DOCSLIB.ORG

The King's and Pablo Roads Challenges the Combined Research Skills of a Historian and Geographer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE KING’S AND PABLO ROADS FLORIDA’S FIRST HIGHWAYS A NARRATIVE HISTORY OF THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND ROUTES IN ST. JOHNS COUNTY Historic Property Associates, Inc. St. Augustine, Florida July 2009 THE KING’S AND PABLO ROADS FLORIDA’S FIRST HIGHWAYS A NARRATIVE HISTORY OF THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND ROUTES IN ST. JOHNS COUNTY Prepared for ST. JOHNS COUNTY GROWTH MANAGEMENT SERVICES By Paul L. Weaver, MA Historic Property Associates, Inc. P.O. Box 1002 St. Augustine, Florida 32085-1002 Phone (904) 824-5178 Fax (904) 824-4880 July, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS Illustrations...............….........................................................................................3 Introduction ..........................................................................................................5 Methodology and Sources.....................................................................................6 Chapter 1: History and Development of King’s Road.........................................14 Chapter 2: History and Development of Pablo Road..........................................81 Conclusions and Recommendations…………………………………………….146 Bibliography.........................................................................................................148 Appendices/Attachments Tables of Course of Roads through Government Land Office Plats and Field Notes Course of Roads on Topographic Maps Course of Roads on 1950 St. Johns County Township Plats Course of Roads on Topographic Maps and Aerials in Power Point Preservation 2 ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration 1 Survey Plat of Martin Hernandez Grant, T10S, R29S, Sec. 47..........................9 Illustration 2 Topographic Map, Martin Hernandez Grant, T10S, R29S, Sec. 47…………..10 Illustration 3 Aerial Map, Martin Hernandez Grant, T10S, R29S, Sec. 47…………..……...11 Illustration 4 US Survey Plat of Martin Hernandez Grant, T10S, R29S, Sec. 47...................21 Illustration 5 King’s Road South, Survey, Martin Hernandez Grant, Ferry Tract.................29 Illustration 6 King’s Road South, Survey, Martin Hernandez Grant, Pellicer Creek……….31 Illustration 7 King’s Road North, Survey, Joseph Sanchez Grant, San Carlos Ave………...34 Illustration 8 King’s Road North, Survey, Gabriel Perpall Grant, North St. Aug.………….36 Illustration 9 King’s Road North , Survey, Eliza Robinson Grant, North St. Aug…………...38 Illustration 10 King’s Road North, Survey, Joseph Delespine Grant, St. Sebastian River…..39 Illustration 11 King’s Road North, Pass of Navarro, St. Sebastian River………………….…40 Illustration 12 King’s Road North, St. Marks Pond………… ………….……………………42 Illustration 13 King’s Road North, Reuben Charles Grant, Nine Mile Spring…………….….43 Illustration 14 King’s Road North, Anthelm Gay Grant, 12 Mile Swamp..……………….….44 Illustration 15 King’s Road North, Christopher Minchin Grant, Durbin Swamp…………….46 Illustration 16 King’s Road North, Mary Ann Davis Grant, Davis Branch…………………..47 Illustration 17 King’s Road, 1822 Charles Vignoles Map of St. Johns County………………57 Illustration 18 King’s Road, 1837 John Lee Williams Map of St. Johns County...…………..58 Illustration 19 King’s Road, 1864 Coastal Survey Map of St. Johns County...………………59 Illustration 20 King’s Road South, 1936 Road County Map..………………………………..73 Illustration 21King’s Road North, 1936 Road County Map..………………………………...74 Illustration 22 King’s Road Middle, 1936 Road County Map...……………………………...75 Illustration 23 King’s Road South, Site of Ft. Peyton.……...………………………………...78 Illustration 24 King’s Road South, Site of Osceola Capture..………………………………...79 Illustration 25 Pablo Road, Roque Leonardi Grant, Sweetwater Branch………………….....81 Illustration 26 Spanish Map, Mouth of St. Johns River-Pablo Creek………………………....82 Illustration 27 1740 Oglethorpe Map Pablo-San Diego Road …………….……………….....84 Illustration 28 1762 Jeffrey’s Map Road to St. Johns………….………..………………….....86 Illustration 29 1765 Plat of Ft. Mossy Road to St. Johns………………..………………….....86 Illustration 30 1819 Birch Map Road to Pablo…………………………..………………….....93 Illustration 31 Pablo Road, Joseph Sanchez Grant, San Marco Avenue….……………….....96 Illustration 32 Pablo Road, John Gianopoly Grant, San Marco Avenue….……………….....98 Illustration 33 Pablo Road, Antonio Montero Grant, San Marco Avenue……..………….....99 Illustration 34 Pablo Road, Gabriel Perpall Grant, San Marco Avenue…..………………...101 Illustration 35 Pablo Road, Joseph Baya Grant, San Marco Avenue….…………………....103 Illustration 36 Pablo Road, Eliza Robinson Grant, San Marco Avenue…..………………...105 Illustration 37 Pablo Road, Joseph Sanchez, Owner of Capuaca Ranch..…………………...106 Illustration 38 Pablo Road, Joseph Sanchez Grant, Capuaca Ranch.….