages. fluences the quality of planing. Four runs Torn grain came next in frequency of oc were made with cuts 1/32 inch, 2/32 inch, currence. These defects are illustrated in fi 3/32 inch, and 4/32 inch deep. On the ave gure 4. rage, the results grew progressively worse in A.I. Cutting angles. - Cutting angles (tho going from the shallowest cut which yielded angle between the cutting edge of the knife 93 percent defect-free pieces, to the deepest and a radial line in the end of the cutter- cut, which yielded 58 percent, as shown in Page 50 FORESTRY LEAVES table 6. As to the mechanics of planing, it the I-inch, single-twist type with solid cen is practical to remove 1/8 inch or more in ter and brad point. It was operated at 2,800 one cut. From the quality standpoint, how revolutions per minute. ever, two thinner cuts are preferable. The percentage of good-to-excellent holes, A.5. Sharpness. - Even when all other from the smoothness of cut standpoint, rang operating conditions are favorable, the use ed from 70 to 100, as shown in table 8. of dull knives can result in poor planing. The This is about the same range found in na remedy is to watch the work, and grind or tive hardwoods. Figure 6 shows the appear joint the knives as soon as the quality of the ance of the bored surfaces, both side grain work deteriorates noticeably. Jointing can be and end grain in tangile, heavy almon, and overdone if it is carried to a point where a light almon. Little difference is evident on pronounced heel develops. The jointed por the sidegrain cuts. On the end grain, how ever, the rough cutting on the light almon tion of the blade has no clearance, and if it is very noticeable. is allowed to become too wide, the quality of the work suffers. In determining trueness to size, the holes were measured both parallel to the grain and B. Shaping. - In the shaping test, the across the grain by means of a plug gauge. yield of defect-free pieces in different spe Although the holes proved to be larger than cies is usually too small to permit effective the bit in all species, the amount of oversize comparison. Accordingly, comparison is based was not enough to be objectionable as far on percentage of good-to-excellent pieces. as the strength of doweled joints is concerned. Good, in this instance, means pieces that are only very slightly defective, and would re D. Mortising. - Mortising is another ope quire only a small amount of sanding to be ration in which smooth cuts and true-to-size acceptable. On this basis, the yields ranged holes are essential for the best glue joints. from 47 percent for bagtikan up to 80 percent In this test, mortises 1/2-inch square were for manggasinoro (table 7) . These figures made with the hollow-chisel mortiser at 2,800 compare with 53 percent for yellow birch, revolutions per minute. The appearance of 62 percent for hard maple, and 68 percent the inside of these holes is shown in figure 6 for tangile, heavy almon, and light almon. for Central American mahogany. Figure 5 Side-grain cuts were reasonably smooth in shows two of the finished test samples, ta all three. The end-grain cut in the light al ngile and almon. These samples are so de mon showed pronounced crushing and tear signed as to cut all angles from parallel to ing, which is fairly typical of soft light wood perpendicular to the grain. (The round and in such cases. For the group as a whole, the square holes were made as part of the bor results shown in table 9 were as good as for ing and mortising tests that will be discussed the better native hardwoods. Similarly, in later). As with other hardwoods, little or no the amount of offsize, the mortises were difficulty was encountered with cuts parallel about on a par with the better native species. or approximately parallel to the grain. End grain cuts usually showed varying degrees of E. Turning. - Turning, like shaping, was roughness in different species, and in the based on percentage of good-to-excellent softer woods occasional small tear-outs oc samples, and, as in the former case, those curred. rated as good were only slightly defective. The results naturally varied in different spe· C. Boring. - Smoothly cut, true-to-size cies, but in general the Philippine woods holes made stronger glue joints in doweled showed about the same range of quality as construction. The bit used in this test was our native hardwods (table 10). Turnings ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 51 were made with a modified back-knife lathe more smoothly than the light one, which is at 2,200 revolutions per minute and with the typical of woods in general. wood at two moisture contents, 6 percent F. Sanding. - Limited sanding tests with and 20 percent. Results at the 6 percent le these Philippine woods indicate that scratch vel were substantially better in every instance, ing is not a serious factor. The pores are although moisture content affected some spe coarse enough to obscure completely any cies more than others. scratches made by No. 80 (or 2/0) ccated Figure 7 shows a definite difference in abrasive, a size commonly used on drum san smoothness of cut. Freedom from fuzzing ders for final sanding. Grit of this size pro also may be noted in the different species. duced only traces of fuzz on any of the spe In tangile and almon, two samples are shown, cies tested. Occasional pieces in a shipment one heavy for the species and one light. In may contain gelatinous fibers, an abnormal both of these woods, the heavy sample turned type of wood that tends to fuzz badly. Table 1. - The test material. Weight No. of Botanical name Commercial name per samples cu. ft. 1 Philippine mahogany dark red group Shorea negrosensis Red lauan 38 10 Shorea polysperma Tangile 36 20 Philippine mahogany light red group Shorea almon Almon 36 9 Parashorea plicata Bagtikan 40 15 Shorea squamata Mayapis 31 20 Pentacme contorta White lauan 35 20 Other Philippine hardwoods Dipterocarpus spp. Api tong 48 20 Shorea philippinensis Manggasinoro 30 5 Total 119 Average 15 1 Material air-dried to 15 to 17 percent moisture content. Page 52 FORESTRY LEAVES WOOD MACHINING 2 -- WOOD MACHINING s., Dlll'ICT-ll'REE PLANING 1 TUT IAMPl.11 ---7~- ll'RH PLANING TUT SAMPLU .. ::'-J;~L, 1.;;:-ri.~~1ililt1Jf:dPJfPll?l1jIIIII11111ii1111111111~1111111q111111w-1 '_jli.j1L!plq!rw:rir14tiii41L4I.IP+L' iii! 11111µ1: ]I l w11iIIIpn11ra1 FIGURE 2. FIGURE 1. Red lauan, /lat grain above and quarter IO"ain Mayapi11, /lat grain above and quarter grain below. This species is classed as dark red "Phil below. This 11pecies is classed as light red ippine mahogany". "Philippine mahogany". WOOD MACHINING OErECTS THAT DEVELOP IN PLA>l!HG TESTS MAYAPIS (SHOWING RAd[o GRAJW) TANGILE llHOWIN; TOllN GM!Nl FIGURE 3 Chief planing defects: raised grain in mayapis (above) and tom grain in tangile (below). WOOD MACHINING KIUMOfl Of' IOMI MLll'PINI WOOOI M SIU.PING TllT FIGT:RE 4 Type of sample u. TANGILE DENSE ALMON LIGHT ALMON . ·~·.' .,. 1 Y' :-·~~ • "~ ' ~~ 'I! ~ .- i'IG •, ! it I TANGILE DENSE ALMON ) -~ r-" • :.,.~ ,. __ , LIGHT ALM.O_i~.-!!'" ~ r r '"\ < ~"""""~~ .... -:..,,~~"'....._,~ "'"''"" _ _.WI______ RJJJ,l' I j I I I lllijilll II I j I I I II I kl 11111111111111 l1111111111111111111111111111111 t111111111 mpr ..... FIGURE 5 Quality o/ boring and mortising. Specimens I, 2, and 3 were bored, and specimens 4, 5, and 6 were mortised, the upper piece in each case being a side cut and the lower an end cut. Species were: I and 4, tangile; 2 and 5, dense almon; 3 and 6, light almon. WOOD MACHINING BEHAVIOR C6 SOME PHILIPPINE WOODS IN TURNING TtST ,. AllllTONG DENSE LIGHT IAGTIKAN MAYAPIS WHITE DENSE LIGHT TANGI LE TANGILE LAUAM ALMON ALMON FIGURE 6 Type oJ sample used in turning test, showing variation oJ quality in diJJerent spec:ies No. I is apitonf!, No.•. 2 and 3 are dense and light langile respectit>ely, No. 4 is bagtikan, No. 5 is mayapi.•, No. 6 is white lauan, and 7 and 8 arc dense and liMht almon. res pectively. Table 2. - Planing1 qualities of eight Philippine hardwoods'. Specie• Percent of defect-free pieces Almon 89 Api tong 95 Bagtikan 90 Manggasinoro 100 Maya pis 90 Red lauan 100 Tangile 70 White lauan 75 Average 86 1 Based on average of 20-degree and 30-degree cutting angles, a 1/16-inch cut, and 20 knife marks per inch on the molder. The moisture content of the wood was 6 percent. Table 3.-Effect of cutting angles on planing'. Cutting Angles Species 10 degrees 20 degrees 30 degrees 40 degrees Percent of defect-free picees Almon 45 89 22 Apitong 90 90 100 80 Bagtikan 80 100 80 30 Manggasinoro 100 Mayapis 25 100 80 37 Red lauan 100 Tangile 50 80 60 30 White lauan 80 80 70 20 61 93 80 51 1 Tests made with a molder at a 1/16-inch cut, 3,600 revolutions per minute, 60 feet per minute, and 20 knife marks per inch. The moisture content of the wood was 6 percent. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 53 Table 4. - Effect of number of knife cuts per inch on planing' Number of knife ·cuts per inch Species 8 12 16 20 Api tong 70 80 90 90 Bagtikan 10 60 80 100 Manggasinoro 20 80 100 100 Mayapis 30 70 70 100 Red lauan 0 60 90 100 Tangile 20 60 70 80 White lauan 60 70 70 80 Average 30 69 81 93 1 Tests made with a molder at a 30-degree cutting angle, 3,600 revolutions per mi nute, a 1/16-inch cut, and feed rates adjusted to give desired number of cuts. The moisture content of the wood was 6 percent. 1 Tests made with a 30-inch cabinet planer at a 30-degree cutting angle, 3,600 revo- lutions per minute, 54 feet per minute, and 1/16-inch cut. · Page 54 FORESTRY LEAVES MACHINING PROPERTIES ... (Cont'd from page 56) Table 6. - Effect of depth of cut on planing'. Dept of Cut No. of Species oieces I l/32 inch I 2 /32 inch I 3/32 inch 4/32 inch Percent of defect-free pieces Almon 9 100 89 89 78 Api tong 10 100 100 70 70 Bagtikan 5 100 80 80 80 Mayapis 10 100 80 80 60 Tangile 10 80 70 40 30 White lauan 10 80 70 70 30 Average 93 81 71 58 1 Tests made with a 30-inch cabinet planer at a 30-degree cutting angle, at 3,600 revolutions per minute, 54 feet per minute, and a 1/16-inch cut. Table 7. - Shaping properties of Table 8. - Smoothness of cut in some Philippine hardwods1 boring Philippine hardwods Percent good Percent good Species to excellent Species to excellent Manggasinoro 80 Api tong 100 A pitong 70 Bagtikan 100 Tangile 65 Tangile 100 White lauan 65 Red lauan 95 Almon 55 Manggasinoro 80 Maya pis 55 Almon 72 Red lauan 50 White lauan 70 Bagtikan 47 Mayapis 70 1 The work was done with spindle shaper at 5,400 revolutions per minute. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 55 Table 9. - Smoothness of cut in mortising Philippine hardwoods Percent fitir to Species excellent mortises Apitong 100 Tangile 100 Red lauan 100 Manggasinoro 100 Bagtikan 93 Almon 78 Maya pis 70 White lauan 60 Table 10. - Turning properties of Philippine woods'. Percent of good to excellent turnings 6 per cent 20 per cent moisture content moisture content Percent Percent Api tong 100 80 Tangile 100 75 Bagtikan 100 60 Manggasinoro 100 Red lauan 90 50 White lauan 80 50 Almon 78 50 Maya pis 72 32 AveragP 90 57 1 Turnings were made on modified back-knife lathe at 2,200 revolutions per minute. Page 56 FORESTRY LEAVES Scientific Wood Collection: Its Role in Forest Products Research by and Industry F. N. TAMOLANG and R. R. V ALBUENA1 The Scientific Wood Collection of the Phil were committed to this great task and they ippines, now in the custody of the Forest collected, throughout the archipelago, wood Products Research Institute, consists of the specimens and their corresponding herbar old collections of the Bureau of Forestry ium materials from trees in various types of and those of the Institute. These are authen forests. Accordingly, the herbarium materials tic wood specimens, supported by herbarium were lodged in the former Bureau of Science' rnuchers that were filed with the former while the wood specimens, bearing their cor Bureau of Science, presently the Philippine responding herbarium numbers, were kept in National ~Iuseum and Herbarium. Many peo the Bureau of Forestry, A "Register of Spe ple, however, are not aware of the existence cimens" in eight volumes, now preserved in of this invaluable collection, which has been the Forest Products Research Institute, shows rendering its humble services to the country. that t.he first collection of wood Sl\mples was These services can always be a\'ailed of if carried out from 1903 to 1938, or a duration only people know the circumstances why it of about 35 years of wood collection ( 11). exists. The wood collection consisted of hand spe This paper presents a brief history of the cimens ( 1 cm. x 10 cm. x 15 cm.), floor sam present scientific wood collection and its role ples, and museum samples or planks. These in forest products research and industry in were properly labeled with their correspond the Philippines. ing B.F. or M.S. numbers, common names, Brief History of the Scientific Wood scientific names,4 collector's name, and lo Collection cality of collection. One of the major acti\'ities of the Bureau There was close liaison between the Bu of Forestry, after its organization in 1902, reau of Forestry and the Bureau of Science, was the survey and evaluation of the forests regarding the identification of herbarium of the Philippines. It was and still is neces specimens' and the compilation of their com sary to know the species of woods in our mon names in various dialects. This made it forests and their corresponding scientific possible to update the identification of the names. wood specimens. Filipino foresters, rangers and forest guards, 3 Unfortunatelv, the Bureau of Science building in collaboration with American foresters ( 8), 2 was burned in 1945. 4 Scientific name was entered upon receipt of 1 \Vood Technologists, F.P.R.I. Dr. Tamolang, the specimen's identification from the Bureau of member of the National Research Council of the Science. Philippines, read this paper in its anniversary in 5 Identified by present and former botanists of February, 1964. the Bureau of Science ( Drs. E.D. Merrill, C.B. Ro 2 Numbers in parentheses refer to References :it binson, E. Quisumbing) and by foreign systematists the end of this paper. working on special families ( 10). ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 57 The first bombing of Manila in December, takingly and unselfishly devoted themselves 1941 prompted the Director of Forestry, Flo for long years of dedicated service to Phil rencio Tamesis, to transfer to the Division ippine botany. of Forest Investigation at College, Laguna, As of now, the Scientific Wood Collection a set of duplicates of the wood collection for of the Philippines (Table 1) is undergoing safety, leaving the original set in the vault indexing, checking and verification of the of the Bureau of Forestry in Manila unno status of each specimen. We are indeed for ticed by most foresters. For this, vye thank tunate to have our FAO Consultant in Wood Director Tamesis for his foresight in antici Technology, Dr. William L. Stern, Curator, pating the fire that gutted the Bureau of Plant Anatomy Division of the Smithsonian Forestry building during the Liberation in Institution, who is helping us in these efforts 1945; otherwise, there should have been no so that it can be as good as those in other prospective hope of saving any set of wood countries. specimens. When the Forest Products Laboratory, Role of Scientific \\lood Collection in Forest forerunner of the Forest Products Research Products Research and Industry Institute, occupied its new building in No Forest Products Research vember, 1954, the duplicate set of wood sam ples which was spared by the fire in the fo The scientific wood collection has been useful to basic and applied research in forest restry campus in 1945 found its proper place products. As early as 1907, the first original in the Wood Technology Section, now a di work in English on Philippine woods, co vision. Some wood specimens, however, were vering brief descriptions of 75 species, be attacked by termites and Lyctus borers and, longing to 54 genera and 27 families, was consequently, were a total loss to the collec published ( 5). Two years, later, in his "In tion. do-Malayan Woods", Foxworthy described Despite this setback, the old collection has 193 Philippine wood species (6). ·subsequent been augmented by new collections0 of the ly in 1916, Schneider (12), the wood expert Laboratory, now the Forest Products Research of the Bureau of Forestry, published the re Institute, in connection with its forest pro sults of his studies on commercial Philip ducts research. The new wood specimens pine woods in Bulletin No. 14. This was fol bear the letters FPRI ( 1,16). · lowed in 1923 by one of the most detailed studies on wood anatomy of the Dipterocar In 1958, it was learned that the original pacae ( 9). In 1932, followed also one of the set of wood specimens was safe in the Bu most detailed treatises.on the ana~omy of lit reau of Forestry vault in Manila. Attempts toral species of the Philippines ( 7). Six years were made for its transfer to the Institute later, results of studies by Reyes on 264 im but these efforts failed. Another attempt was portant or noteworthy Phffippine timber spe made in November, 1963 and, fortunately on cies and about 200 additional species of mi January 25, 1964, Acting Director of Fores nor importance were published in Technical try Apolonio F. Rivera approved the trans Bulletin No. 7, the most extensive of them fer of the original collection to the Forest all (IO). Wood samples, used in all these Products Research Institute. studies, were those from the old Bureau of Forestry Collection. The new acquisition is priceless. It is a monumental contribution of those who pains- Unfortunately, all of these publications are now out of print. Realizing their importance 6 Most of the identifications were made by the to the forest and wood-using industries and Philippine National Museum and Herbarium (Dr. Quisumbing, Mendoza) and Dr. Salvosa of FPRI. of the pressing demands for them by fores- Page 58 FORESTHY LEAVES ters, students and others, the Institute is revis laboratory for strength properties, especially ing and enlarging Reyes' publication ( 10). toughness. As a result, binggas ( T erminalia The present wood collection is the main citrina ( Gaertn.) Roxb.) was found promis source of research materials for this revision ing. The wood was tried in the factory for and for a contemplated "Encyclopedia of tool-handle manufacture and was found suit Philippine Woods." able for the purpose. For some time, this in dustry flourished in its business but, several In most researches of the Institute, it is years later, it had the problem of limited the policy to have the trees selected in the supply of the binggas woods. And so, the Ins forests and felled under the supervision of a tute looked for other species, following the competent observer ( 1). The authenticity of same procedure, and was able to recommend the species is checked and established through other species such as agoho, katilma, ata careful study and frequent use of the scien ata, ulaian, dalingdingan, narig, bolong-eta, tific wood collection and herbarium. This is and panglomboien ( 11). Other wood-using necessary because forest products research is industries with similar problems, helped by time consuming and costly and it is import the Institute, are given in Table 2. ant that the time and money be spent on well-considered projects and on test mater In the lucrative building-construction in ials of unquestioned authenticity that are dustry, the Institute has been consulted on fully representative. These projects are those verification and identification of wood spe being undertaken by the five technical di cies used or specified for certain structural visions of the Institute: Chemical Investi members. On several occasions, fraudulent gations, Industrial Investigations, Timber Phy substitution of other wood species has been sics and Engineering, Wood Preservation, and revealed. This has been true also in the pur Wood Technology. The result of these chase of railroad ties by the ~fanila Rialroad studies have been envisioned to bolster the Company where substitution, for molave and development of wood industries such as ve yakal by other species, has been rampant. In neer and plywood, pulp and paper, bobbins, these cases, the scientific wood collection has wood lamination, seasoning, wood preserva been an indispensable tool in wood identifi tion and others, including new ones. As early cation, which compels the unscrupulous in as 1956, some results were published in re dividuals to comply with the specifications or putable technical journals and magazines, pay for damages. FPRI technical and industrial notes, and Informally, the Forest Products Research others ( 2,3). The salient information there Institute is the official wood-identification from have been disseminated to the indus agency of our government. It receives daily tries and the public concerned. many requests for identification from the Forest Products Industries ir:dustry, other branches of the government, the general public and sometimes from abroad Most of the individual problems of wood ( 15). In all these consultations, our scienti using industries brought to the Institute, par fic wood collection has significantly demon ticularly new and small ones, haw been the strated its vital function. need of possible substitute for American hickory, so far the best wood for the manu An important case to cite is the expert facture of tool handles. The Institute search testimony rendered in a civil case of a cer ed its scientific wood collection for woods, tain tobacco firm. The consignee for a ship the structure, grain and other properties of ment of tobacco, exported by the firm, re which are comparable or similar to those of fused to pay for the shipment on the ground hickory. Logs of these prospective species that the cigars were attacked by borers. Ve were collected and processed, tested at the rification of the crates and boxes of the in- ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 59 fcsted cigars revealed that the crates were will take along with him the 8-rnlume "He made of Cuban woods and not of Philippine gister of Specimens" previously checked woods. On this basis, the local company was against our woods. Comparisons will then be fully paid for its shipment in question. Th·J made between the names of our woods and success of the identification in this case was those on the rnuchers. This plan would re largely due to our scientific wood collection, quire several years and probably outside fi which also includes some foreign woods. nancial assistance such as F AO, UNESCO, AID and perhaps the National Research Important Considerations Council of the Philippines. But, the returns would be highly valuable in that we would Our scientific wood collection, as an indis be assured, at least for many years, of the pensable tool in forest products research and accuracy of identification of all woods in industry, must grow in its holdings of local the Scientific Wood Collection of the Phil and foreign woods. By all means, it must ippines. As tools in research, therefore, more conform with international standards follow substantial benefits can be had anci the fron ed by institutions, such as the Division of tiers of knowledge in wood technology can Plant Anatomy of the Smithsonian Institu be pushed back for the economic and in tion, Samuel Record Memorial Wood Collec dustrial development of our country. tion at Yale University, and others. These are "must" considerations which have to be References implemented in order to make our wood col lection essentially a reliable means for re 1. Forest Products Research Institute. 