Espn Satellite and Digital Transmission Seminar
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NAB SATELLITE UPLINK OPERATORS TRAINING COURSE TEXT AND CLASSROOM NOTES October, 2006 By: Norman Weinhouse and Sidney Skjei, P.E. Skjei Telecom, Inc. 7777 Leesburg Pike, Suite 315N Falls Church, Virginia 22043 Phone: 703-917-9167 Email: [email protected] www.skjeitelecom.com NAB SATELLITE UPLINK OPERATORS TRAINING COURSE TEXT AND CLASSROOM NOTES October, 2006 By: Norman Weinhouse and Sidney Skjei, P.E. Skjei Telecom, Inc. 7777 Leesburg Pike, Suite 315N Falls Church, Virginia 22043 Phone: 703-917-9167 Email: [email protected] www.skjeitelecom.com COPYRIGHT 2006 Skjei Telecom, Inc. 7777 Leesburg Pike, Suite 315N Falls Church, Virginia 22043 703-917-9167 All rights reserved. No part of this text may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from Skjei Telecom, Inc. TABLE OF REVISIONS Revision Purpose/changes Author Date No. R0.1 Initial Release Norman May 5, Weinhouse 2006 and Sidney Skjei R9 Update Sidney Skjei Sept, 2006 Copyright 2006 ii All rights reserved Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 BRIEF HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION SATELLITES IN U.S. 2 INTERNATIONAL SERVICE 7 CHAPTER 2: BASIC CONCEPTS 9 DECIBEL NOTATION 9 DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS 10 ANTENNA GAIN 10 RADIATION PATTERN 11 GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT 12 SATELLITE LAUNCH SEQUENCE 13 SATELLITE VISIBILITY FROM EARTH 14 SUN OUTAGES 17 ANGULAR DISTANCE BETWEEN SATELLITES 19 FREQUENCY/POLARIZATION PLAN ―U.S. DOMESTIC 19 TRANSPONDERS AND FREQUENCIES 19 POLARIZATION 20 C BAND 22 KU BAND 23 THE COMMUNICATION SATELLITE 24 SPACECRAFT BUS 25 Stabilization and Station Keeping 25 Power 27 Propulsion 28 Telemetry and Control 30 THE COMMUNICATIONS PAYLOAD 30 Wideband Receiver 31 Channelization 33 Antenna Subsystem 36 SATELLITE CHARACTERISTICS (FOOTPRINTS) 38 SATURATION FLUX DENSITY (SFD, AND G/T) 38 EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER (EIRP) 42 NOISE 43 THERMAL NOISE 43 ANTENNA NOISE 45 RECEIVER NOISE TEMPERATURE (CLEAR WEATHER) 46 POWER ADDITION OF NOISE 48 SATELLITE ACCESS METHODS 48 LINKS AND NETWORKING 51 ONE WAY (BROADCAST) LINKS 51 TWO WAY (BIDIRECTIONAL) LINKS 52 Point to Point Links 52 Networks 52 Copyright 2006 iii All rights reserved Mesh Networks 53 Star Networks 54 Factors in Choosing a Network Type 55 THE EARTH – SATELLITE LINK 55 POWER CONSIDERATIONS IN THE UPLINK 55 UPLINK THERMAL CARRIER TO NOISE RATIO 56 INTERFERENCE IN THE UPLINK 57 Antenna Sidelobe Discrimination 57 Uplink Carrier to Interference Ratio 58 THE SATELLITE–EARTH LINK (DOWNLINK) 63 DOWNLINK THERMAL CARRIER TO NOISE RATIO 63 DOWNLINK CARRIER –TO-INTERFERENCE RATIO 66 CARRIER-TO-INTERMODULATION RATIO 67 INTERFERENCE LOCATION SYSTEMS 69 AGGREGATION OF INTERFERENCE EFFECTS 71 PROPAGATION ANOMALIES 72 WEATHER RELATED FACTORS IN SATELLITE LINKS 72 Effects of Rain 73 Rain Attenuation 73 Noise Temperature Effects 73 Depolarization 75 Uplink and Downlink Effects and Countermeasures 75 Uplink Effects and Countermeasures...................................................................76 Downlink Effects and Countermeasures..............................................................76 Scattering 76 Effects of Snow 76 OTHER PROPAGATION ANOMALIES 77 OVERALL PREDETECTION CARRIER-TO-NOISE RATIO 77 CHARACTERISTICS