…………………....108 Illustration 39 Pablo Road, Daniel Hurlburt Grant,.. ……………….….…………………....110 Illustration 40 Pablo Road, Daniel Hurlburt Grant,.. ……………….….…………………....112 Illustration 41 Pablo Road, Daniel Hurlburt Grant,.. ……………….….…………………....113 Illustration 42 Pablo Road, Roque Leonardi Grant, Sweetwater Branch.…………………....118 Illustration 43 Pablo Road, William Travers Grant, Deep Creek……..….….……………....119 3 Illustration 44 Pablo Road, Thomas Travers Grant, Smith Creek..….…………………....120 Illustration 45 Pablo Road, Joseph Sanchez Grant, Diego Plains…………………….......122 Illustration 46 Pablo Road, Castro y Ferrer Grant, San Pablo Plantation…………….......124 Illustration 47 Pablo Road, North, 1936 Road County Map..…………………………….135 Illustration 48 Pablo Road, Middle, 1936 Road County Map...…………………………..136 4 INTRODUCTION The King's Road has attracted the attention of professional and amateur historians and geography sleuths for well over a half century, acquiring along the way an almost romantic historical aura. The 1976 Bicentennial Celebration, which encouraged the identification of historic places associated with events that could be tied to the Revolutionary War era, sparked particular emphasis on the road, for any visible pieces of it that could be found would appear to offer a tangible remnant of that special time in America's past. Three notable descriptions of the road appeared during the Bicentennial era. James Ward, a reporter for the Florida Times Union, wrote a series of articles which the paper prominently published. Ward focused attention on the contemporary communities and places through which the road passed. Charles Coombs, a member of the St. Augustine Historical Society's Board of Directors and a respectable local historian, performed an admirable piece of research in piecing together evidence describing the road's path in the immediate environs of the Ancient City. The Society published his article. Charles Bockelman, a retired surveyor living in New Smyrna Beach, had the benefit of specialized professional knowledge in plotting the location of the road from historical maps. He produced a manuscript whose opaque prose disguised some efficient research. These earlier studies were supplemented by a report in 1997 co-written by the author of the present report entitled, “The King’s Road: Florida’s First Highway.” This report provided a general history of the road and plotted its course from New Smyrna Beach north to Moultrie Creek. Renewed attention on the historic road arises from time to time as new generations of scholars and historical sleuths discover its existence. In recent years, development within the St. Johns County has soared, making it, in turn, among the fastest growing places in the United States. The development threatens to obliterate the area's physical heritage. As each new subdivision is plotted over the course of the old road, concern rises. In response to fears expressed by several historical and anthropological societies in the region, the St. Johns County Growth Management Services Department agreed to sponsor this study to find the true path of the historic road and the Pablo Road, another important colonial road north of St. Augustine. This study will enable St. Johns County and interested groups to take steps to preserve parts of these roads; or at least to note the existence of the historic route with markers at appropriate places. The authors of this study hope that their work will encourage further research. For that reason, this study incorporates references to government land office survey records, descriptions of early maps and survey documents, and abundant map reproductions that others may use in their own efforts to find remnants of the road. The logical next step in this process should be archaeological investigations to confirm physical traces of the King’s and Pablo roads. 5 METHODOLOGY and SOURCES Finding the King's and Pablo roads challenges the combined research skills of a historian and geographer. Abundant documentation for the roads exists in contemporary historical materials that encompass all periods of the state's history. Maps by literally the hundreds illustrate the history and general and specific routes of both roads through colonial and territorial East Florida. In many cases, these documents show both roads in measurable locations, from the colonial period when both roads were built, through the twentieth century, when they continued to serve as landmarks on survey maps. Geography is a key to understanding the location and differences between the King’s and Pablo Road. As described in Second Spanish Period (1784-1821) and Territorial and Statehood period documents (1821-1861), immediately north of St. Augustine in the Eliza Robinson (T7S, R29E Section 55) and Joseph Delespine (T6S, R29E, Section 81) grants, the King’s Road was referred to as the “High” Road and the Pablo Road
Recommended publications
  • Princes and Merchants: European City Growth Before the Industrial Revolution*