1956. search and a distinctly useful wood library. Instructions for the selection and collection of authentic timber sam In this connection, we have recently ples for forest products research. launched a vigorous program of exchange of FPRI Library, College, Laguna. woods with foreign scientific institutions and 2. ----. 1961. List of publications of we have been receiving encouraging response. the Forest Products Research Insti This, however, has to be pursued for many tute as of December 31, 1961. FPRI more years. Library, College, Laguna. Although all our wood collections are sup 3. . 1963. Annual report of ac- ported by herbarium vouchers, we are dis complishment for FY 1962-63. FPRI mayed by the non-availability of vouchers of Library, College, Laguna. the old collections from the local National 5. Fm..worthy, F.W. 1907. Philippine woods. Museum and Herbarium because they were Phil. Jour. Sci. 11( 5). burned during the Liberation. This situation 6. Foxworthy, F. W. 1909 as cited in Mabe limits us in checking our wood collection sa, C. 1953. The progress of wood with these vouchers. However, our F AO Con studies in the Philippines. Proc. 8th sultant in Wood Technology has proposed Pac. Sci. Cong. 5: 221-230. three ways of ameliorating the situation. Of 7. Panshin, A.J. 1932. An anatomical study these three ways, deemed the best method of woods of the Philippine mangrove is presented here for our serious considera swamps. Phil. Jour. Sci. 48. tion. 8. Quisumbing, E. 1963. Flora of the Phil A competent dendrologist will be sent to ippines. Div. of Doc., NSDB. Ma the three main overseas depositories of her nila. barium vouchers, i.e., University of Califor 9. Reyes, L.J. 1923. Woods of the Philip nia, Berkeley; U.S. National Museum, Wash pine dipterocarps. Phil. lour. Sci. ington; and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. He 22(3). Page 60 FORESTRY LEAVES 10. . 1938. Philippine woods. 14. -----. 1953. Commercial timbers of Tech. Bull. 7. DANR. Bur. Print., the Philippines: Their properties and Manila. uses. Pop. Bull. 32. DANR. Bur. 11. Salrnsa, F.M. 1963. Lexicon of Philippine Print., Manila. trees. Bull. 1. FPRI Library, College, 15. Tamolang, F.N. and R. Valbuena. 1958. Laguna. How much do you know about wood? 12. Schneider, E.E. 1916. Commercial woods Bull. Sci. Found. Phil. 2( 8): 23-28. of the Philippines: Their properties and uses. B.F. Bull. No. 14. Bur. lG. ---, Salrnsa, F.M. and M. Lag Print., Manila. rimas. 1957. The development of the l.'3. Tamesis, F. and L. Aguilar. 1953. The Forest Products Research Institute "Philippine l\fahogany" and other herbarium. Working plan and gene dipterocarp woods. Pop. Bull. 44. ral instructions. FPRI Library, Col DANR. Bur. Print., Manila lege, Laguna. Table l.-Current stock of hand specimens in the Scientific Wood Collection of the Philippines, Forest Products Research Institute, College, Laguna. Number Number Number Number I t e m s of of of of families genera species specimens Old Bureau of Forestry Collection (Duplicates) 100 493 1,202 6,626 Old Bureau of Forestry Collection (Originals) 88 5,648 ------Forest Products Research 57 138 141 849 Institute Foreign Woods Collection ( 67 countries) 116 3,477 Institute Collection 12 24 28 49 ., Still undergoing inventory. Table 2.-.Some wood-using industries assisted by Forest Products Research Institute. Using the scientific wood collection, local wood species have been found to be good substitute for foreign tcood species used by these industries in the past. Principal Material Industries Local Wood Substitutes (11) (Foreign Woods) Pencil Pencil cedar Cubas, loktob, almaciga, white nato ARBOR WEEK i:5SUE - 1964 Page 61 Bobbins Hard maple, oak, birch Karaksan, lanete, balobo, salisi, taingang-babui, tamayuan, malakape, mamalis Bowling pins Hard maple Karaksan, magabuyo, hangilo, bolon Baseball bats American ash Palosapis, balakat, Vidal lanutan, malugai, lumbayau, dao, dagang, bolon, bayok, guijo, bagtikan Shuttles Dogwood, birch, hard Binggas, guava, ulaian maple, Persimon Pickersticks Hickory N arig, dalingdingan, bolongeta, ulaian, binggas, malabayabas Cigar molds Maple, birch, beech Guijo, magabuyo, Vidal lanutan, raintree Artificial limbs Black willow, buckeye Almaciga Veneer and ply Douglas fir, walnut, Dao, toog, Philippine mahogany, wood maple, poplar, red gum, narra, dagang, lanipau, magabu basswood yo, Kaatoan bangkal Venetian blinds Ramin, pencil cedar, Lanutan-bagyo, anongo white cedar, basswood, white pine Matches Radiata pine, W estem Cubas, taluto, malapapaya, pine lumbang, malabuho Piano parts Oak, black cherry Kalantas, karaksan, marrango, tangile, ulaian, white nato, malakauayan, supa, Benguet pine Gunstocks Black walnut Malambingan, lumbayau, dao, akle, akleng-parang, balu, banuyo, raintree Fans Ramin Lanete, mamalis, kalantas, lanutan-bagyo, Kaatoan bangkal Rulers & yard- Basswood Almaciga, Benguet pine, katilma, sticks malakauayan, malugai Striking tool Hickory Binggas, ulaian, bolong-eta handles (sapwood) Toothpicks Cubas, mamalis, lanete Popsicle sticks & Cubas, anongo ice cream spoons Page 62 FORESTRY LEAVES Papermaking Qualities of by Wh"t L JAIME O. EscoLANO, PABLO M. NICOLAS i e a uan AND EDUARDO P. VILLANUEVA1 ABSTRACT The sulfate process was used because the pulp produced by this process is relatively An investigation was undertaken to de high in strength, particularly in regards to termine the papermaking qualities of white tear, for any wood species( 3) 2 • This pro lauan. This wood was easily pulped by the cess has also been found suitable for most sulfate process which gave a screened pulp fibrous materials such as bamboo, bagasse, yield ranging from 44.0 percent with a per etc., and the pulps produced can be used manganate number of 12.8 to a yield of 48.3 for a wide variety of paper and paperboards. percent with a permanganate number of 18.3 Papers made in this work included depending on the cooking conditions used. standard weight and airmail weight bond, These pulps responded well to a standard onionskin, offset book and wrapping papers three-stage bleaching process to a brightness all made entirely from white lauan sulfate of about 80 percent. pulp. Data on the sample of bag paper pro The result of this study indicated that duced from an equal amount of white lauan good quality bond, airmail bond, onionskin and abaca sulfate pulps are also presented. and offset book papers could be produced ~10RPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL from white lauan bleached sulfate pulp. Sa PROPERTIES tisfactory grades of wrapping papers were also made from white lauan sulfate pulp. Reported data on the fiber dimensions of A good quality kraft paper suitable for hea white lauan (9) and abaca (10) are given vy-duty shipping sacks was produced from in Table I. a mixture of an equal amount of white lauan The morphological properties or fiber di and abaca sulfate pulp. mensions of any material for pulping in fluence, to a large extent, the properties of INTRODUCTION the finished paper. In general, longer fiber gives higher tearing resistance. The tensile White lauan ( Pentacme contorta ( Vid.) and bursting strengths are practically not Merr. & Rolfe) is one of the most common affected by fiber length provided the fiber and abundant commercial wood species in length is above 0.8 mm. Fiber length has this country. A large amount is available for also little effect on folding endurance ( 3) . papermaking as logs from timber cuttings Runkel (7) classified the relative paper and also as culled lumber and waste or re making quality of fibers into three groups sidue resulting from sawmill operations. This based on the relationship between the cell study, therefore, was undertaken to deter wall thickness and lumen diameter. This is mine the suitability of this wood for pulp known as the Runkel ratio which is equal and papermaking. to twice the thickness of the cell-wall of the fiber divided by the lumen diameter. 1 Sr. Forest Products Technologist, Sr. Forest Products Technologist, and Forest Products Tech nologist, respectively, of the Forest Products Re 2 Number in parenthesis refer to Literature cit search Institute. ed at the end of this paper. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 63 The Runkel classification is as follows: Relative Ratio Relative papermaking Group Volume thickness Value quality of of cell-wall the pulp 1 Less than unity Thin Very good 2 About equal to unity Medium Good 3 More than unity Thick Poor Based on this classification, it appears that along the grain direction) for pulping. These white lauan with a Runkel ratio of 0.42 (9) chips passed the sieve with l"-diameter holes is a very good or promising raw material for and were retained on the sieve with ¥2" - pulp and papermaking. diameter holes. White lauan with a fiber length of 1.33 mm. The abaca used for pulping was the low belongs to the group of fibers of medium grade fiber not suitable for ropemaking and length and is typical of hardwoods in ge discarded as waste. It was cut into appro neral. On the other hand, the fiber length ximately % to 1 inch lengths before pulping. of abaca is comparable to most softwoods used as pulping materials. Pulping The screened chips and the abaca were The chemical analysis of white lauan ( 8), pulped separately in an 0.8 cu. ft. jacketed abaca and that of United States hardwoods stainless steel digester which was indirectly ( 5) are shown in Table II. Compared with heated with steam and operated to tumble the average of 18 hardwoods used as pulp at one revolution per minute. After diges woods in the United States, white lauan is tion, the pulps were washed, disintegrated relatively higher in ash and lignin but lower and passed through a flat screen. The screen in holocellulose and pentosans. However, the plate was 8-cut, i.e., the slotted openings chemical composition of wood does not give were 0.008 of an inch wide. an indication of pulp quality ( 6). The pulping data are given in Table III. Compared with white lauan and U. S. At these cooking conditions, good quality hardwods, the abaca used in this study had bleachable pulps from white lauan were ob higher ash, extractives, holocellulose and pen tained with yields ranging from 44.0 percent tosans but was lower in lignin. to 48.3 percent and permanganate numbers of from 12.8 to 18.3, respectively. EXPERIMENTAL WORK This table shows that the pulp digested Raw material with 15 percent sodium hydroxide and 5 per Sound white lauan logs, free from any ap cent sodium sulfide for 2% hours had the preciable defect and with an average bolt highest strength properties, yield and per diameter of approximately 12 inches, were manganate number. used in this study. The low-grade abaca fibers were easily The logs were debarked by hand and then pulped with 12 percent total chemical and passed through a semi-commercial .52" "Sum 33.9 percent sulfidity. A good screened pulp mner" chipper. The chips were passed through yield of 62.5 percent was obtained and a Williams chip classifier to obtain uniform screening rejects were 0.6 percent. The per sized chips (approximately 5/8" in length manganate number of the pulp was 22.4. Page 64 FORESTRY LEAVES Bleaching DISCUSSION The unbleached sulfate pulps were light The strength and other physical proper to dark brown in color and, in order to use ties of the experimental papers made from them for the preparation of the fine gr~des bleached and unbleached sulfate pulps are of paper, they were bleached by a conven given in Tables V and VL respectively. tional three-stage process consisting of chlo rination, caustic extraction and hypo-chlorite Bond treatment. Seventy percent of the total avail Table V shows the physical characteristics able chlorine used was applied at the first stage and the remaining 30 percent at the of the experimental bond paper made from last stage. All the chlorine was consumed in 100 percent white lauan bleached sulfate both stages. A pulp with a brightness of pulp. Compared with the commercial papers about 80 percent was produced. At this tested at the Institute and with U.S. Federal brightness, there was slight decrease in the Specifications ( 1) for bond papers (Type IV, strength properties of the pulp compared to bleached chemical wood pulp), the experi the unbleached pulp. mental paper had much higher strength pro perties. The experimental paper was also Papermaking slightly higher in brightness and opacity than \Vrapping papers were prepared from the those of the commercial papers. A No. 1 bond unbleached pulps while the fine grades of paper has a bursting strength of at least "a paper were made from the bleached pulps. point to the pound" on a 17" x 22" 500-ream The pulps were placed in the 5-lb. beater basis ( 4). This is equivalent to a burst fac and beaten to the freeness indicated in tor of 18.7. The paper made from white lauan Table IV. Sulfuric acid solution was added had a burst factor of 46.6. In addition to to lower the pH of the pulp stock to about these good properties, the white lauan bond 6.0 to 6.5. Clay, titanium dioxide, rosin size paper possessed good surface characteristics and alum were subsequently added at suf and formation. ficient intervals to assure thorough mixing. The stock was finally dumped into the ma Airmail bond chine chest and diluted to the desired con sistency. The pH of the pulp was checked From the same table, it can be seen that and adjusted to 5.0 with dilute sulfuric acid. the two samples of airmail bond paper made from white lauan had higher strength pro The papers were made on the 8-%-inch perties and opacity than similar paper made wide experimental Fourdinier paper ma at the Institute from an imported commercial chine. The stock feed, paper machine speed, bleached sulfite pulp. However, it should be wet press and calendar pressures were ad noted that, the paper made from machine justed to obtain the desired basis weight and run 501 was tinted with a blue dye, suffi thickness. cient to mask the yellow tinge thus giving Samples sheets of experimental papers an extremely high opacity. Although the pa were conditioned in a controlled humidity per from machine run 495 was lower in temperature room maintained at a tempe brightness than the reference standard, it is rature of 73 deg. F. and a relative humidity still higher compared with the commercial of 50 percent. The paper samples were test standard weight bond paper. ed for strength and other physical charac teristics in accordance with the standard me With burst factors of 31.0 and 32.7 res thods of the Technical Association of the pectively, these expreimental papers quali Pulp and Paper Industry ( 11). fied for a No. 1 bond. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 65 Onionskin papers. This experimental paper also exceed ed the U.S. Federal Specifications for Grade Onionskin paper comparable to the ave B kraft wrapping ( 1). rage commercial onionskin papers in strength, brightness and opacity was made from white Bag lauan bleached sulfate pulp. In addition, this sample exceeded the requirements of the A good quality bag paper was produced U.S. Government paper specification stan from a mixture of 50 percent each of white dards for manifold paper ( 2) 2 lauan and abaca sulfate pulps. The addition of abaca pulp improved the tearing resist Offset book ance, which is one of the most important pro perties of bag papers. From Table VI, it can Two samples of offset book papers were be seen that the experimental paper meets produced from white lauan bleached sulfate the U.S. Federal specifications for Class-A pulps. The table shows that the properties of heavy-duty shipping sack kraft paper. This the paper made from machine run 410 is experiment has shown that white lauan can comparable to the commercial papers tested be used as part of the furnish in the produc and also meet the U.S. Federal Specifica tion of high grade kraft papers. tion requirements for Type II, offset uncoat ed book paper ( 1). On the other hand, the CONCLUSION sample from machine run 378 was weaker than the commercial papers, but higher in The results of this investigation have shown opacity and brightness. that bond, airmail bond, offset book and onionskin papers with high strength proper These runs indicate that good quality off ties and good finish and formation can be set book papers can be made from white made from white lauan bleached sulfate lauan by using the cooking, bleaching and pulps. processing conditions applied in the produc The data also indicate that fair to good tion of paper No. 410. quality wrapping papers, depending upon the processing conditi0ns used, can be pro Wrapping duced from sulfate pulps of white lauan. The physical properties of three experi This study has also shown that white lauan mental wrapping papers, made entirely from sulfate pulps mixed with a certain percen white lauan sulfate pulps differing in cook tage of long-fibered chemical pulp such as ing conditions and yield are given in Table abaca can produce high quality bag papers. VI. Compared with the commercial papers tested, all the experimental papers produced 1. Anonymous. 1954. UU-P-121F. Paper, bond and writing, white and colored; 1956, UU-P- can be considered good and satisfactory. The 465a. Book paper; 1951, Ul'-P-268c. Paper, paper made from pulp cooked under pulping Kraft Wrapping. Federal Specifications, Su condition No. 1 gave the highest strength perintendent of Documents. \Vashington 25, properties and confirmed the result of the D.C., U.S.A. tests conducted on the pulp handsheets. This 2. . 1960. Chemical wood manifold, white sample gave higher values than the commer and colored (manifold paper). JCP FIO, cial papers in bursting, tearing and tensile FSC 7530. Government Paper Specification strengths which are the most important pro Standards, Joint Committee on Printing, Congress of the United States. perties for this kind of paper. However, the folding endurance, which is not so essential .J. . 19.53. Raw materials for more paper. for wrapping, is lower than the commercial FAO Forestry and Forest Products Stu Page 66 FORESTRY LEA \'ES 4. Baird, P. K., Martin, J.S. and D.J. Fahey. 1955. 8. Reyes, A. C. 1960. The proximate chemical ana Bond and magazine book papers and milk lysis of some Philippine woods. The Lum carton paperboard from old-growth Doug berman 6 ( 1) : 18-22. las-fir and red alder pulps. Report No. 2042. U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, 9. Tamolang, F.N., Mabesa, E.O., Eusebio, M.A., Wisconsin. · Sagrado, ~f .. and B. A. Lomibao. 1957. Fiber dimensions of certain Philippine broad 5. Chidester, G. H. and E. R. Schafer. 1961. Pulp leaved woods and bamboos. T APPi 40 ( 8) : ing of Asian and Australasian wood and 671-676. plant fibers. Report No. 2211. U. S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. 10. Ibid., 1960. TAPP! 43 (6): 527-534. 6. Lauer, K. 1958. A study of tropical woods. III. 11. TAPP! Standards and Suggested Methods, Tech Sulfate pulping of some tropical woods from nical Association of the Pulp and Paper In the Amazon. TAPP! 41(7): 337-339. dustry, New York, U.S.A. 7. Runkel, R. 0. H. 1949. Das Papier 3: 476-490. --oOo-- Table I.-Average fiber dimensions and derived values of white lauan (Pentacme contorta (Vid.) Merr. & Rolfe) and abaca (Musa textilis Nee). White lauan Abaca Fiber length ______1.33 mm. 3.15 mm. Fiber width ______0.027 mm. 0.020 mm. Lumen width ------0.019 mm. o.ms mm. Cell-wall thickness ______0.004 0.0035 mm. Runkel's ratioa ______0.42 Specific gravityb ______0.46 a Twice thickness of cell-wall divided by the diameter (width) of the lumen. b Weight of moisture-free wood divided by volume of green wood. Table IL-Chemical analysis of white lauan ( Pentacme contorta ( Vid.) M err. & Rolfe), abaca (Musa textilis Nee) and United States hardwooM. White lauan Abaca U.S. hardwoodsd A s h ------0.84 3.5 0.5 Solubility in alcohol-benzene ___ _ 3.9 4.2 2.8 Solubility in hot-water (leached) ______1.7 .'3.7 Solubility in hot-water (unJeached) ______2.8 5.9 3.5 Solubility in 1% NaOH solution ______13.2 28.0 14.0 Lignin ------28.6 11.7 22.0 Holocellulose ______65.0 76.9 75.0 Pentosans ------15.0 20.0 19.0 c All values are expressed as percentages of oven-dry ( 105 deg. C.) samples. d Average of 18 pulpwoods. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 67 Table 111.-Sulfate pulping of white lauan and abaca. White lauan Abaca --2--~ I 3 4 1111, 625 & ~1~20~6- __11_4_2_&_ Cook numbers 1133& 654 & 1143 Chemicals charged" 1135 1207 Sodium hydroxide ______percent 15 15 19.4 8 Sodium sulfide ______percent 5 5 6.3 4 Sulfidity ______percent 25.5 25.5 25.0 38.9 Cooking schedule: ' Time at maximum temperature __ hours 1 1.5 1.5 1.5 Total cooking time ______hours 2.5 3.0 3.0 :3.0 Chemicals consumed• ______percent 83.3 87.7 80.5 83.2 Yield of screened pulp ______percent 48.3 47.3 44.0 62.5 Screenings or rejects ______percent 0.3 0 0.1 0.6 Properties of unbleached pulp": Burst factor ______87 100 71 78 Tear factor ______124 102 124 186 Double folds (MIT) ______1,100 850 600 1,000 Breaking length ______meters 10,800 10,350 12,000 11,450 Permanganate number ______18.3 15.6 12.8 22.4 Brightness of bleached pulp; ______percent 76.0 82.0 79.5 Total chloride consumption ____ _ percent 9.1 7.8 6.4 e Percentage based on oven-dry weight of material. Liquor to material ratio was 4 to I for white Jauan and 6 to I for abaca. r Time to maximum temperature of 170 deg. C. was 1.5 hours. g Based on original chemicals charged. h Physical properties interpolated from beater test curves at 400 milliliter (Canadian Standard) free ness. Values are expressed on moisture-free basis i Conventional three-stage bleaching consisting of chlorination, caustic extraction and hypochlorite treatment. Table IV.-Data on stock preparation. Machine Freeness of Chemicals added at the beaterk Chest run no. Types of paper beaten pulp Titanium consistency Clay dioxide Rosin Alum ml percent percent percent percent percent 50 Bond 270 3 3 1.0 2.0 0.50 495 Airmail bond 285 4 8 1.0 2.0 0.45 501 -do- 300 4 8 1.0 2.0 0.45 480 Onionskin 200 1.0 2.0 0.45 378 Offset book 305 10 8 1.5 2.5 0.45 410 -do- 250 10 8 1.5 2.5 0.45 200 Wrapping 865 1.0 2.0 0.50 471 -do- 360 1.0 2.0 0.50 89 -do- 360 1.0 2.0 0.50 507 B a g 410 1.0 2.0 0.50 l Canadian Standard " Based on oven-dcy weight of pulp. 1 Surlace-sized with 4% starch solution at size press. m Tinted with 0.4% direct sky blue to mask the yellow and improve opacity. Page 68 FORESTRY LEAVES > :::0 Table V.-Properties of experimental bond and offset bookpapers made from white lauan bleached sulfate pulp". 