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The Role of Selected Women in Education and Child Related Reform Programs in Chicago: 1871-1917

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The Role of Selected Women in Education and Child Related Reform Programs in Chicago: 1871-1917 Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1995 The Role of Selected Women in Education and Child Related Reform Programs in Chicago: 1871-1917 Kenneth M. Dooley Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Dooley, Kenneth M., "The Role of Selected Women in Education and Child Related Reform Programs in Chicago: 1871-1917" (1995). Dissertations. 3587. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3587 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1995 Kenneth M. Dooley LOYOLA UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE ROLE OF SELECTED WOMEN IN EDUCATION AND CHILD RELATED REFORM PROGRAMS IN CHICAGO: 1871-1917 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND POLICY STUDIES BY KENNETH M. DOOLEY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JANUARY, 1996 @copyright by Kenneth M. Dooley, 1995 All rights reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS What we are is at least in part a result of all of our experiences. I have been quite fortunate to have studied with some quite excellent teachers, teachers that encouraged me and challenged me. Teachers that brought me knowledge, and taught me how to find it for myself, teachers too numerous to mention here. However, I would like to give a special thanks to the following outstanding teachers that made up my dissertation committee: Dr. Steven I. Miller Director, Father Michael Perko, S.J., and Dr. Joan K. Smith. I am indebted to them for their professionalism, patience and encouragement. The many years that I have spent in this project would not have produced this dissertation were it not for the assistance and guidance of Dr. David Laske of the Chicago Board of Education. Dr. Laske, good friend and fellow student, helped me to organize the mountains of data, present it in an understandable manner and to see that there is a light at the end of the tunnel. I also want to thank all my friends and co-workers who have encouraged and tolerated me. In particular I must thank David MacFarlan a good friend and co-worker on the Chicago Police Department for all his time, assistance and computer expertise without iii whose help this absolutely would not have been possible. I would also like to acknowledge my family and friends for all their support and encouragement and for "putting up" with my eccentricities during the preparation of this document. I particularly wish to thank my wife, Sandra Dooley. In addition to caring for our two children, and me, and working a full-time job teaching, she always had time to edit, type or discuss. I hope I can be as much help to her when she writes her dissertation. iv DEDICATION To all the dedicated teachers I have studied with through my life, and To Kenneth and Margaret Dooley, my first teachers, and To Sandra Dooley, my wife, the greatest teacher in the world, and To Laura and Sharon Dooley, two future teachers, I dedicate this dissertation. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iii LIST OF TABLES . vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . 1 Purpose Methodology Summary II. THE ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF CHICAGO, 1871-1917 • . • • • • . • . 8 General Remarks Chicago Before 1900 Costs of Living Wages and Occupations summary III. WOMEN IN CRIMINAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE 47 The Rise of Private Charities Women in Early Illinois The Health crisis and Orphans Home for the Friendless Chicago Relief Society Women's Baptist Home Missionary Training School The Settlement Houses The Contribution of Jane Addams Child Labor and the Juvenile Court Health Care and Juvenile Justice IV. WOMEN IN EDUCATION--1871 TO 1917 .. 111 Kindergarten Movement The Role of Mary McDowell Social Problems and Educational Interest Ella Flagg Young TABLE OF CONTENTS.--Continued Chapter Page v. SUMMARY 137 Trends Implications Appendixes A. NUMBERS OF PERSONS AIDED BY THE CHICAGO RELIEF AND AID SOCIETY, 1874-1883, BY CATEGORIES . • . • • 150 B. APPLICATIONS TO THE CHICAGO RELIEF AND AID SOCIETY FOR THE YEARS 1879-1905 . • • . 151 C. PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES WITH INCOME FROM WIFE, CHILDREN, AND BOARDERS AND LODGERS, 1901, BY AGE OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD • . • • . 152 D. COURSE OF STUDY 153 E. ADMISSION TO THE INFIRMARY (POOR HOUSE) AT DUNNING I 1888-1908 . • • . 154 F. DISPOSITION OF CASES: VIOLATIONS, MISDEMEANORS, FELONIES .... 155 G. TABLE SHOWING IN PARALLEL COLUMNS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPULSORY EDUCATION AND CHILD LABOR LAWS OF ILLINOIS, 1870- 1916 . 156 REFERENCES 163 VITA . 172 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Population of Chicago, 1840-1900 .. 14 2. The Growth of the City of Chicago by Annexations . • . 