    Princes and Merchants: European City Growth Before the Industrial Revolution*

    Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution* J. Bradford De Long NBER and Harvard University Andrei Shleifer Harvard University and NBER March 1992; revised December 1992 Abstract As measured by the pace of city growth in western Europe from 1000 to 1800, absolutist monarchs stunted the growth of commerce and industry. A region ruled by an absolutist prince saw its total urban population shrink by one hundred thousand people per century relative to a region without absolutist government. This might be explained by higher rates of taxation under revenue-maximizing absolutist governments than under non- absolutist governments, which care more about general economic prosperity and less about State revenue. *We thank Alberto Alesina, Marco Becht, Claudia Goldin, Carol Heim, Larry Katz, Paul Krugman, Michael Kremer, Robert Putnam, and Robert Waldmann for helpful discussions. We also wish to thank the National Bureau of Economic Research, and the National Science Foundation for support. 1. Introduction One of the oldest themes in economics is the incompatibility of despotism and development. Economies in which security of property is lacking—either because of the possibility of arrest, ruin, or execution at the command of the ruling prince, or the possibility of ruinous taxation— should, according to economists, see relative stagnation. By contrast, economies in which property is secure—either because of strong constitutional restrictions on the prince, or because the ruling élite is made up of merchants rather
  • The Seminole Indian Wars (1814-1858)

    The Seminole Indian Wars (1814-1858)

    THE SEMINOLE INDIAN WARS (1814-1858) Compiled by Brian Brindle Version 0.1 © 2013 Dadi&Piombo This supplement was designed to the cover three small American wars fought between 1814-1858 known today as the “Seminole Wars”. These Wars were primary gorilla style wars fought between the Seminole Indians and the U.S. army . The wars played out in a series of small battles and skirmishes as U.S. Army chased bands of Seminole worriers through the swamps IofN Florida. THE DARK In 1858 the U.S. declared the third war ended - though no peace treaty was ever signed. It is interesting to note that to this day the Seminole Tribe of Florida is the only native American tribe who have never signed a peace treaty with the U.S. Govern- ment. This Supplement allows for some really cool hit and run skirmishing in the dense The Seminole Wars and Vietnam are one vegetation and undergrowth of the Florida of the few confrontations that the U.S. swamps. It also allow s for small engage- Army have engaged in that they did not ments of small groups of very cunning definitively win. natives, adept in using the terrain to its best advantage fighting a larger, more HISTORICAL BACKGROUND clumsy, conventional army. In the early 18th century, bands of Muskogean-speaking Lower Creek In many ways Seminole War echoes the migrated to Florida from Georgia. They Vietnam War, both were guerrilla wars became known as the Seminole (liter- involving patrols out constantly, trying ally “separatists”). Floridian territory was to locate and eliminate an elusive enemy.
  • The Fourteenth Colony: Florida and the American Revolution in the South

    The Fourteenth Colony: Florida and the American Revolution in the South

    THE FOURTEENTH COLONY: FLORIDA AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN THE SOUTH By ROGER C. SMITH A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Roger C. Smith 2 To my mother, who generated my fascination for all things historical 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Jon Sensbach and Jessica Harland-Jacobs for their patience and edification throughout the entire writing process. I would also like to thank Ida Altman, Jack Davis, and Richmond Brown for holding my feet to the path and making me a better historian. I owe a special debt to Jim Cusack, John Nemmers, and the rest of the staff at the P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History and Special Collections at the University of Florida for introducing me to this topic and allowing me the freedom to haunt their facilities and guide me through so many stages of my research. I would be sorely remiss if I did not thank Steve Noll for his efforts in promoting the University of Florida’s history honors program, Phi Alpha Theta; without which I may never have met Jim Cusick. Most recently I have been humbled by the outpouring of appreciation and friendship from the wonderful people of St. Augustine, Florida, particularly the National Association of Colonial Dames, the ladies of the Women’s Exchange, and my colleagues at the St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum and the First America Foundation, who have all become cherished advocates of this project.
  • The Fiscal Logic of the Spanish Empire