0°' :::0 Basis IThick-1 Den- I Burst Tear IBreakinglFolding Bright- [Opacity j Porosity Pulping "eight ness sity factor factor J length I endur- ness I( Gurley) Machine Test ~ condition Type of paper I ance G.E. trl run no. No. (MIT) used0 ;i:'i gms/ double Per- Per- sec/100 ...... I I r:n sq. m.I mils lgm./cc . meters folds cent I cent I cc. air r:n 1 e trl 50 55 3 Bond 60.2 3.4 0.70 46.6 94.1 6650 I 175 75.4 77.4 35 ...... Commercial bond (average of -c 4 samples) P 55.1 3.0 0.74 ~ 14.6 51.6 3370 8 71.8 76.2 81 U.S. Federal specifications for bond papers (Type IV, Che mical wood) q 60.l 23.4 50 495 477 1 Airmail bond 45.9 2.4 0.75 31.0 66.7 5970 21 74.6 77.2 35 501 486 3 -do- 42.7 2.2 0.75 32.7 56.5 5560 21 (Tinted with 95.6 39 blue dye) 346 347 Airmail bond experimental std. (made from imported bleach ed sulfite pulp) r 44.4 2.3 0.76 22.3 45.1 3450 14 82.0 77.0 48 480 457 2 Onionskin 34.1 1.6 0.84 32.9 41.l 6000 18 75.0 67.2 45 Commercial onionskin (average of 3 samples) P 32.3 2.0 0.64 26.2 67.5 4190 31 65.7 62.3 118 U.S. Government paper specifi cation standards (Manifold paper, chemical wood) q 33.8 14.6 378 369 2 Offset book 75.4 4.5 0.66 17.6 66.4 3160 7 79.0 93.3 37 410 404 1 - Basis Thick- Den- I Breaking Folding I Puxing weight ness sity length endur- I Porosity Machine Test Burst fear (Gurley) con ition Type of paper run no. No. usedt factor factor ! sec./100 gms/ double1r.~-) cc. air sq. m. mils gm./cc I meters folds 200-A 482 1 Wrappingu 57.9 3.1 0.74 37.4 126 6640 lll 15 471 461 2 -do- 61.2 3.9 0.62 32.2 87.6 5170 18 15 89 86 3 -do- 54.4 4.0 0.54 24.2 ll8 48;30 48 7 Commercial kraft wrap ping (average of 6 sam- ples) v 60.2 3.6 0.67 29.9 120 4480 217 39 U.S. Federal specifcation for Grade-B kraft wrap- ping)u 65.l 30.2 ll5 507 492 Bag x 81.5 4.6 0.70 31.4 145 6400 221 22 U.S. Federal specifications for Class A, heavy-duty shipping sack kraft pa- perw 81.4 144 5820 •Samples were conditioned in a room maintained at 73 deg. F. and 50% relative humidity before testing. Except otherwise noted, all calculated values are expressed on moisture-free basis. t Please refer to Table III for details. u All the experimental wrapping papers were made from lOOo/o white lauan sulfate pulps. I v These commercial papers were obtained from diffel'C'nt sources and tested at the FPRI. ~ w Values were converted to conform with units in the table and are expressed on conditioned basis. > < x Made from an equal amount of white lauan and abaca sulfate pulps. Pulping conditions I and 4 were used for the white lauan and abaca f;l respectively. Relationships Between Veneer Moisture Content By as Determined by Moisture Meter FRA1'CJSCO B. TAMOLANG, JR., EUFEMIA B. TAMOLANG anrl and That by Oven-Drying Method RAMON P. SARAOS1 1. Introduction Moisture content of veneers can be de termined by the standard oven-drying me The moisture content of veneers should thod. However, this method is not conve not be overlooked in plywood production. nient in veneer and plywood production, Before they enter the dryers, the moisture considering the fast movement of the veneers content of veneers must be known so that and plywood panels. Modern science, never proper adjustments can be made on the theless, has brought forth moisture meters drying schedule. The objective in drying is which could approximate the moisture con to produce veneers of the proper moisture tents of wood (blocks) and possibly ve content which is conducive to the produc neers (thin sheets). Wet spots in veneers tion of good quality glue bond. Nearly oven which are detrimental to uniformly good dried veneers are produced at longer dry bonds of plywood panels can be detected ing times, taking into consideration other conveniently with these meters. dryer-conditions equal, which reduce drying capacity. These veneers absorb more glue But, during some visits to veneer and than properly-dried ones and would obviously plywood factories in Mindanao, it was ob be more expensive in plywood manufacture served that moisture contents of veneer, be because an increase in glue spread would be fore and after drying, and finished plywood necessary. The increase in absorption of the are seldom, if at all, being determined. If glue film would result in starving glue joints ever this is done, the empirical feel method after pressing. of using the fingers has been employed to some extent especially on veneers. The rea On the other hand, wet veneers with son for this, it has been confided, is the un moisture contents above that prescribed for reliable determination of the moisture con good gluing absorb lesser glue but induce tent of veneers by a moisture meter. This is the production of blistered-plywood panels an unfortunate situation which needs study which, at extremes, become total loss in pro and solution. duction. However, panels with small blis ters can be repaired but this incurs addi A preliminary study was attempted on tional cost of production and ultimately, are the use of two sets of moisture meters 2 on channeled only to the local market instead veneers. Big differences between moisture of for profitable export. meter readings plus their corresponding cor rection factors, and their corresponding mois- 1 F. B. Tamolang, Jr. and E. B. Tamolang are College of Forestry students who recently had their 2 These are Japanese models of the electrical industrial experience at Alsons, Inc., from ~fay to resistance type. One set of one instrument, Large July, 1964. They had also undergone some train size Kett Model-SA, is bulkv, about 6" x 8" x 1:2''. ing and observations in various aspects of veneer The other set of two instruments, Compact Kett and plywood manufacture, particularly quality con ~lodel-10 No. 56225, is very handy, small and trol, at the F.P.R.I. R. P. Saraos is Chief, Veneer, light. Both types are provided with correction fac - Plywood and Gluing Section, Forest Products Re tors for most Japanese wood species and only for search Institute (F.P.R.I.). upitong, and a vague mention of the lauans. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 ture contents calculated by the oven-drying 3. Data for Analysis method, were noted. It is suspected, then, This study yielded the following data that the correction factors of these moisture meters are solely intended for wood blocks for analysis: and not for veneers or thin sheets. Differ I. Data for 1/7'' white lauan veneer. Mois ent relationships between moisture-meter read ings and moisture contents of veneers pro ture content was determined by the bably exist as an interesting hypothesis for Compact Kett Model 10 No. 56225 study. moisture meter and by the oven-drying method. The present study has been conducted along this new concept which has never I Average Moisture : Average Moisture been brought out before. It has been the ob Time in Content Based on Meter Reading jective of this investigation to prove this Minutes I Oven-dry Weight in % I in % hypothesis and to determine these relation I ships which could provide the necessary re 0 24.26 66.23 medy to approach as closely as possible the moisture contents of the veneers had they 10 21.77 50.10 been determined by the oven-drying method. 20 19.93 37.30 2. Materials and Methods 30 17.66 26.11 For each species, at least 7 to 10 pieces 40 15.50 17.91 of veneers, 4" x 4", of two thicknesses, 50 11.30 9.56 1/7" and 1/18", conveniently being produced by Alsons, Inc., were used in the study. These 70 7.88 4.63 veneers were taken at the green clipper prior 90 5.70 2.74 to feeding them in the mechanical dryer. They were carefully placed in polythylene bags, tightly sealed, and brought to their Quality Control Laboratory. II. Data for 1/18" white lauan veneer. Moisture content was determined by the Using each set of moisture meters, mois Compact Kett Model 10 No. 56225 ture-content readings of each piece of ve moisture meter and by the oven-drying neer were taken and recorded. The veneers method. were dried in the oven at lOOo + 2°C. and the procedures used are as follows: Average Moistt.re Time in Meter Reading Content Based on Except for white lauan, the interval of Minutes in % Oven-dry Weight drying periods was 10 minutes (in the oven) in % for 1/18" veneers and 20 to 40 minutes for 1/7" veneers. 0 22.54 61.47 For white lauan which was used in the 10 20.71 43.04 preliminary study, IO-minute drying interval 20 15.09 18.30 was used for both 1/7" and 1/18" veneers. 30 7.03 5.97 In the oven-drying method of determin ing the moisture content of veneers, a stand 40 5.70 1.36 ard electric oven, torsion balance and dessi 50 5.51 0.00 cator were used. Page 72 FORESTRY LEAVES EIS~ J _. FOR DIETERIUlllQ llOllTUllE u COtfTENT OF 1/7• WHIT! ;LAUAN VE ....-'--+---:u':.:1'"'"1tte-TitE--~PACT KEllT - MOOEL-----j~-'--+---+------.....,...-.--+----- JllO.i 151828 llOIJTuRE" METf1f; 0 MOISTURE CONTENT BASED ON OVEN-ORV WEl8HT, PffHllt 39 ...... I I ' ------+---~------+-----1---1-;-• ------t :- ----.-.---+------~------+------1 -l i 0 It> 20 30 4) ~ J eo 7) l 0 MOISTURE CONTENT BASED ON OVEN• DRY WEIGHT, P•te11f ----r--~,-----+,-----1..-----+,--r--,-----t------~-·---- FIG!.3. FOR. ~TERMINING 1MOISTUft£ I· . _ ----4-CON__,T __E_N __ T ___ OF 117 11 WHITE LAUAN VEN~ER, u11Ne THE-TliRe£=-s1i!-.crn- t.t00£4:.::,~A-+--1--+-.,.·.--"---+.-- .. J-.7",-.--1 ..-_-=_,..._..-,,. MOl8TUQ' METER • ' : . I . --- • . : . I . _-- : ------J 20-.-1 --..,....--r'~-+---,..~-t-~~-+~...... ,,.r-9~r·--_-·-_··-~,--_·-·+.----'-.· ~:_··~·-+-~.....,'~+-~~-- • -:-+ ~I• I . ' ~ : ~ !I -· V"'"" =-----r---~'--t-~·--~--~------1~-+-~- E --~-- -/' , r ·-+-'- !- ·- ~ ~ _JllL--.,------>----·----~-- I . ) . . i r ··~.973 i I I IO ~~:,i.-f- --~-~ -----t--'------i---t-...,.--;---_,..~__,r---"1----r- -- i i/ ' . ' ,;~~-';_--':.:r~-;-'---i_1r_·~..,...• -+-.-c-· _--+-L....,.-,_· .._-_,.!!-+-'....,.-,_- ~-+--.-+·..,...·_---+i-=-._•--+-,....• ·-+,1...... ,.....--+--;--"!- .... .:1 - ... :.... -- --o-----r-1- ·-· -r-l- ~-+-··- - i -----"----- ! 0 IO 20 3) 40 6) 7:> 10 MOISTURE CONTENT BASED...... ON DYEN-DRY WEl&YT, i I- ! 9_! ~ !20-- .....;_;.;.;._~+--~---~·~-t--~-----~T_-~-----+--'-_._-:::;I""--~...... -:-~--~•-~+~_:~,-:_:'_=.-~~--~~·==·--+·~-+--+_,..._,...~ .... ,; ! r';;: j /~- - -+,,.- -r---r-·-----t l~----;.;.;._i~~~/~_·..;_· -+--..;_-_--~-_._--_._t1 -+-~·-~-----~-+~+-,----- ; a--,.---+---- . // • ...... -- : : I m~~-,--·4~~,__;...~--~·~-~--~~'-•-----<~·-··_·-_~_.. ... __ 4 ___ ~---.__.-_t-:+,-A_·:~_J_:_~_-~-~--~c___ ·~;~--~:--~~---~---~-~--t--~ /I i --·- lJ-L. --·· r ! 0 I> Zb ~ 40 !O i 0 7 > 80 MOlSTURE CONTENT BASED ON OVEN-DRY WEIGHT • Peroat ' 10 I 6& ..... t I • I \ .. P'IG •. liA~ll 7":wHITE. L ~U... LVINI! ~· ,..__ 60 • >, I I I r•G.2-!A. 111e" WHITE LAUAN VENEER. -- ,..egend : i i ; I i • I ' , = l M.C . , boid bn P.d. wJighJ . M.Cj, hosed 011 0. D. Weight. M \ ~ .--"<>-1-- M. c:-;11t1 --i;on 'po1n-·1~itf "' IV ·- -·M.d, usind C~ct Kett M-10 \ : ! No. 562251 Mpitl ~re; M~r. i No. ~6225 . Moittt• Meter. 50 ' I ; !50 .. i 4:1 \ -; ... u " .. , :. I i 40 \ 1- • 4'0 ....:i 4~ I Z' 3!5 ' !z l 0 0 u u w a:: 30 \ ::. =30 1- ::. cn u I- i 2!5 I 0 ,) ..... ' • ' I ::I ...... ,: i ~ 20 - \ 20 :' ' ~ ..... ) ,, ( \. 1!5 ' - ... ~ ·~ 10 r-...._ 10 I I I -...... I I I '!" ' .... ~:') !5 "' ._, - - '--- 0 10 20 30 40 !O EO ;b 80 90 11 0 0 50 TIME IN THE OYEN, Minutu TIME IN THE OYEN, MinutH 7 70 ) .....- ...-..-- ...- ...- ..-...--...--.-- ....- 6' 5--~-----~~-+-~-+~~+--~-+-~-+~~+-~-+-~-+~~-• ,... 6 - \ flG . a~ A . V1" WHITE LAUAN VENEER. ,__ 60 \ FIG . 4~A • 1/1811 WHITE L.AUAN VENEER • - ~~: I I Leoend': \ , • M.C,., based on 0.0. Welqht. • M.C., based on 0.0. Weiqht ~ \ ~ - -o-.,... - M.C., usln9 Lorq~-size ~ett ,__ -- -<>- - • M.C. , u1in11 Larae- size Kett M- $A Moisture Meter < M-8A Moisture Meter. ' : I . 5' i 50 i •.. .. 46 I\ l : i .... z ... 4 Ill \. \ .... ·- : z ... I '4\ 0 a 35 u \; Ill Illa: 3• \ a: 30 :> :>.... \ ,, .... !! 2.5 • 0 0 ...... l·I"" :I )'..., ·J \ 2 ...... '..J.) 20 '...... 20 ~..... \ ~ ..... ~ ~ ...... ~ '~ ...... , ~ ...... -...... ~ ·~ t·~ : fO IO ''"-'~~>, ' ~ ··- ·~T--.....i. ·~~- '1' L...... 10 : 0 ~ 0 •lo Cb I 0 1b ~ 0 S0 I )( 0 10 20 30 40 50 TIME IN THE OYEN, Mimda TIME IN THE OVEN , Mia1tu III. Data for l/7" white lauan veneer. The regression curves so constructed are Moisture content was determined by the more convenient to use than the correction Large-size Kett Model BA moisture me factors commonly provided with most mois ter and by the oven-drying method. ture meters. The models of regression analysis are Average Moisture Awrage Moisture Time in ~Ieter Reading Content Based on typically shown in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 for Minutes in % Oven-dry Weight white lauan. In these figures, moisture-meter in % readings are plotted as ordinate and the cor responding moisture-content values calculated 0 23.63 66.23 by the oven-drying method are plotted as IO 21.B4 50.IO qbscissa. Curves, as shown, are the desired 20 19.77 37.30 curves from which the true moisture contents 30 17.46 26.11 of the veneers can be directly read for every 40 15.37 17.91 corresponding moisture-meter reading made. 50 11.53 9.56 70 7.70 4.63 Figures 1-A, 2-A, 3-A and 4-A show the £() 0.00 2.74 relationships between moisture content as de termined by moisture meters and that cal culated by the oven-drying method. It may IV. Data for l/lB" white lauan veneer. be noted that the two curves in each figure Moisture content was determined by or graph intersect. The relationships are in the Large-size Kett Model BA moisture Yerse with the use of the Compact Kett 1\1- meter and by the oven-drying method. IO No. 56225 (Figs. 1-A and 2-A), i.e., mois ture-meter readings underestimate moisture Average Moisture Average Moisture content above the intersection point and over Time in Meter Reading Content Based on estimate moisture content to a lesser degree l\linutes in % Oven-dry Weight in % below this intersection point. On the other hand, with the use of the Large-size Kett 0 23.31 61.47 M-BA, moisture meter readings underesti IO 21.27 43.04 mate moisture content above intersection 20 14.56 18.30 point but approximately equal moisture con .'30 6.63 5.97 tent based on oven-drying method (Figs. 3-A 40 0.00 1.36 ·rnd 4-A). 50 0.00 0.00 It is interesting to note that in both moisture meters, the intersection point for 4. Analysis of Data 1 17'' veneers of white lauan approximates 13 percent (Figs. 1-A and 3-A) but, for 1/18" In the analysis of data of species studied, veneers, this intersection point approximates the regression and/or best-curve-fit methods IO percent (Figs. 2-A and 4-A). were used. The regression method is preferred to the use of spline in providing the curves 5. How to Use the Graph or Curve necessary to estimate the moisture contents As already stated, the desired graph 01 of Yeneers which could be used directly with curve is that one given in either Figures moisture-meter readings. 1, 2, 3 or 4 for each moisture meter and By regression analysis, precision of the for each thickness of veneer of white lauan. curves and/ or values could be evaluated nu Similar graphs for other species could be merically and this provides confidence and prepared. Instructions regarding their use reliability of the calculations being used. are as follows: ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 73 ( 1) Moisture meters should be used on cun·e. From this point, run your forefinger cold and/or cooled veneers because hot tem vertically downward until it reaches the ab perature affects moisture-meter readings. scissa. Read the corresponding moisture con ( 2) Before using any moisture meter, say tent in percent as indicated, i.e., 8 percent. the Large-size Kett M-BA, 4-needle type, push This is the moisture content of the veneer the electrical switch to "on" position and let under test. it stand for two minutes with the sensing 6. Comments needles exposed to the atmosphere. Push a. The series of tests conducted in this zeroing button and turn knob B until the study show that the Compact Kett M-10 No. pointer is on B on the scale. Release but 56225 would be more appropriate to use in ton and turn knob A until pointer is on A commercial veneer and plywood production on the lower part of the scale. The zeroing than the other Large-size Kett Model-BA. should be repeated and any difference that It is simple, light, handy, easier to operate, the pointer makes should indicate weak bat and more accurate. In its use, however, a re teries or the instrument is out of order. Re gression or curve as shown in either Figures plicated zeroing shows that the instrument 1, 2, 3 or 4 for each veneer thickness and is now ready for use. When inserting the species should be available in order to pro sensing needles through the veneer thickness, vide the corresponding veneer moisture con care should be exercised on the proper orien tent of any moisture-meter reading inade or tation of the needles with respect to grain taken. direction to produce the representative me ter reading, i.e., insulator between pairs of b. It is recommended that this study be needles should be parallel to the grain of extended to all species being handled in the the veneer. Veneer and Plywood Factory. ( 3) In using the Compact Kett Model 10, 7. Acknowledgment No. 56225, 2-needle type, switch the electri The authors wish to express their thanks cal bridge to "W" (wet) or "D" (dry) when and gratitude to Alsons, Inc., particularly working with veneers above or below 12 to Mr. Conrado Alcantara, Engineer Crisos percent moisture contents, respectively. When tomo Tiongson, Messrs. S. M. Bautista, J. switched to "W" position, push the two small Legaspi and R. Montemayor, and also to buttons above the scale and turn knob at the whole staff, for their wholehearted co right side of the instrument until pointer operation in making this study successful is on the red line on the top scale. Now and for the free use of the laboratory and the instrument is ready for use with veneers factory facilities. Thanks are also due to of expected moisture content above 12 per Director Manuel R. Monsalud for the assist cent. In the "D" position, repeat the zeroing ance of the FPRI technical staff; to For except that the pointer should coincide with ester Dominador G. Faustino, Chief of the the red line on the bottom scale. The needles Industrial Investigations Division, Engineer can now be inserted through the thickness Romulo Eala of the Plywood and Gluing of the veneer with the needle insulator pa Section, and Dr. Francisco N. Tamolang, rallel to the grain of the wood. Assistant Director, all of the Forest Products ( 4) Take the moisture meter reading Research Institute, for some advice, sugges carefully, for example 10 percent. tions, and assistance relevant to this study. ( 5) Using the right graph or curve as Acknowledgments are specially due to in Figure 1 for say 1/7" veneer of white la Dean Gregorio Zamuco, Profs. Rodolfo Yap uan, run your forefinger along the ordinate tengco and Armando Villaflor, and Dr. Do and stop at 10 percent. Then run your fore mingo Lantican for our successful, memo finger horizontally until it intersects the rable, and fruitful industrial experience. Page 74 FORESTRY LEAVES The Role of Forest Rangers in Forest Conservation1 My Friends: rity. I also intend to emphasize the signi ficance of your future work by driving Among the main sources of income of home the importance of our forest re our country today is our forest. Wealth sources. produced from our forest resources consti tute over half billion pesos of our total From exports alone, the wood indus gross national income. The conservation tries, for FY 1962-1003, earned no less and protection of our forest resources, than P504.5 million pesos. If loan con therefore, is a cardinal national respon sumption were valued as much, these in sibility. Forest rangers are expected to dustries produced a total income for the play important role in this tremendous job. same fiscal year of no less than a billion It is, therefore, a source of great pleasure i:;esos. That constitute one per cent of our for me to have been invited to address gross national product set at 'P'll billion. you today. I feel that this occasion provides Not included in this total \vealth are me the singular opportunity to express, if those produced through indirect services, humbly, certain views pertinent to forest such as income from the utilization of fa conservation, protection and wise utiliza cilities and salaries and wages. tion. For this distinct privilege, I wish to It should be revealing, for example, to express to you my most sincere apprecia mention that no less than 840 thousand tion. people are dependent on these industries. I am expected to discuss the role of That is, roughly, 9 per cent of our total forest raugers in forest conservation. It is employables of 9 milion. my considered opinion that the subject has Furtheremore, it should be said that been thoroughly studied in your classes. no less than P236.3 million are invest,ed in There is little I can add to what your these industries. distinguished professors and instructors have already imparted to you on this sub I have, in a nutshell, presented to you ject. the value and significance of wood indus tries, primarily dependent on our forest, It is, therefore, my intention to pose to our national life. What I have given you your role as forest rangers against the na are the actual facts and figures. I have tional interest in forest resources. I pro not touched on the potential of these in pose to underscore the facts and figures dustries. which make the forest a basic and prima ry factor to national progress and prospe- THE POTENTIAL There are in the country today 19 ply 1 Speech delivered by Engr. Lorenzo S. Sar miento, President of the Philippine Chamber of wood plants and 9 veneer mills. Together, Wood Industries at the graduation-convocation they have a total investment of PlOO mil of Graduating Forest Rangers on Saturday, April 18, 1964, at the College of Forestry, UP, Laguna. lion. They employ about 21 thousand people. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 75 And their dependents are tagged at 100 ducts for housiug, ply\vood production for thousand. the local market alone will increase by no !ess than 20 times its present capacity For the fiscal year mentioned earlier, or no less than 20 billion square feet. \·eneer and plywood production amounted to 1.1 billion square feet. Of this total, These are ,-ery conservative projections 5.'31 million square feet were exported, 'va of the i~otential of our wood industries. lued at 1"'58 million. Plywood alone earned Their promise brightens the prospect of eco P33.6 million, while veneer turned in nomic stability for our country. That promise. 