17 3. Native and Foreign Born Populations 18 4. Occupation and Nativity of Employed Persons, 1880 I 1890 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 5. Manufacturing Establishments and Employees, 1870-1885 . • • . • • • . 20 6. Companies and Employees in Furniture Industry in Chicago, 1840-1885 ....•.•. 20 7. The Distribution of the German Working Class in the Chicago Economy in 1880 and 1900 by First and Second Generation • • • . 22 8. Consumption Expenditure Patters in Current Prices of City Wage and Clerical Worker Families of Two or More Persons, 1874 to 19 3 6 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27 9. Retail Prices of Selected Food Items, 1913 and 1922 . • . • . 29 10. Annual Averages of CPI for Urban Residents and the City of Chicago, 1915-1933 •• 32 11. Nationality of Working Children in Chicago (July 1, 1903 to January 1, 1906) Based upon Chicago Board of Education Labor Certificates . • . • • . • . 33 12. United States Labor Force and Unemployment, 1900-1933 ...•...••....... 35 vii LIST OF TABLES.--continued Table Page 13. Number of Establishments (E) and Number of Wage Earners (WE) in Selected Chicago Industries, for Various Years, 1899 Through 1927 . • . • • • . • 36 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Growth of the City . 16 2. Daily Schedule for the Missionary Baptist Training School . • • . • . • . 63 ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The title of this dissertation is "The Role of Women in Child-Related Reform Programs in Chicago, 1871-1917." In doing some initial research for a paper on early childhood education and compulsory education, it became apparent that these advocates were the same persons working for child labor laws, health care changes, and juvenile justice for children and educational reform. These advocates were women. Immediately, certain questions came to mind. First, why were women involved in these activities? Second, what were the social conditions of the period? During the time period 1871 to 1917, women were relegated to the roles of housewife, teacher, nurse, factory worker, farm worker, or domestic help. Thus, they were in a position to see first-hand how bad conditions really were especially for children under the age of five. Prior to compulsory education and child labor laws, children spent as much as twelve hours a day working in unsafe factory conditions. Before the establishment of the Juvenile Court Act of 1899, children were arrested for stealing food or coal and were placed in the same jail cell with murderers, 1 2 horse thieves, and rapists. Women such as Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, Alice Putnam, and Mary Thompson were a few who helped eradicate the abhorrent conditions present and set up effective programs for social change. Chicago, the largest American city after New York City, Chicago was a logical place to begin any reform movement because of the numerous and varied social, economic, political, commercial and religious activities amidst a heterogeneous population that seldom spoke English or understood American customs and habits. Because of the worldwide attention to the Columbian World Exposition in 1893, social reforms recognized that Chicago had a potential impact upon the nation and other countries. Nevertheless, it was still difficult to delimit the exact boundaries of this study. Historians, for instance, like to choose wars as parameters, since they exist almost like natural boundaries. The Great Chicago Fire of 1871, on the other hand, is also a natural boundary, and so this time period to World War I will be used for this study. This time frame was selected, partially, because of its clearly-defined parameters, but principally, because of the availability of the data. Following the Chicago fire, specific social programs were established to rebuild the city, and in the 1880s and the 1890s programs were created to counter the ills of society, related to overcrowding, immigration, poor sanitary work conditions and inadequate housing. Chicago, in the 1880s and 3 1890s, was rapidly expanding and along with rapid growth came the inevitable social problems. The total area of the city increased from 17.4 square miles in 1860 to 190.2 square miles in 1910. The population increase was similar. Within the context of the demographic and social changes taking place in Chicago during this time period, the main focus of this study will be on the role of women in child-related reform programs in Chicago, during the period 1871-1917, with a concern for identifying the origins and consequences of these reforms. Purpose The first purpose of this dissertation is to establish that certain women in Chicago, 1871-1917, were the premier leaders in social and educational change. These women generally came from the upper middle class and initially tied reform to a specific set of changes. Although they were politically disenfranchised until 1917, they made heroic efforts to alter public policy. This required them to enter the "back door" of American policy by sheer dearth of effort.
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