    The Fiscal Logic of the Spanish Empire

    1 Paper presented the March 28, 2003, Conference at Princeton University tituled “Imperial Crucibles”, organized by professors Jeremy Adelman and Stanley Stein. A Later version of this paper was published as "The Fiscal Logic of the Spanish Empire: New Spain and the Costs and Benefits of Colonialism, 1750-1810", en Renate Pieper & Peer Schmidt (eds.), Latin America and the Atlantic World. El mundo atlántico y América Latina (1500-1850). Essays in honor of Horst Pietschmann, Berlin, Böhlau verlag Köln Weimar Wien, 2005, pp. 367-385. THE FISCAL LOGIC OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE: NEW SPAIN AND THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF COLONIALISM, 1750-1810 Carlos Marichal (El Colegio de México) From before the time of Gibbon, historians with a global perspective have been discussing the rise and fall of empires. Today political scientists frequently speak of hegemonic states. If we look to some of the best-known studies conducted over the last forty-odd years, we can identify various, theoretical approaches adopted by those working on imperial or hegemonic states. On the one hand, there is a well-known school of researchers who are identified as belonging to the world-system school, which operates at a high level of generality to explain major changes in the international power structures by situating them 2 within the cyclical rhythms and secular trends of the world economy as a whole. 1 A second school which can be denominated as geopolitical, has paid more attention to analysis of the military, naval or coercive capabilities of hegemonic states to maintain their power and their mercantile or territorial empires.2 A third approach adopted by historical sociologists, like Charles Tilly, has offered explanations based on the changing capacities of states to exercise power through manipulation of capital and coercion.
  • The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700-1706

    The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700-1706

    Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 41 Number 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 41, Article 7 Issue 1 1962 The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700-1706 Charles W. Arnade Part of the American Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Article is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Arnade, Charles W. (1962) "The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700-1706," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 41 : No. 1 , Article 7. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol41/iss1/7 Arnade: The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700-1706 THE ENGLISH INVASION OF SPANISH FLORIDA, 1700-1706 by CHARLES W. ARNADE HOUGH FLORIDA had been discovered by Ponce de Leon in T 1513, not until 1565 did it become a Spanish province in fact. In that year Pedro Menendez de Aviles was able to establish a permanent capital which he called St. Augustine. Menendez and successive executives had plans to make St. Augustine a thriving metropolis ruling over a vast Spanish colony that might possibly be elevated to a viceroyalty. Nothing of this sort happened. By 1599 Florida was in desperate straits: Indians had rebelled and butchered the Franciscan missionaries, fire and flood had made life in St. Augustine miserable, English pirates of such fame as Drake had ransacked the town, local jealousies made life unpleasant.
  • An Oral History Interview with John Joseph Patrick and James Leo

    An Oral History Interview with John Joseph Patrick and James Leo

    Sandy Hook, Gateway NRA, National Park Service An Oral History Interview with John Joseph Patrick and James Leo Mulhern Sons of Fort Hancock Pumping Station and Power Plant Chief Engineer 1908-1927 Interviewed by Elaine Harmon, NPS August 14, 1982 Transcribed by Mary Rasa, 2012 The Fort Hancock Pumping Station in 1911 when John Francis Mulhern worked there. 1 John Mulhern in ROTC uniform at Battery Arrowsmith c. 1925. Photos courtesy of Gateway NRA/NPS Editor’s notes in parenthesis ( ) EH: Today is August 14, 1982. We have the honor of having as our guest John Joseph Patrick Mulhern and James Leo Mulhern. It is August 14th and my name is Elaine Harmon. I work at the Sandy Hook Museum as Park Technician, Museum Services. JLM: I am James Leo Mulhern. I was born on Sandy Hook on January 1, 1912. At least that is what the birth certificate says although there is a bit of argument as to the exact date. The certificate was issued by a doctor at the old Post Hospital and it indicates that I was born at the Post Hospital but we believe that I was actually born in my parents’ home at Camp Low. My father at the time was an employee, a civilian employee, of the Army and he was working at the old Power Plant and Pumping Station at Camp Low. And we lived in a house immediately across the street from the plant. The number of the building I do not know but the house is still there. I was the youngest of four children and of the four I was the only one born at Sandy Hook.
  • Fort King National Historic Landmark Education Guide 1 Fig5