'P'24.4 million. I believe, is a major responsibility of forest rangers. For it is only from our forest, as If you asked all logging operators what the only source of raw materials for the their future plans are, they would all say manufacturing activities of our wood in they \\°ish to go into processing. Some of dustries, that these industries can contri them are now actually engaged in band bute fully to the realization of that pro mill operations, producing lumber not only mise. for local consumption but also for export. Others have concrete programs for the MAGNITUDE OF THE WORK setting up of veneer or plywood plants and The Bureau of Forestry has jurisdic and chipboard or pre-finishing factories. tion over million hectares of our coun Not mentioned here are serious efforts now 11 try's 29-million hectare area. In order for being exerted for the manufacture of pulp the bureau properly to police that area, it from wood. makes as its goal one forest guard for Consider plywood alone. In the next every 2,000 hectares. In order words, the five years, there should be no less than bureau needs 5,500 forest guards. It does 50 plywood plants in full operation. This not have that many and it counts only trebles existing plywood manufacturing ca 917 rangers in its employ. pacity. It should increase income to al I have been made to understand that most a billion pesos. And this from ply the function of forest rangers are, among wood alone. other things, to take charge of stations The wood industries in the country and smaller experiment units, gather sta carries a potential of no less than five tistical data, scaling, detect dolations of times their present income generating forest rules and regulations in the field, strength. Simply, this means some 'P'S bil pah·ol, do minor surveys, land classifica lion and 4 million dependents. tion and participate in the implementation of selective logging. This, I believe, to THE LOCAL MARKET quote a common phrase, is a whale of a An optimistic view of our economic job. growth should lay the vast countrysides Under handicap of personnel, the bu open for increased consumption in the next reau assigns rangers according to the vo decade. Overall rural consumption of ply lume of activities in certain area. Thus, it wood and prefinished products for housing may happen that a good number of the hardly amounts to 3 per cent of our total rangers may be in Mindanao at one time production. and in Luzon at another. If and when that time comes that our A cursory study of the functions of rural dv.-ellers \Vill be in a position income forest rangers as enumerated shows rangers wise to use plywood and prefinished pro- occupy themseh·es with forest conserva- Page i6 FORESTRY LEA VF.S Hon. lmay Pee son, Chairman of the U,N ES CO guest of honor of the Parks a n d Wildlife Office at the closing of the seminar for park officials on the office's 11th anni versary speaks on the importance of national parks and wildlife to the eccnomic, s o c ia l and health life of the people. From left: Mr. Mauro Lamagna, Dir. Vicente de la Crw:, Dr. Lee Talbot (partly vi sible), Mrs. Pec son (speaking), Mrs. Martha H. Talbot, Mrs. Er linda d!! la Crw: and Judge Patro· cinio Pecson. Members of tlae General F oresfry Committee deli berate on and ap prove this year's Arbor Week Pro gram proposed by Administrator Jose Viado of the Re forestation Admi nistration. L - r. Dean Zamuco Adm. Viado, Fo re8ter Lansigan, Mr. F. de los Re yes, Prof. W. Da vies, Prof. D. Ja calne and Mr. T. Vi bar. A group of Filipinos in Sydney, AU8tralia. FA 0 Fellow Director M. R. /l.lonsalud of the Forest Products Research Institute is third from right front row. To his right are Con sul and Mrs. Calvo. The rest are Filipino musicians and two Qant~s Filjp!~o engineers undergoing train· ing in Syd11ey. Dean Zamuco and .some Faculty members, Board a/ lruJsa, OJJicers oJ the Ma· - quilins Literary Club and winners in the M.L.C. Li terary Musical Provam. President Carlos P. Ro· mulo oJ the University o/ the Philippines administer· ing oath to Regent Flo· rencio Tamesis as member of the Forest Products Re search Board oJ the Forest Products Researcla Institute. / ; 'jJ;,..j i.l.J 1 l~iltl'~lliilf: U.P. President Carlos P. Romulo at the center pres iding over the Forest Pro· ducts Research Board meet· ing at the Forest Products Research Institute. Director Manuel R. Monsalud is standing e::r:plaining some , items oJ the agenda to the members o/ the Board. \ Governor Carmen P. Crisologo, Yice Gov. Alejandra Samonte, Mayor Francisco Crisologo and D. Fo1esier Alejandri> r. Tremor and Forestry Personnel at the Fair. The Personnel of the l.S. District OJ!ice and the Ca11iaw Reforestation Project, RA, Banta,.·, /locos Sllr pllt up a "Bahay Kllho" and a display of ornamental, fruit and forest tree seedlings at the recent Red Cross Festiv'll and Fa;r, sponsored by the Philippin~ National Red Cross llocos Sur Chapter. Proceeds from sale were turned ,, over to the Red Cross 1.5. Chapter, Dist. Forester Bernabe Zllmel and Person nel of Forest District l, Laoag, llocos Norte. Engr. Lorenzo S. Sarmiento, President of the Philippine Chamber of Wood Industries, Guest Speaker at tlie 23nl Moving Up Day College of Forestry. Part oj the audience. The Passing of the Key Ceremony enacted by the Junior and Senior Classes, on the eve of Moving Up Day, as a special number oj the Makiling Liie·ary Club Program. The muse, Miss Fe B. Ta"nolang holds the torch while the key she handed to the Se iiors Class Presidellt is being passed from Mariano Cac to Antonio Glori, members of the Senior Class. tion, protection, utilization, and revenue may be assigned to agencies of the de raising. From this, I propose to pinpoint in partment of agriculture directly charged general the role of forest rangers; one as with the conservation, protection, refores government men and another as aids to tation and utilization of our forest and the private enterprise. entire wood industries sector. It is this res ponsibility of ours that we, if late, are now Before I discuss these aspects of their role in our national life, I would like to trying to serve by providing policy makers provide as background the stigma of de adequate information on wood industries. forestation on the forehead of the logging It seems never to have occurred to operators of our country. policy makers that Kaingin farming, perpe The logger is accused of having denu trated in logged-over areas and forest re ded our forestlands. serves, is among the main causes of de forestation. Come rains and highwater, floods and drought, the logger is blamed for losses Also, it seems never to have strn~k in life and property. policy makers that illegal timber cutkrs there are and that, too, they are among The unreasonable persistence of this ac the main despoilers of our forest. cusation has become morbid almost. The stigma eJi.cites agitation in policy quarters, As of the latest report of the Bure:m like Congress, for example, for measures of Forestry, 1,728 cases of illegal kaingin, that will not only cripple the logs and covering no less than 1 million hectares, lumber industry of the country but also, have been apprehended by its agents, a if allowed to go to extremes, bring that good number of which has been taken up industry to bankruptcy. in courts of justice. For examples, I wish to bring to your On the other hand, it seems never to attention certain bills now in Congress such have dawned upon policy makers respon as the following: sible logging operators observe selective logging under forest management rules and 1. A bill that, again, proposes total ban regulations. Apparently, it is necessary to ning of the exportation of Philippine logs; make known to them that in selective log 2. A bill that seeks to suspend for 5 ging only mature trees, properly marked years the entire logging operations in Min by the bureau, are cut and that residual danao; and, and young trees are left to grow in order 3. A bill that would arbitrarily limit the to have them ready for continuing harvest. exportation of Philippine logs. Indeed, I submit that the stigma at We need not mention here the fact that tached to the logger must be erased. And Congress also proposes to increase forest this can only be done by providing policy charges and reforestation fees and to im makers with adequate and reliable informa pose a tax on exports. tion on logging activities vis-a-vis Bureau of Forestry regulations and rules. I submit Lbat every forester or ranger who can appreciate the stake of the wood For, in the final analysis, if blame must industries in our forest can see the un be made for deforestation, that blame must reasonableness of these proposals. I also be heaped upon government agencies that submit that these proposals are a result of fail to enforce effectively forestry rules and misinformation, the responsibility for which regulations. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 77 For, I contend that alleged large-scale The ways of compromise, bluntly terms deforestation in our country has been subs as "put" sometimes, present themselves in tantially a problem of enforcement. And the face of illegal timber cutters. By ille I submit that the government has failed to gal timber cutters here is meant not only meet adequately this problem. those that forage the public forest without license but also those who are licensed Auspiciously, this should usher in a but also those who are licensed but fell discussion of the role of forest rangers. trees beyond what is allowed in their li AS GOVERNMENT MEN censes. The success of forest rangers, as govern I submit that a morality backed firm ment men, in fulfilling their responsibili ness on the part of law enforces should ties will hinge primarily on morality. For not allow these practices. Furthermore the as government men, forest rangers as en practitioneers of illegal timber cutting forcers of forest rules regulations and laws. should be sent to jail. Never should an under the table "exchange" be allowed to As law enforcers, the objectives of weaken the resolve of law enforcers not your activities will be, necessarily, forest yet aHow violators to go unpunished. conservation, protection and wise utiliza I know that such an attitude may af tion. Forest rangers can only serve these fect adversely certain licenses and opera ends faithfully if they, without fear or tors. But if rangers must fulfill their task favor, enforce forestry rules, regulations as law enforcers satisfactorily, compromise and laws strictly. on the "put" line must be totally elimi In the very recent past, violations of nated. forestry rules, regulations and laws have The operators of our wood industries been said to be rampant destroying 50,000 are as anxious to help the government hectares every Kaingin season. If this is meet its revenue requirements. Under fair true, then somewhere law enforcers have conditions, they are 'Nilling to meet every been lax, somewhere that have fallen be centavo due the government from them fore the pressure of politics and compro in fees, dues, charges and taxes. It is for mise. the law enforcers to make them believe Consider the case of illegal kaingin. those fair conditions exist and are honestly Kaingin farmers doing illegal kaingin have implemented. been apprehended and even brought to I submit that all these can be brought court again and again. And yet, politics only if law enforcers base their actions and the pressure it exerts either have on the firm foundation of high morality freed those apprehended or, if convicted, and integrity. Then and only then also will brought out of jail only to do illegal ka forest conservation, protection, wise utili ingin again. Here, the forest rangers or zation and revenue raising be truly served. the forest guards may have the integrity of And the problem of deforestation will be action necessary, but they fall victim to solved. And the stigma on the forehead of the might of political czars. Indeed here, loggers in this country will be com without fear, the law enforcer must win pletely erased. the understanding of pressure groups to see to it justice is not mocked and its AS-AIDS TO PRIVATE ENTERPRISE majesty insured. Then, perhaps, ililegal The wood industries in our country are kaingin can be minimized if not totally a multi-million-peso enterprise. The weight eliminated. (Continued on page 90) Paite 78 FORESTRY LEAVES FPRI Technical Notes COMMON DEFECTS IN WOOD AND restriction, however, is made on its location in THEIR EFFECT ON STRENGTH either compression or tension member because of the uniformity of stress distribution along the entire There are various defects in wood that affect length of the member. In beams or members sub the strength of a piece of lumber in many ways and jected to bending, where stresses are generally great in varying degree. Some of these defects are in est at the top and bottom edges of the middle third herent, while others are caused or developed during portion of the span, knots may be allowed at the handling, or in the process of manufacture and dur outer third portions and along the neutral axis c,f ing seasoning. Most common of the inherent de the beam. The effect of knots is much less on stiff fects are knots, cross grain, brittle heart or brash ness and shear than on flexural strength. wood, shake, and reaction wood. The non-inherent ones are wane, splits, checks, insect holes, and de In round timbers such as poles and piles, tl1e cay. Knowledge of these defects and of their in strength-reducing effect of knots is less than in sawn timbers. fluence on the strength of wood is essential in or der to be able to take proper safeguards against 2. Cross-grain their effect when designing a structure. They are herein defined and discussed in detail. Cross-grain is that common defect in wood ·wherein the fibers lie at an angle to the longitudi I. Knots nal axis of the piece. In general, when the cross grain is caused by the natural spiralling, or '\\ind Knots, as they appear on the surfaces of sa'\\n ing gro'\\th of the fibers about the bole of the h;mber, are portions of branches or limbs that have tree, it is called spiral grain, and when caused by been surrounded by subsequent growth of the wcod the sawing of tapered logs parallel to the pith of the tree. Depending upon the nature of growth, instead of to the bark, as is commonly practised cutting, and appearance, knots in lumber are class in sawmills, it is called diagonal grain. Other less ified into various categories as round, oval, spike, important types of cross-grain are wavy, dipped, in sound, decayed, loose, encased, intergrown, etc. For terlocked, and curly-grain. example, when a knot is sawed at right angles to its length, a round knot usually results; when cut In practice, the extent of cross-grain is gen diagonally, an oval knot appears on the surface; and erally measured in terms of the slope of grain. For when sawed lengthwise, a spike knot is produced. instance, cross grain with a slope of I in 20 would When there is a continuous growth at a junction of mean that the direction of fibers deviates l cm. the limb and the trunk of the tree, the resulting knot from the longitudinal axis or edge of the piece over is called intergrown. When additional growth on a distance of 20 cm. For a good approximation, the trunk enclosed the limb which has ceased to measurement of the slope of the grain is made over live, an encased knot results. an optimum length representative of the piece, dis regarding localized grain distortion that may be The strength-reducing effect of a knot is brought caused by knots. Where both spiral and diagonal about by the localized distortion in the orientation grains are contained in one face of a piece, the of the wood fibers around it. It is determined on combined slope of grain must be considered instead the basis of the location of the knot and its area uf of the greater of the two slopes. The combined slope projection on the surface of the lumber. Measure is obtained by taking the square root of the sum of ments of knot sizes are made to give the best ap the squares of the slopes of the two types of cross proximation of this influence. Depending upon the grain. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page i9 about during the seasoning of wood. Its strength ef of "\\ Page 80 FORESTRY LEAVES 10. Holes 5. Markwardt, L.J. and L.W. Wood. 1953. Strength studies of timber and the development of struc Holes are voids which may be caused by the re tural timber grades in the United States. Pub moval of a loose knot from the wood, by insect and lished by the Incorporated Association of Archi tects and Surveyors, 75 Eaton Place, London. worm attack, or by tools used in handling logs or lumber. The strength effect of knot holes may be 6. Wangaard, F.F. 1950. The mechanical properties considered as similar to that of knots. For holes, of wood. John Wiley and Sons lnc., New York. resulting from other causes, like insects and worm • • • attack, etc., the strength-reducing effect is general TREATED WOOD, ITS USES ly less since there is no localized-fiber distortion. AND ADVANTAGES 11. Pitch pockets Wood is regarded as the most economical and Pitch pockets are gaps occurring between the suitable material for practically all types of cons annual growth rings, usually containing pitch either truction. Its many desirable properties are kno"\\-n. in solid or liquid form. While they do not neces Despite modem development and discoveries of sarily affect the strength of lumber, they some substitute materials, it is still the ranking material times indicate general weakness or lack of bond. in the construction field. However, many realized that its reputation has suffered a great deal because 12. Bow, ticist, and cup of the manner in which it has been used or mis used. These are defects caused by improper drying of lumber. Restriction of their presence is generally It is \veil known that wood decays and is vul made for the sake of appearance and other reasons nerable to attack by fungi and insects. Despite this rather than of their strength effect. awareness, proper steps to minimize or prevent these hazards have constantly been ignored. One only has There are other minor defects including bark poc to look around and observe the many early wood ket, gum spots, barks, black streaks, ring distortion, failures due to improper use or faulty construction. etc., which normally do not require serious consi Furthermore, people frequently use naturally non deration from the standpoint of the strength of durable timber species in place of durable ones be wood. In certain cases, however, it may be worth cause of the comparatively high cost and the diffi while to note that such minor defects may be in culty in obtaining the latter. It is no wonder, there dicative of the presence of some major defects like fore, that prospective wood users, who require dur splits, cross-grain, etc. ability in their construction, become prejudiced against the use of wood and would prefer to use As a rule, pieces of lumber containing defects substitute materials for it, such as steel, concrete, need not be entirely limited to non-structural utiliza etc. tion. What is more important, in the selection of structural wood for any specific use, is that the va But, even steel has some undesirable properties rious defects must be properly limited in accordance in its use. Corrosion is one of them. To protect steel with lumber grades. Also, their strength-reducing from corrosion, surface treatment must be applied effect be properly accounted for in the derivation of on it such as paints, rust-proofing materials, etc. workable strength values for design purposes. The steel industry has gone further by developing corrosion resistant alloys, such as stainless steel, to BIBLIOGRAPHY solve this problem of corrosion. l. Anonymous. 1957. Establishing structural 12:rades The wood industry is not lagging behind the of lumber. D 245-575, American Society for Test steel industry. Similarly, aware of the undesirable ing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa. properties of wood, it has developed chemical treat ment to make wood either more durable, more re 2. 1959. Grading rules: Inspection and measurements of Philippine Lumber. For sistant to fire or chemical action, water-repellant, e~try Yearbook, General Information Service, Ma stronger or harder, or a combination of any any of rula. these qualities in order to make it more resistant 3. 1955. Wood Handbook. Prepared to its natural enemies. by the US Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Hand The development of chemical treatment of wood book No. 72, Washington, D.C. (such as creosoting or treating wood with borax, etc.) has been responsible, to a large part, in open 4. Dadswell, H.E. and A.B. Wardrop. 1949. What is reaction wood? Reprint from Australian For ing a wider field of wood utilization. Where wood estry. XIII ( 1 ) . has been considered of limited usefulness in some ARBOR WEEK ISSUE - 1964 Page 81 fields of construction a few years ago, it has now equals 1"2,400.00 (1"800 x 3). It should also be real been regarded by many as one of the more perma ized that replacement generally costs more than the nent construction materials. Wood can now be sa original structure, considering the added time and tisfactorily protected from whatever hazard it is likely labor spent in removing the materials to be replaced to encounter in service by proper chemical treat before replacements can be effected. ment. The field of application, therefore, to which 3. Cost of maintenance is reduced.-Treated wood wood is used in the Philippines at present may 1.ie generally requires less maintenance than untreated further extended. wood since the initial condition of the wood is The following are some of the uses of treated maintained for a considerably longer period. wood which have been found economically adYan 4. Treated wood helps in our forest conservation tageous in many countries: program. - Reduction in wood replacements would Poles for power and telecommunication lines reduce the drain from our forest timber resources. Railway ties The timbers cut for replacement can be channeled Piles for bridge and marine structures to other useful enterprises. Bridge, mine, and marine timbers 5. Provides market for acceptable species.-The Posts and railings increase in service life of wood afforded by preser Road signs and highway guard rails vative treatment can provide a market for accept House and building timbers able species not now commercially exploited due Boat framing and planking merely to their low durability. With the increasing Sheds and warehouse construction difficulty in obtaining durable timber species, it is Retaining walls but natural that non-durable timber species will Foot bridges and board walks come into use and, if properly treated, will even Cooling towers tually gain public acceptance. Advertising signs Trucks and rail car construction 6. Provides better wood utilization.-Acceptance Culvets by the public of a variety of wood species will ef Crossarms and anchor logs fect a fuller utilization of our timber resources. This \Viii increase our lumber production at generally a Feed troughs lower cost. Hence, cost of the product is reduced. Greenhouse and seed boxes Wood boxes for packaging In general, if efforts are directed towards the Fall-out shelters increased use of treated wood, there is bound to be Seats and platforms in open athletic fields financial savings on the part of the users. At the ,-ame time, it will effect an improvement in our so Some of the advantages that may be derived in cio-economic development. the extensive use of treated wood may be stated a~ follows: REFERENCES 1. The annual cost of the material is redi.:ced. -Without resorting to the use of the more accurate 1. Anonymous. 1953. How Florida State Road Dept. extends life of old timber bridges. Wood and complex amortization formula, this may be ex Preserving News, January, pp. 8-10. plained by this simple example. If untreated wood lasts 5 years in service and the structure costs 2. 1960. Cooling tower timber preser- vation. Prog. Rept. Hickson's Timber Impregna 1"500.00, the average annual cost equals (1"500/5) tion Co. (G.B.) Ltd., Semi-Tech. Bui. No. 17, :P'I00.00. On the other hand, if treated wood is used Castleford, Yorkshire, England, March. and lasts 10 years in service and costs, 1"800.00, the average annual cost equals (1"800110) 1"80.00 or 3. 