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Mustafa Akay an Introduction to Polymer-Matrix Composites

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Mustafa Akay an Introduction to Polymer-Matrix Composites Mustafa Akay An introduction to polymer-matrix composites 2 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com An introduction to polymer-matrix composites 1st edition © 2015 Mustafa Akay & bookboon.com ISBN 978-87-403-0980-5 3 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Contents Contents Preface 8 Acknowledgements 11 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Case for composites 12 1.2 History of the development of composites 15 1.3 Classification of composites 19 360° 1.4 Composite constituents 25 1.5 Self-assessment questions 62 thinking 2 Processing and forming methods360° 66 . 2.1 Open-mould processes (Contact moulding) 66 2.2 Closed-mould processes thinking 78 2.3 Wood-plastic composites . 91 2.4 Other processing considerations 100 2.5 Self-assessment questions 112 360° thinking . 360° thinking. Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities. Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities. © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities. Discover the truth4 at www.deloitte.ca/careersClick on the ad to read more Download free eBooks at bookboon.com © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities. An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Contents 3 Estimation of mechanical properties 114 3.1 Continuous fibre composites 114 3.2 Short (discontinuous) fibre composites 122 3.3 Failure mechanisms that result in composite toughness 126 3.4 Self-assessment questions 137 4 Mechanical and thermal properties 142 4.1 Introduction 142 4.2 Tensile properties 144 4.3 Compressive properties 146 4.4 Flexural properties 148 4.5 Shear properties 150 4.6 Impact and fracture toughness properties 152 4.7 Bearing strength 164 4.8 Fatigue and wear 168 4.9 Differential scanning calorimetry 188 4.10 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis 191 4.11 Environmental effects on properties 199 4.12 Non destructive evaluation 209 4.13 Self-assessment questions 213 5 Click on the ad to read more Download free eBooks at bookboon.com An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Contents 5 Applications and materials selection 215 5.1 Applications 215 5.2 Materials selection 255 5.3 Self-assessment questions 272 References 274 AXA Global Graduate Program Find out more and apply 6 Click on the ad to read more Download free eBooks at bookboon.com To my parents (Rahmatullahi Aleyhima), to my wife, and to Mevlüde, Latifa and Melek, the apples of my eye Download free eBooks at bookboon.com An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Preface Preface Learning involves acquiring knowledge, which is encouraged in all traditions. For example, the Quran urges people to seek knowledge and to use it for the well being of society: “My Lord, increase me in knowledge”, Al-Quran 20:114. “Ignorance is the curse of God; knowledge is the wing wherewith we fly to heaven”, William Shakespeare. Knowledge should be applied in a safe, responsible and ethical manner not only to benefit us personally but also to improve the lot of the people we live with. It is also a duty to ensure that our surrounding habitat is not endangered. This sometimes requires knowledge of the local culture to help achieve a desirable outcome. Martin Palmer’s presentation on BBC Thought for the Day programme, 17/06/2006, on the subject of the protection of the oceans included: “To many around the world the environmental movement and its proffered solutions – usually economic – are alien ways of thinking and seeing the world, and can be interpreted as telling people what is best for them whether they like it or not. Let me tell you a story. Dynamite-fishing off the East African coast is a major problem. Environmental organisations have been addressing it for years, from working with Governments, to sending armed boats to threaten those illegally fishing. None of this worked because it had no relationship to the actual lives or values of the local fishermen all of whom are Muslims. What has worked off one island, Misali, is the Qur’an. In the Qur’an, waste of natural resources is denounced as a sin. Once local imams had discovered this, they set about preaching that dynamite fishing was anti- Islamic, non-sustainable and sinful. This ended the dynamite fishing of the Misali fishermen because it made sense to them spiritually.” The perception/foresight of Canadian scholar, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, is also relevant in this context, particularly these days when there is so much misunderstanding and misrepresentation about peoples of different religions and cultures. Regarding Muslims, Wilfred Cantwell Smith in his book Islam in Modern History (Princeton and London, 1957. p. 304) says, “the Muslim segment of human society can only flourish if Islam is strong and vital, is pure and creative and sound”. Practice of pure, creative and sound Islam by its followers will