OF C, KU AND KA BAND SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 78 C-BAND SATELLITES 78 KU-BAND SATELLITES 78 KA-BAND SATELLITES 79 COMPARISON OF C, KU AND KA BAND SYSTEMS 81 COMMONLY USED MODULATION TECHNIQUES 83 FREQUENCY MODULATION 83 Television–FM/TV 83 Frequency Division Multiplex, FDM/FM 84 Single Channel Per Carrier–SCPC/FM 84 DIGITAL MODULATION 84 SPREAD SPECTRUM 85 OVERMODULATION 85 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO-ANALOG SYSTEMS 86 FM TELEVISION 86 Video-Signal-to-Noise Ratio 86 Audio-Signal-to-Noise Ratio 89 FM Subcarriers 89 Sound in Synch Digital Audio 91 FM–SCPC 92 FDM/FM FM SUBCARRIERS 92 Copyright 2006 iv All rights reserved FDM/FM – SINGLE SIDEBAND SUBCARRIERS 93 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES 93 SOURCE CODING (BASEBAND PROCESSING) 94 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 94 Predictive Techniques 94 Forward Error Correction 95 DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES 95 Amplitude, Phase and Symbols 95 Biphase Modulation (BPSK) 97 Quaternary Phase Modulation (QPSK) 99 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO AND EB/NO 102 8PSK AND 16 QAM MODULATION 104 COFDM MODULATION 106 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION CODING 107 Block Coding 107 LDPC 108 Convolutional Coding 110 System Impairments 113 Eye Patterns 114 COMPRESSED DIGITAL TELEVISION AND TRANSMISSION 114 INTRODUCTION- ANALOG TELEVISION 114 TYPES OF VIDEO 116 INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL VIDEO 117 WHY DIGITAL TELEVISION? 117 WHY COMPRESSION? 118 DIGITAL TELEVISION–BASICS 118 The A-D Process–Sampling, Quantizing and PCM Coding 119 Sampling 119 Quantizing 120 Encoding 121 Serial or Parallel Transmission 123 COMPRESSION 123 Compression Techniques 126 Pre-Processing and Redundancy Removal 126 Prediction and Motion Compensation 126 Transformation–Frequency Decomposition 127 Quantization 127 Entropy Reduction 128 ALGORITHMS 128 DECOMPRESSION – DECODING 131 COMPLETE SYSTEM EXAMPLE 133 STANDARDIZATION 133 CURRENT STANDARDS FOR SATELLITE TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL TELEVISION 134 DIGITAL TELEVISION STANDARD (DVB) 135 DVB-S and DVB-S2 136 EMERGING ENCODING METHODS: MPEG 4 AND JPEG 2000 137 MPEG 4 Part 10 and SMPTE VC-9 137 JPEG 2000 138 HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION 140 Copyright 2006 v All rights reserved ADVANCED TELEVISION STANDARDS COMMITTEE (ATSC) 140 SATELLITE TRANSMISSION OF COMPRESSED TELEVISION 142 HIGH DEFINITION (HD) TRANSMISSION OVER SATELLITE 145 DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE SYSTEMS 145 CHAPTER 3: GROUND EQUIPMENT 147 UPLINK GROUND COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT 149 Television Exciters/Uplink Video Equipment 149 Analog Exciter 149 Baseband Circuits 149 Modulation and Upconversion 150 Transmitter Identification 151 Digital Exciter 152 SCPC Uplinks 152 POWER AMPLIFIERS 154 MULTIPLEXERS AND SWITCHES 156 Switches 156 Multiplexers 156 Satellite Simulator–Non Radiation Tests 159 DOWNLINK EQUIPMENT 160 LOW NOISE AMPLIFIERS/CONVERTERS 160 POWER DIVIDERS 163 DOWNCONVERTER/DEMODULATOR 164 INTEGRATED DIGITAL RECEIVER-DECODER 164 ANTENNAS, DUPLEXER AND IFL 164 DUPLEXER 165 ANTENNAS–RADIATING ELEMENTS 166 Gain and Sidelobe Performance Verification 166 Antenna Geometry–Feed Systems 166 Mechanical Features 168 Dimensional Tolerances 169 