1961. Timber poles in good con- a savings of :1"20.00 per year. ditions after 32 years. Wood Preserving News, March, p. 8. 2. Cost of replacement is reduced.-Using the 4. ----1961. Service records show how to data from the previous example, if the structure rebuild piers. Wood Preserving News, January, is expected to serve for 30 years, then it would in pp. 20-21. volve 6(3015) replacements for the untreated struc 5. 1962. Report of Highway Research ture, while the treated structure ·would require (30/ Board ~eatures advantages of timber piles. Wood 10) 3 replacements. Assuming further that cost of Preservmg News, October, pp. 8-10. labor and materials within the next 30 years are the 6. ----1962. Treated wood --osts for Wis same, the total cost of the untreated structure equals consin roads. Forest Products Journal, Vol. XII, 1"3,000.00 (:1"500 x 6), while the treated structure No. 4, April, pp. 200-201. Page 82 FORESTRY LEAVES 7. 1963. Alaska's seven timber bridges. vers' Assoc., pp. 263-27f.l. Wood Preserving News, February, pp. 6-8, 16. 23. Reynolds, W.E. 1939. Field of treated timber 8. Baechler, R.H., E. Conway and H.G. Roth. in the construction of public buildin"'s. Proc. 1959. Treating hardwood posts by double-dif Am. Wood Preservers' Assoc., pp. 145-148. fusion method. Forest Products Journal, Vol. 24. Silcox, F.A. 1939. Significance of wood preser IX, No. 7, July, pp. 216-220. vation in the management of private and pub 9. Becker, G. 1958. Protection of wood against lic forests. Proc. Am. \Vood Preservers' Assoc., marine borers. F AO Report to the Government pp. 142-145. of India, FA0/5812/1449, Rome. 25. Verra!!, A.F. 1953. Decay prevention in woOll 10. Blew, Jr., J.O. 1961. What can be expected en steps and porches through proper design from treated wood in highway construction. and protective treatments. Journal of the For U.S. Dept. of Agr., Forest Service, Forest Pro est Products Research Society, Vol. III, No. 4, ducts Lab. Rept. No. 2235, November. November, pp. 54-60. 11. Burpee, C.M. 1959. Pressure of competing ma 26. Walters, N.E.M. 1961. Soft rot in timbers. Part terials. Why some wood products hold their II. C.S.I.R.O., Forest Prdoucts Newsletter No. own. Forest Products Journal, Vol. IX, No. 5, 274. May. May, pp. 29A-33A. * * * 12. Dale, F.A. 1961. The timber preservation in RED LAUAN dustry in Australia. Part IL The uses of treated ed timber. C.S.I.R.O., Forest Products News Industrial Report 5-A letter No. 279, October. Veneer cutting, drying and gluing 13. GaYin. E.J. 194R. Use of treated wood in light properties of - load home building. Proc. Am. Wood Preser vers Assoc., pp. 224-234. Red lauan (Shorea negrosensis Foxw.) is an 14. Hunt, G.M. and G.A. Garatt. 1953. Wood important Philippine commercial wood species. preservation. 2nd Ed., New York, Toronto, Lon Trees of this species attain diameters up to 200 don. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. centimeters ( 80 inches) and heights of about 50 15. Kaufert, F.H. and K.A. Leorch. 1955. Treated meters (165 feet). They generally have strong but lumber for greenhouse use. Minnesota Forestry tresses with average bole lengths of 20 meters ( 6.5 Notes No . .'36, January 15. 16. Kimbrell, M.R. 1939. Poles for power lines. feet). Proc. Am. Wood Preservers' Assoc., pp. 208- Red lauan is primarily a low-altitude species 230. found in regions where there is an abundance of 17. Locke, E.G. 1962. Fifteen years of forest pro rain with short or no dry seasons. 1 It is estimated ducts research-and a look ahead at the next fifteen. Forest Products Journal, Vol. XII, No. that this species constitutes about 10 percent af 9, September, pp. 393-399. the total commercial timber stand. IS. Mann, R.H. 1955. New uses for wood. Forest Products Journal, Vol. V, No. 3, June pp. 161- Logs and Lumber 162. The materials used in the investigations were 19. McNary, J.V. 1959. Treated timbers in hea\.}' collected from several regions of the Philippines. duty highway bridge structures. Proc. Am. Wood Preservers' Assoc. pp. 253-267. The sources and descriptions of the logs are pre 20. Patterson, D. 1958. How to design pole-type sented in Table 1. All these logs were peeler grades. buildings. 2nd Ed. Wood Preservers Inst., III Sapwood or brashy materials were excluded West Washington St., Chicago 2, Illinois, U.S.A. from the test samples but slightly crossed and in 21. Prettie, R.J. 1957. New applications for pre terlocked grain were allowed. servative treated woods. Forest Products Jour nal, Vol. VII, No. 9, September, p. 22A. ' Tamesis, F. and A~uilar, J. 1963. The "Philippine 22. Reese, H.L. 1942. The use of preserved wood Mahogany" and other Dipterocarp Woods. Popular Bulletin in home construction. Proc. Am. Wood Preser- No. 44 (DANR) Bureau of Printing, Manila. TABLE 1. Sources and description of the test logs. Phase of Log No. of Ave. speci- General appearance study origin logs fie gravity a of the specimens Veneer Tagkawayan, 3 0.56 peeler grade cutting Quezon Butuan, 2 0.39 Agusan Veneer Claveria 1 0.49 contained numerous drying Cagayan pin knots and scars Veneer Tagkawayan 1 0.56 peeler grade gluing Quezon Lumber Butuan, 0.40 straight-grain lumber laminating Agusan •Based on oven-dry weight diivded by green volume. ARBOR WEEK !ISSUE - 1964 Page 83 Veneer Cutting b. Surface smoothness, actual thickness, and depth of lathe checks as influenced by the Rotary-cutting test were conducted on 3.15 mm. horizontal-nosebar opening. (1/8-in.), 2.54 mm. (1/10-in.), 1.57 mm. (1/16- c. Depth of lathe checks as influenced by the in.) and 1.27 mm. ( 1 /20-in.) thick veneers. Two vertical-nosebar opening, and series of cutting tests were made on bolts fro'Il d. Tensile strength across the grain of veneer Quezon province. One series was on unheated bolts as influenced by heating the bolts before and the other on bolts that were preheated in wa peeling. ter to 71°C. (160°F.) for about 24 hours. The cut ting series on Agusan logs were confined to unheat The ranges of lathe settings found suitable for ed bolts. producing acceptable quality veneers from unheated The tests were conducted on a 54 by 56-inch bolts of red lauan from both sources, are presented veneer lathe. The sharpness angle of the 5/8-inch in Table 2. Generally, a wider range of lathe set knife was 21 degrees, ground to a concavity of tings was found suitable in cutting acceptable ve 0.002-inch, and the 5/8-inch nosebar was set at neers from the Agusan logs. 75 degrees. Comparatively, the quality of veneers from both the unheated and heated bolts did not show any Veneer quality was evaluated in terms of: significant diHerence, except that tensile strength a. Thickness uniformity as influenced by the across the grain of veneers from heated bolts was knife angle, significantly improved. TABLE 2. Acceptable ranges of lathe settings for rotary-cut veneers from unheated red lauan bolts. Veneer Knife nagle Vertical-nose Horizontal-nosebar thickness bar opening opening mm. (in.) degree mm. (in.) mm. (in.) 3.15mm. (1/8 in.) 89o3Q' to 90000 0.762 (0.030) 2.20 to 2.47 ( 0.0868 to 0.097 4) 2.54mm. (1/10 in.) 90°15' 0.508 (0.020) 1.981 (0.0780) l.57mm. (1/16 in.) 90°00' to 90°15' 0.381 (0.015) 1.102to1.20 (0.0434 to 0.0474) l.27 mm. (1/20 in.) 90°30' 0.254 (0.010) 0.965 ( 0.0380) Veneer Drying meters per inch ( 1200 feet per minute) with closed venting stack. The drying times for red lauan heartwood ve Dry-veneer quality was evaluated in terms of neers, 1.27-mm. (1/20-in.) and 2.54-mm. (1/10-in.) the extent of splitting, checking, endwaviness, and thick, were determined at the drying. temperatures buckling. Tangential and radial shrinkages were al of 121, 140 and 160 degrees C. (250, 285 and 320 so determined. degrees F.) . Green moisture content of the test ve The drying schedules used are tabulated in Ta neers ranged from 7 4 to 92 percent with an aver ble 3. Within these test conditions, the extent of age of 81 percent. drying defects on dried veneers was within accept The veneer-drying test was performed in a steam able limits. There was no serious drying degrade heated, single-deck, roller-type mechanical dryer. in the veneers at any of the temperature and thick Internal air velocity was maintained at about 365 ness combinations tested. TABLE 3. Veneer-drying schedule for red lauan. Veneer Drying Drying Average dry Drying shrinkage b thickness temperature time moisture content Tangential Radial mm. (in.) oF (oC) min. percent percent percent 1.27 ( 1/20) 121 (250) 4.6 9 140 (285) 3.4 8 5 4 160 (320) 2.7 8 2.54 (1/10) 121 (250) 12.6 7 140 (285) 9.2 7 5 4 160 (320) 7.1 6 b Average of 6 specimens and computed from green dimensions. PAGE 84 FORESTRY LEAVES Plyu:ood Gluing A glue spread of about 268 and 292 gr./M2 ( 50 and 60 lb. MSGL) was applied with the urea and re Panels of 6.2 mm. (1/4 in.) 3-ply plywood were sorcinol-phenol, respectively, and an assembly time pressed at three levels each of pressing variables, of 20 to 25 minutes each was alloted. A retaining namely, pressure, temperature, and pressing time. 2 pressure of 12.65 Kg./cm2 (180 psi) was maintained Panel construction consisted of 1.67-mm. (1/16 in.) for 24 hours at rooro temperature. for faces and backs, and 3.15 mm. ( 1/8 in.) for cores with moisture content of about 8 percent. A The bond quality produced was tested in ac hot-press urea-formaldehyde resin, extended 50 per cordance with : cent with wheat flour, was used as the adhesiYe. (a) Glued-block shear test, as described in Sec Glue spread was about 195 gr./M 2 ( 40 lbs./Msq. tions 65 to 67 of ASTM D 805-53 specifica ft.) and the assembly time was 10 roinutes. tions; The compression of the panels and the result (b) Vacuum-pressure delamination test described ing compression-set were measured. in Procedure A, USDA Tech. Bui. No. 1068 p. 85; and The bond quality was evaluated by the 15-cycle ( c) Exposure test. delamination test, dry shear test, 48~hour cold-soak shear test, and the hot-and-cold-soak shear test. The block shear test showed that the initial Results showed that the bond quality of red bond strengths produced by both adhesives, were lauan panels, produced at any of the level combi slightly lower than those of solid red lauan at 15 nation of variables tested, passed the requireroents percent rooisture content. Coroparison in bond quali for type II bond. On the other hand, statistical ana ty produced by the two resins, revealed the rela lysis revealed the following : tively higher shear values but lower wood failures developed by resorcinol-phenol glue. The resorcinol (a) The extent of coropression-set was controlled phenol-glued specimens withstood the vacuum-pres by the amount of pressure applied and by sure delamination test. the levels of temperature at which the pres sure was applied. This was also influenced, In test (c), the urea-glued specimens were placed to some degree, by the time-temperature indoors while those glued with the resorcinol-phe interaction. nol adhesive were exposed to exterior conditions. The exposure test showed durable glue joints with (b) The bond quality was affected by the act resorcinol-phenol glues. The shear strength retained tion of individual variables and their in was about 88 percent after 30 roonths of outdoor teractions. exposure. The extent of delamination after this pe From these results, the best corobination of le riod was less than 10 percent. However, wood fail vels of the variables tested on the basis of bond ure followed an upward trend. quality and compression-set is: Urea-glued specimens exposed indoors, showed Specific pressure - 7.03 (g./cm. 2 (100 a fast decline in shear srtength and wood failure. lbs./sq.in.); After 30 roonths of exposure, only about 20 per Pressing temperature - 121 degrees C cent of the original strength was retained. Wood ( 250 degrees F. ) ; and failures dropped to zero after 12-month exposure. The extent of delamination was about 17 percent Pressing time - 2 to 4 roinutes. of the total end-grain glue line. Solid-Wood Lamination * * * Red lauan lumber was investigated for ease in NOTES ON DECAY OF MINE TIMBERS laminating and durability of the resulting bonds un der exposure conditions. Vrea-formaldehyde and re The use of wood for timbering in mines dates sorcinol-phenol formaldehyde resin were the binders back to antiquity. Wood has roany advantages. used. Thirsty glue-block assemblies of 3.8 by 5 by Among them are: timber is relatively abundant and 29.85 cm. ( 1 ¥2 by 2 by 11 % in.) were laminated inexpensive; weight for weight, compared with other with each adhesive. The moisture content of the materials, wood possesses great strength; it can be wood was about 15 percent at the time of gluing. cut and framed easily; it tends to bend and "talk" before it collapses, and thus enable one to detect 2 The levels of variables were: dangerous roof conditions. It is believed that no pressure-7.03, 10.54, 14.06 Kg./cm.2 (JOO, 150, 200 psi); adequate substitute has been found so far for wood temperature-104, 121, 138 deg. C. (220, 250, 280 en cross ties in rail haulage, either in mines or on deg. F.); and pressing time---2, 4, 6, minutes. railroads. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE--1964 Page 85 However, one great disadvantage of using tim Fungi are low forms of plants devoid of chlo ber in mines is its susceptibility to decay. In the rophyll. Unlike green plants, they do not ha.-e de mines, the conditions are ahnost universally fa\'or fined roots, sterns, or leaves. Fungi, therefore, are able to decay. Untreated mine timber will generally not capable of manufacturing their own food through fail within 3 years due to decay. Under severe photosynthesis so that they have to depend on other conditions, failure may take place in 6 months. form of plants or substrates either as parasites or as saprophytes. In the form of microscopic filaments Decayed timber in mines is a hazard not only ( hyphae) they secrete enzymes that convert the cell to life and property, due to roof collapse, but also walls into a form that can be readily absorbed as to fire. Decayed timbers when dry not only ignite food through the hyphae. readily but also burn rapidly. Under damp and warm conditions, most of these Timber used in seven metal mines of Mt. Pro fungi produce reproductive structures which contain vince is estimated to amount to 31,167,300 bd. ft. enormous number of microscopic spores (seed-like per year. Of this volume, 40 to 45 percent is used bodies), each of which is a potential new organ in "permanent" timberings with an estimated ser ism. These spores and even fragments of hyphae vice life ranging from 6 to 18 months. It has been are widely dispersed by air currents, rain, and in reported that replacPrnents were made several times sects. Once they lodge on wood or substrate under during the entire period of operation due to early favorable conditions, they begin to grow and de failure caused by wood-decaying fungi. velop. Most of the fungi causing decay in mine timbers belong to the saprophytic group of the class Conditions in the mines Basidiornycetes. Underground conditions in mines vary consider It has been reported that white rots as well as ably. Some mine works are wet and very cold. brown rots are found in mine timbers, but the white Others are very warm and humid, and still others rotting fungi are more prevalent. In the mines of are very warm and dry. Decay is more of a pro Great Britain, Poria vaillantii had been reported as blem in warm and humid areas than in cool and the most common destructive fungus on coniferous wet mine or in very warm and dry mine works. wood. Other wood-destroying fungi such as Conio phora cerebella, Lentinus lepideus, .Eames annosus, Cross ties which are generally covered with wet Paxillus panuoides, Armillaria mellea, Polyporus ver soil last for several years. This is probably due to sicolor, Stereum hirsutum, and probably many others, the insufficient supply of oxygen in the water which escape recognition, as they remain sterile and saturated wciod, making the conditions unfavorable fail to form normal fructifications, have been re to the growth of decay fungi. However, ties used ported. in relatively dry locations are reported to be readily In the U.S., some of the wood-destroying fungi attacked by decay fungi. reported destroying mine timbers are Armillaria mel In Philippine mines, particularly in Mt. Province, lea, Coprinus sp., Pleurotus ulmarius, Fornes roseus, where Benguet pine ( Pinus insularis) is the only I..enzites sp., Merulius lacrymans, Polyporus albo species used and generally without any preservative luteus, P. pargamenus, P. versicolor, and Poria sp. treatment, the service life is very short, resulting in In the Philippines, collection from decayed wood enormous losses due to frequent replacements. from the mines of Mt. Province composed mostly of fungi belonging to the following genera: Len The first reaction of some mine operators to ef tinus, Polyporus, Poria, Fornes and Daedalea. fect delay in replacements due to decay, is to use larger timbers than are necessary, or to use durable General recommendations species or pre-stressed concrete units which are all Because of the considerable amount of wood very expensive. This is particularly true to "per being used, mine operators in Mt. Province are con manent" tirnberings, because the costs of both tim fronted with the problem of supply. The use of ber and labor are much higher than for temporary pressure-treated wood in "permanent" workings work. The frequent removal of decayed timber and underground must be seriously considered. The ad replacements due to high decay hazards in "perma vantage of treating timber are: nent" works are very costly and time consuming. l. The useful life of treated timber outlast seve ral times the normal life of untreated timber be Fungi causing decay cause the growth of fungi in treated wood is inhi The fungal flora of mines has interested several bited, depending on the prevailing service conditions mycologists because many species form abnormal and the preservatives used. This in turn minimizes fructifications in the dark under conditions of high the amount of retimbering_ humidity. (Continued on page 98) Page 86 FORESTRY LEAVES FPRI Highlights DR. TAMOLANG IS NEW SAR chiefs welcomed the group and briefed the repara PRESIDENT tions chief on the activities of the FPRI particular ly along forest products utilization and its machinery Dr. Francisco N. Tamolang, currently assistant and equipment needs which may possibly be pro director of the Forest Products Research Institute, cured through reparations. The group were treated is the 31st president of the Philippine Society for to lunch at IRRI. Advancement of Research. • • • He was sworn in recently in fitting ceremo WOOD QUALITY CONTROL EYED nies held at the U.P. College of Forestry Auditorium with Senator Manuel P. Manahan as guest speaker. Quality control of lumber was discussed in a paper read by Dr. Agustin N. Ramos Jr., assistant Dr. Tarnolang is a forestry graduate of the Uni chief forest products technologist, Timber Physics versity of the Philippines and an outstanding alum and Engineering Division, Forest Products Research nus of Yale University where he finished his doc Institute, before the Society for the Advancement torate degree in wood technology. He has always of Research ( S.A.R.) recently. been an exponent of scientific research, particularly in forestry and forest products utilization, and a • • • seasoned delegate to scientific meetings, here and abroad, representing the Philippines. He has author FPRI PARTICIPATES IN MANILA ed treatises and technical papers. In cooperation FLOWER-GARDEN SHOW "ith the Forestry Primer Committee, Society of Fi lipino Foresters, he drafted a proposed book enti The Forest Products Research Institute partici tiled "Forestry in Everyday Life", a forestry primer pated in the recent successful flower and garden show of the Manila Garden Club at the Old Paco for grade school training, which contains the basic Cemetery. "For rneritorius efforts and participation", facts about the mighty tree and the forest, of which, the Institute was awarded a Bronze plaque and this perennial is a vital part. This perhaps explains his being a forester through and through, and his another special ribbon for "tne best San Francisco ardent love for anything which concerns forestry. plant". Besides this affection, however, Dr. Tarnolang • • • has another love of which he feels very proud to PERSONNEL CHIEF COPPED tell about. It is his dutiful wife, the former Amparo FIRST HONOR AW ARDS Blando and his brood of strong ten-all considered fine timbers. And just to prove further his deep FPRI personnel chief Valente B. Elchico was concern in preserving the patrimony of the nation, graduated valedictorian in the recent commence his first two children are presently students at the ment exercises of the Seminar for Position Classifi U.P. College of Forestry. cation and Salary Administration held at the Aris tocrat Restaurant, Quezon City. Sponsored by the The SAR constituents really did justice in put W APCO, the seminar was conducted for personnel ting Dr. Tarnolang at the helm of this worthwhile officers, senior personnel aides and personnel aides organization. of bureaus and offices under the Department of Ag • • * riculture and Natural Resources, Horne Financing FPRI PLAYED HOST TO Corporation and the FPRI. For being the first ho REPARA TIO NS BRASS nor recipient, Mr. Elchico received a certificate of accomplishment, a ribbon of merit and a personal The Philippine Reparations Commission headed by gift from the Budget Commissioner, Hon. Faustino Hon. Benedicto Padilla visited the Institute. Direc Sychangco, which consists of a book entitled "Pub tor-Emeritus and Consultant Eugenio de la Cruz, lic Personnel Administration". Asst. Dir. Francisco N. Tarnolang and the division • • • ARBOR WEEK ISSUF~l964 Page 87 TAMOLANG HEADS FPRI FIRST NEWSPRINT MAKING HAILED LANDSCAPE BODY What could probably be the first newsprint made in the Philippines was successfully produced In line with the beautification plan of the his recently at the Forest Products Research Institute torical and legendary Mt. Makiling where the Forest chemical laboratories. Pulp and paper companies in Products Research Institute stands, Dir. Monsalud the country hailed the very successful attempt for designated an FPRI Landscape Committee with it significantly marked a new era in pulp and paper Asst. Dir. Francisco N. Tamolang as chairman. Mem manufacture in the country. What is interesting to bers are Forester D. G. Faustino, Dr. A. N. Ramos note is that the newsprint was derived from local Jr. and AMD Chief F. V. Oamar. The group are materials consisting of 80% Benguet pine ground plotting out plans to tum out the Institute into a wood and 20% semi-bleached Benguet pine suphate real visitors' haven. pulp. * * * * * * URGE FPRI NONINCLUSION IN FPRI BADE ADIEU TO ANDERSONS FORESTRY COMMISSION AND STERNS The honorable members of the Congress of the A barrio fiesta was celebrated last May 7 at Philippines have strongly endorsed the exclusion the FPRI grounds. It was held as a 'despedida' for of the Forest Products Research Institute from the the 2 F AO consultants of the Institute, Drs. Arthur proposed Forestry Commission. B. Anderson and William L. Stem and their fami lies. There were games like Juego de Anillo, 'pin The proposal is currently embodied in H.B. No. takasi' and exihibition of typical Philippine folk .5798 which is designed to regroup together the dances. A rondalla completed the picture. Bureau of Forestry, Reforestation Administration, :->arks & Wildlife Office and the Forest Products Re Dir. Monsalud in a brief talk expressed the search Institute. Institute's gratefulness to the advisers and apprecia tion of the services rendered by them to the Insti FPRI Director Monsalud in his defense of tl1e titute. exclusion move, said: "xxxx Remarkably, no anoma When the Stems left last May 14, the whole lies, graft and corruption have been perpetrated in personnel of the Wood Technology Division and the FPRI xxxx. It has rendered prompt, courteous, some FPRI staff were at the MIA to see them off. and efficient service to the wood-using industries as well as to the general public. This has been made Over the period of stay in the FPRI, Dr. Ander possible largely by its semi-autonomous status, which son was forestry advisor in chemistry and Dr. Stem is desirable and vital in the life of a scientific re in wood technology. search organization". * * * * * * MORE REFERENCE MATERIALS FPRI ~AN INDIAN AW ARDEE The FPRI library received last week from Sin gapore, Malaysia, 9 volumes of the Garden's Bulle Toradio G. Cuaresma, (in tin and 21 volumes of the U.S. Botanical .Herbarium photo) forest products tech pamphlets consisting of 77 parts. The acquisition nologist of the Forest Products is a part of the library exchange program that we Research Institute, College, La have been maintaining with other technical libraries guna, returned recently from and made possible through the suggestion of Dr. India where he finished a cer W.L. Stem, erstwhile FAO Forestry Advisor at the tificate course on season Institute. What is interesting to note is that the ing and preservation of timber from the Forest different volumes consist of back issues of the Research Institute & Colleges, Dehra Dun, Uttar scientific magazines dating as early as 1901 for the Pradesh, India. Cuaresma topped his class includ USNH and 1924 for the Garden's Bulletin. ing seven Indians, having graduated with distinc tion and was awarded the Timber Dryers and Wood * * * Preservers Association (India) Silver Medal, which is the highest award for the course. Incidentally, VIPS VISIT INSTITUTE he is the first foreign student-recipient in India Director Monsalud led the FPRI staff in welcom of such an award. ing Ambassador Shmuel Shelef of Israel and his * * * party last May 15. Mr. Shelef was briefed on the Page 88 FORESTRY LEAVES researches on forest products utilization being con nistan; Messrs. J.C. Zandsche and J. Brussich of the ducted in the laboratories of the Institute. World Bank; Mr. Folkhart Dinkier of Germany; German Trade Mission: Dr. Daniel, Chief of Subdi Forestry professor Dr. Theodore Hoenninger of vision of West Germany Ministry of Economic Af the University of Saigon and Mr. Macid Gulcur, fairs; Dr. Endmann, Counsellor 1st Class, Minister F AO forestry technical adviser of the Bureau of For of Foreign Affairs; Mr. Schultze, 1st Secretary; Mr. estry, Manila, visited the Institute accompanied by FPRI Board Chairman and Forestry Director Apolo Hassdorf, 2nd Secretary; Mr. Newpert, Counsellor nio F. Rivera. 