be for the good of all. 8 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Preface The contribution of materials science to society now and in the future is highlighted by many eminent scientists in the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science publication of “Science and Society”. Sir Colin Humphreys of Cambridge University (1997, p. 34) in his article indicates how material science is really enabling the lame to walk, saving lives, transforming the world energy scene and generating wealth and employment, and states that materials science is a key for our future health and our future wealth. Examples he gives include medical implants, shape-memory metals and the potential use of carbon fibre-based light tethers to facilitate deep sea exploration/extraction of oil or gas beyond depths of 1,500 metres (in deeper waters, longer lengths of steel ropes are needed to tether the rigs, which necessitates more and more buoyancy to prevent the rigs from sinking). His article also alludes to the famous science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, who envisaged a situation where there is a satellite above the earth, in a geostationary orbit, tethered to the earth by a carbon fibre rope, with a lift on the rope (the Space Elevator) which would ferry people up and down to the satellite. That was thirty years ago and his predictions might be coming true! Back on earth, however, and across the seas, another application of carbon fibre ropes is suspension bridges. Seventy per cent of the weight of a suspension bridge is in the steel cables. As bridges get longer and longer, they can no longer hold up their own suspension cables. The maximum length or span, of a conventional suspension bridge is 5,000 metres. If the steel ropes are to be replaced with carbon fibre ropes however, then one can calculate that the maximum span goes up by a factor of three. In principle, one could have a suspension bridge which is 15,000 metres long. The story of carbon-based materials continues to unravel: in his recent book, Miodownik (2014, p 198) introduces the story of graphene and describes his visit to Manchester University to see Andre Geim, a joint discoverer of graphene. Andre’s team received the Nobel Prize for demonstrating that single layers of graphite had properties that were extraordinary even by nanotechnology standards – so extraordinary that they merited their own name as a new material: graphene. Miodownik states, “this material and its rolled-up version in the form of nanotubes are going to be an important part of our future world, from the smallest scale to the very largest, from electronics, to cars, to aeroplanes, rockets and even – who knows? – to space elevators. Although it appears likely that graphene will usher in a new age of engineering, and indeed scientists and engineers are in love with this material already, this may not give it high status in the world at large. Diamonds may not be the hardest, strongest material any more, and we know that they will not last for ever, but they still represent those qualities to most people.” The subject of this book reflects the strong relationship between material structure, properties and applications. Changing one affects the others and this has enabled scientists/engineers to tailor materials to suit purposes. The dependence of properties on the structural arrangement of material is so obvious in composites as demonstrated by the ancient Egyptians, who invented the process of cross-grain laminating veneers of wood. 9 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Preface Chapter 1 is a broad introductory chapter and includes a history of the development of composites; classification of composites; constituents of polymer-matrix composites; the fibre-matrix interface, and fibre arrangement. The subsequent two chapters deal with processing and forming methods, and estimation of mechanical properties for PMCs. Chapter 4 covers mechanical and thermal properties, including those that are specific to laminated structures such as, inter-laminar shear strength and residual compressive strength following barely-visible surface impact damage. The last chapter covers various areas of applications and methods of materials selection. Mustafa Akay, January 2015 10 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Acknowledgements Acknowledgements The book emerges from my work at the Ulster Polytechnic/University of Ulster, where I met and worked with various characters and personalities and I would like to mention Lesley Hawe, the late Archie Holmes, Myrtle Young who epitomise for me the constant kindness, help and support I received from the academic, technical and secretarial staff over the years. The book incorporates material taken from various sources, including my lecture notes, research outcomes of my postgraduate students, some of them have become friends for life, and some excellent text books, research papers/news, industry/company/organisation literature and web material that we are so fortunate to have access to.
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