Foundations, Mounts and Motor Drives 169 RECEIVE ONLY EARTH STATION 170 INTERFACILITY LINK (IFL) 170 POWER SYSTEMS 171 MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS 171 EARTH STATION LICENSING 172 FREQUENCY COORDINATION 174 CHAPTER 4: UPLINK OPERATION 175 OPERATING RESPONSIBILITIES 175 OPERATOR CONTROLS 176 TEST EQUIPMENT AND CALIBRATION 176 ACCESS PROCEDURES 177 ESTABLISH CONTACT WITH SATELLITE OPERATORS 177 LOCATE AND VERIFY IDENTITY OF PROPER SATELLITE 177 Copyright 2006 vi All rights reserved ANTENNA OPTIMIZATION AND PRE-TRANSMISSION ADJUSTMENTS 178 TRANSMISSION 178 SATELLITE NEWS VEHICLES–(SNG) 178 EVOLUTION OF SNG VEHICLES 179 PERTINENT DOT REGULATIONS 180 ANALOG OR DIGITAL 180 VOICE COMMUNICATIONS 181 SNG PRIORITIES 182 SAFETY 182 MICROWAVE RADIATION HAZARDS 182 POWER AMPLIFIER AND POWER SUPPLY 183 EQUIPMENT LAYOUT AND HOUSEKEEPING 183 INTERFERENCE MANAGEMENT 183 REVIEW OF COMMON OPERATOR ERRORS 184 REVIEW OF CRITICAL EQUIPMENT ITEMS 184 REFERENCES 185 APPENDICES 186 Copyright 2006 vii All rights reserved Table of Figures FIGURE 1-1 WORLDWIDE SATELLITE COORDINATION.................................................................... 3 FIGURE 1-2: U.S. DOMESTIC SERVICE ................................................................................................... 5 FIGURE 1-3: FREQUENCY BAND NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................... 6 FIGURE 1-4: ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION AT DIFFERENT FREQUENCY BANDS.................... 7 FIGURE 2-0 QUICK REFERENCE LIST OF DECIBELS........................................................................... 9 FIGURE 2.1 ILLUMINATION OF A PARABOLIC REFLECTOR .......................................................... 12 FIGURE 2-2 GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES....................................................................................... 13 FIGURE 2-3: SATELLITE LAUNCH SEQUENCE.................................................................................. 14 FIGURE 2-4: NORTH AMERICAN MAGNETIC DECLINATION ......................................................... 15 FIGURE 2-5 GROUND ANTENNA ELEVATION AND AZIMUTH FOR STATIONARY SATELLITES ............................................................................................................................................................. 16 FIGURE 2-6: GEOMETRY OF SUN OUTAGE......................................................................................... 18 FIGURE 2-7: LINEAR POLARIZATION OF RADIATION FROM VERTICALLY AND HORIZONTALLY POLARIZED FEED HORNS.............................................................................. 20 FIGURE 2-8: POLARIZATION AND ELEVATION ANGLE VERSUS LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE ............................................................................................................................................................. 21 FIGURE 2-9: C BAND FREQUENCY/POLARIZATION PLAN.............................................................. 22 FIGURE 2-10 -U.S. DOMESTIC C-BAND GEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITES ................................. 23 FIGURE 2-11: - U.S. DOMESTIC KU BAND SATELLITES–AND LOCATION ................................... 24 FIGURE 2-12 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE DUAL SPIN SPACECRAFT.............................