1st Class, Ministry of Transportation; Mr. Rolland, District Judge, Ministry of Justice; Mr. Grossman, Drs. B.R. Thomas and C.R. Enrell of the Chem 1st Secretary Ministry, of Economic Cooperation; istry Division, DSIR of New Zealand and Stockholm, Miss Burre, Interpreter; and Mrs. Steldern, Secre Sweden, respectively, also came. tary. Dr. Kurt Gerstle, professor of structural engineer * * * ing at the SEATO Graduate School of Engineering visited the FPRI laboratories last March 24. FPRI STAFF VISITS PULP Mr. Harry J. Robinson, researcher at the Stan AND PAPER MILLS ford Research Institute, California, U.S.A., now de Director Monsalud and his staff of pulp and pa tailed as Consultant in the Mindanao Development per technologists of the FPRI were invited on May Authority, accompanied by Messers. M.O. Manalay 29, 1964 by the Primier Pulp and Paper Mills' Man say and D.J. Santos of MDA, also visited the FPRI. agement, headed by Dr. Salvador Araneta, to visit Others were Mr. Claude Fouchard of Paris, said mill situated in Pasig, Rizal, to observe factory France; Dr. & Mrs. Higuchi, Japanese professor at operations and to make suggestions to improve them, the Department of Pharmacy, University of Wiscon if possible. Engineers E.C. Arnio, J. Escolano, J. sin; Messrs. Justus G. Landgrebe, Jacques Brussier Zerrudo, and J. Navarro of the CID accompanied of International Bank, Washington, D.C.; Mohammed Dir. Monsalud in this visit. Ibrahim Wais, Ministry of Education, Kabul, Afgha- * * * EFFECTS OF ... period, and ( 4) evenness of germination were (Continued from page 48) taken and analyzed separately by the analy Summary sis of variance method. This study was conducted to test some The statistical analysis showed that germi methods of hastening and increasing the ger nation percentage increased with greater ex mination of bitaog seeds which have been posure of the cotyledons of the seed. On the .ibserved to possess dormancy. other hand, germination and pre-germination periods decreased with greater exposure of Seeds of the species were gathered in the the cotyledons of the seed. Evenness of ger Forestry campus, sown in complete block de mination was not affected by the treatments. sign with four treatments (including control) and five replications. The treatments were Literature Cited (I) shell removed, ( 2) shell nicked and ( 3 \ 1. Crocker, W. and L. V. Barton. 1957. Physiology shell cracked. Untreated seeds served as con of Seeds. Chronica Botanica Co. Waltham, Mass. trols. Data on (I) germination percentage, 2. Parras, V. 1935. Comparison of different meth ( 2) germination period, ( 3) pre-germination ods of germinating bitaog. Makiling Echo.15: 105. ARBOR WEEK IISSUE - 1964 Page 89 THE ROLE OF FOREST . . . The need for efficiency, economy and (Continued from page 78) higher recovery in the wood industries is made urgent by increasing competition in of their investments anchors them to long the world market, not only on quality and range operations. The only source of the supply but also on technology which vir raw material for their activities in our tually makes fiction of quality itself. Ad forest. Naturally, they place a premium on vances in profinishing and printing have forest conservation and protection. made of Philippine lauan claim to quality Loggers and wood processors would almost a myth. look forward to the following: Already, Philippine logs exported to Japan, their main market, are encountering 1. That Philippine wood remains the tremendous slumps in prices. Logs from finest specie in the world market; the south sea countries, the United States 2. That the concept of perpetual har vest become a reality; and Russia are filling up logs ponds in 3. That recovery from every standing Japan to the price disadvantage of Philip timber ripe for cutting is raised to th•i pine exports. These are realities policy very maximum possible; makers as well as law enforcers must 4. That processing finally replaces raw awaken to, least one day we find Philip material production; · pine wood industries so weak they can no 5. That profits from the industries allow longer stand competition from other sour adequate revenue returns and profits for ces. the entrepreneurs; and, Any effort, therefore, forest rangers 6. That profits from the industries en make to aid private enterprise along lines able ever growing adjustments in wages I have already mentioned will be highly and salaries. appreciated by private enterpreneurs in the wood sector. To the extent they render Forest rangers, by nature of their work such aids, to that extent also will Philip and qualification, can help private enter pine wood industries be strong, sound, and prise maintain the quality of wood specie profitable. To as much extent will they be and the perpetuation of timber harvest. contributing to the overall stability and I contend that, through experiments prosperity in our country. and strict enforcement of forest manage My friends, you graduate as forest ran ment, forest rangers can render advice on: gers in the face of a young nation awaken 1. Preservation and protection of resi ing to the full potential of its economics. dual and young trees; The realities of the next decade will be 2. Methods of preserving the quality shaped by either the apathy and inaction of felled trees; of our people or their enthusiasm and vigor. 3. \Vays of preserving lumber, veneer The former can bring about disenchant and plywood stocks; ment and discontent; the latter can secure 4. Practices for higher and higher re for the nation prosperity and happiness. covery; As you join the everyday activities of your 5. Utilization of statistical data for long respective communities, you have to choose range planning and programming; from either. I would like to believe that 6. Preparation of logged-over areas for you would place your stake on the latter. second growth; and, And that you will succeed in your noble 7. Higher efficiency and least waste profession as custodian of the country's 3rd not only through production but also dollar earning industry, our forest resour through documentation. ces. Page 90 FORESTRY LEAVES Campus Notes UPCF VISITING PROFESSORS and Felix Eslava, Jrj As Graduate Assistants in F. E. LEFT FOR HOME effective May 7, 1964. - The three new extension workers are presently undergoing orientation and Dr. Savel Silverborg and Dr. John Hugo Krae training in the various aspects of Forestry Exten mer finished their tour of duty in the Philippines. sion and Information work. Dr. and Mrs. Silverborg left on July 16, while Dr. Kraemer left on the eighteenth. Both the Silverborgs * * * and Kraemer were accompanied by the faculty UNIVERSITY COUNCIL APPROVES members to the MIA to see them off. Dr. Silverborg F.E. COURSES left with a heavy heart. He expressed his gratitude to the members of the faculty and his friends for Four courses in Forestry Extension were approved their hospitality. So far he was the only visiting pro by the University Council during its meeting April fessor who went around looking for faculty members 28. 1964. The new courses are FE 100, 101, 102 and friends just to shake hands with them and bid and 103. FE 100 is an introductory course in fo them good bye. restry extension work to better equip foresters to deal with the public in the course of their duties. The faculty are very grateful to him for the ser· FE 101 deals with the communication process in vices he rendered to the College and to Philippine cluding studies of communication components and the forestry. psychological and sociological aspects of mass com * * * munication. FE 102 is the fundamentals of forestry FORESTRY EDUCATION SUPPORTED extension work and processes; methods for program planning implementation and evaluation. FE 103 Forestry education got a big support from two deals with the development and use of forestry ex private companies, the Paper Industries Corporation tension media and methods. These courses give 3 of the Philippines and the Bislig Bay Lumber Co., units of credit each. They will be offered as elec Inc. The two companies which have recognized the tives beginning the second semester of the fiscal need for more forestry trained men sent one scholar year 1964-1965. each to the U.P. College of Forestry. Each grantee will receive P2,000.00 annually which "'ill cover * * * everything for his studies and living allowances. The KAINGIN MOST SERIOUS PROBLEM grant will be continuous for 4 years. It "'ill begin in Forest specialist Dr. John Hugo Kraemer of the first semester of the school year 1964-19€5. the State University of New York said "that all * * * forest management measures and researches are of TROPHY FOR UPCF ALUMNI no avail if the forests are rapidly destroyed." Dr. Kraemer still considers kaingin as the most seriou~ A beautiful trophy was won by the UPCF alum problem of Philippine forestry. ni for the biggest representation at the UP Alumni homecoming held in Diliman last May 2. The tro As a solution to the problem, Kraemer proposed phy was donated by Senator Gerardo Roxas the Ex the resf·ttlement of kaingineros on lands suited to ecutfoe Chairman of the U.P. Alumni Association. permanent agriculture. He also believes that the Professors Florencio P. Mauricio and Filiberto Po existing forest laws are adequate and urged rigid Jlisco also won door prizes. enforcement. He said that the cause of forest con servation to be successful must have the support * * * of all officials concerned and the public at large. THREE NEW GRADS JOIN Dr. Kraemer has been a visiting professor and EXTENSION DEPARTMENT advisor to the Forest Resources Management De The need for extension workers was partially partment at the U.P. College of Forestry for al solved when Dean Gregorio Zamuco approved the most two years now. Asked about his observations appoinbnent of Anacleto Duldulao, Rogelio Camero in Philippine forestry, he said "the Filipinos are ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 91 r.ot practicing intensive forestry. And it is even pro sities in the United States. Some faculty members bable that intensive foresty cannot be practiced as of the State University of New York are also sent long as logging companies do not own the fo to the Philippines to assist the Dean in the admi rest land." (Intensive forestry is a practice of put nistration of the College of Forestry. Since the be ting the forest land into two or more uses at the ginning of the contract the College has already sent same time without impairment to its productive 28 of its faculty members for their ~faster's degree. capacity). However, he said that companies with At the end of the contract on June 30, 1965 it is large concessions are beginning to practice it and hoped that there will soon be adequate, well trained have shown the way. Dr. Kraemer believes that faculty who are capable of developing the College selective logging being implemented by the Bur into a " . major center of forestry education and eau of Forestry, is the best for Philippine forests. research." He added however, that other systems should be tried. These are his answers in a recent interview * * * over DZBB. D.M. LANTICAN, ADMINISTRATIVE Dr. Kraemer finished his tour of duty and en ASSIST ANT FOR ACADEMIC & planed for the United States on July 18, 1964. RESEARCH AFFAIRS * * * Dr. Domingo M. Lantican, Department Head of the U.P. College of Forestry was appointed to the FACULTY TO TAKE POST GRADUATE new post of Administrative Assistant for Academic WORK. and Research Affairs. This was learned in a me Seven faculty members of the U.P. College 0f morandum release recently by Dean Gregorio Za Forestry will leave for abroad to pursue post-gra muco of the College. duate work under the NEC-AID contract. Three In his new assignment, Dr. Lantican will serve of them will get their Ph.D and four will obtain as the principal adviser and executive assistant to their Master's degrees. This was announced recently the Dean. He will be concerned with representa by Dean Gregorio Zamuco. tion and assistance to the functions of the Dean in Those who will get their Ph D are Professors matters of curriculum development and improve Lucio L. Quimbo, Rodolfo C. Yaptenco, and Ro ment for both undergraduate graduate, course con mulo de! Castillo. Messrs. Guillermo L. Valefia, tent, raising of academic standards, student recruit Francisco Lozano, Gil Urgino, and Neptale Zabala ment, student discipline, scholarships, student ad will obtain their Master's degree. Prof. Quimbo will missions, development of research programs, re get his doctorate in wood anatomy, Prof. de! Cas search funds, professional development of faculty, tillo in forestry statistics, and Prof. Quimbo wlil get promotion of active interest by College Alumni, and his doctorate in wood anatomy, Prof. de! Castillo other responsibilities that may be assigned by the in forestry statistics, and Prof. Yaptenco in pro Dean. He will ad'oise also in the preparation l)f duction management of wood-using industries. Mr. Departmental and College budgets and expenditure Valenia will get a Master's degree in Mass Com of funds appropriated to the College. munication, Mr. Urgino in Logging Engineering, Dr. Lantican finished his B. S. F. degree in the Mr. Lozano in Watershed Management and Forest U.P. College of Forestry in 1951. After graduation Influences, and Mr. Zabala in Forest Range Ma he was taken as instructor in the same College. In nagement. 1957, he went abroad to take his Masters degree Under the NEC-AID sponsored by U.P. College of in the State University of New York after which Forestry-State University of New York contract he returned to resume his teaching job. Four years which began in 1957, the U.P. College of Forestry later, he went again to SUNY for his Ph. D. degree. has the privilege of sending its faculty members Now he is back to his new post. for a post-graduate study in the different univer- * * * ROMULO C. CASILLA, GRANTEE fees, a book allowance of 'P200.00 per semester, Mr. Romulo C. Castilla was granted a local fa and a stipend equivalent to his present salary. A culty fellowship to pursue graduate work in Na considerable part will be given by the fellowship tural Science effective July 27, 1964 to June 6, and the balance will be paid by his item in the 1965. The grant covers free tuition and all other University. Page 92 FORESTRY LEAVES REFORESTATIO ADMINISTRATION Reforestation Administration Dilirnan, Quezon City Administrator Jose Viado of the Reforestation Ad Administrtor Viado, this year's chairrnan-desig ministration recently announced this year's activi r,ate for all Arbor Week fetes, said that the Re ties in connection "\\ith the obserYance of Arbor forestation Administrations 62 reforestation projects Week from July 19 to July 25. located strategically throughout the country will be He said that the Arbor Week committee headed ready to give out seedlings of mahogany, agoho, by the Reforestation Administration with the Bur Benguet pines, rnolave, and other species approp eau of Forestry, College of Forestry, Parks and riate for shade and ornamental purposes. Wildlife Office, Forest Products Research Institute. Those desiring to plant trees on public plazas, Agriculutral Information Division ( DANR), and the parks, and other public lands may contact any of Society of Filipino Foresters as members have slated the regional supervisors or foresters-in-charge based July 19, Sunday, for Thanksgiving Masses spon in the provinces. Region I with headquarters at sored by religious groups in all churches. Pacclal in Baguio City has 16 reforestation pro jects covering the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos On July 20, there "\\ill be mass tree planting Sur, Abra, La Union, and Mountain Province, ac by civic organizations throughout the country. The cording to him. seedlings will be given free to all Arbor Week par Region II will service Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva ticipating groups, according to Administrator Viado. Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, and Cabanatuan City through The parent-teachers associations "\\ill have their its 7 reforestation projects, while Region III will day on July 21 when they converge to private and contribute not only forest tree seedlings but also public school premises to plant forest trees. They African tulips to Arbor Week participants in Que will in the meantime do the jobs of their children zon City, .Manila, Rizal, Tagaytay, and oher places who, this July, are still out of school for vacation, under the jurisdictin of its 9 reforestation projects. he explained. Meanwhile, Quezon, Carnarines Norte, Albay, .Meanwhile, the barrio councils will take over Sorsogon, and the rest of the Bicol region may get the task of reforesting barren and denuded water their planting materials from either of Region IV's sheds on July 22. They will be closely assisted and five reforestation stations located in the area. supervised by the fieldmen of the Reforestation Ad In Western Visayas, the II reforestation projects ministration. of Region IV will extend help to Rornblou, Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Palawan, July 23 is reserved for national, city, provincial, and the cities of Roxas, Iloilo, and Bacolod. East and municipal officials who will plant trees on na ern Visayas, on the other hand, will receive their tional parks and public grounds, while July 24 is tree seedlings from the Bohol, Osrnefia, Danao, Lu-· for literary musical programs and seminars led by hoc, Sarnar, and Talinis reforestation projects. the cooperating forestry agencies. Finally, the two regions in Mindanao will cater On the last day of Arbor Week, the sponsoring to the planting needs of the participants through agencies will follow up the progress on tree plant eight reforestation projects found in the southern ing activities and then report to the nation via the most region, Administrator Viado pointed out. radio and the newspapers on whatever has been "I trust that all cooperators asd Arbor Week accomplished for the week, Administrator conclud participants will at least avail of this opportunity ed. to serve the nation by assisting the government in 0 0 0 planting forest trees not only inside the town but SEEDLINGS FOR A-W PLANTING also on the barren mountains surrounding them, Likewise, I appeal that those young trees planted Administrtor Jose Viado of the Reforestation Ad be never abandoned after Arbor Week is over. ministration assured all participating groups during They should be protected by fences and watered the forthcoming Arbor Week celebrations that all occasionally so that they wil live t ntifeebo seedlings needed for mass tree planting activities and the corning generations," Administrator Viado "\\ill be furnished by his agency. concluded. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 93 The ipil ipil trees you plant today will assure Ilocos Sur governor Carmeling Crisologo led a you of continuous income three years after. group of municipal mayors in demanding bigger allotments for an all-out reforestation program of Administrator Jose Viado of the Reforestation her province. Administration says that people who have followed this advice are now earning upwards of '1"15.00 per In a recent conference with Administrator Jose day. Viado of the Reforestation Administration, the local From Ilocos Norte in the north to Nueva Ecija executives also briefed the administrator about the in the south, disciples of the ipil ipil project are presence of communal forests in several communities. now supplying the more than 33,000 tobacco flue Many of these communal forests have already curing barns with firewood conservatively valued at become denuded and barren because of kaingin 'rlO million a year, according to the administrato.r making and other forms of forest decimation, hence An added beauty to the project is the complete they must be reforested by the government at once, lack of marketing problems. Firewood business is they urged. brisk business and at 1"'8.00 per cubic meter, the bundle is sold before the wood gatherer can say Upon being told that such communal forests can "ipil-ipil.,, not be reforested because they are under the ad ministrative jurisdiction of the Bureua of Forestry, Administrator Viado explains that planting ipil not of the Reforestation Administration, the town ipil involves very little effort and a minimal sum mayors pledged that their respective municipal coun of money. After cutting the thick grasses like cogon. the prospective investor can start spreading the cils will pass individual resolutions disestablishing seeds which now cost around 'r.50 per liter. Ordi the communal forest and turning them over to the narily, a hectare of barren land needs about one Reforestation Administration which will reclaim them half cavan of ipil ipil seeds. Consequently, the in back to forest trees. vestment thrown into the project amounts to a lit During the same occasion, Gov. Crisologo in tle more than '1"18.00, according to him. formed Administrator Viado that the Sto. Domin~•l, The growing ipil ipil trees can be left entireiy Bessang Pass, Caniaw, and Santa refore~tation pro to nature in so far as care is concerned. After all jects which are all located in her province are all they can survive in the most severe climatic condi doing a very fine job within their limited funds. tions obtaining in any region. However, they mu~t However, they must be given bigger appropriations be protected from stray animals like the caraba:is so that they can expand their reforestation activit'.es and goats since the leaves are too delicious to be to larger lands that remain idle throughout the year, ignored by them, Administrator Viado warns. she said. Administrator Viado in turn assured the Three years and the trees are ready for initial local officials that as soon as the national govern cutting. Every year hence, all the investor will do ment releases more funds for intensified forest re is to cut and sell and bag the money for the ec.•• clamation work, Ilocos Sur and all those provinces nomic and social comfort of his family. the Admi which are needing immediate reforestation will Ix• nistrator says. punctually attended to. RESEARCH ON FOREST .. gence, hard work, burning the midnight oil, thrif (Cont'd from page 30) tiness, wise investment, and good planning, they are now where they rightfully belong - in the ca Avoid bad company; be self-reliant as much as tegory of the "haves". Of course there are those possible in your studies, work, money matters, etc. who became rich overnight through influence ped It is never god to be mendicant or to begging. dling bribery graft and corruption or committing Don't envy the "haves" if you happen, for the immoralities. If you can help it, I am sure you don't present, to belong to the "have-nots". Rather work want to be rich someday through the later pro hard, study well, save, and watch for an opportu cesses. nity. Through sheer merit, legally and morally, you will soon thus possess some, if not all, the things In conclusion, I sincerely hope that the afore that the rich presently possess. mentioned observations or suggestions will serve as foods for thought to guide you in the years ahead, We know that many of the present "haves" and that you will become worthy citizens of our started once upon a time as "have-nots". By dili- young Republic. Page 94 FORESTRY LEAVES Forestry in the News KAINGINERO MAY QUALIFY AS BARK OF TREE HAS MANY USES VICTIM OF NATIONAL NEGLECT FOR MAN TODAY The foresters, lumbermen and organizations de The tree's equivalent of a skin, its bark, has :i dicated to the preservation of our forests are hold hundred and one uses. ing a convention on the problems of the kaingin. As expected, there has been no official interest ge According to technicians of the UP coilege of nerated by the conference, and perhaps out of a forestry, the bark itself can be made into various feeling of guilt. If the truth must be told, the kai products. But the fiber from the bark offers better ngin method of destroying our national forests and promise in the manufacture of household articles. watersheds can never be eradicated as long as our politicians remain as callous as they do towards If chipped or pulverized, wood bark makes an our forest conservation efforts. The kainginero has excellent medium for growing certain plants. It can been painted as evil although he may well qualify also be used as a protective mulch for raw crops. as a victim of national neglect. We prefer to reha When mixed "';th suitable chemicals, finely ground bilitate the squatters who are non-productive instead wood bark may be a useful fertilizer. of helping the kainginero channel his energies to In some tree species, the bark yields oils, re productive endeavors instead of the destructive. sins, tannins, waxes, and volatile substances used - Manila Times 3-15-64 in making certain chemical and medicinal products. * * * Fiber extracted from the bark of some trees has USE OF HELICOPTER FOR proved versatile. In most cases, bark fiber is pro cessed into baskets, hats, mats, handbags and other LOGGING STUDIED household items. The stronger bark fibers are Loggers now want to transport logs by helicop made into fish lines, ropes, twines, and rice sacks ters - and they are as excited as missile launch The finer fibers are well suited for cloth making, ers over the prospect. such as the bark fiber of upas-tree (Antiaris toxi To Angelo Mordeno, logging instructor of the '.:aria). UP college of forestry, "for sheer drama and thrill The fiber from salago ( Wikstroemia spp.) and in the space era, helicopter logging tops all other malabuho (Sterculia oblongata) are exceptionally methods." good. Salago fibers can be made into tear-resistant The technique is simple, convenient and fast. paper such as those used for paper bills, bank Logs are vertically lifted and transported to the notes and checks. The silky, strong fiber of malabuho point of landing. Actual helicopter logging has been makes for elegant bags, wallets and hats. tried during the summer of 1962 at Stratford, Con necticut, with a Sikorsky S-58 plane. The results In the Philippines, there are just a few estab impressed foresters who witnessed the demonstra lishments engaged in extracting wood fiber for ex tion from world over. port. However, college of forestry extension special In helicopter logging, logging roads that cost ists think the possibilities for expanding this home hundreds of thousand pesos need not be built any industry are great. In one year alone, much of the more. And in areas where it is literally impossible 400,000 cubic meters of wood bark removed from to build roads, helicopter logging seems to be the our forests is merely wasted. only answer. - Sunday Times 3-29--04 Although the use of helicopters for logging is not yet well recognized, "it appears that the whirly * * * bird is well on its way to revolutionize the logging industry," Mordeno said. BLAME EXPORTS FOR WOOD DECLINE Mordeno, plans to undertakes research of such Dr. Domingo Lantican, professor of forest uti nature to find out the necessary operating data. lization engineering, U.P. college of forestry, said - Sunday Times 3-1--04 that the timber export industry has crippled the * * * wood industries. ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-196i Page 95 Lantican indicated that under the present set "Self-policing on the part of the loggers would up, the best timber was being shipped out of the go a long way toward helping the government pre country, leaving logs of poorer quality for the do vent forest destruction,' he said. mestic lumber and plywood producers. The home He cited Cebu, Bohol, Masbate, Pangasinan, Ba market is left with poorer quality plywood and taan, Zambales, Negros, Cotabato, Zamboanga and the surplus and unexportable grade lumber, accord Davao as among the provinces victimized by ille ing to the timber expert, resulting in the average gal forest operations. consumer using ungraded, unseasoned and impro perly machined lumber. The Board of Industries has given priority to applications for tax exemptions from the logging However, Lantican said, the situation could be and timber sector, Villanueva said. remedied. One way could be the present policy in the export of lumber. Wood industries filed a total of 126 applications for tax exemptions as of Dec. 31, 1963, amounting "The processing of logs both for export and do to $49,200,451.15. Of the first 22 applicant firms mestic needs cannot remain neglected forever. With granted exemption, eight belonged to the wood in the depletion of logs of exportable quality, some ,,f dustries category, he said. our timber producers might inevitably close down and those who decide to remain in the business Villanueva said the board has cut down on red must necessarily go into primary conversion and tape to meet an expanding industry. He said on remanufacturing," Lantican said. Spet. 30, 1963, the board resolved that plywood and veneer manufacturers without logging conces Another remedy, according to Lantican, would sions would not be required to submit log supply be "sales promotion, product development through contracts to cover their applications to import equip research, the utilization of new design and engin ment. eering skills, and the employment of highly trained technologists," in the wood industries. - Sunday Times 4-26-64 He said that the timber export boom though * * * now the third biggest dollar earner of the counrty, WANT FOREST COMMISSION would not last long. But wood industry may re place the dollar earning capacity of timber if pro The Philippine Chamber of Wood Industries perly developed. proposed anew yesterday the creation of a forest commission. * * * Lorenzo S. Sarmiento, chamber president, sai1l SAVE RP FORESTS, INDUSTRY URGED the establishment of a forest commission would lead to the solution of problems in the adminis Leaders of the Philippine Chamber of Wood tration of forest resources. Industries yesterday were urged to aid the govern The chamber president said such a commission ment in policing all logging to prevent the rapid should be composed of the bureau of forestry, bur despoliation of the country's forest resources. eau of parks and wild life, and the reforestation The appeal was sounded by Speaker Cornelio administration. He added : T. Villareal and Jose K. Villanueva, member of the "There is a great deal of overlapping in the Board of Industries, at the opening day of the present set-up, not only in functions but also in wood industries' convention at the Manila Hotel. policies of the three government agencies. This overlapping can be overcome by the establishment Villareal asked the chamber to institute a "tho of the forest commission." rough housecleaning" of its membership by expell ing wildcat operators. Sarmiento stressed such a commission would, performing on an integrated basis, bring about eco Villanueva said the industry must find a way nomy and efficiency. to divorce itseU from politics and learn to stand "It would also eliminate substantially certain on its own feet. sources of graft and corruption," he said. Villareal said unchecked kaingin farming, over Sarmiento pointed out that simplification of do logging by unscrupulous operators, and the dis cumentation alone would result not only in effi mal failure of the government to enforce forestry ciency on the part of the government agencies con rules are the main factors for the "alarming deple cerned but also in greater and expanding acth-ities tion of timber lands." in the wood industries. Page 96 FORESTRY LEAVES He said "the establishment of the conumss10n The rapid strides, bolstered by government ef on forest would make policy-making less compli forts to provide a forest products through wise con cated and more realistic. This will be welcome to servation, is also reflected by an ever-increasing the private sector and therefore conducive to ex number of sawmills, plywood and veneer mills, des panding investment in the wood sector of the eco cribed as among the most modem in the world. nomy." Today, there are 488 sawmills, 19 plywood mills - Bulletin 2-19-64 and 9 veneer mills operating with a combined in vestment of 1"172,000,000. * * * Although foreign markets like the U.S., Japan THE PHILIPPINE LUMBER INDUSTRY and South Africa generally offer better prices, the life of the lumber industry depends on the local The lumber industry, almost completely des market which absorbs about 85 per cent of the lum troyed during the last world war, has progressed ber and timber disposed of annually. rapidly in post-war years and today plays a signi ficant role in the economic development of the With a good portion of capitalization invested Fhilippines. in machinery and equipment, Filipino lumbermen are looking forward to increased production of Such an enviable position now enjoyed by the quality woods and a wide range of wood by-pro industry in the local economy is reflected by an ducts which has helped achieve world recognition enormous investment, estimated at P-236,382,133 as for the Philippines. of June 1963, toward its continued growth and ex pansion. - Manila Bulletin, 4-20-64 * * Logs and lumber, according to available figures, * have consistently maintained their position as third LOGGERS ARE WARNED ON ranking export products of the country, behind su RUIN OF FORESTS gar and fiber. Speaker Cornelio T. Villareal called on the Some 840,000 souls derive their livelihood from Chamher of Log Producers and Wood Processors the industry. Additionally, it can be safely said yesterday to drive out "wildcat operators" from the that the Philippines holds the distinction, among forests. Southeast Asia countries, as having the most ad Appearing before the fourth national conven vanced lumber industry, in point of production, tion of loggers, the house chief warned that unless mechanization and efficiency, developed by the indiscriminate timber cutting was checked, the Phil men involved in it. ippines would lose its forest reserves and become The Philippines has an abundant forest resourc a wood importer within 25 years. es. Approximately 27.76 per cent of the country's The chamber, Villareal said, "is in the best po total land area is covered with commercial forests. sition to help the government 'police' logging acti The standing timber is estimated at 962,997,752 cu vities." bic meters or 408,311,046,848 board feet. The speaker called attention to unchecked kai This represents a "total value of Pl,340,196,852 ngin farming, over-logging and failure of the gov in forest charges and reforestation fees or !"32,664,- ernment to enforce strictly the forestry laws, as 88.3,747.84, based on 1"80 per thousand board feet. the three main factors responsible for the alarming speed with which the country's timberlands were Statistics prepared by the Bureau of Forestry being depleted. show a marked increase every year in timber pro duction. During the pre-war years, production "Your chamber is composed of the most reput reached its peak in 1937 when 1,093,218,704 board able men in the logging industries," the speaker feet was produced. Export for the same year was said. "Needless, to say, a few in your trade are 251,694,880 board feet. spoiling the good name of your industry, and all of you are paying the price for it. As of June 30, 1963, timber production was up at 3,251,265,131 board feet while export totaled "I would like to call on your chamber, there 1,947,637,609 board feet. The figures show that fore, to help police, along with government rangers, the country recently evported more timber than all logging activities, so that hereafter no more con- was produced in 1937. ( Continued on page 101) ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 97 NOTES ON DECAY ... ( c) Only sound wood, preferably heartwood, (Continued from page 86) '.hould be used. Timbers with incipient stage of 2. This also reduces the hazard from occasional decay should be discarded because fungal growth fire due to highly inflammable decayed wood. and activities will be favored by underground con ditions, and will facilitate early timber deteriora 3. Ilecause of the favorable set of conditions for tion. One or two coatings of a suitable presen·ati e decay of timber in mines, the best method of protec as suggested under letter (a) above, applied to the tion against decay should be given to the wood. ground wood before using, may prolong its service It is, therefore, highly recommended to use pressure life. treated wood with effective preservati\'eS such as creosote, pentachlorphenol, zinc chloride 1 and other REFERENCES water-home preservatives. Non-leachable preserva 1. Bray, J.M. 1949. Treated mine timber - an eco tives are preferable. nomic nf'cessity. Proc. Am. Wood-Preservers' 4. \Vhere, for one reason or another, our local Assoc., 45: 313-320. mine operators can not use pressure treated timber, 2. Cartwright, K. St. G. and W.P.K. Findlay. 1958. the following are suggested to minimize decay de Decay of timbers and its prevention. 2nd ed., William Clowes & Sons, Ltd., London and Bec velopment: cles, Wr. w918. K 24. 332p. (a) The wood should be gi\'en a dip-treatment 3. Cowling, E.B. 1959. A partial list of fungi as or two full-brush treatments Vl PROBLEMS OF THE .. not be passed in Congress. Taxing exports arbitra (Continued from page 34) rily does not consider whether a processor-exporter makes money or not. Taxation should be based on tries are giving the Philippines processors in the the profit that a businessman makes. Supposed a world market keen competition. Because of cheap processor-exporter loses money in his business, is er labor, cheaper freight rates, more efficient labor, it fair to tax him on his exports? If he makes mo cheaper power (Japan uses hydro-electric power), ney, there is already the income tax which is le more bottoms, more outlet of their low-grade pro vied proportionately on his profits. Plywood and ducts in their domestic market, easier and cheaper lumber which are at present the best finished pro credit facilities, the Japanese and Formosans are ducts that are demanded in world market are high better able to compete in the world markets. ly competitive. The continuance of the 203 reten tion on dollar income or the levying of taxes on By and large, however, the advantages in pro exports reduces the ability of our wood processors cessing are more for the benefit of the entrepren to compete in the world market because these weak eur, the government and the people. Therefore, prCl ens his financial ability to compete. Instead of the cessing of our logs must be encouraged by all retention of 203 on dollar receipts or the levying means. The government must give all the incen of export tax, the government should subsidize pro tives, facilities and encouragement in order that more cessors to insure that those processors will not lose loggers may go into processing. The 203 reten money. More profit in processing is the best in tion on dollar receipts which robs the processor centive to loggers who are now exporting their logs exporter Po.40 per dollar he makes must be abo and all help should be extended to them by our lished. The export tax under consideration should government. Page 98 FORESTRY LEAVES UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Sugarcane bagasse, too, can produce pulp that COLLEGE OF FORESTRY makes for high quality paper. A new process deve COLLEGE, LAGUNA loped in the states can make newsprints entirely out DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY EXTENSION of sugarcane bagasse. Abaca wastes in the plantation and from rope The Editor making can be processed into sturdy paper bags and Forestry Leaves wrapping paper. Bleached abaca pulp can be used College of Forestry for making bond paper, book paper, tissue and mi College, Laguna meographing papers. S i r : Other farm wastes that can be made into pulp I respectfully request that you kindly publish and paper products are banana stalks, ramie wastes, in the next issue of the FORESTY LEAVES for and tobacco stalks and midribs. the information of the Director,. Forest Products College technicians say that even grasses can be Research Institute, his constituents and the readers, used for pulp and paper making. Certain grasses the attached original copy of a news release made have long been used for papermaking in Spain, by our Information Off;N>r pubH,hed in the Ma France, Italy, India, and Great Britain. In the Phil nila Chronicle issue of February 25, 1964. The said ippines, cogon - a tough grass weed has possibi news release was the subject of the letter of Di lities as a papermaking material. rector Manuel Monsalud to Vice President Dioscoro L. Umali which was printed in your ForestrJ Leaves Researchers of the Forest Products Research Ins issue on Moving Up Day, Vol. XV, No. 1 pages titute have tried many processes in testing all sorts 119-120. of materials for papermaking. In the future, it is possible that an entirely different industry will make It is hoped that a comparison of the published valuable products out of what we now consider as news item and the original copy sent to the press wastes. will remove the impression that we are unfair or unethical in our information "·ork and also the Republic of the Philippines foreboding fear of a situation that "misunderstand Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources ing or ill feeling may result". BUREAU OF FORESTRY Office of the District Forester Very truly yours, Office of the District Forester (Sgd.) DOMINr.O V. JACALINE Vigan, Ilocos Sur Acting Chairman D-2, Public Relations April 13, 1964 U.P. College of Forestry The Director of Forestry College, Laguna Manila Forestry extension specialists of the U.P. Col lege of Forestry say that many kinds of farm wastes S i r : can be made into valuable pulp and paper products. I have the honor to inform that this District Large amounts of agricultural wastes that are participated in every way possible in the 1964 Ilo burned or thrown away each year are potential pa cos Sur Commercial and Industrial Fair which was per-making materials, according to the specialists. sponsored by the Municipal Council of Vigan, Ilo cos Sur held from January 21 to 26, 1964. The theme Take the case of rice straw. Every harvest sea of the fair was "PEACE FOR PROGRESS". son, big piles of unused rice straw are burned in the fields. Yet, the rice straw fiber when blended The Department of Agriculture and Natural Re with long-fibered pulp can be made into fine-grade sources Employees Association of Ilocos Sur put up paper. a DANR Booth depicting the role of each bureau ARBOR WEEK ISSuE-1964 Page 99 or office under the Deparbnent in the socio-economic OFFICE OF THE DEAN program of the President. Its theme was "PRODUCE MORE FOOD FOR PEACE". This office exhibited 9 de Marzo de 1964 different species of wood and minor forest products Srta. Ilda Balza Viloria labeled with their names and uses and charts show Encargada de la Biblioteca ing the progress of the Lumber Industry and the Universidad de Los Andes role it is playing in the economic progress of the Facultad de Ciencia Forestales nation. Merida-Venezuela The members of th~ Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Employees Association of llo M uy Estimada Srta: cos Sur also participated in the inaugural parade Mucho nos complace recibir su grata en la cual with a DANH Float depicting "THE FARMER"'. nos pide informes tocante las condiciones requeridas Highlights of the fair were sideshows, rides, fire ~n el envio de nuestra revista FORESTRY LEAVES. works, Combo, oRndalla and singing contests, demon 'trations on the different methods of preserving food, La suscripcion annual al FORESTRY LEAVES making cigar, etc. and stage and floor shows by es !'7.00 (Siete Pesos mondeda Filipina) pero a las Manila artists in the auditorium. differentes universidades de los Estados Unidos y organizaciones forestales en el extranjero, se envian Copies of the pictures taken of the DANH Booth copias de nuestra revista gratuitamente en cambio are enclosed for information. de la revista que dichas instituciones publican, bajo Very truly yours, nuestro "Exchange Service". Si es posible hacer este arreglo entre la biblio ALEJANDRO T. TREMOR teca de su universida y la nuestra, encargare al Cir District Forester culation Manger del Forestry Leaves para que les Encl: envie diferentes numeros disponibles para el uso de los tecnicos y estudiantes de su Facultad. COPY FURNISHED: The Manager, Forestry Leaves, College, Laguna Estamos muy deseosos de iniciar este arreglo y nos sera muy grato enviarles los numeros proximo~ • • • del FORESTRY LEAVES. 