    Fort King National Historic Landmark Education Guide 1 Fig5

    Ai-'; ~,,111m11l111nO FORTKINO NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK Fig1 EDUCATION GUIDE This guide was made possible by the City of Ocala Florida and the Florida Department of State/Division of Historic Resources WELCOME TO Micanopy WE ARE EXCITED THAT YOU HAVE CHOSEN Fort King National Historic Fig2 Landmark as an education destination to shed light on the importance of this site and its place within the Seminole War. This Education Guide will give you some tools to further educate before and after your visit to the park. The guide gives an overview of the history associated with Fort King, provides comprehension questions, and delivers activities to Gen. Thomas Jesup incorporate into the classroom. We hope that this resource will further Fig3 enrich your educational experience. To make your experience more enjoyable we have included a list of items: • Check in with our Park Staff prior to your scheduled visit to confrm your arrival time and participation numbers. • The experience at Fort King includes outside activities. Please remember the following: » Prior to coming make staff aware of any mobility issues or special needs that your group may have. » Be prepared for the elements. Sunscreen, rain gear, insect repellent and water are recommended. » Wear appropriate footwear. Flip fops or open toed shoes are not recommended. » Please bring lunch or snacks if you would like to picnic at the park before or after your visit. • Be respectful of our park staff, volunteers, and other visitors by being on time. Abraham • Visitors will be exposed to different cultures and subject matter Fig4 that may be diffcult at times.
  • A History of the Florida Supreme Court

    A History of the Florida Supreme Court

    University of Miami Law Review Volume 35 Number 5 Article 7 9-1-1981 A History of the Florida Supreme Court The Honorable Joseph A. Boyd Jr. Randall Reder Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr Recommended Citation The Honorable Joseph A. Boyd Jr. and Randall Reder, A History of the Florida Supreme Court, 35 U. Miami L. Rev. 1019 (1981) Available at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol35/iss5/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Miami Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARTICLES A History of the Florida Supreme Court THE HONORABLE JOSEPH A. BOYD, JR.* and RANDALL REDER** To a certain extent, the development of Florida'smodern ju- dicial processes and institutions can be understood by looking closely at the history of the individuals who have served on the state's foremost judicial body, the Florida Supreme Court. Un- fortunately, many of the historical insights and anecdotes con- cerning the justices have been lost or are scattered over many different sources. This article pulls together many of these scattered materials and presents an insider's look into the lives and aspirationsof the men who have served and shaped Flor- ida's Supreme Court. I. THE TERRITORIAL COURTS OF FLORIDA ................................... 1019 II. FLORIDA'S FIRST SUPREME COURT ........................................ 1020 III.
  • TRANSFLO Express Scan Station Locations 4/12/2021 9:00:10 AM

    TRANSFLO Express Scan Station Locations 4/12/2021 9:00:10 AM

    TRANSFLO Express Scan Station Locations 4/12/2021 9:00:10 AM Store Company Name Address City State Interstate Number FJ792 Flying J 1260 Cassils Road East Brooks AB 1260 Cassils Road FJ793 Flying J 4216 72 AVENUE SE Calgary AB 72 Ave SE FJ848 Flying J 4949 Barlow Trail SE Calgary AB Barlow Trail FJ785 Flying J 11511 - 40 St. S.E Calgary AB 11511 40th Street SE FJ850 Flying J 16806 118 Ave Edmonton AB 118 Ave FJ846 Flying J Hwy 9 & Hwy 36 South Hanna AB Hwy 9 & Hwy 36 South FJ868 Flying J 2194 Saamis Drive Medicine Hat AB PK868 Pilot Travel Center Kiosk 2194 Saamis Drive Medicine Hat AB FJ869 Flying J 2810 21st Avenue, TOL 1R0 Nanton AB HWY-2 N. FJ795 Flying J 302 20 AVENUE Nisku AB 302 20th Ave FJ796 Flying J 6607 67th Street Red Deer AB 67th Ave. & 67 St PK786 Pilot Travel Center Kiosk 50 Pembina Rd. Sherwood Park AB Hwy 16 PK824 Pilot Travel Center Kiosk 5329 Govenlock Mountain Whitecourt AB Hwy 43 Road FJ824 Flying J 5329 Govenlock Mountain Whitecourt AB hWY 43 Road PT1030 Pilot Travelcenters 12680 South Kedzie ave Alsip AL I-57,Exit 353 PK602 Pilot Travel Center Kiosk 224 Daniel Payne Drive Birmingham AL I-65 & SR 94, Exit 2 PT369 Pilot Travelcenters 901 Bankhead Highway West Birmingham AL I-20/59/65 AL78 X123 FJ602 Flying J 224 Daniel Payne Drive Birmingham AL I-65&SR 94, Exit 264 PK369 Pilot Travel Center Kiosk 901 Bankhead Highway West Birmingham AL I-20/59/65 AL78 X123 LV368 Love's Travel Stops & Country Stores I-65, Exit 208 Clanton AL I-65, Exit 208 PK4555 Pilot Travel Center Kiosk 3201 Buttermilk Rd Cottondale AL I-59 & I-20 Exit 77 TA016 Travel Centers of America 3501 Buttermilk Road Cottondale AL I-20, Exit 77 AB104 Ambest, Inc.
  • Fall 2018 Mobility