16, 1964 June Siempre a sus ordenes, creanos de Vd. Afmos. y The Dean atentos s.s. College of Forestry TJniversity of the Philippines College, Laguna GREGORIO ZAMUCO Decano, Colegio Foresta! Universidad de Filipinas Dear Sir: JBB:ms We understand from the Bureau of Forestry, Manila, that a glossary of forestry and logging terms • • • Republic of the Philippines as published in an issue of "Forestry Leaves," an Deparbnent of Education unofficial publication of the student body of your Manila college. If this information is correct, we would highly BUREAU OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES appreciate it if you could secure a copy of said issue and send it to us at your earliest convenience, July 14, 1904 expenses for our account. If not, could you kindly Forestry Leaves advise us as to where we can obtain an authoritative College of Forestry glossary of forestry and logging terms? College, Laguna Thank you in advance for your kindness. S i r: Very truly yours, Because of the numerous inquiries we are receiv iny from abroad as well as from local librarians and ANGEL C. MALLONGA the general public, we have decided to publish a Tech. Assistant on Forestry directory of Philippine newspapers and periodicals. * * • We made an attempt two years ago to prepare a Page 100 FORESTRY LEAVES similar publication but a good number of publishers present state of our civilization. As we all know, a failed to cooperate with us by not sending us the peoples cultural progress can be gauged by the num sample copies of their publications we requested. ber and quality of its newspapers and periodicals. At the present moment, the Philippines is very lit The directory we have in mind is similar to tle known abroad. The directory, which will be dis most foreign publications on the same subject. It tributed free of charge to foreign as well as loc-al shall contain the following data libraries will promote a wider world distribution of Title Editor our local publications. Adress Language In view of the foregoing, we write to request Date of Entry Circulation that you please furnish us with two free copies of Frequency Established the two latest issues of your publication prior to Rate of Subscription Columns the receipt of this letter. Measurement No. of Pages Issues Examined Very truly yours, Features: One of the main reaS LOGGERS ARE WARNED . . . The program calls for: (Continued from page 97) 1 . Legislative action aimed at putting more teeth to the forestry laws by prescribing stiffer pe cessionaires can despoil the country's forest resourc nalties for violators. es so that no more forest rangers may be bought off by the fly-by-night forest operators." 2. Adequate logistical support to forest rang ers, military men and other government personnel Tracing the ravages of illegal cutting, the speak engaged in the enforcement of forest laws. er said the Ilocos provinces and the islands of Ce 3. A workable program of reforestation to be bu, Bohol and Masbate "are in a very bad shape." carried out with more dedication and vigor. Pangasinan, Bataan, Zambales, Negros, Cotaba 4. Launching of an educational information to, Zamboanga and Davao are not any better off campaign among the masses aimed at disseminating he added. · information on how to conserve the country's fo rests and to preserve parks and wildlife. "We can still vally to the second prospect, in "In the pursuit of this crusade to save our fo which our timber drain may be kept at a safe le rest resources, inadequacy of our resources and men vel, with a shift having been affected from log ex surely would derail our efforts; lack of support porting to its local processing and manufacture in from governmental arms would doom our forests to commodities suitable for export," the speaker said. to extinction," De Joya said. The defense undersecretary offered the use of "On this score, our foreign trade will no longer constabulary soldiers as forestry officers or conser depend largely 011 traditional primary exports sub vation officers. ject to fluctuations in demand and price in the in De Joya deplored the alleged collusion between ternational market; it will consist of a wide variety concessionaires and kaingineros who denude fo of finished and semi-finished products as founda rests by frequent shifting of their agricultural acti tion of a dynamic, fast-growing export policy for vities. any trading nation," he said. - Manila Bulletin 4-21-64 The concessionaires should be required to re port to the forest administors the presence of kai • • * ngineros within their concession, De Joya said. FOUR-POINT FOREST PLAN The defense official warned that unless the PRESENTED wanton destruction of forests were checked, the A four-point program for the conservation of country's forests would soon disappear. the country's forest resources was presented March De Joya said some 40,000 hectares of forest 12 by Defense Undersecretary Alberto R. de Joya. land were being denuded annually. At the opening of the First Regional Confer - Manila Bul1$tin, 3-17-64 ence on Forest Conservation Problems in Manila. * * • ARBOR WEEK ISSUE-1964 Page 101 DONKEY OR MULE? ARF! ... ARF! Parson Jones phoned the local Board of Health Visitor: "Tell me, why does your dog just to ask that a dead mule be removed from in front sit there and watch me like that?" of his house. The young clerk thought he'd be Host: "You're eating out of his plate." smart. "I thought you ministers took care of the BTCU dead," he remarked. A kiss is like lighting a stove. It doesn't prove "We do," answered the cleric, "but first we that you can cook. get in touch with the relatives." NEXT? WHAT A MAN! Dad: "My, you certainly are one for asking The little boy strayed away from his father questions, son, I wonder what should have hap at the zoo and got lost. A policeman found him, pened if I would have asked all those questions and the kid tearfully explained the situation. when I was young?" "What's your father like?" asked the officer. Boy: "You probably would be able to answer "Beer and women." some of mine." I. Q. PEAKS TEED-OFF Any parent will confirm that youngsters are at their mental peaks at ages 4 and 17. At 4 they After a month of married life, the glamor wore know all the questions and at 17 they know all off and the young couple went to a psychiatrist. the answers. "Yes,' said the doctor," this is what she needs!" HOT STUFF With that he swept her in his arms and kissed her. "That is the treatment you must give her A visitor to the Tennessee mountains had made Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays." a precarious trip up an almost impassable trail when he came to a tumble-down one-room shack. See "Very good, doc," the hubby said. "On Mon 'ng the grizzled occupant, he panted, "Old funer, days and Wednesdays, I can bring her here, but it must be tough getting the necessities of life way on Fridays I play golf." up here, eh?" "Yep," agreed the old fellow, shooting a squirt QUICK COMEBACK of tobacco juice. "And when you get 'em, most ,:if "Laugh all you want," one sailor told his bud the time they ain't fit to drink." dy, "but I'll bet you that within 20 minutes of REST IN PIECES landing in port I'll have one gal on each arm." A rough-looking man was charged with disor "Don't kid me," the other guy said, "there derly conduct. After the evidence had been heard, isn't a tatoo artist that can work that fast." the magistrate asked him sternly: "And you tell me you are a lover of peace?" INSPECTRESS "I certainly do," replied the defendant. Peddler: "Do you want to buy a letter opener?" Husband: "Buy one! I married one!" "And yet,' continued the magistrate, "you were seen to drop a brick on top of the constable's head." AND I DON'T MEAN MAYBE "That's right," returned the man in the dock. "And what's more, your worship, I ain't never seen The elevator was extremely crowded. Sudden anyone more peaceful than he was after I'd dropped ly a sweet young thing cried out: "Take your hands that brick on his napper." off me, you cad! No, not you! YOU!" Page 102 FORESTRY LEAVES Editorials: Gioe Arbor Day Its True Meaning Every year we celebrate Arbor Day. Whoever initiated it must have been moved by his sense of responsibility to conserve the nation's most valuable resources, the forest. Arbor Day is very significant. It is a day set aside, dedicated by the nation to instill into the minds of the youths of the land the indispensable role which trees play in the comfort, prosperity, progress and existence of our people. But it seems that its significance has not yet reached the understanding of the masses. We have been com memorating Arbor Day since 1906 but we ftai:e not yet succeeded in inculcating in the people's mind the essence of the day. Proof of this is the growing rate of forest des truction. There is a need to intensify our campaign to generate forest consciousness among the masses. Arbor Day is the best time to do this for it is on this day when people become somewhat aware of our trees. That little flame of awareness must be made bright· er immediately and its light never allowed to dim so that we can succeed in our goal of disseminating forest consciousness among the people. The main features o.f the annual celebration are the planting of trees and programs which will feature multiple benefits rendered by them as well as our obligations to them. But, let us not confine ourselves to this features alone. The celebration of Arbor Dav must serve as a nucleus for a greater and more intensive program to arouse the interest of the people in the conservation and utilization o_f our forests. Arbor Day comes only once a year. In celebrating this year's Arbor Day let us not lose sight of its scope and significance. Let us give this year's Arbor Day its true meaning. Let us not only plan! trees but also give them the care and the love that they badly need from day to day. - A Duldulao SAVE THE TREES About one-third of the ornamental trees along the streets of Greater Manila u:ere downed by the typhoon. The loss would be complete were it not for the efforts being made to replant the uprooted trees. The authorities are to be commended for this sal vaging operation. It is hoped that as many trees as possible can be saved in this way. The product of many years of care would be wasted if the job is not done fast enough. Almost unnoticed, the tree-planting program has been going on for some years not only in the Manila area but also along the highways leading out of the city to the pro vinces. Perhaps the destruction o_f so many trees by the typhoon has made enough peo ple conscious of their value to make the puhlic feel more concerned about trees from now on. Certainlv. the authorities themselves could show more interest in trees. Then the vandalism th~t has resulted in the disfiguring of ornamental trees along the Central Luzon highway to Baguio would be easier to stop. Many motorists ond commuters have noticed the destruction caused by wood gath erers tvho break of.f whole branches without the least compunction. Some of the destruc tion also is caused by mischief makers who gash tree trunks for the dubious fun of it. The coming celebration of Arbor Week, July 19-25, should be a time for arousing pub lic consciousness against such senseless destruction. If civic persuasion fails, it will be time to take sterner measures. (Editorial -- Manila Times July 3, '64) ARBOR WEEK ISSUE--1964 Page 103 THIS KAINGIN PROBLEM When soil erodes, flood comes and drought waits - and all wildlife, the trees and all the blessings man derives from the forest are in danger. In the Philippines, a form of shifting agriculture known as kaingin is causing des truction to the forest at an almost unbelievable rate of 60,000 hectares a year. Kaingin was justified only during the early pre-Spanish days when people had to hack through the forest in the plains to make space with which planting of crops can be made. But with this practice persisting up to this day, its effects are destructive because lands not suited for agriculture are denuded. Whatever good it can give the kaingine ro is negligible compared to the suffering it causes to people living today and to the future generations. Without forests, we won't have enough wildlife with which to sustain at leas! a sig nificant number of our rural population; without forest watersheds multi-purpose dams would be useless as in a few years, silting will set in; without forests, there won't be the trees from which a great percen!age of our national income comes, without fores ts, the plains and cities will be inundated causing unimaginable destruction to life and p roperty. The problem is na!ional in scope. b involves not only the government but every citizen of the country. The problem cannot be ignored because everyone, whe!her he be in the city or in the farm would be adv. ersely affected if our forests are des!royed. Numerous solutions to the problem have been offered. Some people and some or ganizations have already implemented meas'Lres that u:ould, even in a limited way, con serve the remaining forests and regenerate the denuded ones. The first concerted effort towards find:ng and executing solutions to the kaingin problem was made in the National Conference on the Kaingin Problem attended by no less than high governmen! officials, logging businessmen and forestry experts. The conference had a set of goals, which even if only half of them are fulfilled, would go a long way towards finally solving this problem. What is significant wirh the conference is that for the first time men directly in volved with the forest have banded together to seek a common front and a common set of solutions with 1chich the problem could be tackled. At this stage, it cannot be said vet 1chether the conference had been a suc~ess or not. To be sure, the people who at .tended the conference never even imagined that with them meeting tof!ether, the prob lem could be finally solved. Kaingin is a practice that antedates even the Spanish "discovery" of the Philip pines. Certainly it need not take as long a time to solve it, for then we won't have any fores! to save. But this must be considered inasmuch as it had already been in grained in the mind of the kainginero that the forest is not a public preserve but a commodity open to everyone. Kaingin persists because those who pra~tice it are not conscious or unable to find. any other way of making a living. The kainginero, most often is invincibly ignorant of the crime he does to the country and to the future generations when he cuts or burns an apparently insignificant tree. He must be taught that the forest is not good for ag ricultural crops; he must be guided as to how to make use of the forest - properly; he must be helped improve his status so that he won't resort to destroying the forest to keep his stomach full. Reprint from ARAS Ne1cs, March 1964 agb/6/6/64 Page 104 FORESTRY LEAVES ' .,:l. 'l ''l··;'''"· l' \I;·.·.·', Carlos P. Romulo, President oj the U.P., .recewmg a check Jor P2,000, Jrom PICOP Vice President Pedro M. Picornell, as initial contribution to Jinance a }our-year study grant in the U.P. College oj Fo restry, L. to r. Forester Nicolas P. Lansigan, Dean Gregorio Zamuco, President Romulo, and Messers. P. Picornell and A. de la Vega, PICOP ojjicials. BISLIG FIRMS PUT UP FORESTRY SCHOLARSHIPS The setting up of forestry scholarships is According to Lansigan, the grants had one wholesome development now noticeable long been under consideration by the com among forestry entrepreneurs, according to pany management. However, the rules were Nicolas P. Lansigan, President of the Society put in final form only recently. These were of Filipino Foresters and Executive Forester prepared jointly by the University Commit of A. Soriano y Cia. Where before such grants tee on Scholarships and officials of the com were given mostly by government entities pany. Each grant is for :P2,000 a year to co only, like the Bureau of Forestry and the Re wr tuition fees, books and school equipment, forestation Administration, there is a trend and a monthly allowance of P120. among lumber companies to set up such grants. One of the grants was set up by the Pa per Industries Corporation of the Philip Recently, two such grants were put up. pines (PICOP). This firm holds a forest Lansigan pointed out, by the two forestry concession located in Surigao del Sur and companies managed by A. Soria y Cia., a firm handling companies dealing in mining, fish Agusan and is putting up one of the largest ing, publishing, fertilizers, ranching, insur pulp and paper mills in the Far East. The ance, forestry and others. The grants are in mill costing P230 million will salvage wood tended to enable two deserving young men ·wastes from logging and manufacturing ope to finish the four-year course at the College rations and use these for raw materials. It of Forestry. will produce 400 tons of newsprint and con- ARBOR WEEK ISSGE - 1964 Page 105 tainerboard daily. This will supply most of Surigao delSur. The .company, Lansigan said, the newsprints needed in the Philippines, all is one of the pioneers in the Philippines in of which are presently imported. the use of selective logging. The PICOP study grant is open for na The BBLC grant is open to competition tional competition. For this school year, the among children ~nd relatives of personriel of grantee will be selected after a competitive the company. The present grantee, Jose .Gar written examination given to all forestry duque, was chosen after a rigid written ex freshmen and personai interview by a com amination and interview. The grantee, ex mittee headed by the Dean of the College of Forestry. plained Lansigan, is the son of Bernardo Gar duque, a forestry alumnus, and presently the The second grant was put up by Bislig chief log grader of the company. Bay Lumber Company ( BBLC) which ope rates a forest concession located in Surigao For both grants, each recipient is required de! Sur, Agusan and Davao. It also runs a to maintain an average of "2" in all subjects sawmill and wneer plant located at Bislig, taken without any grade below "3". Nasipit Study Grantees Enrolled at U.P. Carlos P. Fernandez, executive vice Saagundo, 20, who is likewise 1st honor president of the Nasipit Lumber Co., Inc. able mention graduate from the Pacifican and its affiliated enterprises, bared the reci Institute of Agusan in 1963, is at the Col pients of the company's scholarship-study lege of Forestry in Los Banos, College, La grantees at the University of the Philippines guna. He is the son of Patrocinio Saagun for academic year 1964-65. do, a debarker (log pond department) of the Company. The awardees, chosen from several ap plicants among children of company em The NALCO scholarship-study grants, ployees, are Abraham Mantilla and Mateo which have been instituted since 1957, are of Saagundo both of Nasipit, Agusan. three categories: a private grant to the Uni versity of the Philippines (in the field of Mantilla and Saagundo are entitled to an forestry) with a semestral stipend of P750.00 annual scholarship fund covering matricula and fully administered by the University, is tion and other legitimate fees plus cost of open to all interested students who are officially-prescribed textbooks. An addition "seniors with an average of 1.75"; a company al monthly stipend of P120.00 will be given administered study grant solely for deserv after their first two years with satisfactory ing employees in the field of their actual grades in all subjects at the University. work in the company - Celestino Baliling, a Mantilla, 18, who is taking chemical en company employee, is now 3rd year at the gineering, graduated 1st honorable mention College of Forestry under this category; and from the Pacifican Institute of Agusan in another company-administered scholarship 1962. He is the son of Salvador Mantilla, solely for children of present company em an accountant of the company assigned at ployees to which category this year's grantees Nasipit (Mindanao) office. belong.-/nb. /. Page 106 FORESTRY LEAVES , Compliments of NASIPIT ·LUMBER COMPANY, INC ANAKAN LUMBER COMPANY AGUSAN TIMBER CORPORATION ASSOCIATED PULP AND PAPER CO., INC. PHILIPPINE WALLBOARD CORP. PRODUCERS • MANUFACTURERS • EXPORTERS PHIL. MAHOGANY LOGS & LUMBER CREOSOTED LUMBER POLES & PILINGS KILN DRIED & PRESSURE TREATED LUMBER NASIPIT TILEWOOD LAWANIT MEMBERS: Philippine Lumber Producers Association Main Offices: Tels. 4-99-31 5th Floor Maritima Bldg. 4-99-51 117 Dasmariii.as, Manila GT-22-02-15 Cable Address: "NASIPIT MANILA" "ANAKAN MANILA" "LAWANIT MANILA" FORESTRY LEAVES Organ of the Student Body and Alumni of the College of Forestry, U.P. ANACLETO DULDULAO Managing Editor CRISOSTOMO VII.AR DIOSDADO MARFIL IIERMINIO SAMBAJON" Associate Editors Narciso Mindajao, Literary; Virgilio Basa, Paquito Caliva, Sports, Mariano Macbacon, Campus Notes; Francis Mabanag, FPRI, BF, & RA News. CELSO DIAZ Business Manager SALGAOOR MAI.BOG BARTOLOME REYES Circulation PROF. JOSE B. BLANDO Adviser Whol mokes the difference between p1ofit ond loss in. CATERPILLAR logging? To a large extent, it's the machines you use Calcrp~ IM Cal 111 lepslnl T"'-'b 11 Catllpiltir Tracler Ct. . . their durability, productivity, economy Joint studies by CATERPILLAR, forest product companies and govern· RES£ARCt4 mental agencies have produced better mechanical har· Tt4£ Flf.'-0 vesting methods and techniques. CATERPILLAR specializ· es in the lagging mechanization that help• loggers in· creaH profits. EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT n11· DIES& ENGINES • TRACTORS e MOTOR GRADERS • LOADERS enram 1 1 I U.S. INDUSTRIES PHILIPPINES INC. IUENOIA AVL Cor. P. MEDINA ST. MAKATt, RIZAL ras 88-93-51, 18-84-11 llANClf.IS: 'Dano, Cotabalo, Zllmbo1.11p, 8utaan, Gtn. Santos, Bacolod, llollo, Ceba. lligan • Cauayan, tsabefa DIALEllS: BAUTISTA A CHU7. - Cabanai.uan CilJ YOIJH~'S AUTO SUPPLY I HARDWARE - Nara Clt7 e Datt, Ootarlnet Norte e lepspl Cltr