    Fall 2018 Mobility

    MOBILITYMetro’s New Chairwoman I Foothill Transit Brings Back Double-Deckers I Reminiscing Along PCH I Gold Line On Track ROAD I RAIL I TRANSIT FALL 2018 Division 24 Robert “Bob” Bartlett Operations & Maintenance Facility ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT TO THE LOS ANGELES TIMES AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA NEWSPAPER GROUP, PUBLISHED BY CIVIC PUBLICATIONS, INC. This supplement did not involve the editorial staff of the Los Angeles Times and the Southern California Newspaper Group. Printed with recycled paper. WELCOME TO MOBILITY 2018 The Price for a Civilized Society really don’t enjoy paying taxes. When I go out to dinner with friends and the bill comes, you can count on me to jokingly ask, “Who I ordered the tax!” Why do we pay taxes? First, some history. The word tax comes from the Latin word taxare, but the Romans were not the first or only civilization to impose taxes on their people. The ancient Greeks and Egyptians levied taxes on their own citizens and foreigners, and so did the Hebrews. So why do we pay taxes? We pay taxes because that is the price we pay to have a civilized society. A civilized society requires a well-funded government to provide essential community and public services including police and fire, parks, libraries, clean water, roads, highways and public transportation, to name a few. Taxes can be classified into two categories, regressive and progressive. If taxes negatively affect the poor they are considered regressive; The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transit Authority (Metro) continues to extend light rail lines if they negatively affect the rich more than they throughout the county from the San Fernando Valley to the East San Gabriel Valley to Santa Monica negatively affect the poor they are considered and Long Beach.
  • Half Moon Bay Circulation Element

    Half Moon Bay Circulation Element

    Half Moon Bay Circulation Element Prepared for City of Half Moon Bay November 19, 2013 Half Moon Bay Circulation Element Table of Contents Overview ................................................................................................................ 1 Purpose .......................................................................................................... 1 Authority ........................................................................................................ 2 Relationship to General Plan and Local Coastal Plan..................................... 3 Relationship to Other Plans ........................................................................... 4 Policy Framework .................................................................................................. 7 Existing Circulation Patterns .......................................................................... 7 Complete Streets ........................................................................................... 9 Community Input – Themes for Half Moon Bay’s Circulation Element ....... 10 Circulation System ............................................................................................... 11 Vehicle Circulation ....................................................................................... 11 Pedestrian Circulation .................................................................................. 16 Bicycle Circulation ........................................................................................ 19 Transit
  • Pensacola During the Civil War and Reconstruction John Matthew Brackett

    Pensacola During the Civil War and Reconstruction John Matthew Brackett

    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 "The Naples of America": Pensacola during the Civil War and Reconstruction John Matthew Brackett Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES “THE NAPLES OF AMERICA,” PENSACOLA DURING THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION By JOHN MATTHEW BRACKETT A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2005 Copyright 2005 John Matthew Brackett All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the thesis of John Matthew Brackett defended on March 3, 2005. ____________________________ Joe M. Richardson Professor Directing Thesis ____________________________ James P. Jones, Jr. Committee Member ____________________________ Paul W. Strait Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii For My Mother Thanks for everything throughout the years iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS If history has taught me only one thing, it is that no one person is solely responsible for a tremendous accomplishment. I want to start by first thanking my major professor, Dr. Joe M. Richardson, for all of his valuable advice and knowledge on writing and Reconstruction. Without his time and help, I never would have completed this project. I also want to thank my committee members, Dr. Jim Jones and Dr. Paul Strait, as well as Dr. Frank Baglione and Dr. Frederick Davis for their suggestions, contributions, and encouragement. For their help in the difficult task of obtaining research, I would like to extend my sincerest appreciation to the staffs of the University of West Florida John C.